THE STATE OF WYOMING Water Development Office 6920 YELLOWTAIL ROAD TELEPHONE: (307) 777-7626 CHEYENNE, WY 82002 FAX: (307) 777-6819 TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM

TO: Water Development Commission DATE: December 13, 2013 FROM: Keith E. Clarey, P.G. REFERENCE: Snake/Salt River Basin Plan Update, 2012 SUBJECT: Available Groundwater Determination – Tab XI (2012)

Contents 1.0 Introduction ...... 1 2.0 Hydrogeology ...... 4 3.0 Groundwater Development ...... 15 4.0 Groundwater Quality ...... 21 5.0 Geothermal Resources ...... 22 6.0 Groundwater Availability ...... 22 References ...... 23 Appendix A: Figures and Table ...... i

1.0 Introduction This 2013 Technical Memorandum is an update of the September 10, 2003, Tab S – “Available Groundwater Determination Technical Memorandum” (Hinckley, 2003) and focuses on the changes in the Snake/Salt River Basin groundwater resources from approximately 2003 to 2013. The population of the Basin and real estate values in the Basin has continued to increase over the past 10 years with a corresponding increase in groundwater use.

The Snake/Salt River Basin is located in northwestern Wyoming and covers an area of approximately 5,096 square miles (3,261,440 acres). Private lands only comprise 256,340 acres (7.8%) of the Snake/Salt River Basin, which means 92.2% of this Basin is public land. Most of the private land is located in the river valleys, hill sides, and stream/river drainages within the Basin.

The Snake/Salt River Basin has several unique features compared to the other six major river basins located in Wyoming, including:

• The highest percentage of public land (92.2%) and the lowest percentage (7.8%) of private land. • The highest rates (62+ inches) of annual precipitation. • The highest potential for large earthquakes (magnitude 5.0 or greater) to occur, including earthquakes in the 7 to 8+ magnitude range. • The highest concentration of landslide deposits. Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 1 The Wyoming Framework Water Plan was completed in 2007 and included updated data on the groundwater resources of the Snake/Salt River Basin:

• The Framework Plan (WWC Engineering, 2007; Table 5-6, p. 5-11) listed the average Basin demand factor as 223 gallons per capita per day (surface and groundwater combined); with municipal groundwater use as 5,875,140 gallons per day (18.0 acre- feet/day or 6,581 acre-feet/year) and domestic groundwater use as 2,241,000 gallons per day (6.9 acre-feet/day or 2,510 acre-feet/year). • The Framework Plan (WWC Engineering, 2007; Table 5-7, p. 5-12) listed municipal and domestic groundwater depletions combined as approximately 9,100 acre-feet per year. • The Framework Plan (WWC Engineering, 2007; Table 5-8, p. 5-14) listed industrial (manufacturing) groundwater use as 140 acre-feet per year.

There are a total of sixty-eight (68) GIS geologic units shown on the Geologic Map of the Snake/Salt River Basin (Figure A-1) and these units are included in Table A-1. Figure A-2 illustrates the Major Aquifer Groups of the Basin. These groups include the Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, and Precambrian Aquifer Groups and the Volcanic and Intrusive Formations. The Volcanic and Intrusive Formations (Middle Eocene and younger age) are actually a subgroup within the Cenozoic Aquifer Group.

Figure A-3 shows spring locations that are mapped on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 1:24,000-scale topographic maps within Wyoming. The locations of 418 springs in the Snake/Salt River Basin are shown on Figure A-3.

In the October 2012 database provided by the Wyoming State Engineer’s Office (WSEO), there are a total of 6,161 groundwater permit entries in the Snake/Salt River Basin (Figure A-4). Not all of these 6,161 permit entries represent one single water well. Some wells and springs have more than one permit. These WSEO groundwater permits include water wells and small springs of 25 gallons per minute (gpm) or less yield. Larger yielding (greater than 25 gpm) springs have a surface water permit from the WSEO.

The total calculated area of the Snake/Salt River Basin using the GIS Wyoming Geologic Map data (1:500,000-scale digital Geologic Map of Wyoming) is 5,108.70 square miles, which is a difference of 12.70 square miles compared to the basin area of 5,096 square miles as calculated by using a digital GIS method. There are 4,212 digital polygons for the Snake/Salt River Basin as part of the 1:500,000-scale state-wide GIS geologic map of Wyoming.

A very small mapped GIS polygon of geologic unit “Tcs” is reportedly located in the northern part of the Teton Range and is mapped as Conglomerate of the Sublette Range (Tcs). This is apparently an error in the GIS database for the 1:500,000-scale digital GIS geologic map of Wyoming.

Using the 5,108.70 square mile area from the 1:500,000 scale digital Wyoming Geologic Map, the following Basin areas are calculated:

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 2 Water/Reservoir 70.47 square miles (1.4%) Volcanic and Intrusive Formations 825.50 square miles (16.2%) Cenozoic Aquifer Group 2,044.77 square miles (40.0%) Mesozoic Aquifer Group 1,218.74 square miles (23.8%) Paleozoic Aquifer Group 789.65 square miles (15.5%) Precambrian Aquifer Group 159.57 square miles (3.1%)

TOTAL 5,108.70 square miles (100%)

Cenozoic Aquifer Group The Cenozoic Aquifer Group is the most heavily used aquifer group for groundwater supplies in the Snake/Salt River Basin. The various units of this aquifer group and the corresponding surface areas within the Basin are listed below:

Qal – Quaternary alluvium and colluvium 540.34 square miles (10.6%) Qg – Quaternary glacial deposits 429.87 square miles (8.4%) Qls – Quaternary landslide deposits 369.73 square miles (7.2%) Qt – Quaternary gravel deposits 155.93 square miles (3.1%) Qu – Quaternary, undivided 106.69 square miles (2.1%) QTg – Tertiary-Quaternary conglomerate 5.75 square miles (0.1%)

Approximately 15.9% (808.71 square miles) of the Snake/Salt River Basin is covered by the “alluvial aquifer,” which combines the alluvium/colluvium, gravel deposits, undivided deposits, and conglomerate into one larger unit of similar hydrogeologic characteristics. Hinckley (2003, p. 30) considered the “alluvial aquifer” to cover approximately 400 square miles.

Please note that the “Volcanic and Intrusive Formations” are actually of Cenozoic age (Middle Eocene and younger) and therefore may be considered a subgroup of an expanded Cenozoic Aquifer Group that covers a total area of 2,870.27 square miles (56.2%). There are 12 units listed in Table A-1 that are considered primarily “volcanic” (also includes intrusive igneous rock units). When these Yellowstone-related igneous rock formations are included in the Cenozoic Aquifer Group, all of the geologic formations of Cenozoic age cover a total area of 56.2% of the Snake/Salt River Basin in Wyoming.

Previous Studies – Since 2003 The 2003 Hinckley Consulting, Snake/Salt River Basin Plan Technical Memorandum listed the older hydrogeologic studies in the Basin. Since 2003, many additional studies have been conducted. The Wyoming Water Development Commission (WWDC) has funded the following water development studies and projects during the time period from 2003 to 2013:

• Hinckley Consulting (2003), Available Groundwater Determination, Snake/Salt River Basin Plan, Technical Memorandum. • Keller Associates, Inc. (2003), Kennington Springs Pipeline Company, Level I Water System Reconnaissance Study. • Nelson Engineering (2006), Hoback Junction Water Supply Study, Level I, Final Report.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 3 • Sunrise Engineering (2006), Siting, Construction and Testing of the Town of Afton New Municipal East Alley Well. • Rendezvous Engineering, P.C. (2007), Final Report, Level II – Alta Groundwater Supply Study. • WWC Engineering (2007), Wyoming Framework Water Plan. • Forsgren Associates, Inc. (2008), Star Valley Ranch Master Plan. • Rendezvous Engineering, P.C. (2009), Final Report, Level II – Alpine Master Plan Update. • Sunrise Engineering (2009), Star Valley Regional Master Plan, Final Report. • Sunrise Engineering (2009), Star Valley Regional Master Plan, Water System Investigation & Evaluations, Book 1 of 2. • Sunrise Engineering (2009), Star Valley Regional Master Plan, Water System Investigation & Evaluations, Book 2 of 2. • Weston Engineering (2009), Final Report, Star Valley Ranch Groundwater Level II Study. • Jorgensen Associates, PC (2012), Thayne Storage – Level II Study, Final Report.

The more complete references for these listed WWDC studies are included in the reference section of this memorandum.

2.0 Hydrogeology The hydrogeology of the Snake/Salt River Basin includes a variety of geologic units ranging in age from the Precambrian (Archean) to Quaternary (Holocene). These units include unconsolidated deposits, partially consolidated deposits, and bedrock formations.

The Snake/Salt River Basin includes the fold-thrust structures of the Overthrust Belt of Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah, the Precambrian basement-cored mountain uplifts, the younger Basin and Range structures, the Yellowstone-associated volcanic and intrusive formations, and the Ice Age glaciations and post-glacial outwash deposits which eroded many of the older geologic formations and structures.

The major geologic features and structures of the Snake/Salt River Basin include the following:

• Overthrust Belt (compressional motion from west-east and southwest-northeast) part of the • Sevier Orogeny (mountain-building event) with examples including the Salt River Range, Caribou Range, Wyoming Range, and Hoback Range. The Overthrust Belt generally extends from Teton Pass on the north end to south of Evanston, Wyoming and includes adjacent portions of Idaho and Utah. These geologic structures overall trend in a north- south direction with associated bending along the southern flank of the Teton Range and along the northern flank of the Uinta Mountains in Utah. • Foreland Basin Basement Involved Fold-Thrust Uplifts (movement from northeast to southwest; which is a reverse-direction motion to the northern Overthrust Belt, but was under the same southwest-northeast compressional stress regime) and part of the

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 4 Laramide Orogeny. These basement-cored mountain uplifts include the Gros Ventre Range and Washakie Range. • Younger Basin and Range Extensional Tectonics (normal faults and dropped down, graben or half-graben valley floors) with examples including Star Valley-Salt River Range, Teton Range-Jackson Hole, and Hoback Range and Camp Davis Formation basin-fill deposits. • Yellowstone Igneous Rocks (Middle Eocene to Present) Northwestern and northeastern portions of the Snake/Salt River Basin and associated with the volcanic center located in Yellowstone National Park (Yellowstone ‘Hot Spot’ sourced from the earth’s mantle). • Hoback Basin – a structural basin located between the Hoback Range fold-thrust structures and the Gros Ventre Range-Wind River Range Laramide basement-cored uplifts and north of the Green River structural basin.

The Quaternary-age geologic units considered to be major aquifers within the Basin include the alluvium and colluvium; gravel, pediment, and fan deposits; glacial deposits; and conglomerate (Table A-1). The Tertiary-age geologic units considered to be major aquifers within the Basin are the Salt Lake Formation, Teewinot Formation, and La Barge Member and Chappo Member of the Wasatch Formation.

As shown in Table A-1, the Mesozoic-age geologic units considered to be major aquifers within the Basin include the Bechler Conglomerate and Ephraim Conglomerate of the Gannett Group, Cloverly Formation, and Nugget Sandstone.

The Paleozoic-age geologic units considered to be major aquifers within the Basin include the Wells Formation, Tensleep Sandstone, Madison Limestone, Bighorn Dolomite, and Flathead Sandstone (Table A-1). None of the Precambrian-age geologic units are considered to be major aquifers. The Paleozoic and Precambrian formations are generally of lower permeability unless groundwater flow through these formations is enhanced by structurally fracturing and/or weathering processes.

Groundwater Circulation The hydrologic cycle includes evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, groundwater- surface water interactions, and discharge out of the Basin. In general, groundwater tends to flow from high topographic areas into the stream drainages. In the Snake/Salt River Basin, a large percentage of the annual precipitation falls as snow pack. Hinckley (2003) contains a more detailed discussion of groundwater circulation in the Basin.

Groundwater Compartments Groundwater compartments (structurally controlled and fault-severed) are present in the complex folds and faults of the Overthrust Belt of the Snake/Salt River Basin. These groundwater compartments are generally formed in the Paleozoic and/or Mesozoic formations of this fold- thrust belt. The two springs developed in the Gallatin Limestone and used by the Town of Star Valley Ranch for part of their public water supply are examples of groundwater compartments in the Salt River Range. Afton, Bedford, and Etna also use similar developed springs in the Salt River Range for public water supplies.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 5 Volcanic and Intrusive Formations The Volcanic and Intrusive Formations located in the Snake/Salt River Basin of Wyoming (Figure A-2 and Table A-1) of Middle Eocene age and younger and are predominantly associated with the Yellowstone volcanic system in the northern portion of the Basin. The Volcanic and Intrusive Formations are igneous rock units that are mostly present in the northern part of the Snake/Salt River Basin. These formations are predominantly located in the Snake River Sub- Basin and Teton County. These igneous rock formations overlap older formations ranging from Middle Eocene age to the oldest Precambrian basement lithologies.

Volcanic and Intrusive Formations may contain useable groundwater resources if sufficient permeability is present due to interconnected gas bubbles, vugs, weathered zones, lithologic contacts, fractures, joints, etc. The groundwater quality is variable in volcanic and intrusive formations based on the dissolution of the host rock type and the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS). Silica, iron, magnesium, aluminum, bicarbonate, and the major cations/anions, including potassium, sodium, and calcium, may be at elevated levels in groundwater by the dissolution of the volcanic and intrusive rock minerals. In general, the higher temperature igneous rocks tend to weather faster than the lower temperature igneous rocks. Also, volcanic glass tends to weather and alter relatively quickly compared to crystalline minerals in igneous rocks.

The types of igneous rocks, permeability, and degree of mineral weathering usually control the chemistry of the groundwater present in these formations. Crystal size in igneous rocks are usually determined by the rate of cooling from magma (molten rock) with faster cooling forming smaller crystals (extrusive or volcanic) and slower cooling rates forming larger crystals (intrusive).

• Rhyolitic extrusive rocks/granitic intrusive (felsic, low temperature magma, 600 to 800 degrees Celsius) rocks have a similar mineral assemblage and yield potassium (potassium-rich feldspar), sodium, silica, calcium, iron, magnesium, and other chemical entities to groundwater during weathering.

• Andesitic extrusive rocks/dioritic intrusive (intermediate, medium temperature magma, 800 to 1,000 degrees Celsius) rocks have a similar mineral assemblage and yield sodium (sodium-rich feldspar), potassium, calcium, silica, iron, magnesium, and other chemical entities to groundwater during weathering.

• Basaltic extrusive rocks/gabbroic intrusive (mafic to ultramafic (diabase), high temperature magma, 1,000 to 1,200 degrees Celsius) rocks have a similar mineral assemblage and yield calcium (calcium-rich feldspar), sodium, potassium, iron, magnesium, silica, and other chemical entities to groundwater during weathering.

