THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. O. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

"THE HIERARCHY OF MARKET CENTRES IN SINDHUDURG DISTRICT" (MAHARASHTRA)

Dr. S. A. Thakur HOD Geography, S. P. K. College Sawantwadi, Sindhudurg Chairman- BOS in Geography, University of Mumbai Dr. R. B. Patil HOD Geography, A&C College Phondaghat, Kankavali Sindhudurg Member- BOS in Geography, University of Mumbai Dr. P. G. Saptarshi, Professor of Sustainability Management, Indian Institute of Cost & Management Studies And Research, Pune

1.0. Introduction :- Marketing Geography is concerned with the channels of distribution through which goods move from producer to consumer. In fact the primary objectives of marketing geography is to study the market places as units of space and various kinds of activities associated with the distribution of goods required by consumers. There exists a wide range of geographical environment, regional economy as well as social, historical and cultural aspects of the region. The functional organisation is one of the important aspect of study in marketing geography. Taking into consideration above aspect of the market centres the Sindhudurg district is choosen for purpose of study.

2.0. The Study Region :- The study region, which lies between 15°37‟ North to 16°40' North latitude and 73°19‟ East to 74°13‟ East Longitude, covers an area about 5207 km2, having total population of 848868 persons according to 2011 census. The Sindhudurg district lies in the south part of the Maharashtra State along the sea coast, which extents north-south direction about 121 km (figure No.1). Physiographically, this area is very rugged and complex one. The height of the region varies from sea level up- to 1300 m.

3.0. Data Collection :- The entire work is based on the primary and secondary data. The data and information is taken from the following sources :- i. The District Gazetteer and District Census Hand Book of Sindhudurg District. ii. The field survey with the help of the Questionaire. iii. Besides this the informations regarding the work were taken from various records and journals.

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4.0. Methodology :- Here, an attempt has been made to analyse the centrality and hierarchy of market centres in Sindhudurg district. The hierarchic order of market centres have been calculated with the help of different functions which are available at market places. The centrality score of the market centres have been calculted by using W.K.D. Davies's (1967) method.

5.0. Objectives :- 5.1 The main objectives of the present study are :- i. To arrange the hierarchic orders of market centres according to centrality values. ii. To study the service areas in relation to population and settlements of market centers according to their hierarchic orders.

6.0 Hierarchy of Market centres :- 6.1 Hierarchies of settlements as general service centres have been described in many different parts of the world, in the more advanced countries and in a historical context as well as the modern day setting. (Berry B.J.L. and Pred A. 1965)

6.2 Choice of Method :- For the analysis of groups of the hierarchy of market centres, the method of Zipf's (1949) Rank-Size Rule has been adopted. All the market centres are arranged according to their centrality values, and represented as points on the graph paper" and the break-

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points were demarcated, then they are grouped into five categories of hierarchic orders.

6.3 Hierarchic orders of market centres in The Study Region : As mentioned above with the help of graph paper, hierarchy of market centres were determined and they were grouped in to five classes. (Table No. II) The first order hierarchy is occupied by Sawantwadi town having highest centrality score (431.84). Sawantwadi iso\ taluka head quarter where most of the commercial, social and administrative district offices are found. Sawantwadi is the historical (Sansthan) head-quarter in the past . The second order market centres includes all the taluka head-quarters (except Vaibhavwadi) of the region. As compared to Sawantwadi, these market centres have very few Imporant functions.- Five market centres included in this group; namely Devgad, Kankavll, Malvan, Kudal, and Vengurla. In the third order there are 15 market centres. Out of which only one market centre is a taluka head-quarter i.e. Vaibhavwadi. There are 22 market centres in the forth order and remaning 10 markets centres are included in the centres having small functional values. But these ,places play an important role as rural service centre in the rural land scape of the region. (Figure No. 2)

6.4 Regional Analysis :- Fifth Order Market Centres :- In the lowest order all 53 market centres have been considered for analysis. The fifth order market centres have average spacing of 7.2 kms and the average number of

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villages served by these market centre account for 9 rural settlements and average population served by each market centre accounts nearly 7483 persons. The average area served by fifth order market centre is 52 sq. kms. In the spatial distribution of market centres it is Observed that in the eastern part of the study region, where the topography of the area is hilly and rugged, high rain fall, hence dense forest, low population density and small size market centres served large area than the average (Table No. I ) Some market, centres of the Kudal, Ma Ivan and Sawantwadt talukas have less service : areas than the average because development of road network, irrigation facilities, agriculturally prosporous area gives rise to more number of market centres in the region so they serve less- area and more population than the average. (Fig No. 3)

Fourth Order Market Centres :- There are 22 market centres included in the fourth order of hierarchy. Out of the total, nearly 41.5 percent market centres are included in this order. The fourth order market centres have average spacing of 9 kms. They served nearly 10 rural settlements and the average population served about 11016 persons by each market centre. The average area served by these market centres is nearly 81 sq.kms. (Table No. l ) The spatial analysis shows that higher concentration of fourth order market centres is found in Kudal taluka. In VaLbhavwadi taluka there is not a single fourth order market centre. In Devgad taluka all the market centres (except taluka head quarter) are included in fourth hierarchic order. In general, it is observed that in the north-western part and south central part of the study region have more number market centres of fourth hierarchic order. These market centres are established along the road and sea coast. (Figure No. 4)

Third Order Market Centres There are 15 market centres included in the third order of hierarchy. The third order market centres have average spacing of 10.9 kms. Nearly 18 rural settlements are served by each market centre. Each third order of hierarchic market centre serves 16303 population and 119.4 sq.kms area. (Table No. l ) It is observed that, the higher concentration of third order hierarchic market centres are found in the Kankavali taluka. There is not a single third order hierarchic market centre in the Devgad taluka. In the north-eastern part of the study region, particularly Vaibhavwadi and north Kankavali talukas have more number of third order market centres. The market centres of Kankavali taluka's have located on road site. In the southern and western part of the study region the market centres are mostly found on the boundry of Maharashtra and Goa and along the road site-(Figure No. 5) .

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Second Order Market Centres :- There are five market centres involved in the second order of hierarchy. These market centres served very large area and-more population of the study region. The average spacing between the second order market centres is 13.2 kms. In this order each market centre served nearly 29 rural settlements and 46150 population of study area. They served an average area of 173.7 sq.kms. (Table No. I). The spatial analysis shows that in Vaibhavwadi taluka there is not a single second order market centre. It is observed that, in remaining talukas, there is a one second order market centre. (Figure No. 6) 7.5 Hierarchic Relationships :- In the study region, it is observed that there is a close relationship between hierarchic order of market centres with their service area, population and settlements. In the first order market centre i.e. Sawantwadi, which serves about 133.3 sq.km area, 40137 population and nearly 11 rural settlements of its peripherial region but it also serves total district area also. Five market centres are included in the second order market. centre, which serves nearly 868.5 sq. km. area, 230754 population and 146 rural settlements. TABLE NO. I SINDHUDURG DISTRICT: Spacing between Market Centres; settlement, population and area served by each Market Centre. Hierarchic Spacing Settlement Population Area served in Order of market between market served by each served by each sq.km by each centre centre market centre market centre market centre I 13.2 29.20 46150.8 173.7 II 10.9 17.87 16303.46 119.4 III 9.0 10.18 11016.13 81.0 IV 7.2 9.10 7482.6 52.0

TABLE NO. -II SINDHUDURG DISTRICT : No. of Market Centres in each hierarchic order, their percentage, area, served, population served, and No. of settlement served Sr. No.of Area Marke % to % to Population % to No. of % to No market served t order total total served total settlement total . centres in km2 1. I 1 1.89 133.23 2.62 40137 4.82 11 1.49 2. II 5 9.43 868.45 17.07 230754 27.71 146 19.73 3. III 15 28.30 1790.84 35.20 244552 29.37 268 36.22 4. IV 22 41.51 1775.18 34.89 242355 29.11 224 30.27 5. V 10 18.87 519.81 10.22 74826 8.99 91 12.29 53 100 5087.51 100 832624 100 740 100 The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

In the third hierarchic order of market centres of the study region 15 market centres are included in this category. These market centres serves 1791 sq.km. area, 244552 population and 268 rural settlements. There are 22 market centres in the fourth order of hierarchy cf market centre . They serve nearly 1775 sq.km. area, 242355 population and 224 rural settlements. In the fifth hierarchic order of market centres only 10 market centres are in this category. It serves less area, population and settlements. (Table No. II; Figure No. 7). It is observed from table No. II and figure No. 7 that, there is a close relationship between hierarchic order of market centres and the area served, population served, and number of settlements served, (except fifth hierarchic order market centres.) In general, it is observed that the third and fourth order of market centres serves more area (nearly 70%) , population (nearly 59%) and rural settlments (nearly 67%) of the study region.

7.0 Functional Linkage Analysis of Market Centres with Their Hierarchic Relationship :-

7.1 Here, an attempt has been made to identify the areas which are served by Market centres of different hierarchic orders. The area influenced by the markets are related to their functional importance. The distance between the two markets which affects the zone of influence of market centres. (Figure No. 8)

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7.2 Functional Linkage Analysis

Market centres served population and area according to their functional capacity. Figure No. 8. Shows the hierarchic relationship between the market centres and their functional linkage. The functional linkage of market centres clearly indicates that most of the lower and higher order market centres are more connected to Sawantwadi an important first order market centre of the study area. The second order market centres, have a moderate linkage with the third order market centres. The third order market centres have their linkage with the fourth and fifth order market centres located in the neighbourhood. The Kankavali, the second order market centre has more linkage to the third order market centres than the other second order market centres in the study area. The Devgad and Kudal Market centres have their more linkages to fourth order market centres. The lower order market centres depend on higher order market centres for their functional needs. The lower order market centres (i.e. Vth order) are also functioanlly linked with rural settlements. These markets also serve as a rural service centres for these settlements. The analysis of this functional linkage in the study region has been show in figure No. 9

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8.0 Conclusion :-

The entire network of market centres is organized in five orders of hierarcy. The first order hierarchy is occupied by Sawantwadi town. The second order market centres includes all of the taluka head-quarters (except Vaibhavwadi) of the study region. There are 15 market centres in third order, 22 market centres in fourth order and remaining 10 market centres are included In the fifth order.

The study of the linkage analysis of market centres and their service areas, clearly shows that., Sawantwadi market center of the study region is linked with most of- the lower order market centres. Sawantwadi is offer goods and services to all lower order market centres. The Kankavali, the second order market centre has more linkage to the third order market centres than the other second order market centres in the study area. The Devgad and Kudal market centres have their more linkage to fourth order market centres. The mean number of rural settlement served by each market centre at fifth order level is nearly 10 rural settlements, nearly 7482 persons and nearly 52 sq.km area served.

References

1. Berry B.J.L. and Pred A. (1965); Central place studies; A Bibliography of Theory and Applications (Regional Science Research Institute) 2. Davies, W.K.D. (1967). "Centrality and Central place hierarchy", Urban studies, 4.pp 61-79. 3. Dixit R.S. (1988) Spatial organisation of Market Centres. 4. Zipf. G.K. (1949); Human Behaviour and the Principle of least Effort,. Cambridge.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

UNDERSTANDING PAST AND FUTURE LAND USE IN RAIGAD DISTRICT Dr. S. A. Butala HOD. – Sundarrao More College, Poladpur Raigad. Member-BOS in Geography, University of Mumbai Dr. A. Mulimani Chairman Dept. Of Geography, Karnataka University, Dharwad

Introduction Predictive models of archaeological Project location have great potential as toots for archaeologists working in cultural resource management, and the ability to model archaeological sensitivity has become increasingly qpractical with the development of GIS technology and the availability of digital environmental data. Geology map of Raigad district is as under.

Surface Geology Soil

The Project: A goal in creating sensitivity map of this area was to illustrate the integration of natural and cultural resources and provide a sense of their values in a set of interpretive themes that highlight the Raigad district. Most themes also emphasize various aspects of life along the river Savitri, Amba. Kundalika. that are so prominent in this environment and provide the unifying principal for NHA. Demonstrating the archaeological aspects of the relationship between land use and the Raigad District River system was a key focus of the analysis. The larger goal in obtaining designation was the development of heritage and nature tourism in the area. Over the first 10 years, the impact of increased tourism resulting from the NHA and Kokan Railway. To most effectively manage this development and its impact. It is

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necessary to illustrate whether cultural resources are concentrated, their relationship to other resources, and how they will be affected by increased tourism activity.

GIS and Statistics The statistical technique used for the predictive model was the logistic regression technique, which provides output ranging from 0-1 that can be interpreted as a probability. Logistic regression is suitable for use with variables and range of independent types. Including categorical variables common in environmental studies. By using GIS these sites were chosen because they were likely to represent the broadest range of contour and slop of the district, also broadest range of activities relevant to the interpretive themes and were most representative of past land-use and cultural resources that need protection. For Projection coordinate systems –UTM-WGS-1984-zone 45N & tin 3d future is used for showing district slope. The following map index shows result in the identification of Raigad district.

Water Availability The Raigad rivers have the common characteristic that their courses are divided into two well marked sections above and below the limit of the tide. When they gather at the foot of the Sahyadris the streams pass on the whole west between high steep-cut banks along rocky beds, with here and there a stretch of gravel. In the rains the turgid torrents have in many places to be crossed by ferries. But during the dry season they cease to flow and form drains of The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 10

pools separated by banks of gravel and ridges of rook. Below the limit of the tide the bed is muddy, broken by occasional dykes of rock, and the creek winds between banks high in places but in others so low as to require to be raised to prevent the overflow of the tide Besides the streams that drain the western slopes of the Alibag hills, Raigad has three distinct river systems. The north drains northward chiefly along the Amba or Nagothna river; the centre drains west along the Kundalika or Roha river and south-west along the Mandad river; the south drains into the west-flowing Savitri, most of it south along the valleys of the Ghod in the west, the Nizampur-Kal in the centre, and the Raigad-Kal in the east; and the extreme south drains north along the upper Savitri in the south-east, and the Nageshvari in the south-west. In the north of Pen, between the Nagothna river in the west and the Patalganga in the east, is a lowlying salt swamp full of winding slimy tidal creeks, into which, about five miles from the mouth of the Patalganga, the Bhima drains alter a course of about sixteen miles across the north-east of Pen. About five miles further west, after a north-west course of about twenty miles through central Pen, the Bhogeshvari, Bhogavati, or Pen river, loss itself in a network of tidal creeks. This creek is navigable to Antora within four miles of Pun, at ordinary high tides to boats of seven tons (28 khandis) and at spring tides to beats of thirty-five tons (140 khandis). Beyond Antora only small craft can pass.

River Basin One especially important consideration in site location is difficult to address with standard hydrographic data. This is the availability of water. This was an important consideration The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

for prehistoric settlers. It is difficult to identify this concern with current data in a way that reflects actual availability. Hydrographic data available from government sources typically does not adequately indicate subtle variations in water availability. For example, in the present analysis, only two small segments of the many streams in the area were identified as perennial: the rest were considered ephemeral. However a more extensive perennial flow in the larger steams of this district has been historically well documented in addition, the mean distance to any stream from sites used Such a small difference in distance to ephemeral water sources hardly reflects its importance in this desert region and would provide little utility in discriminating among likely settlement locations. In the absence of an expensive pale environmental study of past fluvial conditions, hydrological modeling using the Arc GIS Spatial Analyst extension and it data model offered the best way to understand the relative availability of water to prehistoric settlers. The size of watershed is one of the most important factors affecting the amount of water that flows in a given drainage. Based on the slope and aspect of each pixel in relation to its neighbors in the digital elevation model (DEM), it is possible to calculate the total area that flows into each location, or its flow accumulation. This is a quantity most usefully described as a neighborhood statistic; as sites were typically situated near, rather than in, locations of high accumulation. A neighborhood sum was used to indicate the total area of watershed contributing to hydrologic flow within 1 km of a site location. This measure characterizes the amount of flow available in close proximity to a settlement and reflects variable availability as the distance from sites to drainages increases. The calculation of the neighborhood statistic resulted in a mean flow accumulation in the sites that is more than more times greater than the mean flow accumulation for non site vicinities availability of water and its relative importance in this environment. Results and Discussion Moreover, it is in stronger cultural resources. Moreover, it is in stronger agreement with other models of natural resources such as biodiversity that are also an important part of the NHA. Despite the present need for a single model, it is essential to consider modeling as an ongoing, iterative process. The current project is only a feasibility study and will be followed by continued efforts as the NHA designation advances. Ultimately, more detailed management plans may require more elaborate modeling efforts and the consideration of new variables as necessary to clarify understanding of particular problems and relationships. References: Kvamme,K.L. 1983.”Computer Processing Techniques for Regional Modeling of Archaeological Sire Locations,” Advances in Computer Archaeology Raftery, A.E. 1995. 1995 “Bayesian Model Selection in Social Research,” Sociological Methodology,

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

" SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SETTLEMENT IN SINDHUDURG DISTRICT" (MAHARASHTRA) Prof. Sachin Patkar, Assit. Professor, Dept. Of Geography, J. B. Naik College, Sawantwadi Prof. H. R. Yadav, Assit. Professor, Dept. Of Geography, S .R. M. College Kudal Dist: Sindhudurg Dr. Nandkumar Sawant, Associtate Professor & Voice Principal, S.P. Chowgule College, Madgaon, Goa.

