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Salt Tolerance of Sego Supremetm Plants

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Salt Tolerance of Sego Supremetm Plants HORTSCIENCE 54(11):2056–2062. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14342-19 wise and adapted to the Rocky Mountains (Colorado Gardening, 2019). Native plants TM from arid and semiarid environments, intro- Salt Tolerance of Sego Supreme duced by Plant SelectÒ program, are excellent candidates for water-efficient landscaping. Plants Sales of native plants have grown from $1.46 million in 2007 to $1.68 million in 2012 Asmita Paudel, Ji Jhong Chen, and Youping Sun through Plant SelectÒ program (National In- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, Utah State University, 4820 Old formation Management and Support System, Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 2019). However, these programs have overlooked the salinity tolerance of the Yuxiang Wang plants during the selection and evaluation Western Arid Region Grassland Resources & Ecology Key Lab, Xinjiang processes. Agricultural University, No. 311 East Nongda Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang Sego SupremeTM is a plant breeding and 830052, China introduction program developed by Utah State University (USU) Botanical Center Richard Anderson and the USU Center for Water-Efficient Utah State University Botanical Center, 725 Sego Lily Drive, Kaysville, Landscaping with the intention of introduc- ing native and adaptable plants into arid west UT 84037 landscapes to conserve water without com- Additional index words. Aquilegia barnebyi, Clematis fruticosa, Epilobium septentrionale, promising the aesthetic value of the land- mineral nutrient, Tetraneuris acaulis, visual score scapes (Anderson et al., 2014). Sego SupremeTM plants are evaluated for charac- Abstract. Sego SupremeTM is a designated plant breeding and introduction program at teristics such as color, flowering, ease of the Utah State University Botanical Center and the Center for Water Efficient propagation, market demand, disease/pest Landscaping. This plant selection program introduces native and adapted plants to the resistance, and drought tolerance. However, arid West for aesthetic landscaping and water conservation. The plants are evaluated for salinity tolerance has not been considered characteristics such as color, flowering, ease of propagation, market demand, disease/ during the evaluation processes. pest resistance, and drought tolerance. However, salt tolerance has not been considered Soil salinity is one of the major obstacles during the evaluation processes. Four Sego SupremeTM plants [Aquilegia barnebyi (oil for horticultural production all over the shale columbine), Clematis fruticosa (Mongolian gold clematis), Epilobium septentrionale world. Soil is defined as a saline soil when (northern willowherb), and Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica (Arizona four-nerve daisy)] the salinity level in a plant root zone exceeds were evaluated for salt tolerance in a greenhouse. Uniform plants were irrigated weekly 4dS·m–1, which affects plant growth and may with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.25 dS·mL1 as control or a not be suitable to grow plants (Chinnusamy saline solution at an EC of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 dS·mL1 for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of et al., 2005). In many parts of the world, poor- irrigation, A. barnebyi irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·mL1 had slight quality water (such as reclaimed water that foliar salt damage with an average visual score of 3.7 (0 = dead; 5 = excellent), and more contains high concentrations of soluble ions) than 50% of the plants were dead when irrigated with saline solutions at an EC of 7.5 and is used to irrigate ornamental plants to 10.0 dS·mL1. However, C. fruticosa, E. septentrionale, and T. acaulis had no or minimal conserve potable water (Cassaniti et al., foliar salt damage with visual scores of 4.2, 4.1, and 4.3, respectively, when irrigated with 2013; Niu and Cabrera, 2010). Both saline saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·mL1. As the salinity levels of treatment solutions soil and irrigation water can have adverse increased, plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight of C. fruticosa and T. acaulis effects on plant performance by affecting decreased linearly; plant height of A. barnebyi and E. septentrionale also declined nutrient availability and competitive uptake, linearly, but their leaf area and shoot dry weight decreased quadratically. Compared transport, and partitioning within the plant with the control, the shoot dry weights of A. barnebyi, C. fruticosa, E. septentrionale, and (Grattan and Grieve, 1999). Plant species or T. acaulis decreased by 71.3%, 56.3%, 69.7%, and 48.1%, respectively, when irrigated cultivars have different responses to salinity with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·mL1. Aquilegia barnebyi and C. fruticosa did not (Munns and Tester, 2008; Niu and Cabrera, bloom during the experiment at all treatments. Elevated salinity reduced the number of 