CENOZOIC GEOLOGIC UNITS – CENOZOIC AQUIFER GROUP -- Quaternary Geologic Units Qa -- Alluvium and colluvium – “Clay, silt, sand, and gravel in flood plains, fans, terraces, and slopes” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Qt -- Gravel, pediment, and fan deposits – “Mostly locally derived clasts. Includes some glacial deposits. Locally includes some Tertiary gravels” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Quaternary] Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 6 Qg -- Glacial deposits – “Till and outwash of sand, gravel, and boulders” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Qls -- Landslide deposits – “Locally includes intermixed landslide and glacial deposits, talus, and rock- glacier deposits” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Qu -- Undivided surficial deposits – “Mostly alluvium, colluvium, and glacial and landslide deposits. Primarily in Yellowstone area and Bighorn Mountains” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Qb -- Basalt flows and intrusive igneous rocks -- Yellowstone area – “Includes Osprey, Madison River, Swan Lake Flat, and Falls River Basalts, basalts of Mariposa Lake, Undine Falls Basalt, and gravels, sands, silts, and basalts of The Narrows” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). – In and adjacent to Absaroka and Washakie Ranges – “Includes basalt of Lava Mountain (~0.5 Ma)” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Qr -- Rhyolite flows, tuff, and intrusive igneous rocks – “Includes Plateau Rhyolite (age about 0.07 Ma) and interlayered sediments, Mount Jackson Rhyolite (age 0.6 to about 1.0 Ma), Lewis Canyon Rhyolite (age about 0.9 Ma); and Lava Creek Tuff of Yellowstone Group (age 0.6 to about 1.0 Ma)” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This unit is only located in Park and Teton Counties, Wyoming. QTc -- Conglomerate – Northwest Wyoming (Jackson Hole) (Pliocene or Pleistocene) – “Paleozoic clasts, chiefly of Madison Limestone, in a lithified carbonate matrix” (Love and Christiansen, 1985).

-- Upper Tertiary Geologic Units Thr -- Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, basal unit of Yellowstone Group (Thr) – “Lavender to gray-brown welded rhyolite tuff” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This unit is only located in Park and Teton Counties, Wyoming. Thl -- Heart Lake Conglomerate (Thl) – Southern Yellowstone Area – “Abundant gray limestone and dolomite clasts and sparse rhyolite and quartzite clasts in a talc and clay matrix” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This unit is only located in Teton County, Wyoming. Tsi -- Shooting Iron Formation (Tsi) – “Greenish-gray to pink tuffaceous lacustrine and fluviatile claystone and siltstone, fine-grained sandstone, and conglomerate” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This unit is only located in Teton County, Wyoming. [Pliocene] Tii -- Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks (Tii) – “Composition ranges from hornblende monzonite (granitoid) to basalt” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Tertiary (Miocene-Pliocene)] [The exposure of this unit is limited to small outcrops in northern Lincoln County (Eddy-Miller et al., 1996). This unit is only located in Lincoln, Park, and Teton Counties, Wyoming.] Tsl -- Salt Lake Formation – “White, gray, and green limy tuff, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This Miocene-Pliocene-age unit is only located in Star Valley area of Lincoln County, Wyoming. The Salt Lake Formation is up to 1,000 feet thick in Star Valley in northern Lincoln County (Lines and Glass, 1975). Tte --Teewinot Formation (age about 9 Ma) – Central Jackson Hole – “White lacustrine clay, tuff, and limestone. In thrust belt includes conglomerate” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This Miocene- age unit is only located in Lincoln and Teton Counties, Wyoming. Tcd -- Camp Davis Formation – Southernmost Jackson Hole – “Upper 5,000 ft chiefly red conglomerate and red claystone; underlain by white tuff, limestone, claystone, and basal gray conglomerate” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Northwest WY] [Tertiary] Tc -- Colter Formation – Central Jackson Hole – “Dull-green and gray tuff, volcanic conglomerate, and sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Northwest WY] [Middle Miocene] Tr -- Red conglomerate on top of Hoback and Wyoming Ranges (Miocene(?) but may be as old as Eocene) – “Locally derived clasts of Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks in a red clay and sand matrix” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This Miocene(?)-age unit (it may be as old as Eocene age) is a conglomerate lithology and it is located on top of the Hoback and Wyoming Ranges in Sublette and Teton Counties, Wyoming.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 7 -- Lower Tertiary Geologic Units Ti -- Intrusive igneous rocks – “Felsic and mafic [plutonic] igneous bodies; the larger are mainly felsic” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Northwest WY] [Eocene] Twi -- Wiggins Formation of Thorofare Group of Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup (~44-47 Ma) – “Light- gray volcanic conglomerate and white tuff, containing clasts of igneous rocks” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Northwest WY] [Eocene] Ttl -- Two Ocean Formation and Langford Formation of Thorofare Group of Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup – Dark-colored andesitic volcaniclastic rocks and flows underlain by light-colored andesitic tuffs and flows [intrusive igneous rocks].” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This mapped unit may also include the Trout Peak Trachyandesite of Sunlight Group. Ta -- Aycross Formation of Thorofare Group of Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup – “Brightly variegated bentonitic claystone and tuffaceous sandstone, grading laterally into greenish-gray sandstone and claystone. In and east of Jackson Hole contains gold-bearing lenticular quartzite conglomerate [intrusive igneous rocks].” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Ttp -- Trout Peak Trachyandesite of Sunlight Group of Absaroka Volcanic Supergroup – Trachyandesitic volcaniclastic rocks. Tts -- Wapiti Formation of Sunlight Group – “Andesitic volcaniclastic rocks.” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Thp -- Hominy Peak Formation – “Mafic volcaniclastic conglomerate and tuff; sparse claystone in upper part; gold-bearing quartzite conglomerate at base.” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Tv -- Volcanic conglomerate – Jackson Hole – “Dark-brown to black conglomerate, poorly bedded, composed chiefly of basalt clasts in a basaltic tuff matrix” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Eocene] Tp -- Pass Peak Formation and equivalents [also: Pass Peak Conglomerate] – “Includes Lookout Mountain Conglomerate Member of Wasatch Formation. On south side of Gros Ventre Range consists of gold-bearing quartzite conglomerate; intertongues southward with sandstone and claystone of main body of Wasatch Formation” (Love and Christiansen, 1985) [Southwest WY] [Eocene] [This unit is primarily a conglomerate lithology with mixed medium-grain clastic and mixed fine-grained clastic lithologies and is located only on the south flank of the Gros Ventre Mountains in Sublette County, Wyoming.] Twlc -- La Barge and Chappo Members of Wasatch Formation (Twlc) – “Red, gray, and brown mudstone and conglomerate and yellow sandstone. La Barge Member tongues out to north at about T35N. Lower part of Chappo [Member] is Paleocene” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Paleocene to Eocene] The Eocene age La Barge Member composed of interbedded red and brown mudstone and conglomerate, yellow sandstone, and pisolitic limestone (Eddy-Miller et al., 1996). The Paleocene age Chappo Member is composed of red to gray conglomerate and sandstone (Eddy- Miller et al., 1996). The combined thickness of these two members of the Wasatch Formation in Lincoln County is up to 1,700 feet (Eddy-Miller et al., 1996). Twd -- Diamictite and sandstone Member of Wasatch Formation – Red/brown to tan, mixed clay and silt matrix-supported pebble to boulder conglomerate (diamictite) with interbedded sandstone beds (author’s personal observations in Sublette County, WY). Twdr -- Wind River Formation – “Variegated red and white claystone and siltstone; largely nontuffaceous except near the top; lenticular coal unit in middle. At base locally includes equivalent of Indian Meadows Formation [in the Wind River Basin]” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Th -- Hoback Formation – “Interbedded drab and gray sandstone and claystone. Locally contains thick red and gray conglomerate” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [northern Green River Basin, Southwest WY; located only in Sublette and Teton Counties, Wyoming] [Paleocene] Tdb -- Devils Basin Formation – “Light-gray sandstone interbedded with green and gray claystone; sparse coal and carbonaceous shale” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This Late Paleocene unit is located in the Jackson Hole area of Teton County, Wyoming. This unit is located only in Fremont, Sublette, and Teton Counties, Wyoming; overlies the Pinyon Conglomerate and is Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 8 stratigraphically equivalent to the Fort Union Formation; underlies the Eocene-age Wind River Formation. The Devils Basin Formation is present in an area of 75 square miles including both surface outcrops and subsurface areal extent. TKp -- Pinyon Conglomerate – “Brown gold-bearing quartzite conglomerate interbedded with brown and gray sandstone. Age of basal part about 67 Ma in northeastern Jackson Hole; farther south entire sequence is Paleocene” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). This Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene-age unit, which crosses the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) age boundary, is located in Fremont, Sublette, and Teton Counties, Wyoming.

MESOZOIC GEOLOGIC UNITS – MESOZOIC AQUIFER GROUP -- Upper Cretaceous Geologic Units Kha -- Harebell Formation – “Gold-bearing quartzite conglomerate, olive-drab sandstone, and green claystone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Km -- Meeteetse Formation – “Chalky-white to gray sandstone, yellow, green, and dark-gray bentonitic claystone, white tuff, and thin coal beds” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Kbb -- Blind Bull Formation – “Gray to tan conglomeratic sandstone, siltstone, claystone, coal, and bentonite” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Thrust Belt WY; located only in Lincoln and Sublette Counties, Wyoming] [Upper Cretaceous] The thickness of the Blind Bull Formation is up to 9,200 feet (Oriel and Platt, 1980). Kso -- Sohare Formation – “Lenticular gray and brown sandstone and shale; thin coal beds” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Ksb -- Sohare Formation & Bacon Ridge Sandstone Sohare Formation: “Lenticular gray and brown sandstone and shale; thin coal beds;” [located in Sublette and Teton Counties, Wyoming] and Bacon Ridge Sandstone: “Gray to tan marine sandstone and thick coal beds; gold-bearing quartzite conglomerate in lower part” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [North WY; The Bacon Ridge Sandstone is located only in Teton County, Wyoming] [Upper Cretaceous] Kmv -- Mesaverde Formation – “Light-colored massive to thin-bedded sandstone, gray sandy shale, and coal beds. In Jackson Hole locally contains gold-bearing quartzite conglomerate.” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Kc -- Cody Shale (78-83 Ma) Cody Shale – North Yellowstone area – “Gray to brown shale and siltstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Northern Yellowstone WY] Cody Shale – North and South Wyoming – “Dull-gray shale, gray siltstone, and fine-grained gray sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Kf -- Frontier Formation – “Gray sandstone and sandy shale” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Frontier Formation ranges from 1,100 to 3,000+ feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Frontier Formation – Thrust Belt – “White to brown sandstone and dark-gray shale; oyster coquina in upper part; coal and lignite in lower part” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Frontier Formation – North and South Wyoming – “Gray sandstone and sandy shale” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Kft -- Frontier Formation, Mowry Shale, & Thermopolis Shale Frontier Formation (Kft) – North and South Wyoming – “Gray sandstone and sandy shale” (Love and Christiansen, 1985); Mowry Shale – “Silvery-gray hard siliceous shale containing abundant fish scales and bentonite beds” (Love and Christiansen, 1985); and Thermopolis Shale – “Black soft fissile shale; Muddy Sandstone Member at top” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Kmt -- Mowry Shale & Thermopolis Shale

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 9 Mowry Shale: “Silvery-gray hard siliceous shale containing abundant fish scales and bentonite beds” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Mowry Shale is Upper Cretaceous in age. Thermopolis Shale: “Black soft fissile shale; Muddy Sandstone Member at top” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Thermopolis shale is Lower Cretaceous in age.

-- Lower Cretaceous Geologic Units Kws -- Wayan Formation & Smiths Formation – One outcrop located in the Overthrust Belt along the Wyoming-Idaho border and this unit is only located in Lincoln County, Wyoming. Wayan Formation: “Variegated mudstone, siltstone, and sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985); The thickness of the Wayan Formation is up to 3,900 feet (Oriel and Platt, 1980). Smiths Formation: “Ferruginous black shale and tan to brown sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Smiths Formation ranges from 300 to 850 feet (Oriel and Platt, 1980). Kss – Sage Junction Formation, Quealy Formation, Cokeville Formation, Thomas Fork Formation, & Smiths Formation Sage Junction Formation: “Gray and tan siltstone and sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Sage Junction Formation exceeds 3,000 feet in thickness (Rubey, 1973). Quealy Formation: “Variegated mudstone and tan sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Quealy Formation ranges in thickness from 500 to 1,100 feet thick (Oriel and Platt, 1980). Cokeville Formation: “Tan sandstone, claystone, limestone, bentonite, and coal” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Cokeville Formation has a thickness from 850 to 3,000 feet thick (Oriel and Platt, 1980). Thomas Fork Formation: “Variegated mudstone and gray sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Thomas Fork Formation ranges in thickness from 400 to 2,000 feet thick (Oriel and Platt, 1980). Smiths Formation: “Ferruginous black shale and tan to brown sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Smiths Formation ranges from 300 to 850 feet in thickness (Oriel and Platt, 1980). Ka -- Aspen Shale – “Light- to dark-gray siliceous tuffaceous shale and siltstone, thin bentonite beds, and quartzitic sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Lower Cretaceous or Upper(?) Cretaceous; the Aspen Shale is an Upper Cretaceous Mowry Shale stratigraphic equivalent]. The thickness of the Aspen Shale ranges from 400 to 2,200 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Kbr -- Bear River Formation – “Black shale, fine-grained brown sandstone, thin limestone, and bentonite beds” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Bear River Formation ranges from 800 to 1,500 feet (Ahern et al., 1981; Lines and Glass, 1975). Kg -- Gannett Group – “Red sandy mudstone, sandstone, and chert-pebble conglomerate; thin limestone and dark-gray shale in upper part, more conglomeratic in lower part” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Gannett Group ranges from 800 to 5,000 feet (Ahern et al., 1981; Lines and Glass, 1975). “Includes Smoot Formation (red mudstone and siltstone), Draney Limestone, Bechler Conglomerate, Peterson Limestone, and Ephraim Conglomerate [in descending order] (Love and Christiansen, 1985). “Upper Jurassic fossils have been reported from the Ephraim (Love and Christiansen, 1985).

-- Jurassic Geologic Units KJ – Cloverly Formation & Morrison Formation Cloverly Formation -- “Rusty sandstone at top, underlain by brightly variegated bentonitic claystone; chert-pebble conglomerate locally at base” (Love and Christiansen, 1985).