1.0 INTRODUCTION :- The Distribution of any phenomenon on the Geo-plane evolve some pattern whose study in the Prime Concern of Space scientists and geographers Particularly in case of settlements such analysis become more relevant, for in helps not only in identifying the current distributional patterns but the future spatial trends as will which may form basis for any economic planning of the region. In the present study the nature of dispersion of settlement in the Sindhudurg District is Studied.

2.0 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE :- As Compared to other braches of Geography the Study of Settlement System in India. In India the study of settlement in geography has not still done on a remunerable level. The credit of introducing this branch of Geography as ascending to C.C. Zimmerman & Gulping which help in the family & society new year 1935. The auelerated development of rural settlement geography in the country Prof. R.L. Singh's paper on the meaning obj aud scope of settlement Geography (1961), the formation of IGU canrission on Rural settlement in monsoon Asia under the chairmanship of Prof. R.L. Singh (1968) Prof. Chatterjee, progress of Geography

3.0 THE STUDY REGION : Sindhudurg District is one of the districts of south Maharashtra, situated along the west coase and forming the part of the Konkan. The Sindhudurg district lies between 15037‟ North To 16040, North latitude and 73019‟ East to 74013‟ East longitude covers an area about 5087.5 Sq. km. and having total population of 848868 persons according to 2011 census there are 740 inhabited villages and 4 towns having population density 164 persons per Sq. Km. (Fig. No. I).

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4.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY :

i) To study the spatial distribution of settlement and their relationship. ii) In study the physical and cultural factor which influence on the distribution of settlement.

5.0 SOURCES OF DATA AND INFORMATION : The present study is mainly based on the primary and secondary data. i) District censor. Hand Book of Sindhudurg – 1981, 1991 and 2001. ii) Socio-Economic review and District Statistical Abstract of Sindhudurg – 1991, 2001. 6.0 METHODOLOGY : In the Present study various quantitative methods have been used to study the Spatial distribution of settlement isopleths Maps have been drawn to show relationship of settlements. 7.0 THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SETTLEMENTS The various physical and cultural factors which influence on the distribution of settlements have been discussed above. The existing distributional pattern of settlements have been considered here. To study the spatial distribution of settlements of the study region the technique 'Nearest - Neighbour Analysis' has been applied. For this purpose the entire study region is divided into sizeable grids (10 x 10 km) and the 'Rn' values from the settlements have been calculated. To find out the Rn values, the following formula has been used (Clark and Evans - 1954).

Where, N is the number of settlements A is the area of the grid or spatial unit. With the help of above formula the Rn values have been obtained for all the grids and these values have been grouped into five categories and the isopleth map has been drawn to know the spatial distribution of settlements in the study region. The table No. I and Figure No.2 gives the clear idea about the spatial distribution of settlements.

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TABLE NO.I SINDHUDURG DISTRICT THE Rn VALUE CLASS, AREA COVERED, NO.OF SETTLEMENT AND THEIR PERCENTAGE Sr. Area covered % No. of Rn value class % to total No. in sq.km. to total Settlement 1. Below 0. 5 897 17.22 88 11.89

2. 0.5 to 1.0 475 9.12 129 17.44

3. 1.0 to 1.5 2078 39.92 299 40.40

4. 1.5 to 2.0 1080 20.74 144 19.46

5. Above 2.0 677 13.00 80 10.81

Sindhudurg 5207 100.00 740 100.00 District

The north-eastern part of the Vaibhavwadi taluka, northern part of Devgad taluka, south-east part of Kankavli and eastern part of Sawantwadi taluka, covers an area about 17.22 % of the total and accounts for 11.89 % of the settlements shows absolute clustering distributional pattern.

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The east and west part of Kudal taluka, north Vengurla and few part of Malvan taluka, where the Rn values found between 0.5 to 1.0, covers an area about 9.12 % of the total and accounts for 17.44 % of the total market centres shows linear clustering distributional pattern. The southern part of Sawantwadi and Vengurla talukas, the Malvan taluka, the south Devgad taluka and the central part of Kankavli taluka, where the Rn values found between 1.0 to 1.5, covers an area about 40.29 % of the total and accounts for 45.28 % of the total settlement, shows complete random distributional pattern of settlement. The south and eastern part of the Devgad taluka, east and south Malvan taluka, western part of Kankavli and Kudal talukas have Rn values between 1.5 to 2.0, covers an area about 20.64 % of the total and accounts for 24.54 % of the total settlements, indicates nearer to uniform distributional pattern of the settlements. The north-west and central part of Devgad, north¬western part of Vaibhavwadi, northeastern part of Kankavli, south-east part of Kudal and few part of Vengurla and Sawantwadi talukas have Rn values above 2.0, covers an area about 13.01 % of the total and accounts for 11.33 % of the total settlements of the study region shows uniform distributional pattern of the settlements of the study region.

1.7 CONCLUSION To Study the Spatial destruction of Settlement of the study reign the technique „Nearest –Neighbor, Analysis has been applied and the „Rn‟ Values from the Settlement have been Calculated. The north – eastern part of the Vaibhavwadi taluka, Northern part of Devgad taluka, South- East part of Kankavali and eastern part of Sawantwadi taluka shows absolute clustering distributional pattern. Linear clustering distribution pattern found in the east and west part of kudal taluka, north Vengurla, and few part of Malvan taluka. The Southern part of Sawantwadi and Vengurla talukas, the Malvan taluka, the south Devgad and the Central part of Kankavali taluka, shows Complete random distributional pattern of Settlement the South and eastern part of the Devgad taluka, east and South Malvan taluka, western part of Kankavali and Kudal taluka, indicates nearer to uniform distributional pattern of the Settlement.

REFERENCES 1) Dixit R.S. (1988), Spatial Organisation of Market Centres, P. P. 14 2) Srivastava, V.K. And Srivastava, H.O., (1979), Distributional Pattern And Classification of Market Centres In The Saryupar Plain, The Deccan Geographer, XV,1. 3) Thakur S.A. (2003) A Geographical Study of Market Centers in Sindhudurg District. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

DYNAMICS OF URBAN POPULATION –A CASE STUDY OF BELGAUM CITY-A SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS.

DR.M.S.KURANI. Assistant Professor, Department of Geography R.P.D .College of Arts and commerce, Belgaum -Karnataka

 INTRODUCTION The study of growth, distribution and density of population are most important aspects of a region, where one can understand their pattern in regional dimension. The region that consists of various natural resources has to be harnessed for the well being of its people. Therefore, man becomes a resource of the region and every other resource of the region becomes man‟s requirement. Hence it is needless to say that regional study cannot be complete without study of its population growth, distribution and density to harness the resource.The concept of population change or growth is often used to note the change in the number of inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time, irrespective of the fact, whether the change is negative or positive. Therefore ,in the present study an attempt has been to analyze the growth of population, spatial distribution of population, density of population, etc. Population growth is the most fundamental demographic processes with which all other demographic attributes are directly or indirectly associated. Population growth affects density, distribution pattern and composition of population. The dynamics of population growth mainly depends on two forces, namely natural increase and migration (Peter Hegget 1972). Natural increase is the result of variation between the number of births and deaths. If the birth rate or fertility rate, exceeds the death rate or mortality rate, there will be a population increase and vice-versa. The second force is that of increase in the number of population due to immigrants. The concept of population change or growth is often used to note the change in the number of inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time, irrespective of the fact, whether the change is negative or positive. Therefore in the present study an attempt has been to analyze the growth of population, urban built-up area, spatial distribution of population, density of population, sex and literacy ratio, occupational pattern and dependency ratio etc Economic well-being of region depends more on the quality and quantity of its inhabitants than anything else Several amenities such as educational facilities, administrative activities, urban amenities and facilities, means of transport and communication, business activities, concentration of industries etc. are reasons for the population growth of the city. In the modern era, the process of industrialization accelerated the rate of population growth and has led to urbanization, due to this factor demographic and ecological structure have undergone vast change in the city.  AREA UNDER STUDY The Belgaum city covers an area of about 100.10 sq. km falling in Survey of India Toposheets 48 I/5 and 9, between the Lat: 150 47‟ 30‟‟ - 150 57‟ 30‟‟North. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

and Long: 740 27‟ 00‟‟– 740 32‟ 00‟‟E. The city occupies elevated land and elevation varies from 728 to 768 m. from a MSL. The western part of the city is drained by northeasterly flowing Markendeya river and the eastern side is drained by the Bellary nala. Both are the tributaries of the Ghatprabha river, The average annual rainfall received is 1279 mm. nearly 80% of the annual rainfall received during south-western monsoon from June to September. The population size of the city is 5.04 lakhs ( including the cantonment) as per 2001 population census. Belgaum city population accounts nearly 12% of the district population. At the present growth rate the city is expected to have nearly 1 million population by the year 2015.

FIG NO 1 AREA UNDER STUDY.

 OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of the present study are as follows.  It aims at highlighting growth of population in the study area.  To examine comparative growth of urban population in relation to study area Karnataka and India  To analyze spatial distribution of population in the study area.  To know the density of population in study area.  DATA BASE AND METHODOLOGY: In the present study, we have made an attempt to analyze dynamics of population in Belgaum city with emphasis on growth of population, comparative growth of urban population ,spatial distribution of population and density of population. The required data for the present study analysis have been obtained from both primary and secondary sources of data. The field observation has been made in selected wards and same information has been incorporated in the part of analysis. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

 GROWTH OF POPULATION IN BELGAUM CITY TABLE No.3.1.B: DECADAL GROWTH of POPULATION DURING 1901-2001

Period Population Actual decadal Decadal variation Annual variation variation (%) (%) 1901 22434 - - - 1911 29636 7202 32.10 3.20 1921 36354 6718 22.66 2.26 1931 38169 1815 4.99 0.49 1941 58319 20150 52.79 5.27 1951 83483 25164 43.14 4.31 1961 1,27,885 44402 53.18 5.31 1971 1,92,427 64542 50.46 5.04 1981 2,74,430 82,003 42.61 4.26 1991 3,26,399 51969 18.93 1.89 2001 3,99653 73254 22.44 2.24 BELGAUM CANTONMENT TABLE No.3.1.B: DECADAL GROWTH of POPULATION DURING 1901-2001 Period Population Actual decadal Decadal Annual variation variation (%) variation (%) 1901 10641 - - - 1911 11172 531 4.9 0.49 1921 10014 -1158 -10.36 -1.36 1931 11430 1416 14.14 1.4 1941 14431 3001 26.25 2.6 1951 16717 2286 15.84 1.5 1961 18905 2188 13.18 1.3 1971 21445 2540 13.43 1.4 1981 25942 4497 20.96 2.09 1991 23953 -1989 -7.66 -0.76 2001 23779 -174 -1.74 -0.17

 SOURCE: (Census of India, Growth rate is computed by researcher)

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FIGURE 2 DECADAL GROWTH OF POPULATION IN BELGAUM 1901-2001

450000

400000

350000 POPULATION 300000 MC 250000 CB 200000 Total

150000

100000

50000

0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 PERIOD

Table No. 3.1.a & b. reveals the decadal growth of population in Belgaum city and cantonment area. MUNICIPAL CORPORATION. In 1901, the population of Belgaum city (MC) was 22434 persons, by the 1911 it rose to 29636. (32.10 %). During the 1921 the population size of the city was 36,354 persons, it rose to 38169 in 1931, and the growth rate between these two periods was 4.99 percent. The population of the city increased to 58319 persons during 1931 to 1941. The growth rate between these two period was 52.79 per cent. It is important to note that, the population of Belgaum city during 1961 was about 1, 27,885 person and its urban growth rate was about 53.18 per cent, during 1951 and 1961. The highest urban growth rate was recorded during this period, due to high concentration of population and Belgaum city has been classified as class Ist city by the Authority of Census of India.There was rapid population growth during 1961-1971 due to immigration of population into Belgaum, during these two decades major industries were established, new educational institutions and commercial complexes were opened in the city, have attracted migration of population, and major socio-economic services were made available during this decade. It is also due to the migration from surrounding regions for the purpose of jobs and education. According to 1981 census the total population has reached to 2,74,430 persons. Growth rate during this period was 42.61 percent The population of Belgaum city in the year 1991 was 3,26,399 it exceeded three lakhs by 1991 and growth rate was about 18.93 per cent the lowest growth rate occurred during this period after independence. This was mainly due to increase in the rate of literacy and increase in the number of the educated in the city that made it control

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natural growth of population. According to 2001 census, population of Belgaum city reached 3,99,653 persons and growth rate is found to be 22.44 per cent. There is slight increase in the urban population growth rate of the city as compared to 1991 census report (Fig. No.3.1)

BELGAUM CANTONMENT AREA. The population of Belgaum cantonment, which was 10646 during 1901 to 11172 by 1911. The urban population growth rate during these two periods was 4.90 per cent. The urban population growth rate has gone down in cantonment during 1911 to 1921 i.e. 10.36percent the lowest growth rate occurred during this period in cantonment due to the epidemic. According to 1941 census the total population of cantonment has reached to 14431 and growth rate during this period was about 26.25 per cent. The highest urban population growth experienced during this period. The growth rate during 1951, 1961 and 1971 remains same and constant (i.e. 15.84%, 13.18% and 13.43 percent) respectively. The urban population of cantonment area in the year 1981 was 25942 persons and growth rate was 20.96 per cent. The population size of cantonment is continuously declining since 1981. The population size of cantonment during 1991 was about 23,953 persons and by 2001, 23,779 persons, respectively, and growth rate during these two periods was about 7.66 per cent during 1991 and -1.74 during 2001. This was mainly due to migration and shifting of families from cantonment area to city residential areas. The study reveals that, there was a great variation in growth rate during 1991-2001, due to migration from cantonment area to residential areas and also restriction of defense authority to build houses in the cantonment area.

 COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION: In the present study an attempt has been made to know the comparative growth rate of urban population of Belgaum city in relation with Karnataka and India. Table No.s2: COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION IN BELGAUM CITY KARNATAKA & INDIA 1901-2001

Belgaum Decadal Karnataka Decadal India Decadal Year City Growth Population Growth Population Growth Rate Population Rate Rate (%) (%) (%) 1901 22434 1639900 25616051

1911 29636 32.1 1563772 25580199 0.13

1921 36354 22.66 1840687 -17.7 27991306 9.42

1931 38169 4.99 2239134 21.66 32976018 17.8

1941 58319 52.79 2753967 -22.99 43558605 32.09

1951 83483 43.14 4453480 61.17 61629640 41.48

1961 127885 53.18 5266493 18.25 77562000 25.85

1971 192427 50.46 7122093 35.23 106966534 37.91

1981 274430 42.61 10729606 50.65 159727357 49.32

1991 326399 18.93 13907788 29.62 217611012 36.23

2001 399653 22.44 17919858 28.84 285349954 31.12

: (Census of India, Growth rate is computed by researcher). Table No. 3.2 reveals that, during the period 1901, the total urban population of the country was 2,56,1605 persons (10.74%) to the total population and that has increased in Karnataka and India. During 1911, the urban population of India and Karnataka has decreased to 2,55,80,199 and 15,63,779 respectively. The negative growth rate occurred during this period i.e. 0.13per cent and 4.64per cent respectively. But the Urban population of Belgaum city has increased to 29,636 persons during (i.e. 1911) and its growth rate was about 32.1 per cent. In 1921, the Urban population of India, Karnataka and Belgaum city had increased to 2,79,91,306, 18,40,687 and 36,354 respectively but different growth rate occurred during this period i.e India (9.42%) Karnataka (17.70%) and Belgaum (22.66%) as compared to 1911 urban population. During 1931, the urban population growth rate of India and Karnataka has increased to 17.80 per cent and 21.66 per cent respectively, as compared to 1921, but growth rate of Belgaum has decreased to 4.99 per cent over 1921‟s population this is because of epidemics in Belgaum city during this period. During the period of 1961 and 1971 the urban population growth rate of Belgaum city was 53.18percent and 50.46per cent, which is higher than the India (25.85% and 37.91%) and Karnataka‟s (18.25% and 35.23%) growth rate. This is mainly due to establishment of large number of industries and Educational Institutions in the city. During 1981 and 1991 the urban population growth rate of Belgaum slightly decreased to 42.61 per cent and 18.93 per cent but India and Karnataka showed increased growth rate respectively. During 2001, the growth rate of Belgaum city has slightly increased to 22.44per cent this is mainly because of changing socio-economic conditions in the city. But if we compare to India (31.12%) and Karnataka (28.84per cent) the urban population growth rate of Belgaum city has showed high growth rate. (Table No. 3.2) It is clear from the above table that there is fluctuation in the urban population growth rate during 1901 to 2001 with respect to India, Karnataka and Belgaum city. DENSITY OF POPULATION: The studies pertaining to spatial distribution of population and its density have been made by geographers much before the formal development of population geography. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 22

Statisticians have made contribution in developing the means to describe the population distribution and density. Demko, G.Rose and Schneel A.G (1970) recognizes that the land and people constitute the two significant elements of an area and therefore, the ratio between the two is of fundamental interest to all scholars concerned with population analysis. Geographers have been making more frequent use of the concept of density of population. It is simple concept of relating population size to the land area with view to assess crudely the pressure of population upon the resources of the area. Thus it is a measure of the incidence of population concentration and is generally expressed in terms of persons per sq. km or per sq mile of land area rather than of gross area (land and water). (i.e. 1961-2001).