2010). Therefore, selection and identification flowers in E. septentrionale and T. acaulis. Elevated salinity also reduced the number of of salt-tolerant ornamental plants are crucial shoots in all four species. Among the four species, sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) for nursery production and landscape use. concentration increased the most in A. barnebyi by 53 and 48 times, respectively, when Plants selected from the Earth-KindÒ and irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·mL1. In this study, C. fruticosa and T. Texas SuperstarÒ programs have been stud- acaulis had minimal foliar salt damage and less reduction in shoot dry weight, indicating ied for salinity tolerance by independent that they are more tolerant to salinity. Epilobium septentrionale was moderately tolerant researchers. The salt tolerance of 18 Earth- to saline solution irrigation with less foliar damage, although it had more reduction in KindÒ Rose cultivars was investigated, and it shoot dry weight. On the other hand, A. barnebyi was the least tolerant with severe foliar was concluded that ‘Belinda’s Dream’, damage, more reduction in shoot dry weight, and a greater concentration of Na+ and Cl–. ‘Climbing Pinkie’, ‘Mrs. Dudley Cross’, ‘Reve d’Or’, and ‘Sea Foam’ roses were salt-tolerant when irrigated with saline water Field trials are used to successfully iden- outstanding landscape performance were cat- at an EC of 10.0 dS·m–1 (Cai et al., 2014). Sun tify suitable plants with outstanding land- egorized as Earth-KindÒ Roses. Similarly, et al. (2015) reported that Texas SuperstarÒ scape performance for various plant selection Texas SuperstarÒ program promotes superior perennials such as Malvaviscus arboreus var. and evaluation programs. Superior plants are plants that can grow well at various locations drummondii (Turk’s cap), Ruellia brittoniana selected mostly on the basis of their appear- in Texas with minimal soil preparation and ‘Katie Blue’ (‘Katie Blue’ ruellia), Salvia ance, environmental adaptability, drought irrigation and no pesticides (Mackay et al., farinacea ‘Henry Duelberg’ (‘Henry Duel- tolerance, and disease/pest tolerance. For 2001). Sixteen perennial ornamental plants berg’ salvia), and Verbena ·hybrida ‘Blue example, Earth-KindÒ is one of the special have been designated as Texas SuperstarÒ princess’ (‘Blue Princess’ verbena) were plant selection programs of the Texas A&M perennials. Colorado State University has tolerant to salinity levels at ECs of 5.0 and Agrilife Extension Service (Aggie Horticul- collaborated with the Denver Botanic Gar- 10.0 dS·m–1, whereas Phlox paniculata ‘John ture, 2019). A total of 21 garden roses (Rosa dens to establish the Plant SelectÒ program to Fanick’ (‘John Fanick’ phlox), Phlox pani- ·hybrida) with superior stress tolerance and promote plants annually which are water- culata ‘Texas Pink’ (‘Texas Pink’ phlox), 2056 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 54(11) NOVEMBER 2019 and Salvia leucantha (Mexican bush sage) Aug. 2018, 1-year-old Sego SupremeTM dry. The nutrient solution was prepared in a were sensitive to salinity levels at ECs of 5.0 plants produced from cuttings were received 100-L tank by adding 0.8 g·L–1 of 15N–2.2P– and 10.0 dS·m–1. in a square pot (10.5 · 10.5 · 12.3 cm) from 12.5K water-soluble fertilizer (Peters Excel Aquilegia barnebyi, Clematis fruticosa, the USU Botanical Center (Kaysville, UT). 15–5–15 Cal-Mag Special; ICL Specialty Epilobium septentrionale, and Tetraneuris On 27 Aug. 2018, plants were transplanted Fertilizers, Dublin, OH) to tap water and acaulis var. arizonica are categorized as Sego into 3.8-L injection-molded, polypropylene used as a control. The saline solution was SupremeTM selections. Aquilegia barnebyi is container (PC1D-4; Nursery Supplies, Or- prepared with an addition of sodium chloride a perennial plant that usually occurs on oil ange, CA) filled with a soilless growing (NaCl; Fisher Chemical, Logan, UT) and shale substrates and is native to northeastern substrate consisting of 75% peatmoss (Cana- calcium chloride (CaCl2; Fisher Chemical, Utah and adjacent parts of Colorado (U.S. dian sphagnum peatmoss; SunGro Horticul- Logan, UT) at a molar ratio of 2:1 in the Department of Agriculture, 2019). It is a ture, Agawam, MA), 25% vermiculite nutrient solution. The ECs of the solutions, drought-tolerant species and suitable for xer- (Therm-O-Rock West, Chandler, AZ), and measured using an EC meter (LAQUA Twin; iscaping (Dave’s Garden, 2019). Clematis 24.3 g·ft–3 white athletic field marking gyp- Horiba, Kyoto, Japan), were 1.2 ± 0.1 fruticosa is an erect, woody shrub with insect sum (92% calcium sulfate dihydrate, 21% (control, nutrient solution), 2.5 ± 0.2 (EC and disease tolerance (Missouri Botanical calcium, 17% sulfur; Western Mining and 2.5), 4.7 ± 0.1 (EC 5), 7.5 ± 0.2 (EC 7.5), and Garden, 2019). It grows in medium moisture, Minerals, Bakersfield, CA). All plants were 9.8 ± 0.2 dS·m–1 (EC 10) (mean ± SD) during well-drained soil and has some drought watered with tap water (EC = 0.344 dS·m–1; the experiment. The pH of the solutions tolerance. Epilobium septentrionale, a drought- pH = 7.65).
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