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 10 Morrison Formation -- “Dully variegated siliceous claystone, nodular white limestone, and gray silty sandstone. In southern Yellowstone and Jackson Hole areas the Morrison is not certainly present” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). KJg – Cloverly Formation, Morrison Formation, Sundance Formation, & Gypsum Spring Formation Cloverly Formation – “Rusty sandstone at top, underlain by brightly variegated bentonitic claystone; chert-pebble conglomerate locally at base” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Morrison Formation – “Dully variegated siliceous claystone, nodular white limestone, and gray silty sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Sundance Formation – “Greenish-gray glauconitic sandstone and shale, underlain by red and gray nonglauconitic sandstone and shale” (Love and Christiansen, 1985); Gypsum Spring Formation – “Interbedded red shale, dolomite, and gypsum. In north Wyoming wedges out south in T39N” Love and Christiansen, 1985). The KJg unit includes a wedge edge of Nugget Sandstone in T34N, R88W, and T32N, R91W (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Jst -- Stump Formation, Preuss Sandstone or Preuss Redbeds, & Twin Creek Limestone The thickness of the Stump Formation ranges from 160 to 330 feet (Oriel and Platt, 1980). Stump Formation – “Glauconitic siltstone, sandstone, and limestone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Preuss Sandstone or Preuss Redbeds – “Purple, maroon, and reddish-gray sandy siltstone and claystone; contains salt and gypsum in thick beds in some subsurface sections” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Twin Creek Limestone – “Greenish-gray shaly limestone and limy siltstone. Includes Gypsum Spring Member” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Jsg – Sundance Formation & Gypsum Spring Formation Sundance Formation – “Greenish-gray glauconitic sandstone and shale, underlain by red and gray nonglauconitic sandstone and shale” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Gypsum Spring Formation – “Interbedded red shale, dolomite, and gypsum. In north Wyoming wedges out south in T39N” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). JTR -- Nugget Sandstone – North Wyoming – “Gray to dull-red crossbedded quartz sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). JTRn -- Nugget Sandstone – Thrust Belt – “Buff to pink crossbedded well sized-and well-sorted quartz sandstone and quartzite; locally has oil and copper-silver-zinc mineralization” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Nugget Sandstone has an age of Triassic(?) to Jurassic. The thickness of the Nugget Sandstone ranges from 590 to 1,000 feet (Oriel and Platt, 1980). JTRnd -- Nugget Sandstone, Ankareh Formation, Thaynes Limestone, Woodside Shale, & Dinwoody Formation Nugget Sandstone – “Buff to pink crossbedded well sized-and well-sorted quartz sandstone and quartzite; locally has oil and copper-silver-zinc mineralization” (Love and Christiansen, 1985); Ankareh Formation – “Red and maroon shale and purple limestone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985); Thaynes Limestone – “Gray limestone and limy siltstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985); Woodside Shale – “Red siltstone and shale”(Love and Christiansen, 1985); and Dinwoody Formation – “Gray to olive-drab dolomitic siltstone”(Love and Christiansen, 1985). [Thrust Belt WY] [Triassic to Jurassic] JTRad -- Nugget Sandstone and Chugwater and Dinwoody Formations (JTRnd) Nugget Sandstone – “Gray to dull-red crossbedded quartz sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985); Chugwater Formation – “Red siltstone and shale. Alcova Limestone Member in upper middle part in north Wyoming. Thin gypsum partings near base in north and northeast Wyoming” (Love and Christiansen, 1985); and Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 11 Dinwoody Formation – “Olive-drab hard dolomitic thin-bedded siltstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). [North WY] [Triassic to Jurassic]

-- Triassic Geologic Units TRad -- Ankareh Formation, Thaynes Limestone, Woodside Shale, & Dinwoody Formation Ankareh Formation – “Red and maroon shale and purple limestone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Ankareh Formation ranges from 200 to 800 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Thaynes Limestone) – “Gray limestone and limy siltstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Thaynes Limestone ranges from 1,100 (northern Lincoln County) to 2,600 feet (southern Lincoln County) (Ahern et al., 1981; Lines and Glass, 1975). Woodside Shale – “Red siltstone and shale” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Woodside Shale ranges from 350 to 600 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Dinwoody Formation – “Gray to olive-drab dolomitic siltstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). TRc -- Chugwater Formation – “Red siltstone and shale. Alcova Limestone Member in upper middle part in north Wyoming. Thin gypsum partings near base in north and northeast Wyoming” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). TRcd -- Chugwater Formation & Dinwoody Formation Chugwater Formation – “Red siltstone and shale. Alcova Limestone Member in upper middle part in north Wyoming. Thin gypsum partings near base in north and northeast Wyoming” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Dinwoody Formation – “Olive-drab hard dolomitic thin-bedded siltstone and green shale” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Triassic age Dinwoody Formation ranges from 250 to 700 feet (Ahern et al., 1981).

PALEOZOIC GEOLOGIC UNITS – PALEOZOIC AQUIFER GROUP Pp -- Phosphoria Formation – Thrust Belt – “Upper part is dark- to light-gray chert and shale with black shale and phosphorite at top; lower part is black shale, phosphorite, and cherty dolomite” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Phosphoria Formation and related rocks have a combined thickness ranging from 200 to 400 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Phosphoria Formation and related rocks – Northern Wyoming – “Brown sandstone and dolomite, cherty phosphatic and glauconitic dolomite, phosphatic sandstone and dolomite, and greenish-gray to black shale. Intertonguing equivalents of parts of the Phosphoria are Park City Formation (primarily cherty dolomite, limestone, and phosphatic gray shale) and Shedhorn Sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). PIPMa – Phosphoria Formation, Wells Formation, & Amsden Formation Phosphoria Formation – Thrust Belt – “Upper part is dark- to light-gray chert and shale with black shale and phosphorite at top; lower part is black shale, phosphorite, and cherty dolomite” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Phosphoria Formation and related rocks have a combined thickness ranging from 200 to 400 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). The Phosphoria Formation is of Permian age. Wells Formation – Thrust Belt – “Gray limestone interbedded with yellow limy sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Wells Formation ranges from 450 to 1,000 feet (Lines and Glass, 1975). The Wells Formation ranges from Pennsylvanian to Permian in age. Amsden Formation – Thrust Belt – “Red and gray cherty limestone and shale, sandstone, and conglomerate” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Amsden Formation ranges in age from Late Mississippian to Pennsylvanian. PIPM – Wells Formation & Amsden Formation

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 12 Wells Formation – “Gray limestone interbedded with yellow limy sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Wells Formation ranges from 450 to 1,000 feet (Lines and Glass, 1975). The Wells Formation ranges from Pennsylvanian to Permian in age. Amsden Formation – “Red and gray cherty limestone and shale, sandstone, and conglomerate” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Amsden Formation ranges in age from Late Mississippian to Pennsylvanian. PM -- Tensleep Sandstone & Amsden Formation (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Tensleep Sandstone ranges from 450 to 1,000 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Tensleep Sandstone - Northern Wyoming - “White to gray sandstone containing thin limestone and dolomite beds. Permian fossils have been found in the topmost beds of the Tensleep at some localities in Washakie Range, Owl Creek Mountains, and southern Bighorn Mountains” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Tensleep Sandstone of this unit in this area ranges in age from Pennsylvanian to Early Permian. Amsden Formation – Northern Wyoming – “Red and green shale and dolomite; at base is brown sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Amsden Formation in this unit ranges from Upper Mississippian to Middle Pennsylvanian in age. The thickness of the Amsden Formation ranges from 400 to 700 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Thrust Belt – “Red and gray cherty limestone and shale, sandstone, and conglomerate” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Northern Yellowstone Area – “Red and green dolomitic shale, siltstone, and sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). MD -- Madison Limestone & Darby Formation Madison Limestone – The Madison Limestone is composed of an upper member of blue-gray massive limestone and dolomite and a lower member of gray cherty limestone and dolomite (Love and Christiansen, 1985). In some areas of Wyoming, the Madison Group (Madison Limestone) is subdivided into two formations. The upper member is the Mission Canyon Limestone, which is composed of blue-gray massive limestone and dolomite. The upper member is underlain by the Lodgepole Limestone, the lower member, which consists of gray cherty limestone and dolomite (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Madison Limestone ranges from 800 to 2,000 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Darby Formation – “Yellow and greenish-gray shale and dolomitic siltstone underlain by fetid brown dolomite and limestone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Darby Formation ranges in age from Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian. The thickness of the Darby Formation ranges from 400 to 1,000 feet (Ahern et al., 1981; Lines and Glass, 1975). OC -- Bighorn Dolomite, Gallatin Limestone, and Gros Ventre Formation Bighorn Dolomite (Middle to Upper Ordovician) – “Gray massive cliff-forming siliceous dolomite and locally dolomitic limestone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Bighorn Dolomite ranges from Middle to Upper Ordovician in age. The thickness of the Bighorn Dolomite ranges from 400 to 1,000 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Gallatin Limestone – Thrust Belt – “Gray and tan limestone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Northwestern Wyoming – “Blue-gray and yellow mottled hard dense limestone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Gallatin Limestone is Upper Cambrian in age. The lower member (Pilgrim Limestone) of the Gallatin Group (Gallatin Limestone) is present in the North Yellowstone area, Absaroka and Washakie Ranges, Teton and Gros Ventre Ranges, and the Wind River Range. The Pilgrim Limestone consists of “blue-gray and yellow mottled hard limestone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The thickness of the Gallatin Limestone ranges from 125 to 1,000 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Gros Ventre Formation (OC) – Thrust Belt -- “Greenish-gray micaceous shale” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). In the Thrust Belt, the Gros Ventre Formation is from Middle Cambrian to Upper Cambrian in age. Northwestern Wyoming – “Soft green micaceous Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 13 shale (Middle to Upper Cambrian Park Shale Member), underlain by blue-gray and yellow mottled hard dense limestone (Middle Cambrian Death Canyon Limestone Member), and soft green micaceous shale (Middle Cambrian Wolsey Shale Member)” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The total thickness of the Gros Ventre Formation ranges from 500 to 2,500 feet (Ahern et al., 1981). Flathead Sandstone (OC) – “Dull-red quartzitic sandstone” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). The Flathead Sandstone is Middle Cambrian in age. The thickness of the Flathead Sandstone varies from 175 to 200 feet (Ahern et al., 1981; Lines and Glass, 1975).

PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGIC UNITS – PRECAMBRIAN AQUIFER GROUP YX -- Mafic intrusive rocks – “Teton Range” Locally, this mafic intrusive rocks unit is commonly composed of black diabase dikes intruded into older rock units within the Teton Range (Middle Teton and Mount Moran). This unit ranges in age from Early to Middle Proterozoic. Wg -- Granitic rocks of 2,600 Ma Age Group [Precambrian – Late Archean] Granitic rocks – Yellowstone National Park – “Granite” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Granitic rocks – Teton Range – “Mount Owen Quartz Monzonite. Age 2,500± Ma; may be of Early Proterozoic age” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Granitic rocks – Gros Ventre and Washakie Ranges – “Granitic rocks” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). WVsv -- Metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks – “Amphibolite, hornblende gneiss, biotite gneiss, quartzite, iron-formation, metaconglomerate, marble, and pelitic schist; locally preserved textures and structures suggest origin to be sedimentary or volcanic. Older than 2,875 Ma in Teton Range.” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). These lithologies range from Middle to Late Archean in age. Metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic rocks – Teton Range – “Rendezvous Metagabbro; 2,875 Ma or older” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic rocks – Gros Ventre Range – “Hornblende gneiss and serpentinite” (Love and Christiansen, 1985). Ugn -- Oldest Gneiss Complex – This is the oldest geologic unit of the Precambrian age upper continental crust exposed at the ground surface in the Snake/Salt River Basin. This unit includes migmatite lithologies in the Teton Range (Keith Clarey, personal observation, 1979).

Geological Hazards The Snake/Salt River Basin has a variety of potential geological hazards that have a higher than normal potential to cause future damages in this area of Wyoming. These geologic hazards include landslides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions.

The first is a landslide hazard in many areas of the Basin, especially areas located on the flanks of hills, valleys, canyons, and mountains. The second geological hazard is for potential earthquakes ranging from 3 to 7+ in magnitude and located in areas with active faults.

Landslides may pose a threat to water wells in that the well casings may be bent or completely sheared off as the earth materials (soils, sediment, and rock) slide by gravity. These landslides may be slow creep downhill or a rapid and catastrophic slide. Slow creep may bend well casings and submersible pump discharge pipes. A rapid landslide may shear off a well casing.

The Snake/Salt River Basin has the highest concentration (density) of landslides of any of the seven major river basins in Wyoming. Landslides are common in some areas of the Basin and especially prevalent in the steeper canyon areas (e.g., Snake River Canyon and Hoback Canyon).

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 14 The Gros Ventre Slide, located east of the Town of Kelly, is a very large slide (estimated to be 50,000,000 cubic yards) that dammed the Gros Ventre River and formed Slide Lake in June 1925. There is future potential for additional large slides within the Basin.

Likewise, the Snake/Salt River Basin has the highest concentration (density) of earthquakes of the seven major river basins in Wyoming. Yellowstone National Park, Teton County, and northern Lincoln County are the three most seismically active areas in Wyoming.

Earthquakes, especially large earthquakes exceeding a magnitude of 5.0, may damage or destroy some water wells within the Basin. Potentially damaging fault zones include the Teton Range fault (located along the western margins of Jackson Hole), Salt River Range fault (located along the eastern margins of Star Valley), Gros Ventre Mountains area, and the northern Overthrust Belt of Wyoming and adjacent Idaho. Water wells actually penetrating through an active fault zone (fault plane) are particularly vulnerable to being sheared and destroyed given sufficient fault movement.

Volcanic eruptions in the Yellowstone area and in adjacent areas of Snake River Plain in Idaho may also pose future geological hazards for the Snake/Salt River Basin. Although the popular science media have portrayed a catastrophic, world-affecting, “supervolcano” eruption of Yellowstone, many small-size and medium-size volcanic eruptions may be more likely to occur in northwestern Wyoming and adjacent areas. An example of smaller scale basaltic volcanism is the Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve in Idaho. Volcanoes, multiple lava flows, cinder cones, splatter cones, lava tunnels, welded tuffs, fracture zones, and ash-fall deposits are associated with this type of volcanic eruption.

3.0 Groundwater Development Groundwater development since the 2003, “Available Groundwater Determination” Technical Memorandum for the Snake/Salt River Basin, prepared by Hinckley Consulting (Laramie, Wyoming), has continued.

Public land comprises approximately 92.2% percent of the area of the Snake/Salt River Basin. Most past and future groundwater development in the Snake/Salt River Basin has occurred, or will occur, on the private lands. Private lands are predominantly located in the valleys and alongside the flanking hills of the stream drainage in the Basin.

Geology Most of the WSEO-permitted wells and springs in the Snake/Salt River Basin are constructed into the Cenozoic Aquifer Group (Figure A-4). This is the most heavily used aquifer group. These Cenozoic groundwater units are predominantly valley-fill and basin-fill sedimentary formations.

The area near Alta, Wyoming, which includes the eastern margin of Pierre’s Hole and the western flanks of the Teton Range, has the majority of the permitted wells and springs developed in the Volcanic and Intrusive Formations (Figure A-4). The Volcanic and Intrusive Formations are of Cenozoic age and are a subgroup of the Cenozoic Aquifer Group.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 15 As shown on Figure A-4, the second most heavily used aquifer group is the Mesozoic Aquifer Group and the third most heavily used is the Paleozoic Aquifer Group. The Precambrian Aquifer Group is the least used.

Use Trends In the future, the use trends for groundwater will increase for rural domestic and subdivided lands with public water systems in the Basin. Additional municipal water supplies may also be developed in areas of future population growth.

Groundwater Levels Groundwater levels have generally remained similar to the levels of 10 years ago and the levels fluctuate in response to heavy use (pumping) and wet-year, average-year, and dry-year cycles. These annual cycles are on a shorter scale of time and somewhat independent of 30-year+ climatic cycles.

Groundwater Use and Groundwater Permis WSEO-Permitted Wells and Small Springs – 6,156 groundwater permits (October, 2012 electronic database) are located in the Snake/Salt River Basin. This is an increase of 1,008 WSEO groundwater permits (~20% increase) from May 2002 over a period of 10 years and 5 months. Small springs of 25 gpm or less are permitted by the WSEO under groundwater permits. Larger yielding springs of greater than 25 gpm are permitted by the WSEO under surface water permits.