TABLE NO. 3.4: Decadal Variation of Density of Population In Belgaum City and Cantonment. 1961-2001 Density (Per. Sq.km) BELGAUM CITY CANTONMENT

Area Population Density Area in Populat Density (CB) in Sq (MC) Sq km ion km

1961 21.32 1,27,885 5998 6.22 18,905 3039

1971 28.62 1,92,427 6723 6.22 21,445 3447

1981 83.55 2,74,430 3284 7.20 25,942 3603

1991 83.93 3,26,399 3888 7.20 23,953 3326

2001 94.08 3,99,653 4248 7.20 23,779 3302

Table No.3.4 explains that, decade wise density of population in Belgaum city. Density of population within the municipal limits is found very high in CBD area and older parts, with narrow lanes and it gradually decreases when we move towards the periphery of the city and to the later extension and recently developed residential areas. Belgaum city, with a total municipal area of 94.08 sq. kms has got a total population of 399653 persons, (excluding cantonment) and average density of 4248 persons per sq. kms. Belgaum cantonment with total area of about 7.20 sq kms has got a total population of 23779 and the average density was about of 3302 persons per sq. kms. The study explains that, population density pattern is not uniform throughout the study period. There was a great variation in the density of population. The percentage of high growth was noticed in the year 1971, where the density increased form 5998 persons in 1961 to 6723 persons in 1971. But there was decrease of density during the year 1981 due to the growth of The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 23

total area of the city, and its growth rate was about 28.62 sq km in 1971 and 83.55 in 1981. the year 1961 Belgaum had density of 5998 persons per sq. km. The density in 1971 rose to 6723 in 1971 and its growth was about 12.08per cent. Its density decreased to 3284 in 1981 (-51.15%) over 1971 but it is observed from the above table and graph, that growth of population has increased throughout the study period, particularly from 1981, it rose to 3888 in 1991, which was 18.39per cent growth of density over 1981, where as it rose to 4248 in 2001, which was 9.25per cent growth of ssdensity of population over 1991. (Fig No 3.2) During 1991, the density of population was about 3888 persons per sq.kms.and by 2001 census report the density of population increased to 4248 persons per sq. km.In cantonment area also the density of population was increased from 1961 to 1981 i.e. 3039 to 3603 persons. It is clear from the table that the density of population slowly decreased form 1991 to 2001. The density of population varies between 3326 persons per sq. kms during 1991 and 3302 persons per sq. kms. during 2001.

 SPATIAL VARIATION OF DENSITY OF POPULATION IN BELGAUM In the present study ward has been considered as spatial unit and the ward wise density of population has been calculated for the year 2001, used for, analysis of spatial pattern of density of population in the city. The Choropleth map has been used for representing the spatial distributional pattern of density of population (Mandel 1982). Same has been used in the present study. Generally the total population of a region is divided by the total area and result is known as general or crude density. It can be expressed as follows:- G.D. = TP Ta Whereas G.D. = The general density T.P. = The total population T.a. = The total area in the given time Based on the above-mentioned method of calculation the density pattern of population has been calculated, the same has been represented in the form of map. In the present study the density of population is categorized into five different zones, for the convenience of present analysis, they are mainly very high, high, medium, low and very low density areas. ( Table no. 3.5). TABLE No. 3.5: Ward Wise Distribution of Population Density in Belgaum City During – 2001(Fig in Bracket indicates percentage) Wards Area (Sq. Population Density Wards Area (Sq. Population Density Kms) Kms) 1. 2.0 2 6941 3470 30. 0.22 5662 25736 2. 3.50 13358 3816 31. 0.09 5697 63300 3. 1.33 5772 4339 32. 0.18 4589 25494 4. 0.85 7444 8757 33. 0.18 4439 24661

5. 2.00 6946 3473 34. 0.15 4063 27086 6. 0.81 8272 10212 35. 0.07 6809 97271 7. 0.75 5418 7224 36. 0.09 6719 97271 8. 0.65 7247 11149 37. 0.07 5861 83728 9. 2.5 9321 3728 38. 0.08 4475 55937 10. 1.39 6451 4641 39. 0.08 5935 74137 11. 0.54 8390 15537 40. 0.07 6184 88342 12. 1.9 2 8821 4642 41. 0.21 4131 19671 13. 0.86 7966 9262 42. 0.24 5044 21016 14. 0.46 4770 10369 43. 5.05 12899 2554 15. 0.85 6588 7750 44. 2.7 11247 4165 16. 0.89 7472 8395 45. 1.46 8168 5594 17. 3.86 7224 1871 46. 0.73 6909 9464 18. 0.63 6470 10428 47. 1.02 7542 7394 19. 0.80 5069 6336 48. 0.78 5941 7616 20. 1.61 5849 3632 49. 0.51 8932 17513 21. 1.84 7639 4151 50. 0.22 6987 31759 22. 0.18 5435 30194 51. 0.78 5689 7293 23. 0.76 5174 6807 52. 0.50 10912 21824 24. 0.17 6805 40029 53. 1.01 9848 9750 25. 0.25 6665 26660 54. 4.5 10164 2258 26. 0.45 6231 13846 55. 11.5 6818 592 27. 0.25 4868 19472 56. 7.88 8772 1113 28. 0.12 5259 43825 57. 10.37 3891 375 29. 0.15 4387 29246 58. 10.99 6874 627 ------TOTAL Source : ( Census of India, Municipal Corporation, density is computed by researcher.)

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FIG NO 3 WARD WISE POPULATION DENSITY IN BELGAUM

1) THE VERY HIGH DENSITY AREAS (>21,000 Persons Per Sq.Kms). There are 18 wards are fall under this category of very high density with a population (>21000 persons per sq kms). the name of the wards fall in this category are mainly ward no.22 (30194 per sq km), 25 (26660), 28 (43825), 29 (29246), 30 (25736), 31 (63300), 32 (25494), 33 (24661), 34 (27086), 35 (97271), 36 (74655), 37 (83728), 38 (55937), 39 (74187), 40 (88342), 42 (21016), 50 (31759), 52 (21824). The reason for this high density of population in these wards is that wards these are situated in the core areas of the city and cover C.B.D area of the city Generally the density of core areas of or CBD areas is considerable higher than the periphery of the city. Most of these faces wards face some environmental problems like air, water pollution, traffic congestion, overcrowding that has led to uneven growth of city. (Fig No 3.3 & Table No. 3.5) 2) HIGH DENSITY OF POPULATION AREAS (15001-21000 Per Sq Km): There are 4 wards which fall under the group of the high density of population with a density of 15001-21000 persons per sq kms, namely wards no.11 (15537), 27 (19472), 41(19671) and 49(17513). The reason for this high density in these wards are mainly due to the core areas or CBD of the city of these ward no.11 is oldest part or residential area of the city i.e. Khasbag area. These wards also have been facing from some environmental problems like scarcity water, garbage, traffic, over crowding and haphazard and unplanned growth. 3) MEDIUM DENSITY OF POPULATION AREAS (9001-15000 Per Sq Km). There are seven wards fall under the category of medium or moderate density of population (i.e. 9001-15000 persons per km2), namely ward no.6 (10212), 8(11149), 14 (10369), 18 (10428), 26 (13846), 46 (9464) and 53 (9750). The moderate density is found in these wards mainly due to the reason they are away from core area of the city. Most of these wards are residential areas, and the extension of ward no.53 is restricted by the defense authority, since Northern part of this ward covers defense land, defense authority is not ready to convert its land into residential area.

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4) LOW DENSITY OF POPULATION AREAS (3001-9000 Per Sq Km). There are twenty wards that fall under the category of low density of population with a population of 3001-9000 persons per sq km, namely ward no.1 (3470), 2 (3816), 3 (4339), 5 (3473), 4 (8757), 7 (7224), 9 (3728), 10(4641), 12 (4642), 15 (7750), 16 (8395), 19 (6336), 20 (3632), 21 (4151), 23 (6807), 44 (4165), 45 (5594), 47 (7394), 48 (7616), 51 (7293). .Low density of population in these wards is mainly due to their location in periphery area of the city. Generally population density decreases from Central Business District (CBD) area towards periphery or extension area of the city. 5) VERY LOW POPULATION DENSITY AREAS (<3000 Persons Per Sq Km): There are 7 that wards fall under the group of very low density with a less than 3000 persons per km2, namely ward no.43 (2557), 54(2258), 55(592), 56(1113), 57(375), 58(627), 17(1871). Population is low in the areas mainly due to the reason that they are newly developed extension area of the city and covers more incorporated area of the city. These wards covers 57.53 per cent of the total area and 14.14per cent of the total population of the city. *CONCLUSION The study of human resources is of vital importance both from the point view of economic development and social welfare. It is particularly important because human beings are not only instruments of production but are also ends in themselves. It is necessary to know in quantitative terms, the number of people living in a country at a particular time the rate at which the number is growing and the composition and distribution of population. The human resource as a labour force helps in the process of production so that the entire population of the region can live in comfortable conditions and healthy living During the last century the growth of population has been enormous. A time space framework is necessary and important in understanding the patterns and process of urbanization, which gives a clear insight into the important characteristics of the same. Urban population growth is a dynamic process though in varying degrees at different times and its relation to its physical and cultural environment. As urban centers and their hinterlands are interdependent and they are reciprocal, they have to be viewed as one unit, while studying the growth of urban centers, moreover depending on the functional diversification and concentration, it is possible to think of a hierarchy of urban settlements. The process of urbanization and rapid increases in the population in the large cities of India has resulted in serious shortfalls in housing, public utilities, and community facilities. The urban environment has deteriorated, giving rise to shanty town and slums, heavy population concentration, uncontrolled land use, inadequate urban services such as water supply, sanitation, electricity, lighting and transport and deficient educational, recreational and welfare facilities. Thus, the community facilities in most of the large and metropolitan cities of India are grossly inadequate. The facilities such as parks, play grounds, open spaces, and recreational facilities are far short of the requirement. These problems are causing social ferment in urban area and The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 27

therefore, need resolution through city planning and reconstruction. However, the magnitude and direction of these problems can only be established through inquiries into individual‟s towns and cities.

*REFERENCES: A.K. Singh Anal “Population change in Port Blair” – National association of geographers (1985) India, PP.105 – Paper presented at 6th Indian geography congress held at Kharagapur on May 8th – 11, 1985.

B.N.Sinha (1970 “Sirisi – an urban study in application of research models – Karnataka University Dharwad Bimal Kar (1995) “Urban population growth trend in Assam and its socio-economic implications”- Geographical Review of India, Vol - 37 No

Betal H.R(2001) “ Use of statistical techniques of the study of urbanization in North Bengal – Geographical Review of India, Vol – 63 No.1- 4 B.A. Bhosale and Spatio- temporal pattern of population growth and distribution – a case Karale (1985) study of Ahmada nagar Dist. – National Association of geographers India, May 1985 PP.109 Clarck John (1972 Population geography, pergamon press oxford PP.76 Chand and Sindhu Introduction to population geography, kalyani publishers, Ludiana N (1980 Delhi PP.76 Demko.G.Rose and Population Geography a Reader Mc. Grow Hill. Company. New York. Schneel A.G. (1970) Dwivedi (1964) Original growth of Allahabad city, Indian geographical journal Vol No.39, 1985 E. Swaminathan Spatio - temporal variation in rural urban sex ratio of Tamilnadu State (1985 journal of NAGI 1985 Vol No. 39, 1985 PP. 105 Gosal G.S (1972 A trend report in urban geography – a survey of research in geography ICSSR. Popular pubication Bombay – PP. 205

Hullur, Patil and Spatial analysis of occupational pattern of Mysore state, Karnataka reddy (1969) University Science Journal Vol No.14 Janaki V.A (1967 Some aspects of population pattern in different functional groups of town in Gujarat, Geography research paper series No. 3 M S University Baroda Jatashankar Verma Population migration in relation to economic development in Gorkhapur (1985 – National association of geographers India, May 1985, PP 109 Kundu, A (1994) : Pattern of urbanization with special Reference to small and medium Towns in India” in Chanda, K , Sectoral Issues in the Indian Economy, Har-Anand publications, New Delhi.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

“Evaluation of Co-operative Sugar Industries in Maharashtra” Prof. S. N. Patill ,Associate Professor Dept. of Geography Kankavli College, Kankavli Dist:Sindhudurg (MS) Prof. S.A. Menshi, Assistant Professor, Gokhale College, Kolhapur Introduction Indian Sugar Industry is divided into South and North Zones as per the climate and rain. Southern India includes Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnatak, Kerla and Tamilnadu where as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Hariyana, Panjab, Rajsthan are included in Northen India. Southern India comes in tropical belt as per the climate. But Northern India is known as subtropical belt. Sugarcane is actually the tropical crop. The water, climate of this zone is suitable for the sugarcane. Indian Sugar Industry has achieved the highest rank in Post Independence era. In 1950- 51, the sugar production was 11 lakh tons. And to fulfill the sugar demand of our country we had to import sugar. Time by time this production increased and in 2000-2001 it reached at 185.19 lakh tons. The country who was importing sugar, now exports the sugar. Till today there are round about 527 sugar factories. In that 227 co-operative sugar factories are at present. Co- operative sugar factories by using their own Capital created „Upasa‟ Watersprinkling Scheme, Seepage Lake, weirs of Kolhapur method, Lift errigation facilities for increasing prickling field. And hence today by increasing the sugarcane crops field, the production of sugarcane is also at height By establishing the National Heavy Engineering Co-op. Ltd, the Co-operative sugar factories tried to create machinery useful for sugar factories and of other industries, iron carts creation for transport Co-electricity Creation Units through this institute. ► Historical Background – The effort of Sugar factory / industry in India is done by Britishers and Dutch trade companies in 19th century. At Kalkatta, Madras, Bihar the efforts have been done at individual level. But in that the main purpose is not the sugar but the creation of alcohol from molasis. Because in those days there was great demand for alcohol from East India Company. During 1909, the sugar industry was started in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh slowly scale. Two factors were important for the increased sugar industry in India. In 1912 Sugarcane Research Institute was established at koimbtur, Tamilanadu for inventing and propagation of new species of sugarcane by considering the climatic and Agricultural condition in India. The second reason was the scarcity of sugar due to First World War. To avoid the scarcity of sugar, the increase in sugar production was been essential. Therefore, there was great emphasis given on increase in sugar industry in India.

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There were only 9 sugar factories in India in the year 1920. The production was very less in comparison. During that periods there was large scale of import of sugar. The development of sugar factory is being done after 1930 in India. In 1930-31 only 29 sugar factories were in India. In 1970, there were 215 factories. In the decade of 1970 to 1980, 100 new sugar factories increased the year 1996-1967. 412 sugar factories are created. Up to the year 2003 527 sugar industries in India. In 1909 British Company had started the first sugar factory at Haregao in Ahamadnagar district in the Mumbai region. ► Study Region : Maharashtra is known as „Sugar godawon of India‟. Maharashtra comes in the belt of 16.40 North and 22.10 North latitudes in topical belt. In the same belt, there comes the developed countries in sugarcane production such as Havai, Taiwan, West Indies Islands, Cuba, Mexico, Brazil, Maurisius and Queensland. The climate of Maharashtra is suitable for sugarcane farming. The average per hector sugarcane production is about 80 m. Tone average sugar recovery is 11% in Maharashtra. The noteworthy thing is that Maharashtra state has the highest number of sugar factories in the nation. In 2009-10, 201 sugar factories were in Maharashtra state. 168 sugar factories were in co-operative and 33 factories were in private sector. 94% shareholders of these co-operative sugar factories are the farmers of sugarcane production. But the leads is in the hands the rich farmers and the elite group which is active in local and state level politics. These elite group have non-questionable domination on their co-operative sugar factories. And the most important thing is that their Maharashtra State Co-operative sugar factory sangh is the influential pressurizes group. It is also known as „Sugar Lobby‟. ► The Sugar Industry in Maharashtra. 1) After the formation of Maharashtra state on 1st May 1960, the Chief Minister L. Yashwantrao Chavan accepted the policy of giving encouragement to the industries in co-operative sector which are doing rural industrialism and under which they are doing processing of Agri-products. The purposes behind this were to provide the opportunity of leading to the associates which were do favorable work and to encourage the rural development. This favorable approach towards co-operative sugar factories was continued till the year 1980.During this period the land under the crop of sugarcane was increased. In the year 1979-80, 60 co-operative, 10 private, in total 70 sugar factories were in function. In the same period 3 factories of private sector were closed. 2) After the clear knowledge about the political advantages of Co-operative sugar factories, a great competition was started among the politicians to establish and to control the Co-operative Sugar factories in their own wards. In 1998, Indian Government had taken the decision of decontrolling the Sugar factories. During that period there were 121 sugar factories. In that 117 sugar factories were in co- operative sector. Though there is the addition of one sugar factory in private sector in