USGS Mapped Springs – 418 of these mapped springs are located within the Snake/Salt River Basin. Not all springs have been mapped by the USGS on their 1:24,000-scale topographic maps for the Snake/Salt River Basin area.

As of May 29, 2002, the Wyoming State Engineer’s Office (WSEO) reported 5,148 permits for groundwater rights in the Snake/Salt River Basin (Appendix C, Hinckley Consulting, 2002 Technical Memorandum. As of October 2012, there were 6,156 groundwater permits on file with the WSEO in the Basin. This is an increase of approximately 1,008 WSEO groundwater permits (19.6%) from May 2002 to October 2012.

The WSEO groundwater permits include water wells and an undetermined number small springs with yields of 25 gallons per minute (gpm) or less. Springs with yields greater than 25 gpm are permitted with surface water rights by the WSEO.

Reported Total Depths – 5,293 groundwater permits have reported total depths ranging from 1 foot to 1,001 feet below ground surface. The other permits in the WSEO database do not list total depths. The average total depth is 105.3 feet for these groundwater permits.

Permitted Actual Yields – 5,274 groundwater permits have permitted actual yields ranging from 0.5 gpm to 2,500 gpm. The other permits in the WSEO database do not list permitted actual yields. The average yield is 56.9 gpm for these groundwater permits. The total actual yield permitted for these 5,274 permits is 300,202 gpm. Fifty-four (54) wells in the Snake-Salt River Basin have permitted for yields of 1,000 gpm or greater.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 16 Domestic Wells and Springs As of October 2012, there are 4,205 domestic use well permits in the Snake/Salt River Basin of Wyoming including at least 95 domestic use spring permits (25 gpm or less) including 6 deepened well permits, 27 enlargements of domestic wells and 4 enlargements of domestic use springs (net approximately 4,079 domestic wells and at least 95 springs).

• Four (4) domestic wells/springs have a combined permit with irrigation use. • Four (4) domestic wells/springs have a combined permit with irrigation and stock uses. • Two (2) domestic wells/springs have a combined permit with irrigation, miscellaneous, and stock uses. • Nineteen (19) domestic wells have a combined permit with miscellaneous use. • Three (3) domestic wells and at least two (2) springs have a combined permit with miscellaneous and stock uses. • There are 355 domestic wells and at least 57 springs have a combined permit with stock use. These 412 groundwater permits include 4 well enlargements, 3 spring enlargements, and 1 well deepened (net total of 351 well permits and at least 54 spring permits for domestic and stock uses).

As of October 2012, there were a total of 4,469 wells and at least 149 springs permitted by the WSEO for domestic use in the Snake/Salt River Basin. These total numbers include all of the groundwater permits with combined uses.

Industrial Wells As of October 2012, there were 9 wells permitted by the WSEO for industrial use within the Snake/Salt River Basin. This total number includes all of the groundwater permits with combined uses. There are 10 industrial use groundwater permits, but there is one enlargement of industrial well permits (net 9 permitted industrial wells). One of these industrial use permits is combined with irrigation and miscellaneous use. Two of these industrial use permits are combined with miscellaneous use. Industrial use of well water in the Snake/Salt River Basin includes for construction and cement mixing.

The total industrial permitted use is 2,170 gpm. The average yield is 241 gpm per industrial well and the average total well depth is 148.5 feet deep per industrial well. The Wyoming Department of Transportation (WDOT) has one industrial use permitted well in the southern part of Jackson Hole.

Irrigation Wells There are 109 irrigation use groundwater permits including 18 enlargements of irrigation well permits (net 91 permitted irrigation wells). In addition, there are eleven (11) wells with combined uses (net 102 permitted irrigation use wells).

• Ten (10) irrigation wells have a combined permit with domestic use. • Five (5) irrigation wells have a combined permit with domestic and miscellaneous uses. • Seven (7) irrigation wells have a combined permit with domestic and stock uses.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 17 • Twenty-one (21) irrigation wells have a combined permit with miscellaneous use. • One (1) irrigation well has a combined permit with miscellaneous and stock uses. • One (1) irrigation well has a combined permit with domestic, miscellaneous, and stock uses.

As of October 2012, there were 154 wells permitted by the WSEO for irrigation use in the Snake/Salt River Basin. This total number includes all of the groundwater permits with combined uses.

Miscellaneous Wells There are 145 miscellaneous use groundwater permits including 1 deepened well permit (net 144 permitted miscellaneous wells). Eighteen (18) of these miscellaneous use permits are combined use with domestic use and ten (10) permits are combined use with stock use.

• Five (5) irrigation wells have a combined permit with domestic and miscellaneous uses. • Twenty-one (21) irrigation wells have a combined permit with miscellaneous use. • One (1) irrigation well has a combined permit with miscellaneous and stock uses. • One (1) irrigation well has a combined permit with domestic, miscellaneous, and stock uses.

As of October 2012, there were 217 wells permitted by the WSEO for miscellaneous use in the Snake/Salt River Basin. This total number includes all of the groundwater permits with combined uses.

Monitoring Wells As of October 2012, there were 677 monitoring well groundwater permits including 1 enlargement of a monitoring well (net 677 monitoring wells, because the 1 enlargement well was a well with a different use converted to be used as a monitoring well).

Municipal Wells As of October 2012, there were 31 municipal use WSEO groundwater permits including 14 enlargements of municipal wells (a net total of 17 municipal use wells). The 17 municipal use wells range in completion depths from 67 to 500 feet and have permitted yields ranging from 300 to 2,500 gpm. Nine (9) of these 17 municipal wells have a combined permit with miscellaneous use. However, many of the water wells that in reality are used for municipal water supply are permitted in the Snake/Salt River Basin as “miscellaneous” use only and not specifically permitted for “municipal use” on the WSEO groundwater permit.

As of October 2012, the WSEO-permitted municipal use wells located within the Snake/Salt River Basin included:

Town of Afton (2 wells) Afton Well #1 1,100 gpm MUN (1 enlargement) (P86364W; P91531W) Afton East Alley Well 1,200 gpm MUN (P172886W)

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 18 Town of Alpine (2 wells) Alpine Water District #1 700 gpm MUN (3 enlargements) (P39163W; P78067W; P98662W; P189992W) Alpine Water & Sewer District Well #2 700 gpm MUN (1 enlargement) (P77717W; P189883W)

Etna Wyoming Water and Sewer District Etna Well No. 1 350 gpm MUN, MIS (P139351W)

Freedom Pipeline Inc. Freedom Pipeline Well #1 500 gpm MUN (P396G)

Freedom Water & Sewer District Freedom #2 400 gpm MUN, MIS (P101707W)

Town of Jackson (7 wells) Jackson Water Well #1 1,450 gpm MUN, MIS (2 enlargements) (P1385W; P104232W; P142426W) Jackson Water Well #2 1,750 gpm MUN, MIS (3 enlargements) (P1386W; P2055W; P85495W; P104233W) Jackson Water Well #3 1,700 gpm MUN, MIS (3 enlargements) (P1945W; P85496W; P104234W; P146696W) Jackson Water Well #5 2,500 gpm MUN, MIS (1 enlargement) (P69746W; P104235W) Jackson Water Well #6 1,250 gpm MUN, MIS (P101360W) Jackson Water Well #7 1,250 gpm MUN, MIS (P101361W) Jackson Water Well #8 1,250 gpm MUN, MIS (P101362W)

Town of Star Valley Ranch (2 wells) TSVR No. 2 300 gpm MUN (P193033W) TSVR No. 3 500 gpm MUN (P193487W)

Town of Thayne Thayne Phase I Well 1,000 gpm MUN (P130958W)

MUN = Municipal Use MIS = Miscellaneous Use

The Town of Star Valley Ranch (TSVR) was incorporated as a town in 2005, from the former Star Valley Ranch Association. The U.S. Census Bureau reported the population as 1,465 persons as the result of a special census conducted in July 2006. The Town of Star Valley Ranch relies on groundwater resources for their public water supply. The Town’s water public supply is sourced from three wells completed into the Upper Tertiary Salt Lake Formation and two springs developed in the Upper Cambrian Gallatin Limestone in the Salt River Range, located east of the Town. The two springs are the Green Canyon Spring and Prater Canyon Spring.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 19 The Salt Lake Formation also supplies water to the most of the towns located in the Star Valley area. In the Lower Star Valley, approximately from the Town of Thayne to a few miles north of the Town of Etna, there are some deep lacustrine deposits present in the lower portion of the Salt Lake Formation and were deposited in freshwater lakes surrounded by alluvial fans (fan-deltas). The lake deposits filled the structural graben with prograding alluvial fans, fan-deltas, and alluvial deposits of the Salt Lake Formation filling this actively subsiding basin (graben) from the surrounding mountain uplifts (horsts).

The deep lacustrine deposits in the lower Salt Lake Formation include very fine- to fine-grained, unconsolidated to partially consolidated sand with sunken drift wood and bleached white mollusks (snails and clams). These lacustrine deposits are located a few hundred feet below the ground surface (approximately 100 to 300 feet) have relatively low permeability and are not suited for construction of a high-yielding well (greater than 100 gpm).

Stock Wells and Springs There are 212 stock groundwater permits including 6 enlargements of stock well permits, 1 deepened stock well permit, and 62 springs (net 142 permitted stock wells and 62 permitted stock springs). These 212 permits are for stock use only (single use wells and/or springs). As of October 2012, there were a total of 532 wells and at least 116 springs permitted by the WSEO for stock use in the Snake/Salt River Basin. These total numbers include all of the groundwater permits with combined uses.

Test Wells As of October 2012, there were 26 test well groundwater permits on file with the WSEO and located within the Snake/Salt River Basin of Wyoming.

Updated Table 3 from Hinckley (2003, Page 18) for 2002 to 2012

Table 3 – Snake/Salt River Basin Groundwater Permit Summary

2002 2002 2012 2002 2012 2012 2002 2012 Ave. Count Count Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Ave. Use Well Yield Yield Well Water Water Depth (gpm) (gpm) Depth Level (ft) Level (ft) (ft) (ft) Domestic 3,152 3,365 17 18.3 109 117 49 51.6 Stock 198 186 15 36.6 30 45.5 25 6.7 Domestic/Stock 326 351 17 19.5 85 109 52 34.5 Industrial 7 8 110 178 92 156 44 37.0 Irrigation 71 88 367 309 123 117 34 28.4 Miscellaneous 480 638 163 209 131 130 42 26.7 Municipal 18 22 692 1,000 206 220 51 50.0 Total 4,252 4,566 -- 51.7 -- 115.7 -- 44.7

Note: Digital data were sourced from the Wyoming State Engineer’s Office from May 29, 2002 and from October 2012; permits with inactive permit status and with zero yields excluded. There was an increase of 315 permits (+7.4%) in total WSEO groundwater permits from 4,252 to 4,566 over the period from May 2002 to October 2012. For these 4,566 permits in October

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 20 2012, the average well yield is 51.7 gpm, the average well depth is 115.6 feet, and the average water level is 44.7 feet. Note, these 2012 WSEO groundwater permit data include approximately 182 (or more) springs with permitted yields of 25 gpm or less.

• Domestic groundwater permits increased by 213 permits (+6.8%) from 2002 to 2012. • Stock permits decreased by 12 permits (-7.7%) from 2002 to 2012. • Domestic/stock permits increased by 25 permits (+6.0%) from 2002 to 2012. • Industrial permits increased by 1 permit (+14%) from 2002 to 2012. • Irrigation permits increased by 17 permits (+24%) from 2002 to 2012. • Miscellaneous groundwater permits increased by 158 permits (+33%) from 2002 to 2012. • Municipal permits totaled 22 permits in October 2012, which included 15 wells and 7 enlargements. This was a +22.2% increase in municipal permits compared to May 2002.

In Hinckley (2003 Table 2, p. 18), the previous Basin groundwater report estimated groundwater consumption use in the Snake/Salt River Basin in 2002 to be the following:

• Public water supplies and rural domestic use as 6,581 acre-feet per year. • Agricultural use as approximately 780 acre-feet per year. • Industrial use as 48 acre-feet per year. • Recreational use as 131 acre-feet per year.

As of 2002, these four listed uses have a total consumptive groundwater use of 7,540 acre/feet per year in the Basin.

4.0 Groundwater Quality Groundwater development has continued in the Snake/Salt River Basin since the Hinckley (2003) technical memorandum. Data on groundwater quality for the Basin have continued to be collected but were not reviewed for this updated memorandum.

Table A-1 shows estimates of the total dissolved solids (TDS) content of the geologic formations present in the Snake/Salt River Basin. In general, groundwater quality is the best near outcrop areas or recharge areas and the quality generally degrades as formations are buried deeper beneath the ground surface. Formations with high contents of shale, mudstone, and volcanic material tend to have higher levels of TDS because these earth materials dissolve readily and yield high quantities of ions (cations and anions) into groundwater.

Groundwater quality may be locally contaminated by a number of inorganic, organic, bacteriological, agrichemical, and radioactive sources. Some sourced are point sources (e.g., leaking gasoline underground storage tank (UST)) and some are non-point sources (e.g., agricultural fields). In most cases, water sampling and laboratory analyses are required for groundwater quality to be determined for many dissolved constituents. The more permeable unconsolidated deposits with shallow groundwater under unconfined conditions (e.g., alluvial deposits) have an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to groundwater contamination and contaminant flow.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 21 Bacteriological and nitrate testing is recommended to owners of private wells, especially in subdivided rural areas of the Basin where the density of rural residents is relatively high and the water-bearing formations have a high concentration of sand and gravel (i.e., alluvial, terrace, and glacial outwash deposits).

Naturally-occurring radioactive contamination, including radon gas, gross alpha radiation, gross beta radiation, radium, and uranium, may be at elevated levels in volcanic/intrusive igneous, Precambrian metamorphic and igneous, siltstone, claystone, bentonite, and shale lithologies.

5.0 Geothermal Resources Geothermal resources in the Snake/Salt River Basin have generally remained the same since the Hinckley (2003) technical memorandum. There is an on-going interest in developing geothermal resources in the Basin but there is generally little actual action on these conceptual geothermal projects. Little to no development of geothermal resources has occurred in the Basin during the past ten years.

Some private landowners in the Snake/Salt River Basin have likely installed and are operating ‘heat pump’ systems that use shallow soils and/or groundwater as an aid for heating and cooling of private residences. These heat pump systems are not technically geothermal resource development (i.e., using a heated groundwater source to produce electrical energy), but these systems help provide overall energy efficiency and are a form of subsurface geo-energy exchange.

6.0 Groundwater Availability Groundwater availability since the 2003, “Available Groundwater Determination” Technical Memorandum for the Snake/Salt River Basin, prepared by Hinckley Consulting (Laramie, Wyoming), has continued to be favorable with abundant groundwater resources in many portions of the Basin.

The unconsolidated to semi-consolidated deposits of Quaternary age will continue to be the primary source of groundwater development in the future. Volcanic and intrusive rock formations range from Middle Eocene to Holocene in age, and some intrusive rock units are actively forming from magma today within Yellowstone National Park. As shown on Figure A- 4, the volcanic and extrusive rock formations are heavily used for groundwater supplies in the Alta, Wyoming area and adjacent portions of Pierre’s Hole in Wyoming.

Hinckley (2003, p. 30) estimated that the total groundwater in storage is approximately 10 million acre-feet in the 400-square-mile area of the ‘alluvial aquifer’ in the Snake/Salt River Basin.