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3) the year 1980-81, 7 sugar factories were totally closed. The fall of co-operative sugar Industry was started during the same period. The condition of co-operative sugar Industry was being critical. The abode of politicians was also finished in the year 1995. The harmful policy of Shivsena-BJP was proved dangerous for the industry. 4) The Indian Government had taken the division of control on sugar Industry in the year 1998. While the number of sugar factories was increasing in private sector, the competition of establishing co-operative sugar factory was also increasing among politicians. The result of it is there were 201 sugar factories in the private sector in the year 2009-10. In 50 co-operative factories, among them, the production work was completely stopped and 43 co-operative sugar factories were on the path of dying. To give such factories on hire or to accept the privatization were the only two options in front of Board of directors. Today co-operative sugar Industry is in worsened condition. ► The Nature of Sugar Industry in Maharashtra: Geographically, Sugar Industry in Maharashtra has three sections/zones: i) Southern Maharashtra Zone: Sangali, Satara,Kolhapur. ii) Central Maharashtra Zone : Pune, Solapur, Nagar, Nashik. iii) Northen Maharashtra Zone: Marathawada, Vidarbh, Khandesh. There three zones has different features. The sugar recovery of Southern Maharashtra Zone is generally 11.50 to 13.00 percent. When as the sugar of Central Maharashtra Zone is 11.00 to 12.00% and the sugar recovery of Northen Maharashtra Zone is up to 10.50%. But recentally the sugar recovery of Northen part is reached up to 13% due to the visible efforts of Marathvada Co-operative sugar factories. Because of the geographical effect, 75% sugar production is taken by South and Central Maharashtra. In northen Maharashtra the 20% sugar production is taken by Marathvada and Vidarbh and 5% is taken by Khandesh. In this way, the West Maharashtra which includes both South and Central Maharashtra is highest in Sugar Industry. More than 100 sugar factories out of 168 co-operative sugar factories in the State are in South and Central Maharashtra. ► Production Capacity: The capacity of sugar industry is related to sugar production where as the production of sugar is related to capacity of sugar factory. Though the capacity of Maharashtra is more than other states, it is lowest in comparison with other sugar –producer countries. In Brazil, in one sugar factory, minimum 10,000 tons of raw material is taken on each day. Whereas in Maharashtra the capacity of sugar factories is 7,500 tons only. 1) In the year 2007-08 there were 5 high capacity sugar factories means the factories which has the capacity of 5000 tons on each day. All there were in Southern Zone. 2) In the end of the year 2007-08, there were 113 Middle/Medium capacity sugar

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factories means the factories which has the capacity of 2500 tons to 5000 tons per day in Maharashtra. In there, 29 factories were in southern, 39 in central and 45 were in Northern zone of Maharashtra. 3) At the end of 2007-08 there were 68 sugar factories which have the capacity lower than 2500 tons. In there, 11 were in southern, 16 were in central and remaining 41 were in Northern zone of Maharashtra. ► Evaluation of Co-operative Sugar Industry: Pre-period of Maharashtra State‟s formation (1950-51 to 1959-60) In 1950, there were twelve sugar factories in Maharashtra and all were in private sector. In 1949, the proposal of establishment of sugar factory at pravaranagar in Ahmadnagar district was put forward to state government because of the initiative effects of wellknown economist Dhananjayrao Gadgil. After the government‟s grant, the work of this factory was completed in 1951. The sugar production was started in 1951-52. By taking the inspiration from it, the process of establishing sugar factories was started all over the state. There were 26 sugar factories in the year 1959-60 in Maharashtra. In there, 13-13 factories were in each co-operative and private sector. With the enpanriens of sugar industry, the land under sugarcane and sugarcane production in the Mumbai region was also increased. The sugarcane production was 4469 Lakh m. tons in 1952-53 which increased up to 7991 Lakh m. tons in 1959-60. It became 33.83 lakh m. tons. The sugar production was growing from 1.47 lakh m. tons to 3.86 lakh m. tons. During the same period recovery of sugar was between 11.12 to 11.79, which were satisfactory. The season of sugar production was of 112 to 163 days.

► The Golden period of Co-operative Sugar Industry (1960-61 to 1979-80) Due to Inspired by the lead of Yashwantrao Chavan, the efforts of leaders and followers at local level of rural area converted into the satisfactory progress of Sugar Industry. In this period the land under sugarcane, crop and sugarcane production was increasing day by day. In the same way, the crushing of sugarcane and sugar production was also increasing. The highest production of sugar means 21.05 lakh m.ton was done in the year 1978-79 in the same period. But due to the natural calamity, in 1979-80, there was a great loss in land under sugarcane, production of sugar, crashing of sugarcane and also in sugar production. There was a great loss in average recovery of sugar. In this period the season of sugar was of 200 days in the year 1968- 69 and of 111 days in the year 1979-80.

► Tranzacation period of Sugar Industry’s Success and failure: (1980-81 to 1997-98) During 1980-81 to 1997-98, the co-operative Sugar factory was obsessed by politics. While the expansion of sugar industry was increasing there was a great interference of politicians The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 32

in the administration of Industry. No doubt, the land under sugarcane, sugarcane production and, sugar production was increased. But at the same time the corruption and the wrong usage of funds and system by politicians was also increased. By increasing accumulated loss in factories, the production process was stopped completely in 36 Co-operative sugar factories. In 56 factories, the debts of sugarcane- producer-members and the payments of workers was also unplayable. In 1991, India accepted the New Economic policy. It had also badly affected the co- operative sugar Industry. But still it is sustained because of it‟s deepen roots in the soil. ► The period after Liberalization (After 1998-1999) In 1998 the Indian government has taken the decision of decentralization of Sugar Industry. Therefore the capitalist‟s in private sector has launched a great challenge in front of Co-operative sector in Sugar Industry which was reserved only for Co-operative sector. It is sustained till today because state government has been providing the finance through Package Policy time to time. But on the other hand, the number of class Co-operative Sugar factories are also increasing. Some of them are now given on haire basis to the private or other well conditioned Co-operative Sugar factories for handling. ► The Present status of Sugar Industry in Maharashtra : The present status of sugar industry in Maharashtra (2008-2009) Sr. No. Details

1. The Sugar Factories 194 a) Co-operative 166 b) Private 28 2. The factories which are taking production 144 3. The factories which are not taking production 50 4. The factories in loss 29 5. The factories given on leen basis 20 6. a) The production capacity of factories (TCD) 4,72,200 b) Real clage (use) 3,78,766 c) The percentage of the usage of Production Capacity 78.16% 7. The percentage of Average recovery of Sugar 11.44 8. The average days of production work 95 9. Sugar Production (quintal) 1,54,35,156

(Source: Maharashtra State Co-operative Sugar Factory Sangh, Statistics, 2010.) 1) In West Maharashtra where there are 106 sugar factories out of 194 State sugar factories, the condition of 64 sugar factories are satisfactory, the condition of 29 Sugar factories are unsatisfactory and worsened of remaining 13 Sugar factories. 2) In Northen Maharashtra, where there are 88 sugar factories out of 194 State sugar

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 33

factories, the condition of 7 sugar factories are satisfactory and the condition of remaining 81 sugar factories are unsatisfactory or worsened. 5 in Khandesh, 23 in Marathavada, 6 in Vidarbha, means in total 34 sugar factories are found unsatisfactory condition. In the same zone 8 from Khandesh, 25 of Marathvada, 14 in Vidarbha, in short, 47 factories are in worsened condition.

► The problems of Sugar Industry : Faulty License- The license to the foundation of co-operative Sugar factory has the political approach. From 1993, the non–license Sugar factory policy. But the energy production, water supply system, natural availability, transport facilities, essential elements are not considered and it creates the competition between factories. And result is that the factory could not Crushing with total capacity. ► Lack of supply of Sugarcane : There is not enough sugarcane production in the sugar factories of Maharashtra. Hence they can not Crushing with total capacity for 165 days. ► Inefficient sugarcane transport : To gain more of sugar from sugarcane, the sugarcane should take into product process eight hours from its cutting. Therefore the efficiency and production, there is not proper transport system of sugarcane which results into the less in weight and recovery. ► Insufficient use of Crushing capacity : Co-operative sugar factories can not use the total capacity of of sugarcane due to lack of sugarcane. The sugarcane production is depended on rain hence sugar factories can not get sufficient sugarcane each year. Therefore, they can not do the crushing with full capacity. ► The change in land under Sugarcane : The farmers of sugar factory area are planting sugarcane as cash crops. But many times sugarcane has not got proper price. So, the farmer turns to other craps. The bills of sugarcane are not paid by factories on time. The sugarcane is not cut on proper time. Thus there is the loss of farmers. ► The increase in sugarcane cultivation expenditure : Cultivation of farm, seeds, ferlizers, pesticides, payment of workers therefore expenditure on cultivation of sugarcane is increasing day by day. Thus the farmers are turning towards other crops. ►Menc Workers : The number of the essential permanent and seasonal / part time workers is dependent on the crushing capacity of sugar factory. But in all co-operative sugar factories found the more number of workers. Because of the political and social pressure a large number of workers are enrolled in factory.

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► ILL Sugar factories : State government had appointed a high level committee under the lead of H. Chief Secretary to Study the report of Shivajirao Patil Committee related ill sugar factories, in 1987. According to him 28 factories were ill. 13 were in mane worsened condition out of them. It reaches to 60 in 1995. In 1996, 91 sugar factories were in less. In 2004-2005, 84 factories ill due to lack of sugarcane supply, lack of capital, pressure of loan, wrong policies etc. But the State government has still not taken any firm policy. ► Lack of Capital : The Sate government has provided the capital as the sugar factories were not succeeded in gaining permanent capital. But many factories have not returned the capital of the state government after the decade. Also they can not create enough capital by collecting funds. Hence, they been provided the capital through the banks and in this way the interest increases and they have to suffer the less. ► The failure in the proper use of sub – food items : Most of the sugar factories have tried for paper factory plywood project, co-electricity creation projects. But they failed in the profitable use of such projects in decreasing the production expenditure of sugar. Such projects are in either less or get less profit. ► Summary : If we do the contemplation of Maharashtra Sugar Industry from last 50 years, we can say that it has seen many ups and douns. In the development of Sugar Industry, State Co-operative banks, District Central Co-operative banks have given significant contribution. In addition to this, the package offered by central government, concessions given by state government and the research work the causes of its success. This main activity of state has the economic turnover is of about 12,000 crore Rs. and 1 Lakh people have get direct employment. It this industry Rs 5000 crore are given to farmers through sugarcane price, Rs 700 crore has given for transport workers. The state government has get 458 crore Rs as revenue through this industry. The sugar factories have changed the look of rural activities and facilities such as milk production, poultry, customer bhandar, education institutes, advanced sprinkling facility, hospitals etc. Because of the co-operative sugar factory, about 500 people get employment in sugar based activities such as sugarcane activation, chemical industry, transport activity, machinery, co-operative banks etc. Other projects are also channelized in rural area. Hence many facilities are also available. Employment is increased, the economic condition of farmers was improved as they got right price for sugar cane, and Machinery inters in farming. Today, in each co-operative factors, during season minimum 8,000 to 10,000 people has got employment. 94% members are the sugarcane producing farmers. Here, we can say that farmers have the ownership of co- operative sugar industry. One co-operative sugar factory creates the development network in that area, e.g. Roads, schools, rural hospitals, irrigation, sprinkling facility, rural co-operative banks, finance corporations, education institute, customer market. But such picture can not be visible in any private sugar industry. There are 12 crores farmer families in India. There are 1 crore The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 35

families (farmer) in Maharashtra alone. There is no other large industry like sugarcane Industry which has the ownership of 12 crore people. There is great creation of capital through this activity. Employment opportunities are much in this activity. Today, there are 6 lakh farmers, 2300 to 2400 co-operative societies and about 7 lakh cattle‟s in this industry. To solve the problem of unemployment, co-operative sugar factories have given good support.

● Reference Books ●

1. Sahkhar Parichay Dr. Kopardekar Sharadchandra Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai-400004 2. Sakhar Tatva, Vyavhar ani Vyavstepan Dr. Kamat G. S. Maharashtra University Granth Nirmiti. 3. Samajik Sanshodhan Paddhati Mr. Kumbhajkar G. V. Phadke Prakashan, Kolhapur. 4. Sahakarachi Multatve Prof. Chougule V. T., Prof. Pathan K. G. Continental Publication, Pune. 5. Maharashtrache Shasan and Rajkaran Dr. Jain A. Seth Publishers, Mumbai

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

DECADAL GROWTH RATE OF URBAN POPULATION IN SINDHUDURG DISTRICT (MAHARASHTRA) :A CASE STUDY OFSAWANTWADI URBAN AREA Sumedha Dhuri, J. B. Naik College Sawantwadi Dist: Sindhudurg Prof. R. D. Dalvi Associate Prof, & Head, Dept. Of Geography, .S.R .M. College Kudal Dist Siundhudurg Dr. R. B. Pawar Assistatant Professor, Dept. of Geography, Ajara Mahavidyalaya, Ajara Dist: Kolhapur

1.0 INTRODUCTION: Population growth is the most fundamental demographic process with which all other demographic attributes are directly or indirectly associated. Population growth determines the density, distribution pattern and composition of population. Geographical study of urban growth and demographic characteristics is of vital importance for understanding it‟s dynamism as well as for planning at the local and regional levels.

2.0 THE STUDY REGION: Sindhudurg District is one of the district of the South Maharashtra situated along the west coast and the part of the Kokan. The Sindhudurg District lies between 150 37′ North to 160 40‟ North latitude and 730 19′ East to 740 13′ East longitude covers an area about 5207 sq.km. And having total population is 848868 persons according to 2011 census. There are 736 inhabited villages and 4 towns having population density 163 persons per sq.km. Administrative district is sub-divided into eight Talukas. The district has a coast-line of about 121 km. The stream which flow from the Sahyadri towards the sea have formed basins at place between the hill ranges and on the coastal plains. The height of the varies. From sea level up to 1300 m. physiographical, thick area is very rugged and complex one. (Fig.no.1) 3.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY REGION: 3.1) To study the decadal growth rate of urban population. 3.2) To study the wardwise distribution of urban population. 3.3) To study the density. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 37

3.4) To study the density of house holders 4.0 HYPOTHESIS: The urban growth and the demographic characteristics are changed in the study region. 5.0 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION: 5.1) District census Hand Book Sindhudurg. 5.2) Socio-Economic review and district statistical abstract of Sindhudurg. 5.3) Sawantwadi Muncipal Corporation office. 6.0) METHODOLOGY: In the present study various quantitative methods have been used to study the decadal growth rate of urban population in Sawantwadi. 7.0) DECADAL GROWTH RATE OF POPULATION: The growth rate of population in any region is influenced by various factors, which includes soil conditions, development of agriculture, growth of industries, growth of urbanization & development of transport facilities. In the study region, an attempt has been made to find out the decadal growth rate of population for the decade 1901 to 2001. The table No. I is shows decadal growth rate. From the table no. I. It is observed that the population growth rate is decreased in the decade 1911 & 1921 by -4.36% & -4.36% respectively. After 1921 the growth rate is continuously increase up to 1961. The highest growth rate is found in the decade 1951 i.e. 24.21% .In the decade 1971, 1981 again the decadal growth rate of population is decreased by 11.59% & 10.65% respectively. The growth rate is increased in the decade 1991 i.e. 14.11%. In the last decade 2001 the population growth rate is again decreased by 7.49%. Table no I Sawantwadi Town Total population,growth rate in % & growth rate by Gibes method. Year Population % of population Growth rate by Gibes growth rate method 1901 10213 ------1911 9768 -4.36 -0.45 1921 7811 -20.04 -2.23 1931 8958 14.68 1.37 1941 10024 11.89 1.13 1951 12451 24.21 2.15 1961 15120 21.43 1.94 1971 16873 11.59 1.09 1981 18670 10.65 1.01 1991 21305 14.11 1.31 2001 22901 7.49 0.72 The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

8.0 MEASUREMENT OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES: The various measurement or methods are used to find out the demographic changes i.e.1) absolute growth 2) percentage 3) population growth rate etc. In the study region we used the „Gibes‟ method. It has been applied for the decadal growth rate. To find out the decadal growth rate the following formula has been used. (Gibes method) ( P2 – P1) / t X = ( P2 + P1 ) / 2 Where, X = Yearly population growth rate. P1 = first decadal population. P2 = Next decadal population. T = Particular time (year) From the table no.I It is observed that in first decadal i.e.1911 the population growth rate is decreased by -0.45, also in the 1921 population growth rate is decreased by -2.23. Then after from the decadal 1931, 1941, 1951 population growth rate is increased by 1.37, 1.13, 2.15 respectively. Then the 1961, 1971, 1981 population growth rate is slightly decreased by 1.94, 1.09, 1.31 respectively. In the decadal 1991 it was increased by 1.31 & again in the last decadal i.e. 2001 population growth rate is decreased by 0.72. Table no. II Sawantwadi Town Wardwise population, density, No.of H.H. & density of H.H Ward Population Area in Density No.of H.H. Density of H.H. no. hec/km. hec/km. hec/km. 1 1489 30.59 48.67 315 10 2 1429 103.04 13.86 291 03 3 1243 77.28 16.08 275 04 4 1512 14.49 104.34 354 24 5 1320 17.51 75.38 319 18 6 1988 14.49 137.19 423 29 7 1447 61.18 23.65 337 06 8 1345 77.28 17.40 297 04 9 1291 08.05 160.37 312 39 10 1236 19.32 63.97 301 16 11 1121 30.59 36.64 252 08 12 987 25.76 38.31 228 09 13 1307 83.72 15.61 291 03 14 1482 22.54 65.74 348 15 15 1396 25.76 54.19 290 11 16 1209 26.15 46.23 284 11 17 1099 40.25 27030 269 07 The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

9.0 WARDWISE POPULATION DISTRIBUTION In the Sawantwadi town wardwise population distribution is unequal. To study the wardwise distribution pf population, here population is grouped into five categories (Table no III & Fig.no. 2) Less than 1000 population is found in only one ward i.e. ward no. 12 .1000-1200 population is in the 8 wards.(3,5,8,9,10,13,15,16) these wards are situated around the Moti Tank., which is the heart of town. 1400-1600 population is found in 5 wards. (1, 2, 4, 7, 14) which is located in the north part of the town, (expect ward no. 14) Maximum population is (above 1600) found in ward no. 6 i.e. 1988 persons.