In addition, Hinckley (2003, p. 30) calculated approximately 1 million acre-feet of groundwater recharge occurs within the entire Basin during an average year, using an average annual aquifer recharge rate of 4 inches. The Snake/Salt River Basin has the two mountainous areas (Teton Range and the southern Yellowstone area north of the Teton Range) with the highest annual precipitation rates (greater than 60 inches) in the State of Wyoming.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 22 Hinckley (2003, p. 30) also calculated approximately 1.5 million acre-feet of groundwater discharge occurs in the Basin during an average year, using an average discharge rate of 300 acre-feet per square mile per year. The Hinckley (2003, p. 30) study also estimated the available groundwater for development to be approximately 1,000,000 acre-feet based on the calculated average annual groundwater recharge in the whole Snake/Salt River Basin of Wyoming.

Although groundwater resources may be available throughout the Snake/Salt River Basin, private land comprises only 7.8 percent (256,340 acres) of the land area in the Basin. Although private land is limited, future development of groundwater resources will most likely occur on private lands. Little development of groundwater resources will occur on public land, except for some camp sites, picnic areas, stock-watering use, and public water systems.

In summary, the groundwater resources of the Snake/Salt River Basin are considered to be fully adequate in quantity and quality for future development. The exception is that in some areas of the Basin, the local hydrogeologic setting is dominated by low permeability deposits/bedrock (e.g., shale) or poor quality groundwater.

References Adams, Penny R., 1972, Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Hilliard Formation type area, Lincoln County, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 56 p. Ahern, J., Collentine, M., and Cooke, S., 1981, Occurrence and characteristics of ground water in the Green River Basin and Overthrust Belt, Wyoming: Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Contract Number G-008269-79, by Water Resources Research Institute, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, Volume V-A and Volume V-B (plates), July 1981, 2-volumes, 6 plates, 123 p. Albee, H.F., 1968, Geologic map of the Munger Mountain quadrangle, Teton and Lincoln counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-705, map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Albee, H.F., 1973, Geologic map of the Observation Peak quadrangle, Teton and Lincoln counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1081, map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Albee, H.F., and Cullins, H.L., 1975, Geologic map of the Alpine quadrangle, Bonneville County, Idaho, and Lincoln County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1259, map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Anderson, L.A., 1971, Magnetic and resistivity studies of gold deposits in the Teton National Forest, Teton County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 750-C, Geological Survey Research, 1971, Chapter C, p. C165-C173. [Turpin Meadow (T45N, R112W), Buffalo Fork-Blackrock Creek (T45N, R112W-R113W), Pacific Creek (T46N, R113W), and Tracy Lake (T45N, R113W) locations, Wyoming] Anning, D.W., Bauch, N.J., Gerner, S.J., Flynn, M.E., Hamlin, S.N., Moore, S.J., Schaefer, D.H., Anderholm, S.K., and Spangler, L.E., 2007, Dissolved solids in basin-fill aquifers and streams in the southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5315 (SIR 2006-5315), National Water-Quality Assessment (NWQA) Program, Reston, Virginia, 336 p.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 23 Antweiler, Ronald C., 1981, The chemistry of weathering of a Pliocene volcanic ash: Field and laboratory studies: Ph.D. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 155 p. [Teton County, Wyoming] Avery, Charles, 1987, Chemistry of thermal water and estimated reservoir temperatures in southeastern Idaho, north-central Utah, and southwestern Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 38th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 347-353. [Lincoln and Teton Counties, Wyoming; Idaho and Utah] Barnosky, Anthony, D., 1983, Geology and mammalian paleontology of the Miocene Colter Formation of Jackson Hole, Teton County, Wyoming: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 332 p. Barnosky, A.D., 1984, The Colter Formation: Evidence for Miocene volcanism in Jackson Hole, Teton County, Wyoming: Earth Science Bulletin, v. 17, p. 49-97 p. Berger, C.L., 1910, The salt resources of the Idaho-Wyoming border, with notes on the geology: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 430, Contributions to Economic Geology (Short papers and preliminary reports), 1909, Part I. – Metals and Nonmetals Except Fuels, p. 555-569. [northern Lincoln County, Wyoming; Bannock County, Idaho] Blackstone, D.L., Jr., and De Bruin, R.H., 1987, Tectonic map of the Overthrust Belt, western Wyoming, northeastern Utah, and southeastern Idaho, showing oil and gas fields and exploratory wells in the Overthrust Belt and adjacent Green River Basin: Geological Survey of Wyoming Map Series 23 (MS-23), map scale 1:316,800, 1 sheet. Blackwelder, E., 1915, Post-Cretaceous history of the mountains of central and western Wyoming, Part III: Journal of Geology, v. 23, no. 4, p. 307-390. Blanchard, Mark R., 1990, Discrimination between flow-through and pulse-through components of an alpine carbonate aquifer, Salt River Range, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 77 p. Blanchard, M.R., Huntoon, P.W., and Drever, J.I., 1991, Open-conduit flow through the Madison Limestone as determined from seasonal fluctuations in the discharge chemistry and temperature of Periodic Spring, Salt River Range, Wyoming: Wyoming Water Research Center, Laramie, Wyoming, Research Briefs 91-01, 1 map sheet. [UW Geology BG 705 .W8 R4 no. 91-01] Boyd, H.A., 1995, The Laramide orogeny and associated lithostratigraphic units, southwestern Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 46th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 313-341 [Greater Green River Basin and Overthrust Belt, Wyoming] Boyd, H.A., Bauers, J.A., Gaskill, C.H., Holm, M.R., and Specht, R.G., 1989, Problems in stratigraphic nomenclature, southwest Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 40th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 123-142 [Greater Green River Basin and Overthrust Belt, Wyoming] Carlisle, W. Joseph, 1979, Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy, Lincoln and Sublette Counties, western Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 103 p. Cathcart, J.B., Sheldon, R.P., and Gulbrandsen, R.A., 1984, Phosphate rock resources of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 888, 48 p. Chronic, Lucy M., 1988, The interrelation of fauna and lithology across a Late Cambrian biomere boundary in Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 70 p. Clark, M.L., and Eddy-Miller, C.A., 1998, Radon in ground water in seven counties of Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 079-98 (FS-079-98), Cheyenne, Wyoming,

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 24 July 1998, 1 folded sheet, 4 p. [Albany, Carbon, Converse, Goshen, Lincoln, Platte, and Sublette Counties, Wyoming] Clark, M.L., Sadler, W.J., and O’Ney, S.E., 2004, Water-quality of the Snake River and five eastern tributaries in the Upper Snake River Basin, Wyoming, 1998 – 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientifics Investigations Report SIR 2004-5017, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 41 p. [Snake River and Buffalo Fork, Ditch, Pacific, Pilgrim, and Spread Creeks, Wyoming] Clark, M.L., Wheeler, J.D., and O’Ney, S.E., 2007, Water-quality characteristics of Cottonwood Creek, Taggart Creek, Lake Creek, and Granite Creek, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5221 (SIR 2007-5221), Reston, Virginia, 43 p. Condit, D.D., 1920, Oil shale in western Montana, southeastern Idaho, and adjacent parts of Wyoming and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 711, Contributions to Economic Geology (Short papers and preliminary reports), 1919, Part II. – Mineral Fuels, 1 plate, map scale 1:1,000,000, p. 15-40. [western Yellowstone National Park, Teton Range, and northern Overthrust Belt to just south of the Snake River; Phosphoria Formation] Conner, John L., 1980, Geology of the Sage Valley 7 ½’ quadrangle, Caribou County, Idaho, and Lincoln County, Wyoming: M.S. thesis published in Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 27, part 2, map scale 1:24,000, p. 11-39. Conrad, J.F., 1977, Significance of surface structure in Tertiary strata for part of the Idaho – Wyoming thrust belt: Wyoming Geological Association 29th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 391-396. Cox, E.R., 1974, Water resources of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-1019 (OFR 74-1019), 114 p. Cox, E.R., 1975, Discharge measurements and chemical analyses of water in northwestern Wyoming: Wyoming State Engineer’s Office, Wyoming Water Planning Program Report No. 14, 21 p. Cox, E.R., 1977, Preliminary study of wastewater movement in and near Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, through October 1976: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77- 275 (OFR 77-275), 35 p. Cox, E.R., 1976, Water resources of northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-558, scale 1:250,000, 3 sheets. Daley, Roberta L., 1987, Patterns and controls of skeletal silicification in Mississippian fauna, northwestern Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 140 p. [Darby Canyon, Teton County, Wyoming] Dorr, J.A., Jr., Spearing, D.R., Steidtmann, J.R., Wiltschko, D.V., and Craddock, J.P., 1987, Hoback River Canyon, central western Wyoming: in Beus, S.S., editor, Rocky Mountain Section of the Geological Society of America – Centennial Field Guide Volume 2: Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide – Rocky Mountain Section, 1987, Volume 2, p. 197-200. [Sublette and Teton Counties, Wyoming] Doser, D.I., and Smith, R.B., 1983, Seismicity of the Teton – southern Yellowstone region, Wyoming: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 73, p. 1369-1394. Eddy-Miller, C.A., and Norris, J.R., 2000, Pesticides in ground water – Lincoln County, Wyoming, 1998-99: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 033-00 (FS-033-00), 1 folded sheet, 4 p.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 25 Eddy-Miller, C.A., Plafcan, M., and Clark, M.L., 1996, Water resources of Lincoln County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4246 (WRIR 96-4246), 3 plates, 131 p. Eddy-Miller, C.A., Wheeler, J.D., and Essaid, H.I., 2009, Characterization of interactions between surface water and near-stream groundwater along Fish Creek, Teton County, Wyoming, by using heat as a tracer: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5160 (SIR 2009-5160), Reston, Virginia, 53 p. Forsgren Associates, Inc., 2008, Star Valley Ranch Master Plan: Prepared for the Wyoming Water Development Commission, The Star Valley Ranch Association, and the Town of Star Valley Ranch; prepared by Forsgren Associates, Inc., Evanston, Wyoming, in associations with Weston Engineering (Laramie, WY), August 2008, appendices, 58 p. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Star_Valley/Star_Valley_Ranch-Master_Plan- Final_Report-2008.html) Foutz, Dell R., 1966, Stratigraphy of the Mississippian System in northern Utah and adjacent states: Ph.D. thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 218 p. Froidevaux, Claude M., 1968, Geology of the Hoback Peak area in the Overthrust Belt, Lincoln and Sublette Counties, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 126 p. Fruchey, Richard A., 1962, Overthrusting in Mt. Thompson and adjacent areas, Sublette and Lincoln Counties, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82 p. Fryxell, F.M., 1930, Glacial features of Jackson Hole, Wyoming: Augustana Library Publications No. 13, 129 p. Furer, Lloyd C., 1962, Overthrusting in the Thompson Pass area, Lincoln and Sublette Counties, Wyoming: M.A. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 97 p. Gale, H.S., and Richards, R.W., 1910, Preliminary report on the phosphate deposits in southeastern Idaho and adjacent parts of Wyoming and Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 430, Contributions to Economic Geology (Short papers and preliminary reports), 1909, Part I. – Metals and Nonmetals Except Fuels, 10 plates, map scale 1:62,500, p. 457-535. [Lincoln, Sublette, Teton, and Uinta Counties, Wyoming; also Idaho and Utah] Gardner, L.S., 1944, Phosphate deposits of the Teton Basin area, Idaho and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 944-A, Contributions to Economic Geology, 1943-44, p. 1- 36. [Teton County, Wyoming; Bonneville and Teton Counties, Idaho] Gordon, E.D., King, N.J., Haynes, G.L., Jr., and Cummings, T.R., 1960, Occurrence and quality of water in the northern Bridger Basin and the adjacent Overthrust Belt, Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 15th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 227-247. Harrington, C.D., 1985, A revision of the glacial history of Jackson Hole, Wyoming: The Mountain Geologist, v. 22, p. 28-32. Hatch, J. Floyd, 1980, Geology of the Elk Valley quadrangle, Bear Lake and Caribou counties, Idaho, and Lincoln County, Wyoming: M.S. thesis published in Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 27, part 2, map scale 1:24,000, p. 41-66. Hedmark, K.J., and Young, H.W., 1999, Water quality and hydrogeology near four wastewater- treatment facilities in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway, Wyoming, September 1988 through September 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report WRIR 99-4117, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 78 p.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 26 Hinckley, B.S., and Breckenridge, R.M., 1977, Auburn Hot Springs, Lincoln County, Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 29th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 707-710. Hinckley Consulting, 2003, Available Groundwater Determination, Snake/Salt River Basin Plan, Technical Memorandum: September 10, 2003, 336 p. (http://waterplan.state.wy.us/plan/snake/techmemos/gndet.pdf) Hunter, Robert B., 1986, Timing and structural relations between the Gros Ventre foreland uplift, the Prospect thrust system, and the Granite Creek thrust system: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 111 p. Jenkins, David E., 1981, Geology of the Auburn 7 ½’ quadrangle, Caribou County, Idaho, and Lincoln County, Wyoming: M.S. thesis published in Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 28, part 3, map scale 1:24,000, p. 101-116. Jones, L.C. Allen, 1995, The Quaternary geology of the eastern side of the Greys River Valley and the neotectonics of the Greys River fault in western Wyoming: M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 116 p. Jorgensen Associates, PC, 2012, Thayne Storage – Level II Study, Final Report: Prepared for the Wyoming Water Development Commission; prepared by Jorgensen Associates, PC, Jackson, Wyoming, October 19, 2012, appendices, 35 p. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Thayne/Thayne-Storage_Level_II- Final_Report_2012.html) Jorgensen Engineering and Land Survey, P.C., 1995, Star Valley Ranch Association Water Supply Evaluation and Recommendations: Consultant’s report prepared fro Star Valley Ranch Association of Thayne, Wyoming, prepared by Jorgensen Engineering and Land Survey, P.C. of Jackson, Wyoming, February 7, 1995, 1 volume, various pagination. Jorgensen Engineering and Land Survey, P.C., 1996, Water System Master Plan, Star Valley Ranch Association: Consultant’s report prepared for Star Valley Ranch Association of Thayne, Wyoming, prepared by Jorgensen Engineering and Land Survey, P.C. of Jackson, Wyoming, November 15, 1996, 1 volume, various pagination. Keefer, William R., 1952, Geology of the Red Hills area, Teton County, Wyoming: M.A. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 99 p. Keller Associates, Inc., 2003, Kennington Springs Pipeline Company, Level I Water System Reconnaissance Study: Prepared for the Wyoming Water Development Commission; prepared by Keller Associates, Inc., Pocatello, Idaho, November 17, 2003, appendices, 44 p. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Kennington_Springs/Kennington_Springs- Pipeline_Co_Level_I_Water_System_Reconnaissance-Final_Report-2003.html) Lines, G.C., and Glass, W.R., 1975, Water resources of the Thrust Belt of western Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas HA-539, map scale 1:250,000, 3 sheets. Litchford, Robert F., Jr., 1966, Structural geology and stratigraphy of a part of the Overthrust Belt near Wyoming Peak, Lincoln and Sublette Counties, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 175 p. Long, G.I.W., 1960, Afton anticline, Lincoln County, Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 15th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 187-188. Loose, Steven A., 1988, Sedimentary facies, ore mineralogy, and paragenesis of the Lake Alice Cu-Ag-Pb-Zn District in the Wyoming Overthrust Belt: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 177 p. [Lincoln County, Wyoming]