SAWANTWADI TOWN Ward wise Population and Density 2001

Figure 2 10.0 WARDWISW DENSITY OF POPULATION: From the table No. II & Fig. No. 2 It is observed that the average density of sawantwadi town is 3377 persons per Hec.km. The wardwise density is unequal. The high density (above 100) is found in the ward no. 4, 6, 9. (50-100) density is found in the ward no.5, 10, 14, and 15 which is surrounding of center place.

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Low density of population is found in the outsider wards of Sawantwadi town i.e. 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17 that density is below 50. Table no. III Sawantwadi Town : Population categories & no. of wards. Group Ward no.

Below 1000 12

1000-1200 11,17

1200-1400 3,5,8,9,10,13,15,16

1400-1600 1,2,4,7,14

1600above 6

11.0 DENSITY OF POPULATION: From the table no. IV it is observed that the density of Sawantwadi town is 3073 persons/sq.km. in 1971. The density of population is in the decade 1981 i.e. 3394 persons/sq.km. The area of Sawantwadi town is change in the decade 1991; the density of population is 3142 persons/sq.km. It is increased in the year 2001 by 3377 per/sq.km. Table No, IV Sawantwadi Town Total area (sq.km.) & density of population (1971-2001 ) Year Total Population Area (sq.km.) Density (per.sq.km.)

1971 16873 5.49 3073 1981 18671 5.50 3394 1991 21305 6.78 3142 2001 22901 6.78 3377

12.0 DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF HOUSE HOLDER: From the table no. II it is observed that the maximum 29 H.H/sq.km. H.H. is found in the ward no. 6 i.e. 423 but the density of H.H. is 29 H.H./sq.km. The minimum H.H. are found in the ward no.11 & 12 The density of H.H./sq.km. is 8 & 9 respectively. The minimum density of H.H. is found in the ward no. 2 & 13 i.e. 3 H.H./sq.km.

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

CONCLUSION: The population growth rate is decreased in the decade 1911 & 1921 by -4.36% & - 20.04% respectively. After 1921 the growth rate is continuously increase up to 1961. The highest growth rate is found in the decade 1951 i.e. 24.21%. In the decade 1971 & 1981 again the decadal growth rate of population is decreased by 11.59% & 10.65% receptively. In Sawantwadi town wardwise population distribution is unequal.The density is 3077 per/sq.km. in 1971, 3394 per/sq.km. in 1981. Area of Sawantwadi town is change in the decadal 1991.The density of population is 3142 per/sq.km. It is increased in the year 2001 by 3377 per/sq.km. Maximum H.H. is found in the ward no. 6 i.e. 423 . Minimum density of H.H. is found in the ward no. 2 & 13 i.e. 3 H.H./sq.km.

REFERENCES: 1) Population Geography – Dr. Yadav. 2) Population Geography of India – (A case study of Rajasthan)- Rajendra Prasad 3) India‟s Urbanization 1901-2001- Ashish Bose. 4) The study of Urban Geography – Harold Carter

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL LANDUSE PATTERN IN THANE DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA STATE Dr. Hemant Pedneker, Vice Principal and Head, Dept. Of Geography, Kirti College, Dadar (W)Mumbai Prof. B. B. Rahane, Dept. Of Geography, Sonopant Dandeker College, Palghar, Thane Abstract In this study an attempt has been made to analyse the agricultural landuse pattern at micro level in Thane district. This study is based on secondary data collected from village revenue records. The nature and level of human efforts applied and the quality of physical environment give rise to spatial variation in the agricultural patterns; one has to examine the nature of relationship between them and the physical, socio- economic and technological factors. The Thane district forms a part of the traditional „Konkan Plain‟, lies between 18042‟ and 20020‟ North latitudes and between 72037‟and 73045‟ East longitudes, forms a distinct unit covering 9,558 sq. km area and a population of 8,131,849 persons (2001). It accounts for 3.11 per cent of the total area of the state and 8.39 per cent of the total population of the state. It is second most populous district of the state. The district includes 1727 inhabited villages, 21 uninhabited villages and 37 towns. The district occupies the northern-most position of Konkan, lies adjoining the Arabian Sea in the north-west part of Maharashtra state. It‟s northern limit adjoins the Union territories of Dadra, Nagar Haveli and the state of Gujrat, while the districts Nasik and Ahmadnagar are to its east, Pune to the south-east, Mumbai sub-urban district to the south. This study is concerned with the spatio-temporal analysis of agricultural landuse in a selected district viz. Thane district in the state of Maharashtra. Thus, the study of agricultural patterns and their spatial variation form the core of the study undertaken. It is proposed to consider the spatial variation in the agriculture landuse in Thane district with a view to evaluate the influence of certain physical environmental and economic factors on the distribution pattern. An Endeavour is made here to study the crop combination regions in the study area for the year 2008-2009.The crop data has been computed with the help of Doi‟s method of crop combination. Key words: Spatial, Crop ranking, Crop combination, Crop pattern, Landuse pattern, Crop diversification. Introduction Agricultural practices and typology are best represented by crops in any region. The principal crops tend to concentrate according to their requirement of physical environment.

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Cropping pattern or crop combinations become essential crops combination can be identified by taking recourse to ranking. Ranking leads to determine few dominant crops, but at the same time ignoring other in any given region. These crops which have low ranks. Though there are various methods to determine cropping patterns, in the present study K.Doi‟s method has been used. An attempt has been made to spot light the spatial distribution of various crops, their growth and response to physio-socio-economic conditions prevalent in the region. The cultivation of crops and their growth are closely related to the decision making process on one hand and adaptation of innovation in agriculture. The selection of crops for sowing in the field present composite picture of cultivation of crops in the region. The hectarage under individual crop gives relative strength and realistic picture of cropland use in the analysis of crop ranking of the region. The ranks of crops and their combination provide spatial variation in the distribution patterns. In this respect the study of crop combinations and diversification‟s manifest the present agricultural scenario.

Study Area

The study is based on the use of village as a unit of observation to unerstand the spatial variation in the agricultural landuse. The temporal aspects are studied at the district level to appreciate the overall picture of changes in agricultural patterns. The investigation excludes the Thane city tahsil being predominantly urban area.

Database and Methodology The secondary data includes all published materials; It also includes unpublished records preserved in land revenue department. The tahsil office and revenue records (Talathi) were the prime source of data for area under individual crops for 2008-09 at the village level. Besides this, published records and abstracts such as, socio-economic review of Thane district, crop and season report, Thane District, crop and season report, Thane District Gazetteer were also used.

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

I. Crop Association Regions: Approach and methods of agricultural regionalization have been discussed earlier. This enables one to choose the most appropriate method for the present study of crop associations with respect to the available agriculture data for district. The data available are collected for three different levels of administrative units viz., village, tahsil and district. Data regarding the areal strength of crops for a village have to be collected from different tahsil headquarters. An ideal plan for agriculture regionalization should cover the entire agricultural activity in the study area, but the agriculture region has been reduced here to the level of crop association region. There fore an attempt is made to delimit the crop association regions in the study area in four stages as follows: i) To present areal strength of the crops grown in the region by ranking and interpret the factors responsible for this rank distribution. ii) Identification of crop combination regions applying Doi‟s method. iii) To delineate the patterns of crops combination of the Thane District by applying Doi‟s method and plot it in a regions of crop combination. iv) To identify the crop diversification patterns of the study region by applying Bhatia‟s method of crops diversification and find out the variables responsible for such patterns in the area under study. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the influence of certain physical environmental and cultural factors on the spatial variation in agricultural landuse. In view of this, physical regions representing different rainfall, soil and relief features were defined in earlier chapter. CROP RANKING 1. Arbitrary Choice Method The relative strength of individual crop could be assessed from the actual share of total harvested land that a crop occupies. This is the most elementary method for studying crop associations but it helps one to understand the overall spatial pattern of crop distribution. The crop areas could be arranged into descending order of magnitude and termed first, second, third, fourth, fifth ranks. The rank grouping may be useful in identifying the major crop or crops in the study area. The first six crops have been identified and mapped. The ranking crops and number of village are shown in Table 1. Crops Ranking Frequency (Number of Villages Involved) Sr. No Crops I II III IV V VI 1. Rice 651 777 67 21 01 - 2. Hill millets 116 73 349 57 20 07 3. Pulses 05 38 243 338 33 05 4. Fruits Vegetable - 26 153 76 91 60 5. Oilseeds - 03 44 87 123 59 6. Grass 754 585 - 14 10 06 Source: Compiled by Author‟s Table -1

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 45

First Rank Crops: Among the crops grown in the study area, rice, hill millets, and grass dominate the agricultural landscape. Rice occupies the western most part of the district in a north-south belt. It is the first rank crop in six hundred fifty one villages. Hill millets as a first rank crop appear in one hundred sixteen villages dominating the entire northeastern part of the district. Rice is associated with coastal alluvial soil and some pockets are in the eastern margin of the region. Grass occupies a significant first rank position in seven hundred fifty four villages in the south and southeastern part and some patches in the western coastal belt of the district. Pulses are not as important as first rank crops and appear only in five villages. Oilseeds and fruits and vegetables do not occupy the significant first rank position anywhere in the district (Map -1). Second Ranking Crops: The second ranking crops present relatively large number of crops than those of first ranking. Map.2 reveals six crops ranked second. These six crops are rice, grass, hill millets, pulses, fruits vegetables and oilseeds. Table.1 displays second ranking crops, number of villages in the region. Rice dominates the region and holds the second rank in seven hundred seventy six villages occupying wide-spread in size in the region. This crop is found in southeastern, central and some patches in northern parts of the region. Grass ranks second in 585 villages in the region (Map 2). Rice is spread out in western parts and some patches in eastern tract. There exists a significant association between rice and hill millets (in the eastern part) and hill millets and pulses (in the northeastern part). In most of the villages, wherever rice occupies the first rank, grass is the second rank crop and vice versa. The same is true about rice and hill millets. Cash crops are important as second crop in the coastal irrigation areas and in almost all cases they are associated with irrigated area. On the eastern margins of pulses (thirty eight villages) dominant regions as well as oilseeds (three villages) are important as a second rank crop. The entire map is dominated by rice, grass, hill millets and pulses combinations in the district.

Map.1 Map.2

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

Map.3 Map.4

Crop Rank Frequency 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

200 Number of Number Villages 100 0 I II III IV V VI

Ranks Map.5 Rice Grass Hill millets Pulses Fruits & Vegetable Oilseeds Fig.1 Third Ranking:

It is evident from Map 3 - that third ranking crops are wide spread and patchy form in their areal distribution pattern. These ranking crops are also five in number. These five crops are namely, hill millets, pulses, fruits and vegetables, rice and oilseeds. Among these crops hill millets, pulses, fruits and vegetables are the dominant crop in this rank group. Table 1 displays the distribution of third ranking crops and villages in the region. It is seen from Map3 that hill millets occupies maximum area in 347 villages and holds third rank in the region, its areal extent sprawls over the eastern and part in north-south direction, parallel to hill ranges and two pockets in central and northern part of the study region. Pulses are associated with rice and hill millets in the eastern heavy rainfall regions; with rice and with oilseeds in the southeastern part. The fruits and vegetable rising villages concentrated in the part west and northwest, it is associated with coastal climate comprises in 153 villages. Fruits and Vegetables occupy dominant position in third ranking crops extended over western, northwest and central parts of the region. Oilseeds combine with pulses and hill millets grown in forty four villages in eastern

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and northeastern part of the district.As third rank crops, hill millets, pulses, and cash crops replace rice and grass and dominate the entire district. Pulses and hill millets and pulses and oilseeds are closely associated either as second rank or as third rank crops. Oilseeds are associated with rice and pulses in the eastern heavy rainfall regions; with rice and pulses in the transitional zone; and with hill millets and pulses in the eastern tracts. Cash crops appear in combination with rice and grass in the western zone and with grass and either pulses or oilseeds in the eastern parts. Cash crops are absent in the eastern regions. Pulses appear with rice and hill millets in the central part; with rice and either grass or cash crops in the western zone; and with rice and oilseeds in the central parts. Fourth Ranking Crops: Fourth ranking crops are distributed in many villages. There are five crops namely, pulses, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables and hill millets. Pulses hold largest coverage among fourth ranking crops in the region. It is cultivated in northeast, central and northern part in 329 villages in the area under study. Oilseeds ranking fourth and is confined to 87 villages in the western part and some pocket form in northeast. Most of the fruits and vegetables growing villages in fourth rank are dispersed through out the region. Hill millet growing villages are spread in three pockets in the southeast, central and northwest part of the district. Fifth Ranking Crops: Three crops presents in fifth ranking the crops namely, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables and pulses (Map -5 and Table 1). Oilseed holds largest coverage in one hundred twenty three villages among fifth ranking crops in the district. It is cultivated in northeastern and eastern part. Fruits and vegetables are found in northeast part in fifth ranking covering in ninety one villages. Pulses grown in thirty three villages in the fifth rank. Pulses growing pockets are dispersed in the eastern part of the area under study. Shallow coarse soils and foot hills region has grown pulses and some other patches in the northwest and central part.

CROP COMBINATION: Agricultural practices and typology are best represented by crops in any region. The principal crops tend to concentrate according to their requirement of physical environment. A single crop like rice can dominate a region and also occurs as a monoculture in three villages. Cropping pattern or crop combinations become essential. Crops combination can be identified by taking recourse to ranking. Ranking leads to determine few dominant crops, but at the same time ignoring others in any given region. These crops which have low ranks. Though there are various methods to determine cropping patterns, in the present study K.Doi‟s method has been used. K.Doi’s Method The method is a derivative of Weavers method of crop combination region. By taking recourse to all table which gives critical values for different combinations, it is possible to

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identify crop combinations percentage of different crops to net sown area are calculated and the combinations decided as per the table after due correction. The results according to Doi‟s method are more realistic is in comparison to other methods. They are equally suitable in regions of high specialization, as well as in the region of no marked variations. In the present study Doi‟s method is applied to villages which constitute the study region.Five crop combinations have been identified for district. (Map - 6). Monoculture: These are the regions where only one crop is dominant to the extent to enable us to define then as monoculture areas. Rice appears to be the only important crops in twenty nine villages.

Two crop combination : Rice, hill millets, pulses, grass, fruits and vegetables appear in various combinations with each other. Rice and hill millets are combined to form either pulses or grass combinations. Rice- hill millets combination occurs in the eastern and north east zone. While rice and Fruits and vegetables are associated in the irrigated tracts. Rice and pulses are in the combination eastern and south east part. Rice - grass combination occurs in the western coastal plain in five hundred fifty three villages.

Three Crop Combination: There are three hundred thirty one villages in three crop combination in the region. Five crops enter in this combination are namely, Rice, hill millets and pluses in twenty four villages. Grass, rice, fruits and vegetables occurs in one hundred fourteen villages. Grass, rice, fruits and vegetables combination appears in western part in patchy form of the study area. Map -6 and Table -2 shows the crops in order. Rice, Grass and Vegetables combination is found in twelve villages. Three crop combination of rice grass and pulses observed in hundred villages in central and northwest and southeast part of the region.

Four crop combination: Three hundred twenty four villages have been included into this category of combination in the eastern zone, two- three patches in the northern and central part. Combinations are of rice, hill millets, pulses and oilseeds in fifty four villages in the eastern part of study region. Another high magnitude of combination in this group namely, grass, rice, hill millets and pulses in one hundred forty nine villages lies southeast, central and northwest part of the district.

Five Crop combination: Two hundred eighty six villages in the southeast and in the form of patches in the central zone have been classified as five crop combination regions. All the crops appear in the combination e.g. rice, grass, hill millets, pulses, fruits and vegetables in forty one villages. The combination of hill millets, pulses, oilseeds, rice and grass observed at southeast part and some

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patches along the eastern margin of the district. The crop combination regions reveal the importance of various crops in combination. The spatial variation in the number of crops in combination reflects their association with the physico-economic attributes. Monoculture is practiced in the western coastal plain with rice. The transitional zone of eastern margin exhibits a number of combinations. Here the agricultural landscape is not dominated by a single crop, instead, a variety of crops are grown. On the western side of the mountainous region, monoculture in the west and east is replaced by two crop combination. The generalized pattern of crop combination as one goes from west to east would be monocultures – two crop combination – three, four, five crop combinations Monoculture in the west and central part indicates the dependence on one crop. In the transitional zone a farmer has relatively more choice of crops. Crop Combination in Thane District Combination Crops in Combination Number of Percentage Total Types Village Area involved Monoculture Rice 29 1.78 Two Crop- Grass/Rice/ Hill 571 34.99 combination millets/Pulses/fruits and vegetables Three Crop- Rice/Grass /Fruits/ Pulses/hill 331 20.28 combination millets/ Four Crop- Rice/Grass/fruits and Vegetable/ 324 19.85 combination Pulses/hill millets/ Five Crop- Rice/Grass/ Fruits and Vegetable 286 17.52 combination / /Pulses/hill millets/Oilseeds Source : Compiled by Author‟s Table -2

Map 6 Map 7

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CROP DIVERSIFICATION: The Crop – diversification technique is applied to compute crop – diversification pattern of the region. Its meaning is of raise variety of crops on arable land. It reflects the impact of physio –socio- variables. Moreover, it shows the contemporary competition among crops for an area, scope for rotation, the effect on double cropping, (Hussain, 1979). The greater number of crops led to greater competition, the higher is the magnitude of diversification. Crop Diversification Technique: In order to identify spatial pattern of crop diversification in present study. Bhatias method has been adopted in modified form. The crop having five or less than five percentage have been excluded from computation. This modification formula expresses as. Percent of Net Sown Area Index of Crop Diversification = ______Number of `n` Crops Where „n‟ crops are those which individually occupy five or more than five percent of crop to net sown area in the village. CROP DIVERSIFICATION APPLICATION AND RESULTS: The obtained results nave been displayed in Table-3 and Map-7shows crops in number villages and area in crop diversification in the Thane district. Map-7 shows the area distribution pattern of crop diversification in the region Maximum crop diversification appears in eastern part and lowest at southern and northern parts in the region. It is seen from the above Exhibit that four crop-diversification region have been identified as: 1) Area of high crop diversification 2) Area of Moderate diversification 3) Area of low diversification and 4) Area of very low diversification The four categories of crop diversification its class magnitude village and area as shown in Table 3. It is observed from this table that the largest area appears in the moderate crop diversification class covering 35 percent area in the region. Crop Diversification Sr. Class of Magnitude of Crop No of Area Percent No. Crop Diversification Village Involved of Diversificati (Ha.) Area on 1 0-10 High 416 239096 25.49 2 10-20 Moderate 586 336835 35.91 3 20-30 Low 311 178782 19.06 4 Above 30 Very Low 270 154582 16.48 Source: Compiled by Author‟s Table -3 The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

AREA OF HIGH DIVERSIFICATION: It is visible from Map-7 that the area of high diversification appears in eastern part and some pockets in central part stretching south to north and northwest villages. The largest numbers of crops are found in high degree of diversification. There are six major crops, namely rice, grass, hill millets, fruits and vegetable, pulses and oilseeds enter in this diversification. High crop diversification observed in 416 villages covering 239096 hectares (25.49 per cent to total area) in the region. The eastern margin of the region is end to the hill range and foot hill villages have uncertain and lack of irrigation facilities, shallow soil of upland dose not give high yield per hectare. AREA OF MODERATE DIVERSIFICATION: The area of moderate diversification covers 336835 hectares (35.91 per cent to total area) in the area under study. The area of crop diversification appears along the eastern margin and in some pocket forms at northern, central and southern parts in the region. The major pockets are found along the coastal alluvial tracts (Map.7) where moderate diversification is observed, some patches are found in the southeast part. The crops in moderate diversification are rice, grass, hill millets, fruits and vegetables, pulses and oilseeds. These crops are raise on fertile coastal alluvial to shallow coarse soils in the region. The coastal tracts given high yield per hectare. Five hundred eighty six villages appeared in the moderate diversification, southern part in the region identifies a small patches of moderate crop diversification on coastal alluvial tract, where rainfall ranging between 1500 mm to 2000mms. AREA OF LOW CROP DIVERSIFICATION: The area of low crop diversification covers 178782 hectares (19.06 per cent to total area) in the area under study (Map-7 and Table-3). Low crop diversification region appears disintegrated in patches in the south, central and north part of the region. The largest patch of this category is observed western coastal region. Three hundred eleven villages appeared in this category of crop diversification. Rice Grass, Pulses, Fruits and Vegetables enter in this diversification. It appears western margins of the area under study.

AREA OF VERY LOW CROP DIVERSIFICATION: This category covers 154582 hectare (16.48 percent to total area) under very low crop diversification in the region. The area of crop diversification appears in some patches in the north, south, central and some dispersed patches in the western coastal plain of Thane district. Two hundred seventy villages appeared in this category of crop diversification in the area under study (Map -7 and Table -3) Rice and Grass are the major crops grown in alluvial soil to shallow coarse soils in the region. RESUME: To attempt an exposition of agriculture land use pattern in the region the village has been taken unit for study to throw light on crop combination and diversification. The area strength of individual crop has been discussed by ranking. This falls into five descending order. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 52

Grass stands as first in ranking while rice in second ranking crops. Rice ranking in the first in six hundred fifty one villages, consequently occupying the predominant position within the region. Grass has been observed in first ranking in seven hundred fifty four villages. Other crops such as hill millets, pulses, fruits and vegetables have been ranking below rice and grass in the descending order. The application of Doi‟s method shows the realistic picture of crop combination in the region. It has been observed that two and three crop combination cover the largest areal extent in combination. Out of seven crops in total six crops namely, rice, hill millets, grass, fruits and vegetable and pulses enter in the three crop combination in 571 villages on (34.99 per cent to total area in the region). followed by this two crop combination three crop combination enter in three hundred thirty one villages on 20.28 per cent to total area in the region) Other crop combination are also significance in the region. The crops of four and five are covering the area of 19.85 and 17.52 percent to total area. Crops namely rice, grass, hill millets, pulses, fruits and vegetables are in combination. In order to understand the competition among crops in the region the crop diversification has been computed by applying Bhatia‟s formula. According to Bhatia‟s method four crop diversification categories have been revealed in the region. The result of crop diversification establishes relationship with physio–socio-economic conditions. The largest area covers with moderate crop diversification in 586 villages on 35.91 per cent followed by high crop diversification in four hundred sixteen villages on 239096 hectares (25.49 per cent) The high diversification is observed on eastern side and some patches spread west wards. The moderate crop diversification is found on extensive pockets in the study region, where crops namely rice, grass, vegetables, fruits, pulses and hill millets are grown in this diversification. Whereas the low diversification crops observed in three hundred eleven villages on 178782 hectares (19.06 percent) very low crop diversification covers 154582 hectares (16.48 per cent) observed in two hundred seventy villages. References: Athawale, A. G., 1966 “Some New Methods‟ of crop-combination, “Geographical Review of India, Calcutta. Banerjee, B. 1969, “Essays on Agricultural Geography”, Nabshakti press (Ed.) Calcutta. Bhatia, S.S., 1965, “Pattern of Crop-Concentration and diversification in India.”Economic Geography, Worcester. Bhatia, C.R., 1981, “Changing landuse and cropping pattern in Bihar,” Perspective in Agricultural Geography, Concept publication, New Delhi. Doi, K. 1957, “The Industrial Structure of Japanese,” Prefectures, proceedings of the IGU, Regional conference in Jannan‟ Dikshit, K.R. 1973, “Agricultural Regions of Maharashtra,” Geographical Review of India, Calcutta, 35/4. Government of Maharashtra, 2001, Thane District Census Data, Census Operation office Mumbai. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 53

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTION IN SINDHUDURG DISTRICT (M.S.)

Prof. P.C.Waghmare Associate Professor & Head Kankavli College, Kankavli Dr. D. S. Narkhede Assistant Professor & Head C.K.T. College New Panvel Mumbai Dr. N. R. Dash. Professor, Dept. of Geography, M.S. University Badodara, Gujrat.  INDRODUCTION

Sindhudurg District has been declared as a 'Turisum District' on 30th April 1997. The natural resources, coastal lines, waterfalls, hot springs, temples, historical forts, caves, wild-life, hill ranges, scenery and amenable climate are very important resources of tourist attraction. Sindhudurg has a number of spots of scenic beauty and a healthy clean environment along its coastline is dotted with beautiful virgin beaches and the sea. It's coast is also rich with a variety of marine species. The various facilities available to the domestic and foreign tourists in Sindhudurg district. These include natural resources, transportation, infrastructure, hospitality resources and major tourist attractions alongwith ropeway and boating etc.Natural resources includes climate, Natural beauty, wild life, hills, lakes, ponds, rivers, waterfalls and hot springs in Sindhudurg district . In infrastructural facilities like water supply system, accommodation, electricity and power supply system, communication system etc are the basic requirements of Sindhudurg to achieve the goal of tourism. Transportation includes surface transport, Railways and aviation services etc. The various facilities available to the domestic and foreign tourists in Sindhudurg district. These include natural resources, transportation, infrastructure, hospitality resources and major tourist attractions along with ropeways, boating etc.  STUDY REGION : Southern part of Konkan which spreads to borderline of Goa state is called 'Sindhudurg district'. The district has at east Kolhapur district, at South Belgaum and Goa state at north Ratnagiri district and at west Arabian Sea. It is the smallest district in Maharashtra sate. Its area is 5207 sq.kms. It is just 1.69 % of Maharashtra's area. The Geographical ocation of Sindhudurg district is 15 0 36' to 16 0 40' North Latitudes as 730 19 to 740 18' East longitudes. The freshy eye pleasing sea share, high mountains, hills, rare flat lands and Sahysndri mountain ranges. Sindhudurg district is made up of green forest, heart catching varied fruit and flowers. This is the region of coconut, Jackfruit and all of world famous Alphanso Mango. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

Development of Sindhudurg district through tourism is the main object of Maharashtra Government. Government of Maharashtra declared that, Sindhudurg district is a 'Tourism District' in Maharashtra in the year 1997. Today every country in the world is looking to tourism as an important factor in the growth of national prosperity. The territory is almost hilly area with altitudes ranging between 50-60 meters above the mean sea level (MSL). As per 2001 census it has 743 inhabited villages and 5 towns. The name of the district has been adopted from the famous ocean fort named Sindhudurg.

 OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of the study were as follows:- 1) To study the profile of Sindhudurg district. 2) To highlight places in study region. 3) To review the progress of tourism related works in the study region.  HYPOTHESIS: Tourism can generate employment opportunities especially in the interior and coastal areas of the district.  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The present study is based on the primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected from to visits the carious tourist centers taken photographs, interviews and sample tourists. Secondary resources were made for tracing the history of tourism development in Sindhudurg district. Secondary data was collected from reference books review, periodicals, booklets, news papers, magazines, research report, internet, thesis etc.

 TOURIST ATRACTIONS IN THE DISTRICT:

Tahasilwise Some important tourist centers in the Sindhudurg district are explained as follows:- (1) VAIBHAVWADI TALUKA: (a) Napane Waterfall:-

This waterfall is 13 kms away from Talere an 11 kms from Vaibhavwadi. This place is recognized as Novel tourist spot, birds resting zones. Napane (Sharpe) waterfall, a place of natural showers. There proving tourist facilities like a water park, boating, water sports and Children Park etc. (b) Dajipur Wild Life:- Dajipur wild life sanctuary is an ideal place for film and adventure shooting. It is situated at the altitude of 1200 meters having cool, calm and pleasant climate throughout the year. Jungle is very thick and it sprawling about 376 sq.kms. There are so many spectacular birds. The natural beauty, greenery, scenery and serene views around the huge ranges of the Sahyadri. (2) DEVGAD TALUKA: (a)Kunkeshwar Temple: This temple is 19 km away from Deogad. The nature has bestowed beauty to placing this temple on the bank of Arabian Sea. Main annual event of this temple is Mahashivratri festival, where people gather in thousands to worship lord Shiva. This temple is built around A. D. 1100 by the yadava rulers. Kunkeshwar in Devgad taluka is an important Pilgrim Center in Konkan region and is famous for its fine and silver sand beach. (3) KANKAVLI TALUKA: (a) Bhalchandra Maharaj Math:- The people of Kankavli town adore this scrint as a supreme being. Whose memorial lies inside the math. Datta, Hanuman, Kashivishweshwar temples are also pilgrim places around this math. (b) Gopuri Ashram:- This Ashram 2 km away from Kankavli. Konkan Gandhi's Gopuri Ashram is situated at Wagade. This Ashram established in 1948 situated on Mumbai-Kankavli-Goa highway on the bank of Gad River. this place is also prominent for the Ashram of Appasaheb Patwardhan, a spiritual leader who influenced on entire generation of Konkan.

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(4) KUDAL TALUKA: Gopuri Ashram

(a) Rawool Maharaj Math : This math is 3.5 km away from Kudal town. Rawool maharaj was a potent saint of Kankon who sacrified himself for the welfare of the society. Later he self immolated himself at Pinguli, where math stands in him name.

(5) MALVAN TALUKA:

(a)Sindhudurg Fort (Ocean Fort ):

This fort is said to be a pride of Maratha glory. The Sindhudurg Fort, also Known as the ocean fort.On a rocky island just off the Malvan coast lies Sindhudurg. The ocean Fort, constructed by Chhatrapati Shivaji in 1664 AD impressions of Shivaji's plam and foot print preserved on dry lime stone. (6) VENGURLA TALUKA: (a) Nivati Beach : Just 25 km away from Vengurla. On this beach fishermen's seen launching their traditional boats and nets daily into the sea is an interesting feature to watch on this beach. First five star cottage in Sindhudurg district.

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(7) SAWANTWADI TALUKA: (a) The Palace of Maharaja :

The Oldest ruling family in Konkan are the Sawant Bhosale's of Sawantwadi. The Kingdom was established in the 1627 by Khem Sawant-I. In 1692 Khem Sawant-II established Sawantwadi. This town is well known for its wooden crafts, wooden toys, bamboo crafts, pottery art and tradition arts of painting. (8) DODAMARG TALUKA: (a) Boating Sport: At present Sindhudurg Soldier School and Colonels academy for adventure and aero-sports, sport camps, camps of tracking, rock- climbing, Rappelling, Navigation and Valley crossing.

 SUMMERY To the stay of tourist for several days. Which requires natural resources, infrastructural and transportation facilities, accommodation, fort, recreation, sight seeing, shopping and variety of facilities and services for use and enjoyments. The success of tourism depends on all these facilities.Talukawise various tourist attractions in the district consisting of temples, forts, ports, festivals, fairs, art and handicraft, waterfall, caves, creeks, beaches, lakes, hill-stations etc. Week-long dream journey of Deccan odyssey and royal facilities provided to tourist. The tourism activity generates employment opportunities in various part of study region..

 REFERENCES: 1. Sindhudurg : M.T.D.C. Mumbai 2. Maharashtra locations and facilities: M.T.D.C. Mumbai 3. Development potential of Sindhudurg District 4. Forts of Maharashtra : M.T.D.C. Mumbai 5. Sawantwadi : Sawantwadi Municipal Council and M.T.D.C. Mumbai 6. P.L. Ghanekar: Kankavli Paryatan 7. Dataji Kulkarni: Maharashtratil Dharmic Sthane 8. Dr. S.D. Shinde : Paryatan Bhugol The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 58

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

SPATIAL PATTERN OF LITERACY RATE IN SATARA DISTRICT: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS Dr. Arjun H. Nanaware, P.G. Dept of Geography and Research Center, Shri shivaji Mahavidyalaya, Barshi. Dist. – Solapur. Mahrashtra. Shri. Magar T. R. Dept of Geography, Uma college, Pandharpur, Dist. – Solapur. Abstract: According to Census of India (2001), „a person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language has taken as literate.‟ The literacy rates in any area were determined largely by a variety of historical, social and economic factors. Literacy brings about fundamental changes in socio-economic development. Disparity in literacy generates number of social, economic and political problems, which may threaten the foundation of development. The main objective of the present study is to analyze the pattern of literacy and changes in Satara district. The paper is based on secondary data sources. To analyze literacy pattern the tahsils of Satara district are grouped into three categories i.e. high, moderate and low literacy on the basis of mean and standard deviation. The study reveals that very high literacy rate is recorded in the tahsils of Mahabaleshwar and Satara. The Man and Patan are identified as tahsils of very low literacy rate. The high increase in literacy per centage is found in the tahsils of Patan and Javali Introduction: Prior to the advent of skills of reading and writing, society could be classified as being in the pre-literate cultural stage. The change from pre-literate to literate society is said to have begun somewhere during the fourth millennium B. C. though a gradual transition from pictography to the use of an alphabet (Golden Hilda). The concept of literacy that varies from country to country, generally refers to the minimum level of literacy skills. Trewartha, considers the basis of length of schooling not a valid measurement of educational accomplishments. The Population Commission of United Nations considers, „the ability to both read and write a simple message with understanding in any language a sufficient basis for classifying a person as literate.‟ According to Census of India (2001), „a person aged 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language has taken as literate.‟ The literacy rates in any area were determined largely by a variety of historical, social and economic factors. According to Ghosh, literacy is influenced by as many as 15 different factors. He determine that there is very high correlation between parental income and literacy rate. Literacy brings about fundamental changes in socio-economic development. Disparity in

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literacy generates number of social, economic and political problems which may threaten the foundation of development. Education is undoubtedly an area, which has to receive undivided attention from the Government. Therefore, it is imperative to identity regions (here Tahsils) which are lagging behind in literacy. Literacy is essential for eradicating poverty and mental isolation for cultivating peaceful and friendly international relations and for promoting the free play of demographic processes (Chandna). Illiteracy, on the other hand, takes away man from his dignity, perpetuates ignorance, poverty and mental isolation, deters peaceful and friendly international relations and free demographic process and hampers social advancement, economic growth and political maturity. Above all, literacy influences other such attributes of population as marriage, fertility, mortality, mobility, occupation, etc. A certain level of literacy is, therefore, a basic requirement for people to get out of ignorance and backwardness (Gosal and Chandna). In Population Geography Literacy is considered as a fairly reliable index of socio- cultural and economic advancement (Chandna and Sidhu). Thus, literacy is essential for economic development, social advancement and demographic growth of a country, therefore attempt is made here to analyze rural literacy pattern in Satara District.