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 27 Love, J.D., 1947, The Tertiary stratigraphy and its bearing on oil and gas possibilities in the Jackson Hole area, northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigation Chart OC-27, map scale 1:2,725,000, 1 sheet. Love, J.D., (compiler), 1956a, Geologic map of Teton County, Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 11th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, folded map in pocket. Love, J.D., 1956b, Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphy of the Jackson Hole area, northwestern Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 11th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 75-94. Love, J.D., 1973a, Harebell Formation (Upper Cretaceous) and Pinyon Conglomerate (uppermost Cretaceous and Paleocene), northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 734-A, Geology of Gold-Bearing Conglomerates in Northwestern Wyoming, 54 p. Love, J.D., 1973b, Map showing differences in the stability of the ground, Jackson quadrangle, Teton County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Folio of the Jackson Quadrangle, Wyoming Map I-769-F, map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Love, J.D., 1987, Teton mountain front, Wyoming: in Beus, S.S., editor, Rocky Mountain Section of the Geological Society of America – Centennial Field Guide Volume 2: Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide – Rocky Mountain Section, 1987, Volume 2, p. 173-178. Love, J.D., 1989, Name and descriptions of new and reclassified formations in northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 932-C, Geology of the Teton- Jackson Hole Region, Northwestern Wyoming, p. C1-C45. Love, J.D., 1994, Leidy Formation – New name for a Pleistocene glacio-fluviatile-lacustrine sequence in northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 932-D, Geology of the Teton-Jackson Hole Region, Northwestern Wyoming, p. D1-D13. [type section located in Sections 1-2, T42N, R114W, Teton County, Wyoming] Love, J.D., and Albee, H.F., 1972, Geologic map of the Jackson quadrangle, Teton County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Folio of the Jackson Quadrangle, Wyoming Map I- 769-A, map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Love, J.D., and Albee, H.F., 2003, Geologic map of the Jackson quadrangle, Teton County, Wyoming: Wyoming State Geological Survey J. David Love Historical Geologic Map Series: Geology of the Teton – Jackson Hole Region LMS-9, map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Love, J.D., Antweiler, J.C., and Williams, F.E., 1975, Mineral resources of the Teton Corridor, Teton County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1397-A, Studies Related to Wilderness, 1 folded map plate in pocket, map scale 1:48,000, 51 p. [area east of Snake River and Jackson Lake and west of Teton Wilderness Area; south of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming] Love, J.D., and Christiansen, A.C., compilers, 1985, Geologic Map of Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey, map scale 1:500,000, 3 sheets. Love, J.D., and Covington, H.R., 1973, Map showing steepness of slopes in the Jackson quadrangle, Teton County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Folio of the Jackson Quadrangle, Wyoming Map I-769-E, map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Love, J.D., Leopold, E.B., and Love, D.W., 1978, Eocene rocks, fossils, and geologic history, Teton Range, northwestern Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 932- B, Geology of the Teton – Jackson Hole Region, Northwestern Wyoming, 4 plates, 40 p.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 28 Love, J.D., and Love, C.M., 2000, Geologic map of the Cache Creek quadrangle, Teton County, Wyoming: Wyoming State Geological Survey J. David Love Historical Geologic Map Series: Geology of the Teton – Jackson Hole Region LMS-1, map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Love, J.D., and Love, J.M., 1983, Road log, Jackson to Dinwoody and return: Wyoming Geological Association 34th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 283-319. Love, J.D., and Love, J.M., 1988, Geologic road log of part of the Gros Ventre River Valley including the Lower Gros Ventre Slide: Geological Survey of Wyoming Reprint No. 46 (R-46), 14 p. Love, J.D., McKenna, M.C., and Dawson, M.R., 1976, Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene rocks and vertebrate fossils at the Emerald Lake locality, 3 miles south of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 932-A, Geology of the Teton-Jackson Hole Region, Northwestern Wyoming, p. A1-A28. Love, J.D., and Montagne, J., 1956, Pleistocene and Recent tilting of Jackson Hole, Teton County, Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 11th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 169-178. Love, J.D., and Reed, J.C., Jr., 1971, Creation of the Teton landscape: Geologic story of Grand Teton National Park: Grand Teton Natural History Association, Moose, Wyoming, 130 p. Love, J.D., Reed, J.C., Jr., and Christiansen, A.C., 1992, Geologic map of Grand Teton National Park, Teton County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-2031, map scale 1:62,500, 1 sheet. Love, J.D., Reed, J.C., Jr., Christiansen, R.L., and Stacy, J.R., 1972, Geologic block diagrams and tectonic history of the Teton region, Wyoming – Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-730, map scale 1:145,320, 1 sheet. Mankiewicz, David, 1974, Holocene sedimentation in Green Lake, Teton County, Wyoming: M.A. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 34 p. McCalpin, J.P., Piety, L.A., and Anders, M.H., 1990, Latest Quaternary faulting and structural valley evolution of Star Valley, Wyoming: in Roberts, S., editor, Geologic field tours of western Wyoming and parts of adjacent Idaho, Montana, and Utah: Geological Survey of Wyoming Public Information Circular No. 29 (PIC-29), p. 4-12. McGreevy, L.J., and Gordon, E.D., 1964a, Ground water east of Jackson Lake, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, August 1964, 2 folded figures in pocket, 71 p. McGreevy, L.J., and Gordon, E.D., 1964b, Ground water east of Jackson Lake, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 494, 27 p. Merritt, Z.S., 1956, Upper Tertiary sedimentary rocks of the Alpine, Idaho – Wyoming area: Wyoming Geological Association 11th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 117-119. Merritt, Zenith S., 1958, Tertiary stratigraphy and general geology of the Alpine, Idaho- Wyoming area: M.A. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 94 p. Michael, R.H., 1960, Hogsback and Tip Top units, Sublette and Lincoln counties, Wyoming: Wyoming Geological Association 15th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, Overthrust Belt of Southwestern Wyoming, 1960, p. 211-216. [Lincoln and Sublette Counties, Wyoming] Mills, John P., 1989, Foreland structure and karstic ground water circulation in the eastern Gros Ventre Range, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 101 p.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 29 Moore, D.W., Oriel, S.S., and Mabey, D.R., 1987, A Neogene(?) gravity-slide block and associated slide phenomena in Swan Valley graben, Wyoming and Idaho: in Beus, S.S., editor, Rocky Mountain Section of the Geological Society of America – Centennial Field Guide Volume 2: Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide – Rocky Mountain Section, 1987, Volume 2, p. 113-116. [Alpine quadrangle in Lincoln County, Wyoming, and Bonneville County, Idaho] Moore, D.W., Woodward, N.B., and Oriel, S.S., 1984, Preliminary geologic map of the Mount Baird quadrangle, Bonneville County, Idaho, and Lincoln and Teton Counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-776 (OFR 84-776), map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Montagne, J. de la, 1956, Review of glacial studies in Jackson Hole: Wyoming Geological Association 11th Annual Field Conference Guidebook, p. 29-32. Nelson Engineering, 2006, Hoback Junction Water Supply Study, Level I, Final Report: Prepared for the Wyoming Water Development Commission; prepared by Nelson Engineering, Jackson, Wyoming, in association with Lidstone & Associates, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado, March 2006, appendices, 115 p. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Hoback_Junction/Hoback_Junction- Water_Supply_Study_Level_I-Final_Report-2006.html) Nolan, B.T., and Miller, K.A., 1995, Water resources of Teton County, Wyoming, exclusive of Yellowstone National Park: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report WRIR 95-4204, Cheyenne, Wyoming, 3 plates, 76 p. Oliver, Robert L., 1982, Origin and geologic significance of the Snake River lineament, northern Idaho-Wyoming thrust belt: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 56 p. [Bonneville County, Idaho, and Lincoln County, Wyoming] Ore, H.T., and Kopania, A.A., 1987, Idaho – Wyoming thrust belt: Teton Pass, Hoback Canyon, Snake River Canyon: in Beus, S.S., editor, Rocky Mountain Section of the Geological Society of America – Centennial Field Guide Volume 2: Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide – Rocky Mountain Section, 1987, Volume 2, p. 183-186. Oriel, S.S., and Moore, D.W., 1985, Geologic map of the West and East Palisades RARE II further planning areas, Idaho and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1619-B, map scale 1:50,000, 1 sheet. Oriel, S.S., and Platt, L.B., 1980, Geologic map of the Preston 1o x 2o quadrangle, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-1127, map scale 1:250,000, 1 sheet. Oxley, David R., Jr., 1975, Magnetic and seismic refraction surveys on Jackson Lake, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 74 p. Pampeyan, E.H., Schroeder, M.L., Schell, E.M., and Cressman, E.R., 1967, Geologic map of the Driggs quadrangle, Bonneville and Teton counties, Idaho, and Teton County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Investigations Field Studies Map MF-300, map scale 1:31,680, 1 sheet. Pierce, K.L., and Good, J.D., 1992, Field guide to the Quaternary geology of Jackson Hole, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OFR 92-504, 54 p. Pierce, K.L., and Good, J.D., 1990, Quaternary geology of Jackson Hole, Wyoming: in Roberts, S., editor, Geologic field tours of western Wyoming: Geological Survey of Wyoming Public Information Circular No. 29 (PIC-29), p. 79-87.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 30 Pipiringos, G.N., and Imlay, R.W., 1979, Lithology and subdivisions of the Jurassic Stump Formation in southeastern Idaho and adjoining areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1035-C, Unconformities, Correlation, and Nomenclature of Some Triassic and Jurassic Rocks, Western Interior United States, 25 p. Porter, S.C., Pierce, K.L., and Hamilton, T.D., 1983, Late Pleistocene glaciation of the western United States: in Porter, S.C., editor, Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota, p. 71-111. Prochaksa, Eugene J., 1960, Foraminifera from two sections of the Cody Shale in Fremont and Teton Counties, Wyoming: M.A. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 79 p. Raubvogel, David R., 1984, Petrology of the Middle Jurassic Twin Creek Limestone, Lincoln and Sublette Counties, southwestern Wyoming: M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 187 p. Reed, J.C., Jr., and Love, J.D., 1972, Preliminary geologic map of Granite Basin quadrangle, Teton County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 72-309 (OFR 72- 309), map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Rendezvous Engineering, P.C., 2007, Final Report, Level II – Alta Groundwater Supply Study: Prepared for the Wyoming Water Development Commission; prepared by Rendezvous Engineering, P.C., Jackson, Wyoming, and Hinckley Consulting, Laramie, Wyoming, February 2007, appendices, 38 p. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Alta/Alta- Level_II_Groundwater_Supply_Study-Final_Report-2007.html) Rendezvous Engineering, P.C., 2009, Final Report, Level II – Alpine Master Plan Update: prepared for the Wyoming Water Development Commission; prepared by Rendezvous Engineering, P.C., Jackson, Wyoming, and Hinckley Consulting, Laramie, Wyoming, April 2009, appendices, 66 p. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Alpine/Alpine- Master_Plan_Level_II-Final_Report-2009.html) Rice, John B., Jr., 1987, Spatial and temporal landslide distribution and hazard evaluation analyzed by photogeologic mapping and relative dating techniques, Salt River Range, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, map scale 1:48,000, 129 p. Rice, J.B., Jr., and McCalpin, J.P., 1986a, Post-glacial landsliding chronology of the Salt River Range, western Wyoming [abstract]: American Quaternary Association, Abstracts for the 9th Biennial Meeting, University of Illinois, p. 96. Rice, J.B., Jr., and McCalpin, J.P., 1986b, Spatial and temporal landslide distribution analyzed by photogeologic mapping and relative-age dating techniques, Salt River Range, Wyoming [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Rocky Mountain Section, v. 18, no. 5, p. 405. Richmond, G.M., 1976, Pleistocene stratigraphy and chronology in the mountains of western Wyoming: in Mahaney, W.C., editor, Quaternary Stratigraphy of North America: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, p. 353-379. Richmond, G.M., and Fullerton, D.S., 1986, Introduction to Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America: in Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q., and Richmond, G.M., editors, Quaternary glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 3-10. Roberts, S., (editor), Geologic field tours of western Wyoming and parts of adjacent Idaho, Montana, and Utah: Geological Survey of Wyoming Public Information Circular No. 29 (PIC-29), 191 p.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 31 Rubey, W.W., 1958, Geologic map of the Bedford quadrangle, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-109, map scale 1:62,500, 1 sheet. Rubey, W.W., 1973a, Geologic map of the Afton quadrangle and part of the Big Piney quadrangle, Lincoln and Sublette counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-686, map scale 1:62,500, 2 sheets. Rubey, W.W., 1973b, New Cretaceous formations in the western Wyoming Thrust Belt: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1372-I, Contributions to Stratigraphy, 35 p. [Rubey (1973) defined five new Lower Cretaceous formations equivalent to the Bear River Formation and Aspen Shale, including Smiths Formation, Thomas Fork Formation, Cokeville Formation, Quealy Formation, and Sage Junction Formation, in ascending order. Rubey also defined the Upper Cretaceous Blind Bull Formation as the northern equivalent of the Hilliard Shale.] Rubey, W.W., Oriel, S.S., and Tracey, J.I., Jr., 1980, Geologic map and structure sections of the Cokeville 30-minute quadrangle, Lincoln and Sublette counties, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1129, map scale 1:62,500, 2 sheets. [Lincoln and Sublette Counties, Wyoming] Ryan, David C., 1981, Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoecology of the Cody Shale, Upper Slide Lake, Jackson Hole, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 116 p. [Teton County, Wyoming] Salat, Todd S., 1989, Provenance, dispersal, and tectonic significance of the Evanston Formation and Sublette Range Conglomerate, Idaho – Wyoming – Utah thrust belt: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 100 p. Schock, William W., Jr., 1981, Stratigraphy and paleontology of the lower Dinwoody Formation and its relation to the Permian – Triassic boundary in western Wyoming, southeastern Idaho, and southwestern Montana: Ph.D. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 185 p. Schroeder, M.L., 1969, Geologic map of the Teton Pass quadrangle, Teton County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-793, map scale 1:24,000, 1 sheet. Schultz, A.R., 1910, Deposits of sodium salts in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 430, Contributions to Economic Geology (Short papers and preliminary reports), 1909, Part I. – Metals and Nonmetals Except Fuels, p. 570-589. [Albany, Carbon, Crook, Lincoln, Natrona, and Sweetwater Counties, Wyoming] Schultz, A.R., 1914, Geology and geography of a portion of Lincoln County, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 543, 141 p. Scott, W.E., 1982, Surficial geologic map of the eastern Snake River Plain and adjacent areas, 111o to 115o W., Idaho and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1372, map scale 1:250,000, 1 map on 2 sheets. Smith, R.B., Byrd, J.O.D., and Susong, D.D., 1990, Neotectonics and structural evolution of the Teton fault: in Roberts, S., editor, Geologic field tours of western Wyoming and parts of adjacent Idaho, Montana, and Utah: Geological Survey of Wyoming Public Information Circular No. 29 (PIC-29), p. 127-138. Smith, R.B., Byrd, J.O.D., and Susong, D.D., 1993, The Teton fault, Wyoming: Seismotectonics, Quaternary history, and earthquake hazards: in Snoke, A.W., Steidtmann, J.R., and Roberts, S.M., editors, Geology of Wyoming: Geological Survey of Wyoming Memoir No. 5, Volume 2, p. 628-667.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 32 Smith, R.B., Pierce, K.L., and Wold, R.J., 1993, Seismic surveys and Quaternary history of Jackson Lake: in Snoke, A.W., Steidtmann, J.R., and Roberts, S.M., editors, Geology of Wyoming: Geological Survey of Wyoming Memoir No. 5, Volume 2, p. 668-693. Sunrise Engineering, Inc., 2003, Snake/Salt River Basin Plan: Final Report: Consultant’s report prepared for the Wyoming Water Basin Planning Program, Wyoming Water Development Commission; report prepared by Sunrise Engineering, Inc., Afton, Wyoming, prepared in cooperation with Boyle Engineering, Inc. (Lakewood, CO), BBC Consulting, Inc. (Denver, CO), Hinckley Consulting (Laramie, WY), Fassett Consulting (Cheyenne, WY), Rendezvous Engineering (Jackson, WY), and Nelson Engineering (Jackson, WY), June 2003, various pagination. (http://waterplan.state.wy.us/basins/snake/snake.html) Sunrise Engineering, 2006, Siting, Construction and Testing of the Town of Afton New Municipal East Alley Well: Prepared for the Town of Afton and the Wyoming Water Development Commission, Groundwater Exploration Grant Program; prepared by Sunrise Engineering, Afton, Wyoming, February 2006, appendices, 20 p. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Afton/Afton- New_Municipal_East_Alley_Well_Siting_Construction_and_Testing-Final_Report- 2006.html) Sunrise Engineering, 2009, Star Valley Regional Master Plan, Final Report: Prepared for the Wyoming Water Development Commission; prepared by Sunrise Engineering, Afton, Wyoming, in cooperation with Boyle Engineering, Inc. (Lakewood, CO), Harvey Economics (Denver, CO), Rendezvous Engineering (Jackson, WY), and Collins Planning Associates (Jackson, WY), November 2009, figures, appendices, 98 p. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Star_Valley/Star_Valley-Regional_Master_Plan- Final_Report-2009.html) Sunrise Engineering, 2009, Star Valley Regional Master Plan, Water System Investigation & Evaluations, Book 1 of 2, November 2009. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Star_Valley/Star_Valley- Regional_Master_Plan_Water_System_Investigation_and_Evaluations-Book_1_of_2- 2009.html) Sunrise Engineering, 2009, Star Valley Regional Master Plan, Water System Investigation & Evaluations, Book 2 of 2, November 2009. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Star_Valley/Star_Valley- Regional_Master_Plan_Water_System_Investigation_and_Evaluations-Book_2_of_2- 2009.html) Tombaugh, Karen, 1973, Biostratigraphy of the Permian Shedhorn Sandstone and Ervay and Franson Members of the Park City Formation, southeastern Gros Ventre Mountains, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 95 p. TriHydro Corporation, 1999, Hydrogeologic Investigation of the Green Canyon Spring, Star Valley Ranch Association, Thayne, Wyoming: Consultant’s report prepared for Forsgren Associates, Inc., Evanston, Wyoming; prepared by TriHydro Corporation, Laramie, Wyoming, letter October 25, 1999, 13 p. U.S. Geological Survey Thrust Belt Province Assessment Team, 2004, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Wyoming Thrust Belt Province, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3025 (FS-2004-3025), National Assessment of Oil and Gas Fact Sheet, March 2004, 1 sheet, 2 p.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 33 Walker, E.H., 1965, Ground water in the upper Star Valley, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1809-C, 1 plate, 27 p. Wallem, Daniel B., 1981, Environmental, diagenetic, and source rock analysis of the Bear River Formation, western Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 101 p. Wanless, H.R., Belknap, R.L., and Foster, H., 1955, Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of Gros Ventre, Teton, Hoback, and Snake River Ranges, Wyoming: The Geological Society of America Memoir 63, July 14, 1955, 23 plates, 90 p. Warren, Gregory A., 1992, Quaternary geology and neotectonics of southern Star Valley and the southwest flank of the Salt River Range, western Wyoming: M.S. thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 96 p. Weston Engineering, 2009, Final Report, Star Valley Ranch Groundwater Level II Study: Prepared for the Wyoming Water Development Commission: prepared by Weston Engineering, Laramie and Upton, Wyoming, and Forsgren Associates, Inc., (Evanston, WY) February 2009, appendices, 78 p. (http://library.wrds.uwyo.edu/wwdcrept/Star_Valley/Star_Valley_Ranch- Groundwater_Level_II_Study-Final_Report-2009.html) Worl, Ronald G., 1968, Taconite and migmatite in the northern Wind River Mountains, Fremont, Sublette, and Teton Counties, Wyoming: Ph.D. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 130 p. [Fremont, Sublette, and Teton Counties, Wyoming] Wright, Peter R., 2010, Hydrogeology and water quality in the Snake River Alluvial Aquifer at Jackson Hole Airport, Jackson, Wyoming, September 2008 – June 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5172, (SIR 2010-5172), prepared in cooperation with the Jackson Hole Airport Board and the Teton Conservation District, 54 p. WWC Engineering, 2007, Wyoming Framework Water Plan (Volume I, Volume II, and Summary), October 2007, appendices, various pagination. (http://waterplan.state.wy.us/plan/statewide/Volume_I.pdf) (http://waterplan.state.wy.us/plan/statewide/Volume_II.pdf) (http://waterplan.state.wy.us/plan/statewide/execsummary.pdf) Wyoming State Engineer’s Office (WSEO), 2005, West Bank Snake River Hydrology Study: Wyoming State Engineer’s Office (WSEO), Cheyenne, Wyoming, May 24, 2005, appendices, 92 p. (http://seo.state.wy.us) [Wilson area, Teton County, Wyoming] Yonkee, W. Adolph, 1983, Mineralogy and structural relationships of cleavage in the Twin Creek Limestone within part of the Crawford thrust sheet in Wyoming and Idaho: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 125 p. Zell, Ray, 1959, A Mississippian coral assemblage from Darby Canyon, Teton County, Wyoming: M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 114 p.