Objectives: The main objectives of the present study are: 1) To analyze the pattern of literacy and changes there in Satara district. 2) To identify the Tahsils which have very low literacy rate, that need attention for promotion of various education Programs. Data Collection and Methodology: The paper is based on secondary data sources. To fulfill this objectives data regarding literacy of Satara district is obtained from census of Satara district (1981 and 2001). The data regarding climate and physiography is collected from Gazetteer of Satara district The collected data are processed, to analyze literacy pattern in Satara district. The tahsils of Satara district are grouped into four categories i.e. very high, high, moderate and low literacy rate on the basis of mean and standard deviation. To analyze change in literacy the same technique is applied on the basis of these statistical techniques. Study Area: The Satara district is situated in western part of Maharashtra. Satara district lies between 170 5‟ North and 180 11‟ North latitudes and 730 33‟East and 740 54‟ East longitudes. The total geographical area of Satara district is 10,484 square kilometer, which constitute 3.41 per cent of the Maharashtra state. Satara city is a district headquarter and other major towns are Wai, Karad, Koregaon, Koynanagar, Rahimatpur, Phaltan, Mahabaleshwar, Maswad and Panchgani. (Fig.1). District is characterized by sharp differences in terrain, pattern of settlement and social identity. The physiography of District is typical, altitude is ranging from 600 meters in Nira basin in East to above 1200 meters in the pinnacles and high plateau of the main Sahyadrians in west above

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mean sea level. The district have Monsoonal type of climate. The annual average rainfall ranges from over 6000 mm in the Western part to 500 mm in Eastern part. As per census 2001, the urban and rural population of District is 3, 98000 and 24, 11000 respectively spread in 15 urban centers and 1739 are villages. The literacy rate was 47.88 and 78.08 per cent in the year of 1981 and 2001 respectively.

Fig.1

Spatial Pattern of Literacy in 2001: The table indicates that district as a whole has 47.88 and 78.08 per cent literacy rate during 1981 and 2001respectively. Which is more than Maharashtra state (47.18 and77.23 per cent in1981 and in 2001respectively) and India(36.23 and 65.38 per cent in1981and 2001 respectively). But tahsil level literacy rate is various from tahsil to tahsil. During 1981 the taluka level literacy rate ranging from 36.o6 to 55.99 per cent, while during 2001 it was ranging from 68.8 to 84.6 per cent. Considering Standard deviation of both years, the tahsil level gap is narrowing down largely due to opening of large number of schools in the countryside and also due to the increasing degree of socio-economic awakening among the rural masses. Attempts to diversity in the economy of rural areas with a view to absorbing surplus farm labours in the countryside itself have also stimulated rural males to seek education more willingly (Chandna). Owing to above discussions tahsil wise literacy rates have been computed into 4 categories.

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For showing tahsil wise variation in literacy in study area theTable and Figure 2 has been prepared. Some of the striking features of this table and map are as below: During 2001 the tahsil wise literacy is rainging between mean minus 3 standard deviation and mean plus 2standard deviation. All eleven tahsils of district are divided into 4 categories as very high literacy (>Mean+1 standard deviation), high literacy (above mean up to Mean+1 standard deviation), Modurate literacy ( >mean-1 standard deviation up to mean), low literacy (below mean-1 standard deviation).

Tahsils with very high Literacy Rate: The tahsils which have literacy above mean plus one standard deviation are included in this category. The figure-2 exhibits that very high literacy rate was recorded in the tahsils of Mahabaleshwar and Satara during 200. Because Satara district lies in Krushna river basin, Satara is district headquarter, where urbanization and number of educational institutes are high and as compare to other tahsil development of secondry and tertiory activities are also high which lead to higher parental income, while Mahabaleshwar is famous tourist center in Maharashtra having highest density of primary schools.

Table.No.1 Satara District: Literacy Rate in Satara District. ( 1981 and 2001)

Changes of Literacy Between 1981 2001 Sr.No Tahsils 1981 and 2001 in Per centage 1 Mahabaleshwar 55.75 84.6 28.85 2 Wai 52.47 79.9 27.43 3 Khandala 49.89 79.9 30.01 4 Phaltan 46.13 75.8 29.67 5 Man 36.04 68.8 32.76 6 Khatav 46.66 77.1 30.44 7 Koregaon 53.86 81.3 27.44 8 Satara 55.99 84.5 28.51 9 Jaoli 40.72 75.7 34.98 10 Patan 37.34 72.3 34.96 11 Karad 51.79 79 27.21 12 Satara Distinct 47.88 78.08 30.21 Source: Census of India 1981 and 2001, Complied By Researcher.

Tahsils with high Literacy Rate: The tahsils which have literacy rate between above mean and mean +1 standard i.e. 78.08 to 82.91 are included in this category. The figure-2 indicates that during 2001 high literacy rate was recorded in the tahsils of Wai, Khandala, Koregaon and Karad.

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Fig.2 Because Wai, Karad, Khandala lies in krushna, Koyana, and Nira basin respectively, where agricultural practices are developed, further more Wai and Khandala are tourist centers, which leads to high standard of living, good development of educational facilities, high degree of development means of transportation and communication. Tahsils with moderate Literacy Rate: The tahsils which have literacy rate between mean minus one standard deviation and upto mean i.e. 73.25 to 78.o8 are included in this category. The table indicates that during 2001, moderate literacy rate was recorded in the tahsils of Phaltan, Khatav, Javali.

Tasils with low Literacy Rate: The tahsils which have literacy rate below mean minus one standard deviation i.e. <73.25 are included in this category. The figure-2 exhibits that during 2001, the low literacy rate was found in the tahsils of Man and Patan. Man tahsil have low rainfall and comes under drought prone area, lower development of irrigation facility, it‟s economy depending on ranching nomadic which leads toward low standard of living and low parantail income. Patan tahsil have hilly region and low degree of development means transportation and communication,

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 63

less development of education facilities and social backwardness etc. Growth of Literacy between 1981 and 2001: The district as a whole has 30.21 per cent increase in literacy rate during the period of 1981 and 2001. But tahsil level increase in literacy rate is various from tahsil to tahsil raging from 27.21 to 34.98. All eleven tahsils of district are divided into 4 categories as very high growth in literacy rate (>Mean+1 standard deviation), high literacy ( above mean to Mean+1 standard deviation), Modurate literacy ( mean-1 standard deviation upto mean), low literacy (below mean-1 standard deviation).

Tahsils with very high growth in Literacy rate: The tahsils which have increase in literacy above mean plus one standard deviation i.e. >33.21 per cent are included in this category. The table indicates that during 1981 to 2001, very high increase in literacy rate was recorded in the tahsils of Patan and Javali. In 1981, the per centage of literate people was very low in these tahsils after that it is increased rapidly due to opening of new school in remote areas, awareness about education and positive Government policies and also small size families.

Tahsils with high growth in Literacy rate: The tahsils which have increase in literacy in between above mean and mean plus one standard deviation i.e. >30.21 up to 33.21per cent are included in this category. The table indicates that during the period of investigation high increase in literacy rate was recorded in the tahsils of Man and Khatav due to increase in density of primary schools, increase in irrigated area, and positive Government policies.

Tahsils with moderate growth in literacy rate: The tahsils which have increase in literacy in between above mean minus one standard deviation and up to mean i.e. >27.36 up to 30.21per cent are included in this category. The table-1 exhibits that during 1981-2001 the moderate growth in literacy rate was recorded in the tahsils of Khandala, Phaltan, Koregaon, Wai Mahabaleshwar, and Satara.

Tahsils with low growth in Literacy rate: The tahsils which have increase in literacy below mean minus one standard deviation i.e. <27.36 per cent are included in this category. The table-1 exhibits that the low literacy rate was found only in the Karad tahsil during 1981-2001, because of Karad thasil have high literacy rate during the base year.

Conclusion: The study reveals that The district as a whole has 78.08 per cent literacy rate during 2001, Which is little more than Maharashtra state. Very high literacy rate in the tahsils of

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

Mahabaleshwar and Satara is mainly due to its location, high urbanization and higher parental income, highest density of primary schools. The Man and Patan are identified as tahsils of very low literacy rate mainly due to adverse climate and physiography that need attention for promotion of various education Programs. Considering Standard deviation of both years tahsil level gap is narrowing down largely due to opening up of large number of schools in the countryside and also due to the increasing degree of socio-economic awakening among the rural masses. The high increase in literacy per centage in Patan and Javali tahsil indicates that increase of people‟s awareness about education and mainly due to Government policy regarding primary education and increase in small size family.

References: 1. Agarwal S.N. (1973): India‟s Population Problem. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing New Delhi. 2. Bhende A.A. and Kanitkar T. (2010): Principles of Population Studies. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai, pp. 579. 3. Census of India (2001): Final Population Totals, Series, 1: India Registrar General and Census Commissioner; India. 4. Chandana R. C (2007) Kalyani Publishares, New Delhi. 5. Gill Mehar Sing (1992): Literacy in Punjab. The Geographer, Vol. XXXIX No.1, pp. 41- 53. 6. Golden Hilda H. (1981): Literacy and Social Changes in under Developed Countries, Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, New York. 7. Gosal G.S. (1979): Spatial Perspective of Literacy in India. Population Geography, Vol. 1, pp. 41. 8. http:// www. censusindia.gov.in 9. Pant B.R. (2007): Literacy Pattern among the Scheduled Tribe Population of India, Geographical Review of India, Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 170-177. Samanta Gopa (2003): Gender Disparity in Literacy in West Bengal, The Deccan

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

FACTORS INFLUENCE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SETTLEMENT IN SINDHUDURG DISTRICT (MAHARASHTRA) Prof. R. N. Katkar , Assit. Prof. & Head, Dept. Of Geography, S.K.Patil College Malvan Dist: Sindhudurg Prof. S. M. Buva, Assit. Professor, Dept. Of Geography, S. P.K. College Sawantwadi Dist:Sindhudurg Prof. R. B. Deore HOD Dept. of Geography, J.S.M. College, Alibag Dist Raigad. 1.0 INTRODUCTION:- The distribution of population on the surface of the earth is uneven, mostly physical economic social factors are affected the uneven distribution of population similarly distribution of population in Sindhudurg District is unevenly because different factors are affected the distribution of population. This study is most important to Geographer as well as Government for the purpose of different types of planning. 2.0 THE STUDY REGION :- The study region which lies between 150 37‟ North to 160 40‟North latitude and 730 19‟ East to 740 13‟ East longitude it covers area about 5207 sq.km. The Sindhudurg district lies in the south part of the Maharashtra state along the sea coast which extends north-south direction about 121km. (Fig.1) There are 8 main Talukas in the study area like Dodamarg, Sawantwadi, Kudal, Vengurla, Malvan, Kankavli, Devgad, Vaibhavwadi. The location of 08 Talukas are different from each other for example:Vengurla, Malvan, Devgad are located coastal area &Dodamarg, Sawantwadi, Kankavli, Vaibhavwadi located the east of Sahyadri Ranges the height of the regions is various from sea level up to 1300m. 3.0 DATA COLLECTION :- The entire work is based on the secondary data, the data and information is taken from the following sources: 1) The District Gazetteer of Sindhudurg District. 2) The District Census Handbook of SindhudurgDistrict ,2001. 3) Besides this the information regarding the work were taken from various records & journals. 4.0 METHODOLOGY:- The maps & the diagrams will be prepared from various data and their interpretation support to the present study. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

5.0 OBJECTIVES :- 5.1 THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY ARE: 1) To study the relationship between settlement distribution & physiography. 2) To study the relationship between the Drainage density & settlements. 3) To study the relationship between Rainfall Distribution & settlements. 6.0 FACTOR INFLUENCES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SETTLEMENT IN SINDHUDURG DISTRICT:- 6.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY: The physiography of the study region has been divided into following three categories. 1) The Sahyadrian Hill Region (Height above 300m.) 2) The Middle Belt of the Hill Region or Valati (Height 100m. to 300m.) 3) Coastal Belt region or Khalati (Height Below 100m.) 1) THE SAHYADRIAN HILL REGION (HEIGHT ABOVE 300M.) The eastern part of the study region which is covered by Sahyadrian Hill Ranges. The height of this region is above 300m. from the sea level, covers an area about 13.08% of the total and accounts for 102 settlements. This is the part of Sahyadrian hill ranges covered by dense forest. So, the land under cultivation is very low. Therefore, the density of population is also very low in this region.(Table No. I & Fig. No. 2) 2) THE MIDDLE BELT OF THE HILL REGION OR VALATI (HEIGHT 100 TO 300M.) The foot hill region of the Sahyadri and scattered hill ranges in the central part of the study region which covers an area about 37.00% of the total having height 100m to 300m. above sea level. In this region land under agriculture is found more, transportation network have developed there for the number of settlements are found more i.e. 163. 3) COASTAL BELT REGION OR KHALATI(HEIGHT BELOW 100M) The western part of the study region and some part of the various river basins covered by coastal belt. The height of this region is below 100m. from sea level. Covers an area about 49.81% of the total and account for 478 settlement. In this area the land under cultivation is found more, fertile soil, irrigation facilities and development of road network gives rise to more economic development as

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

compared to other study region, hence there are more number of settlements.It is observed that the physiography and the distribution of settlements in the study region have a positive co-relationship because, the hilly region covers less area and less number of settlements. The region which is extended along the coastal line covers more area and more number of settlements. Table No. II gives clear idea about physiography and distribution of settlement in the study region. TABLE NO.I SINDHUDURG DISTRICT HEIGHT FROM SEA LEVEL, AREA COVERED, NO. OF SETTLEMENT AND THEIR PERCENTAGE Height in Area covered % to No. of % to Sr. No. Mtrs. in sq.km. Total Settlement Total 01 Below 100 2593.75 49.81 478 64.33 02 100-300 1932.37 37.11 163 21.94 03 Above – 300 680.88 13.08 102 13.73 Total Sindhudurg 52.7 100 743 100

6.2 DRAINAGE DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF SETTLEMENT: Human settlements are always attracted by rivers and streams in any region where more number of rural settlements are found in this areas the drainage density is also found high. To study the distribution of settlement in relation to drainage density for the study region, the study region has been divided into five categories of drainage density (Table No. II & Fig. No.3) TABLE NO. IISINDHUDURG DISTRICT THE DRAINAGE DENSITY, AREA COVERED AND NO. OF SETTLEMENT AND THEIR PERCENTAGE Drainage Density per Area Covered in No. of Sr. No. % to Total % to Total 100sq.km. Sq.Km. Settlement 01 Below 25km 41.00 00.79 14 1.88 02 25 to 50km 175.00 03.36 30 4.05 03 50 to 75km 2186.00 41.98 32.3 43.47 04 75 to 100 2599.50 49.92 349 46.97 05 Above 100km 205.50 03.95 027 3.63 Total Sindhudurg District 5207 100 743 100 The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

It is observed that very few coastal part of Devgad and Malvan has found drainage density below 25km per100sq.km. covers an area about 0.79% of the total and accounts for 1.88% of the total settlement. The Western coastal part of Devgad, Malvan and Vengurlataluka and few southern part of Sawantwaditaluka have drainage density between 25km. to 50km per100sq.km. covers an area about 3.36% of the total which accounts for 4.05% of the total settlement in the study region. The South Central part and North Western part of the study region where the drainage density is found between 50 to 75km per 100sq.km. covers an area about 41.98% of the total and accounts for 43.47% of the total settlement. The drainage density between 75 to 100 km per100sq.km.observed in Central and Eastern part of the study region which covers an area about 49.92% of the total and accounts for 46.97% of the total settlements. A very few part of the South Eastern part of the study region where the drainage density is found above 100 km. per 100 sq. km. covers an area about 3.95% of the total and accounts for 3.63% of the total settlements. It is also observed that where the drainage density is found between 50 to 100km. per 100 sq.km covers an area about 91.9% of the total and account for 90.44% of the total settlements. Table No. II and Fig. No.3 gives clear idea about drainage density and distribution of settlements in the study region. 6.3 DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL AND SETTLEMENTS :- In the study region the rainfall increases from West to East. On the Eastern side it is above 4500mm while, on the Western sides it is less than 2000 mm. A very different type of relationship between rainfall distribution and settlements have been observed. The rainfall of the study region has been grouped into seven categories and the isopleth map has been drawn for showing comparative picture of distribution of rain fall and settlements(Table No. III and Fig. No.4) TABLE NO. IIISINDHUDURG DISTRICT RAINFALL DISTRIBUTIO CATEGORIES, AREA COVERED, AND NO. OF SETTLEMENT AND THEIR PERCENTAGE Sr. Category of Area Covered % to No. of % to No. Rainfall (mm) in Sq.Km. Total Settlement Total 01 Below 2000 209 4.01 38 5.11 02 2000 to 2500 326 6.26 57 7.67 03 2500 to 3000 401 7.70 91 12.25 04 3000 to 3500 2028 38.95 279 37.55 05 3500 to 4000 1223 23.49 158 21.27 06 4000 to 4500 569 10.94 59 7.94 07 Above 4500 451 8.65 61 8.21 Sindhudurg Total 5207 100 743 100 District The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