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Wyoming Water Development Office Page 34

APPENDIX A FIGURES AND TABLE

Appendix A: Figures and Table

. Figure A-1: Geologic Map of the Snake/Salt River Basin . Figure A-2: Major Aquifer Groups, Snake/Salt River Basin . Figure A-3: U.S. Geological Survey Mapped Springs, Snake/Salt River Basin . Figure A-4: Permitted Water Wells and Small Springs, Snake/Salt River Basin . Table A-1: Geological Units of the Snake/Salt River Basin

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page i

Figure A-1: Crop Geological Map of the Snake/Salt River Basin

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page ii

Figure A-2: Major Aquifer Groups, Snake/Salt River Basin

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page iii

Figure A-3: U.S. Geological Survey Mapped Springs, Snake/Salt River Basin

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page iv

Figure A-4: Permitted Water Wells and Small Springs, Snake/Salt River Basin

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page v Table A-1: Geological Units of the Snake/Salt River Basin Data presented in this table were compiled from multiple sources both published and unpublished. Estimated Geologic Volcanic Location Estimated Total Thickness GIS GIS Geologic Unit Description Geologic Time (Igneous) Aquifer Classification (County or Lithology Yield Dissolved (Feet) Symbol Formation Counties) (gpm) Solids (TDS) (mg/L)

H2O Water (surface) -- -- Unclassified Basin-wide ------Ice Glacial ice -- -- Unclassified Teton ------

CENOZOIC GEOLOGIC UNITS Quaternary Geologic Units Qa Alluvium and colluvium Pleistocene-Holocene -- Major Aquifer - Alluvial Basin-wide gravel, sand, silt, clay mixtures < 410 25 to 1,000+ 100 to 5,000 Qt Gravel, pediment, and fan deposits Pleistocene-Holocene -- Major Aquifer - Alluvial Basin-wide gravel, sand, silt, clay mixtures < 200 25 to 1,000+ 100 to 5,000 Qg Glacial deposits Pleistocene-Holocene -- Marginal to Minor Aquifer Basin-wide gravel, sand, silt, clay mixtures < 100 25 to 500+ 100 to 1,000 Qls Landslide deposits Pleistocene-Holocene -- Marginal Aquifer Basin-wide rock, gravel, sand, silt, clay < 100 5 to 100 100 to 1,000 Qu Undivided surficial deposits (Quaternary) Pleistocene-Holocene -- Marginal Aquifer Basin-wide gravel, sand, silt, clay mixtures < 100 5 to 100 100 to 1,000 Qb Basalt flows, tuff, and intrusive igneous rocks Pleistocene-Holocene Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Teton basalt flows, tuff, and intrusive igneous rocks 16 to 66+ 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 Rhyolite flows, tuff, and intrusive igneous rocks Qr (Lava Creek Tuff of the Yellowstone Group, 0.6 Pleistocene-Holocene Volcanic Marginal to Minor Aquifer Teton rhyolite flows, tuff, and intrusive igneous rocks 700 to 1,000 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 to 0.7 Ma) conglomerate, Paleozoic clasts (mostly QTc Conglomerate (Jackson Hole) Pliocene or Pleistocene -- Major Aquifer - Alluvial Teton 120 5 to 1,000 100 to 1,000 Madison), carbonate matrix

Upper Tertiary Geologic Units Huckleberry Ridge Tuff (basal unit of Yellowstone Thr Pliocene-Pleistocene Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Teton rhyolitic ash-flow tuff < 1,000 5 to 200\ 100 to 5,000 Group) (2.0 Ma) Heart Lake Conglomerate (southern Yellowstone Thl Pliocene -- Minor Aquifer Teton conglomerate 70 to 330 25 to 500 100 to 1,000 area) Tsi Shooting Iron Formation Pliocene -- Marginal Aquifer Teton claystone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate 25 to 300 5 to 100 100 to 3,000 Tii Intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks (2.0-3.6 Ma) Upper Miocene-Pliocene Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton andesitic flows, rhyolitic intrusives, dacite flows (unknown) 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 Tsl Salt Lake Formation (4.1-9.5 Ma) Upper Miocene-Pliocene -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln tuffaceous mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate 130 to 1,000 25 to 1,000+ 100 to 3,000 Teewinot Formation (central Jackson Hole) (9.2- limestone, claystone, pumicite, tuff, 1,800 to Tte Upper Miocene -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln & Teton 25 to 1,000 100 to 3,000 10.3 Ma) conglomerate, sandstone 5,000+ Camp Davis Formation (southernmost Jackson conglomerate, mudstone, marlstone, freshwater Tcd Upper Miocene -- Marginal Aquifer Teton < 5,600 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 Hole) (5.0-9.2 Ma) limestone sandstone, claystone, mafic volcanic Tc Colter Formation (central Jackson Hole) Middle Miocene -- Marginal Aquifer Teton < 7,000 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 comglomerate, tuff Red conglomerate on top of Hoback and Tr Miocene (Eocene?) -- Minor Aquifer Sublette & Teton conglomerate in clay and sand matrix, sitlstone < 2,000 25 to 500 100 to 5,000 Wyoming Ranges

Lower Tertiary Geologic Units Ti Intrusive igneous rocks Eocene Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Teton felsic and mafic intrusive (unknown) 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 Wiggins Formation (Thorofare Creek Group, Middle Eocene (43-47 Fremont & volcanic conglomerate, tuff, mudstone, Twi Volcanic Marginal Aquifer 1,000 to 3,000 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 Absaroka Volcanics Supergroup) Ma) Teton claystone Two Ocean Formation and Langford Formation (Thorofare Creek Group, Absaroka Volcanics Middle Eocene (47-49 intrusive igneous rocks (andesitic lava flows, Ttl Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Teton 2,000 to 4,000 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 Supergroup), may include Trout Peak Ma) vent & alluvial facies) Trachyandesite of Sunlight Group Aycross Formation (Thorofare Creek Group, Middle Eocene (49.2-50.4 Ta Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Teton intrusive igneous rocks 100 to 1,000 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 Absaroka Volcanics Supergroup) Ma) Trout Peak Trachyandesite (Sunlight Group, Middle Eocene (49.2-52.6 Ttp Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Teton trachyandesite lava flows 1,000 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 Absaroka Volcanics Supergroup) (Middle Eocene) Ma)

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page vi Estimated Geologic Volcanic Location Estimated Total Thickness GIS GIS Geologic Unit Description Geologic Time (Igneous) Aquifer Classification (County or Lithology Yield Dissolved (Feet) Symbol Formation Counties) (gpm) Solids (TDS) (mg/L) Wapiti Formation (Sunlight Group) (Lower or Middle Eocene (49-50 lava flow, volcanic breccia, sandstone, siltstone, Tts Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Teton 1,700 to 5,000 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 Middle Eocene) Ma) conglomerate Hominy Peak Formation (limited outcrops in volcanic tuff-breccia, intrusive igneous rocks, Thp Middle Eocene (~49 Ma) Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Teton 200 to 2,000+ 5 to 100 100 to 5,000 northern Teton County) conglomerate, claystone volcanic conglomerate, basalt clasts in basaltic Tv Volcanic conglomerate (Jackson Hole) Middle Eocene Volcanic Marginal Aquifer Teton (unknown) 5 to 200 100 to 3,000 tuff matrix conglomerate (mostly Paleozoic/Mesozoic local 1,500 to Tp Pass Peak Formation and equivalents Lower Eocene -- Minor Aquifer Sublette 25 to 500 100 to 3,000 rocks), sandstone 3,200 La Barge Member and Chappo Member of the Twlc Lower Eocene -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln mudstone, conglomerate, sandstone, limestone 490 to 2,000+ 5 to 1,000 100 to 5,000 Wasatch Formation Diamictite and sandstone member of the Wasatch Twd Lower Eocene -- Marginal to Minor Aquifer Lincoln diamictite conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone < 1,000 5 to 200 100 to 5,000 Formation Fremont, Wind River Formation (at base locally includes Twdr Lower Eocene -- Marginal to Minor Aquifer Sublette, & sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, claystone, coal < 1,000 5 to 1,000 100 to 5,000 equivalent of Indian Meadows Formation) Teton Th Hoback Formation Paleocene -- Marginal Aquifer Sublette & Teton sandstone, claystone, conglomerate < 6,560 5 to 200 100 to 5,000 Fremont, Devils Basin Formation (75 sq. mi. area in Teton Tdb Paleocene -- Marginal to Minor Aquifer Sublette, & sandstone, claystone, siltstone, coal, shale 600 to 1,600 5 to 500 100 to 5,000 County) Teton Lincoln, Upper Cretaceous- conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, claystone, TKp Pinyon Conglomerate -- Minor Aquifer Sublette, & 3,774+ 25 to 1,000 100 to 3,000 Paleocene tuff Teton

MESOZOIC GEOLOGIC UNITS Upper Cretaceous Geologic Units quartzite pebble conglomerate, sandstone, shale, Kha Harebell Formation Upper Cretaceous -- Marginal Aquifer Teton 50 to 11,000 5 to 300 100 to 5,000 claystone Km Meeteetse Formation Upper Cretaceous -- Major Confining Unit Teton sandstone, siltstone, coal, bentonite 150 to 200 5 to 25 500 to 5,000 conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone, siltstone, Kbb Blind Bull Formation Upper Cretaceous -- Marginal to Minor Aquifer Lincoln 5,000 to 9,200 25 to 100 500 to 1,000 shale, coal, bentonite Sohare Formation (also combined unit Ksb Kso Upper Cretaceous -- Marginal Aquifer Teton sandstone, shale, siltstone, coal 3,000 to 5,000 5 to 300 100 to 5,000 w/Bacon Ridge Sandstone) total combined Ksb Sohare Formation & Bacon Ridge Sandstone Upper Cretaceous -- Marginal Aquifer Teton sandstone, shale, siltstone, coal, conglomerate thickness 5 to 300 100 to 5,000 from 3,280 to 5,370 Bacon Ridge Sandstone (also combined unit Ksb Kb Upper Cretaceous -- Marginal Aquifer Teton sandstone, shale, siltstone, coal, conglomerate 280 to 370 5 to 300 100 to 3,000 w/Sohare Formation) Kmv Mesaverde Formation Upper Cretaceous -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln sandstone, shale, sparse coal < 300 5 to 300 100 to 3,000 Kc Cody Shale Upper Cretaceous -- Major Confining Unit Teton shale, siltstone, sandstone 400 to 670 5 to 25 500 to 5,000 Kf Frontier Formation Upper Cretaceous -- Minor Aquifer mudstone, sandstone, coal 300 to 2,600 5 to 25 100 to 3,000 1,000 to Kmt Mowry Shale Upper Cretaceous -- Major Confining Unit Teton shale, bentonite, tuff, sandstone 200 to 700 5 to 10 10,000 Thermopolis Shale (Muddy Sandstone Member at 1,000 to Kmt Lower Cretaceous -- Major Confining Unit Teton shale, sandstone, siltstone, marlstone, limestone 50 to 312 5 to 10 top) 10,000

Lower Cretaceous Geologic Units total combined Kws Wayan Formation & Smiths Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Marginal to Minor Aquifer Lincoln mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate, shale, claystone thickness from 5 to 500 100 to 5,000 5,300 to 12,650 Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page vii Estimated Geologic Volcanic Location Estimated Total Thickness GIS GIS Geologic Unit Description Geologic Time (Igneous) Aquifer Classification (County or Lithology Yield Dissolved (Feet) Symbol Formation Counties) (gpm) Solids (TDS) (mg/L) Kws Wayan Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate, claystone 5,000 to 11,800 25 to 500 100 to 3,000 Kws Smiths Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln shale, sandstone 300 to 850 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 total combined Sage Junction, Quealy, Cokeville, Thomas Fork, mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate, coal, Kss Lower Cretaceous -- Marginal to Minor Aquifer Lincoln thickness 5 to 750 100 to 5,000 & Smiths Formations limestone from 5,050 to 9,850 siltstone, sandstone, porcelanite, limestone, Kss Sage Junction Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Marginal Aqufer Lincoln 3,000+ 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 conglomerate, coal Kss Quealy Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln mudstone, sandstone 500 to 1,000 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 Kss Cokeville Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln sandstone, siltstone, claystone 850 to 3,000 5 to 500 100 to 3,000 Kss Thomas Fork Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln mudstone, sandstone 400 to 2,000 5 to 750 100 to 3,000 Kss Smiths Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln shale, sandstone 300 to 850 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 Marginal Aquifer to Major Ka Aspen Shale Lower Cretaceous -- Lincoln & Teton sandstone, siltstone, mudstone 800 to 2,000 5 to 25 500 to 5,000 Confining Unit Marginal Aquifer to Major Kbr Bear River Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Lincoln & Teton sandstone, mudstone, coal 650 to 1,800 5 to 25 500 to 5,000 Confining Unit total Gannett Group; from top to bottom: Smoot combined Formation, Draney Limestone, Bechler Major Aquifer - Sandstone to mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, limestone, Kg Lower Cretaceous -- Lincoln & Teton thickness 5 to 100 500 to 5,000 Conglomerate, Peterson Limestone, & Ephraim Marginal Aquifer conglomerate from 650 to Conglomerate 3,000 Kg Smoot Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Major Confining Unit Lincoln & Teton mudstone, siltstone, sandstone <200 5 to 20 1,000 to 5,000 Kg Draney Limestone Lower Cretaceous -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone <200 25 to 100 500 to 1,000 Kg Bechler Conglomerate Lower Cretaceous -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln & Teton conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone 1,300 25 to 100 500 to 1,000 Kg Peterson Limestone Lower Cretaceous -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone 230 25 to 100 500 to 1,000 Kg Ephraim Conglomerate Lower Cretaceous -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln & Teton conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone 490 to 3,000 25 to 100 500 to 1,000

Jurassic Geologic Units total combined Jurassic-Lower KJ Cloverly Formation & Morrison Formation -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Teton sandstone, claystone thickness 5 to 500 100 to 5,000 Cretaceous from 160 to 300 KJ Cloverly Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Teton sandstone, claystone, conglomerate 30 to 100 25 to 500 100 to 1,000 KJ Morrison Formation Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Teton sandstone, claystone 130 to 200 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 total Cloverly Formation, Morrison Formation, combined Jurassic-Lower Marginal to Major Aquifer - KJg Sundance Formation, & Gypsum Spring -- Teton sandstone, claystone, gypsum, shale, dolomite thickness 5 to 500 100 to 5,000 Cretaceous Sandstone Formation from 550 to 800 KJg Cloverly Formation Lower Cretaceous -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Teton sandstone, claystone, conglomerate 30 to 100 25 to 500 100 to 1,000 KJg Morrison Formation Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Teton sandstone, claystone 130 to 200 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 KJg Sundance Formation Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Teton sandstone, shale, limestone 150 to 200 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 KJg Gypsum Spring Formation Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Teton gypsum, shale, dolomite 240 to 300 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 total combined Stump Formation, Preuss Sandstone or Redbeds, sandstone, siltstone, limestone, mudstone, salt Jst Jurassic -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln & Teton thickness 25 to 1,000 -- & Twin Creek Limestone (Jurassic) beds, gypsum from 1,800 to 6,400 Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page viii Estimated Geologic Volcanic Location Estimated Total Thickness GIS GIS Geologic Unit Description Geologic Time (Igneous) Aquifer Classification (County or Lithology Yield Dissolved (Feet) Symbol Formation Counties) (gpm) Solids (TDS) (mg/L) Jst Stump Formation Jurassic -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln & Teton sandstone, siltstone, limestone 92 to 400 25 to 100 500 to 5,000 Jst Preuss Sandstone or Preuss Redbeds Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, salt beds 380 to 1,965 25 to 50 500 to 5,000 Jst Twin Creek Limestone Jurassic -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone, shale, siltstone, gypsum 800 to 2,550 25 to 1,000 100 to 3,000 total combined Sundance Formation & Gypsum Spring Jsg Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton sandstone, shale, gypsum, dolomite, limestone thickness 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 Formation from 390 to 500 Jsg Sundance Formation Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton sandstone, shale, limestone 150 to 200 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 Jsg Gypsum Spring Formation Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton gypsum, shale, dolomite 240 to 300 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 total combined Sundance Formation, Gypsum Spring Formation, shale, sandstone, gypsum, siltstone, dolomite, J^ Triassic-Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton thickness 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 & Chugwater Formation limestone from 690 to 1,000 J^ Sundance Formation Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton sandstone, shale, limestone 150 to 200 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 J^ Gypsum Spring Formation Jurassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton gypsum, shale, dolomite 240 to 300 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 J^ Chugwater Formation Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton siltstone, shale, limestone 300 to 500 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 J^n Nugget Sandstone Triassic(?)-Jurassic -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln & Teton sandstone 500 to 1,475 25 to 250 300 to 3,000 total combined Nugget Sandstone, Chugwater Formation, & Marginal to Major Aquifer - J^nd Triassic-Jurassic -- Lincoln & Teton sandstone, shale, siltstone, limestone thickness 5 to 300 300 to 5,000 Dinwoody Formation Sandstone from 860 to 2,520 J^nd Nugget Sandstone Triassic(?)-Jurassic -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln & Teton sandstone 500 to 1,475 25 to 250 300 to 3,000 J^nd Chugwater Formation Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton siltstone, shale, limestone 300 to 500 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 J^nd Dinwoody Formation Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone, siltstone 60 to 545 25 to 50 500 to 5,000

Triassic Geologic Units total Ankareh Formation, Thaynes Limestone, combined ^ad Woodside Shale, & Dinwoody Formation Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton mudstone, sandstone, limestone thickness 10 to 150 100 to 5,000 (Triassic) from 1,300 to 2,500 ^ad Ankareh Formation Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton shale, limestone, sandstone 460 to 860 25 to 50 500 to 5,000 ^ad Thaynes Limestone Triassic -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone, siltstone, shale 700 to 1,300 10 to 150 100 to 3,000 ^ad Woodside Shale Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton siltstone, shale, limestone 390 to 695 25 to 50 500 to 5,000 ^ad Dinwoody Formation Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone, siltstone 100 to 545 25 to 50 500 to 5,000 total combined Chugwater Formation & Dinwoody Formation ^cd Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton shale, siltstone, limestone thickness 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 (Lower-Upper Triassic) from 400 to 1,045 ^cd Chugwater Formation Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton siltstone, shale, limestone 300 to 500 5 to 300 500 to 5,000 ^cd Dinwoody Formation Triassic -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone, siltstone 100 to 545 25 to 50 500 to 5,000

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page ix Estimated Geologic Volcanic Location Estimated Total Thickness GIS GIS Geologic Unit Description Geologic Time (Igneous) Aquifer Classification (County or Lithology Yield Dissolved (Feet) Symbol Formation Counties) (gpm) Solids (TDS) (mg/L) PALEOZOIC GEOLOGIC UNITS Pp Phosphoria Formation and related rocks Permian -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln & Teton shale, chert, phosphorite, dolomite 50 to 425 25 to 1,000 500 to 5,000 total combined Phosphoria Formation, Wells Formation, & Upper Mississippian- P*Ma -- Major Aquifer - Limestone Lincoln & Teton limestone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate thickness 25 to 1,000 500 to 5,000 Amsden Formation Middle Pennsylvanian from 800 to 2,085 P*Ma Phosphoria Formation Permian -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln & Teton shale, chert, phosphorite, dolomite 50 to 425 25 to 1,000 500 to 5,000 P*Ma Wells Formation Pennsylvanian -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln & Teton limestone, sandstone, dolomite 600 to 1,100 25 to 200+ 500 to 5,000 Upper Mississippian- P*Ma Amsden Formation -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate 150 to 560 25 to 50 500 to 5,000 Pennsylvanian total combined Upper Mississippian- shale, chert, phosphorite, dolomite, limestone, P*M Wells Formation & Amsden Formation -- Major Aquifer - Limestone Lincoln & Teton thickness 25 to 200+ 500 to 5,000 Permian sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate from 1,000 to 2,100 P*M Wells Formation Pennsylvanian -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln & Teton limestone, sandstone, dolomite 600 to 1,100 25 to 200+ 500 to 5,000 Upper Mississippian- P*M Amsden Formation -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate 150 to 560 25 to 50 500 to 5,000 Pennsylvanian total combined Upper Mississippian- PM Tensleep Sandstone & Amsden Formation -- Major Aquifer - Limestone Lincoln & Teton limestone, dolomite, sandstone, siltstone thickness 50 to 1,050 100 to 5,000 Permian from 200 to 1,560 PM Tensleep Sandstone Pennsylvanian-Permian -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln & Teton sandstone, limestone, dolomite 100 to 1,000 25 to 1,000 100 to 3,000 Upper Mississippian- PM Amsden Formation -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone, siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate 100 to 560 25 to 50 500 to 5,000 Pennsylvanian Mm Madison Limestone or Madison Group Mississippian -- Major Aquifer - Limestone Lincoln & Teton limestone, dolomite 300 to 1,800 25 to 1,000+ 100 to 3,000 total combined MD Madison Limestone & Darby Formation Devonian-Mississippian -- Major Aquifer - Limestone Lincoln & Teton limestone, dolomite, sandstone, siltstone thickness 25 to 1,000+ 100 to 5,000 from 360 to 2,685 MD Madison Limestone Mississippian -- Major Aquifer - Limestone Lincoln & Teton limestone, dolomite 300 to 1,800 25 to 1,000+ 100 to 3,000 MD Darby Formation Devonian-Mississippian -- Marginal Aquifer Lincoln & Teton sandstone, siltstone, dolomite 60 to 885 5 to 25 500 to 5,000 total combined Bighorn Dolomite, Gallatin Limestone, & Gros Major Aquifer - Limestone to O_ Cambrian-Ordovician -- Lincoln & Teton dolomite, limestone, shale, sandstone thickness 5 to 1,000+ 100 to 5,000 Ventre Formation Minor Aquifer from 405 to 2,400 O_ Bighorn Dolomite Ordovician -- Major Aquifer - Limestone Lincoln & Teton dolomite 90 to 800 25 to 1,000+ 100 to 3,000 O_ Gallatin Limestone Upper Cambrian -- Minor Aquifer Lincoln & Teton limestone 55 to 400 5 to 100 300 to 5,000 O_ Gros Ventre Formation Upper Cambrian -- Major Confining Unit Lincoln & Teton limestone, shale 180 to 1,000 5 to 20 500 to 5,000 O_ Flathead Sandstone Middle-Upper Cambrian -- Major Aquifer - Sandstone Lincoln & Teton sandstone 50 to 200 5 to 100 300 to 5,000

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page x Estimated Geologic Volcanic Location Estimated Total Thickness GIS GIS Geologic Unit Description Geologic Time (Igneous) Aquifer Classification (County or Lithology Yield Dissolved (Feet) Symbol Formation Counties) (gpm) Solids (TDS) (mg/L) PRECAMBRIAN GEOLOGIC UNITS Precambrian bedrock formations are exposed at the ground surface only in basement-cored structural uplifts (e.g., Teton Range, Gros Ventre Mtns.) in the northern portion of the Snake/Salt Minor Aquifer (exposures) or Major metamorphic, plutonic/intrusive igneous rock PC River Basin. The Precambrian formations also -- Teton variable 5 to 100 100 to 500 Confining Unit - Basal units underlie all younger formations at depth in the subsurface. The Precambrian formations are considered to be a limited aquifer where exposed at the surface in mountainous areas. Wg Granitic Rocks of 2,600-Ma Age Group -- Major Confining Unit - Basal Teton metamorphic, plutonic igneous variable 5 to 100 100 to 500 Wgn Granite Gneiss -- Major Confining Unit - Basal Teton metamorphic rock units variable 5 to 100 100 to 500 WVsv Metasedimentary and Metavolcanic Rocks -- Major Confining Unit - Basal Teton metamorphic rock units variable 5 to 100 100 to 500 Wmu Metamorphosed Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks -- Major Confining Unit - Basal Teton metamorphic rock units variable 5 to 100 100 to 500 Ugn Oldest Gneiss Complex -- Major Confining Unit - Basal Teton metamorphic rock units variable 5 to 100 100 to 500 Notes: gpm = gallons per minute mg/L = milligrams per liter Ma = mega-annum GIS = Geographic Information System

Technical Memorandum Available Groundwater Determination Appendix A Wyoming Water Development Office Page xi