It is observed that in the Western part of the study region where the rain fall is found less than 3000mm covers an area about 17.97% of the total and accounts for 25.03% of the total settlement.This area is extend along the coastal line in the North- South direction where more number of settlements are found. The Central part and North- Eastern part of the study region where the rainfall is found between 3000 to 4000mm covers an area about 62.44% of the total and accounts for 58.82% of the total settlement of the study region. The East Central part and South-East part of the study region where the rainfall is observed above 4000mm covers an area about 19.59% of the total and accounts for 16.15% of the total settlement. It is observed that where the rainfall is found high the number of settlements are found less while the rainfall which is observed below 3000mm covers less area and more number of settlements in the study region (Table No. III and Fig. No.4) CONCLUSION :- There are various factors which affects on the distribution of settlement natural, socio-economic factors, physiography, drainage, rainfall, agriculture, irrigation, transportation and communication are the important factors. The physiography and the distribution of settlements in the study region have a positive co-relationship. Human settlements are always attracted by rivers and streams in any region where more number of rural settlements are found in this areas the drainage density is also found high. It is also observed that where the drainage density is found between 50 to 100km. per 100 sq.km covers an area about 91.9% of the total and account for 90.44% of the total settlements. In the study region the rainfall increases from West to East. It is observed that where the rainfall is found high the number of settlements are found less while the rainfall which is observed below 3000mm covers less area and more number of settlements in the study region. REFERENCES

1) Dixit R.S. (1988), Spatial Organisation of Market Centres, P. P. 14 2) Srivastava, V.K. And Srivastava, H.O., (1979), Distributional Pattern And Classification of Market Centres In The Saryupar Plain, The Deccan Geographer, XV,1. 3) Thakur S.A. (2003) A Geographical Study of Market Centers in Sindhudurg District. Unpublished Ph.D.Thesis.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

HYDROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL PROFILE USING SPAW HYDROLOGY “A STUDY OF SHIVGANGA VALLEY, KHADAKWASLA LAKE CATCHMENT AND MUTHA CATCHMENT” TAHSIL: VELHE, MULASHI AND HAVELI, DISTRICT: PUN Prof. B.L. Rathod Department of Geography, Kankavli College, Kankavli Dr. D. L. Kashid Assistant Professor, Dept. of Geography, Shri. Shahaji Chahh. Mahavidyalaya, Kolhapur. ABSTRCT Soil in its traditional meaning, is the natural medium for the growth of land plants. Soils are all unconsolidated material of the earths crusts in which land plants can grow, if water and temperature are adequate, at least the minimum nutrients are available and toxic substance are in low concentration. According to Joffes (1949), the soil is a natural body of mineral and organic materials differentiated into horizons which differ among them selves as well as from the understanding material in morphology, physical make –up, chemical composition and biological characteristics. A vertical section of the soil through all its layers and extending into the parent rock is known as soil profile .A soil profile is a historic record of all the soil forming processes and forms the unit of study in pedagogical investigation. It also helps in soil classification and forms the basis for soil profile is important from crop husbandry point of view, sense it reveals the surface and subsurface characteristic and qualities, namely depth, texture, structure, drainage condition and soil-moisture relationship, which directly affects plant growth. It helps to classify the soils and to understand soil-moisture plant relationship. INTRODUCTION Soil is one of the most important natural resources of any country. The soil not only grows a variety of food and fodder crops required for men and animals but also produces raw materials for various agro-industries viz, sugar and starch factories, textile mills, canning and food processing units. It is a complex body showing many variations in depth, colour, composition and behavior. Every soil consists of hard materials called mineral matter, soft and spongy organic matter, water, air and living organisms. Their proportion may vary the soil has three dimensions namely length, breadth and depth. There are three principles kinds of rocks viz, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY AREA 1) To infer the soil profile in the study area and to ascertains potential of land resources. 2) To test the soil- plant – atmosphere –water (SPAW) model to inter various hydrological properties dependant on soil texture The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

3) To apply the data thus generated using SPAW hydrology model to further assessment of soils physical environment and to suggest a plan for improvement of soil environment. STUDY AREA In view of assessment and evaluation of soil profile characteristics, the study area is selected as Khadakwasla lake catchments in Tahsil Velhe, Mulshi and Haveli of Pune district. A pilot survey in the study area revealed that the terrain is an ideal site to infer soil profile characteristics. It represents the potential slop units along with various geomorphic characteristics. The soil distribution is also various in natures throughout the area; therefore, it is through to undertake such terrain for the present study. Location of Study Area:- A study area selected for the present study investigation is in the surroundings of Khadakwasla lake catchments, Shivganga valley, and Mutha catchments which represents distinctly geomorphic units like hill summits, hill fringe, and pediment and valley floor. Administratively this area is located of Pune district. It is about 45 to50 km from Pune city in south-west direction. Mutha is the main river in study area. The lower mutha basin lies to the North- West part of the Khadakhawasla Lake. The South-East limit of the study area is taken up to the confluence of river Ambi and river Mutha.

Location map

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HYDROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL PROFILE SPAW HYDROLOGY (soil- plant- atmosphere-water) graphic programmed a developed by Dr.Keith E. Sexton USDA- agricultural research services in co-operation with department of biological systems engineering Washington state university Pullman, WA 99164- 6120. By using SPAW HYDROLOGY we deals with the general effects of physical properties of soil on the soil water relationship and estimation of some of the properties like infiltration capacity, wilting point, hydraulic conductivity, field capacity, saturation, available water, saturation hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, organic matter, moisture contain, Matric potential and matrix osmotic properties of sand and clay. This program estimates soil water tension conductivity and water holding capability based on the soil texture, organic matter, gravel content, salinity and compaction. Using only the soil texture selected from within the ranges show on the graphical soil texture triangle, the variation of the soil water tension and conductivity with water content the related water holding characteristics are estimated. The water holding characteristics are estimated by equation derived and published by Sexton el.al.in 1986. The water characteristics values based texture are farther modified by additional soil variables of organic matter, salinity, gravel and compaction whose values are selected using the slider bars for each variable. 1. Wilting Point: - As plants absorb water from a soil they lose most of it through evapotranspiration at the leaf surfaces. Some water is also lost by evaporation directly the soil surface, both of these losses occurs simultaneously. At field capacity soil moisture tension is low and plants root can be easily absorb water, as soil becomes drier, soil moisture tension is increase and movement of water become slower and it also show the ability of root to absorb soil moisture. Thus as capacity force suction force of plants they cannot extract soil water for a longer period in such a case without addition of any water plant will absorb less water of any water plant will absorb less water than it lost by transpiration that will create deficit inside the plants and thus eventually wilting occurs . A measure of soil metric tension would show a value of about 15 bars for most crop plants some xerophytes can continue to remove water at this and even higher tensions. 2. Field Capacity: - A permanent hydrological property of the soil is field capacity, following the rain or irrigation there will be a continued relatively rapid downward movement of some of the water, in response to the hydraulic gradient. After 2 or 3 days this rapid downward movement will become negligible. The soil is then said to be at its field capacity. At this time water has move out of the macrospores, and its place has been taken by air. The microspores or capillary pores are still filled with water and will supply the plants with needed moisture. The saturation at the soil surface is the reverse of a capillary tube standing in a pan of The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

water. A capillary tube fills from the bottom to the while by contrast capillary sized pores pull water downward into the soil during a rain. Excess water moves downward in response to gravity. At one level, the water becomes capillary or none. Gravitational at a lower level. Under these conditions, the water moves downward as a front. A sharp line of demarcation is found between the moist upper layer and the drier lower layer, which may persist for days. The upper more soil layer is at field capacity, which is the water content of soil in the field after the gravitational water has drained out. 3. Hydraulic Conductivity: - It is an expression of the readiness, which wills flows through a solid such as soil in response to given potential gradient. Under the saturated soil conditions all pores are full with water and the permit the movement of such water which is determine by the two major force that are the hydraulic force (gravity) and hydraulic conductivity. It can be express mathematically as, V= KF Here, V- The total volume of water move per unit. F- The water moving force and, K- The hydraulic conductivity. Estimation of hydraulic properties using SPAW hydrology a graphic computer programme seems to be a helpful in terms of estimating a unique property of soil Like wilting point (% volume), field capacity, saturation, hydraulic conductivity. An attempt has been made to note the slope wise variation of these hydrological properties, which are very important from crop growths point of view. 4. Matric Potential and Osmotic Potential: - These both are related to soil water energy. The retention and movement of water in soil, its uptake and translocation in plants and its loss to the atmosphere are all energy related phenomena. To characterized the energy status of water , free energy , term can be used the difference between free energy of soil water and that pure water in a standard reference state is termed as soil water potential Matric potential , osmotic potential , gravitational potential are the components of soil water potential. Matric potential is the result of two phenomena, absorption and capillary. The attraction of soil solid and their exchangeable irons for water was oriented in the pervious section, as was it loss energy when the water is absorbed. The attraction along with the surface tension of water also account for the capillary force. The neat effect of these phenomena is to reduce the free energy of soil water as compared to that of unabsorbed pure water. Consequently moisture potential is always negative. Matric potential exerts its effect not only soil moisture retention but also on soil water movement as well difference between on the matric potential two adjoining zone of soil encourage the movement of water. Water moves from of moist zone of free energy to dry zone of low free energy this movement may be slow it is extremely important in supplying water to The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 75

plants roots. Osmotic potential is attributable to the presence of solid to the soil solution. The solutes may be inorganic salts or organic compounds. They reduce the free energy of water because the solute irons or organic compounds. They reduce the free energy of water, because the solute irons or molecules attract the water molecules. Unlike the Matric potential the osmotic potential has little effects on the mass movement of water in soils. It mainly affects the up take of water by plant roots. In soils high in soluble salts osmotic potential may be greater in the soil solution than in the plant root cells. This leads to constrain in the uptake of water by the plants. 5. Water Holding Capacity: - The capacity of a soil to hold the maximum amount of total water is known as its water holding capacity. It represents the maximum amount of water that a soil holds against the pull of gravity. Under these conditions as explained above, the water occupies almost the whole of the pore space except the large interstices. The water holding capacity varies with the size of soil particle. Fine texture soils have a higher water holding capacity than coarse texture soils. If the hygroscopic coefficient is subtracted from the water holding capacity of a soil it gives its maximum capillary capacity. It is not possible to determine the maximum capillary capacity of a soil directly. This is estimated indirectly by determining the water holding capacity and hygroscopic coefficient and then subtracting the latter from the former. Water holding capacity and moisture equivalent as related to soil texture. Texture class Clay Water holding Moisture capacity equivalent Heavy clay > 55 84.3 45 Clay 40 to 55 78.5 39.8 Sandy clay loam 20 to 30 57.5 31 Sandy loam 10 to 20 51.7 Sand < 10 40.6 6. Organic Matter: - Increased organic matter generally produces a soil with increased water holding capacity and conductivity, largely as a result of its influence on soil aggregation and associated pore space distribution (Hudson, 1994). The effect of organic matter was represented dependent variable. Water content at high tension is determined largely by texture, thus there is minimal influence by aggregation and organic matter. This effect of organic matter changes for wetter moisture contents vary with the soil texture, particularly clay, organic matter effects are similar to these of clay, thus those texture with high clay content mask the effects of increased organic matter. 7. Moisture Content: - The amount of water in the soil varies markedly over time. During rainfall, the moisture content increases, particularly near the surface. Afterwards, drainage, plant uptake and The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 76

evaporation lead to a slow reduction in moisture content. Through of soil moisture content we can monitor temporal changes in soil moisture, as well as spatial variations relating to differences in soil type and moisture retention. By using the moisture content of the soil determining the field capacity.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WEGRE -1 SOIL PROFILE 1 Hydrological Properties of Soil Profile

0.10m 1 Latitude decimal 18.46736

2 Longitude decimal 73.51847

3 Wilting Point % Vol 6.1

4 Field Capacity % Vol 12.7 1.0m 5 Saturation % Vol 35.7 2m 6 Available Water In/ft 0.8 7 Sat. Hydraulic Condition In/hr 2.49

8 Moisture Constant (% Vol) 35.7

9 Metric Potential Bar 0

0.8m 10 Matric + Osmatic Bar 0

11 Hydraulic Condition 2.49 E+0

0.10m Rainfall- More than 2649 mm

CHARACTERISTICS OF WEGRE -2 SOIL PROFILE Hydrological Properties of Soil Profile

1 Latitude decimal 18.46647 0.10m 2 Longitude decimal 73.52292 3 Wilting Point % Vol 12.7 4 Field Capacity % Vol 20 5 Saturation % Vol 43.1 2m 0.90m 6 Available Water In/ft 0.87 Sat.Haydraulic Condition 7 In/hr 0.26 Moisture Constant (% 8 Vol) 35.9 1.0m 9 MatricPotential Bar 0.06 10 Matric + Osmatic Bar 0.06 11 Hydraulic Condition 7.24 E-2

Rainfall- More than 2649 mm

CHARACTERISTICS OF TEMGHAR DAM SOIL PROFILE

Hydrological Properties of Soil Profile

1 Latitude decimal 18.45733 2 Longitude decimal 73.53858 0.50 m 3 Wilting Point % Vol 9.9 4 Field Capacity % Vol 17 1.40 m 5 Saturation % Vol 40.5 6 Available Water In/ft 0.85 3.40 m Sat.Haydraulic Condition 7 In/hr 0.65 8 Moisture Constant (% Vol) 37.4 9 MatricPotential Bar 0.04 10 Matric + Osmatic Bar 0.04

11 Hydraulic Condition 4.29 E-1

1.50m Rainfall- More than 2500 mm

CHARACTERISTICS OF KHARAVADE SOIL PROFILE Hydrological Properties of Soil Profile

0.50m 1 Latitude decimal 18.44792 2 Longitude decimal 73.58225 3 Wilting Point % Vol 6 4 Field Capacity % Vol 12.6 5 Saturation % Vol 35.6 1 m 6 Available Water In/ft 0.79 Sat.Haydraulic Condition 2.70 7 In/hr 2.55 m 8 Moisture Constant (% Vol) 34.6 9 MatricPotential Bar 0.02 10 Matric + Osmatic Bar 0.02 11 Hydraulic Condition 2.33 E+0 1.20 m

Rainfall- More than 2 000mm

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

CHARACTERISTICS OF AVASARWADI- 3 SOIL PROFILE

Hydrological Properties of Soil Profile

1 Latitude decimal 18.35975 2 Longitude decimal 73.78906 1m 3 Wilting Point % Vol 5.4 4 Field Capacity % Vol 11.8 5 Saturation % Vol 34.5 6 Available Water In/ft 0.77 Sat.Haydraulic Condition 3.3m 7 In/hr 3.2 8 Moisture Constant (% Vol) 34.5 4.6m 9 MatricPotential Bar 0 10 Matric + Osmatic Bar 0 11 Hydraulic Condition 3.20 E+0 0.3m

Rainfall- More than 1000mm

CHARACTERISTICS OF AVASARWADI- 1 SOIL PROFILE

Hydrological Properties of Soil Profile 0.20m 1 Latitude decimal 18.37375 2 Longitude decimal 73.78706 1.20m 3 Wilting Point % Vol 6.6 4 Field Capacity % Vol 13.3 5 Saturation % Vol 36.6 6 Available Water In/ft 0.8 Sat.Haydraulic Condition 7 In/hr 2.05 3.30m 8 Moisture Constant (% Vol) 34.5 9 MatricPotential Bar 0.03 1.90m 10 Matric + Osmatic Bar 0.03 11 Hydraulic Condition 1.68 E+0

Rainfall- More than 1000mm

2. Interpretation of out put parameters using SPAW Hydrology 1. Wilting Point (%) vol:- In the study area shows the mean variation of wilting point range between low to high 5.4 to 12.7 (% vol). Wilting point however, is not favorable and can be maintained by introducing various plants in the study area. Different plants have different values of soil water suction at wilting point. In the study area were vegetation cover is thick there are wilting point % volume is greater than 10 % volume. 2. Field Capacity (%) vol:- In the study area shows the mean variation of field capacity between 11.8 to 20.0 (% vol) .Field capacities does not show significant variation and these indicates the good moisture levels and enough maintenance of micro pore and possess good soil condition for plant growth. 3. Saturation (%) vol: - In the study area shows the mean variation of saturation range from minimum to maximum 34.5 to 43.1 (% vol). This means that, there is good subsurface land, which may maintain good moisture levels as well as moderate moisture levels. But the in study area does not indicate proper level of surface soil. 4. Available Water (in/ft): In the study area shows the mean variation of available water range between high and low 0.87 to 0.77 (in/ft). In study area available water capacity is very poor because it is depend upon the soil water capacity. On down slope area available water is more. 5. Saturation Hydraulic Condition: - In the study area shows the mean variation of saturation hydraulic condition range from The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 78

low to high 0.26 to 3.20 (in/ft).In study area saturation hydraulic condition shows very poor results and thus this area needs to be treated with leguminous plants. Saturation hydraulic condition is quite variable, due to soil type variability. Because of poor saturation hydraulic condition in this area does not restricting layer for environmental recharge estimation and drainage design. 6. Moisture content: - In the study area shows the mean variation of moisture content range from minimum to maximum 34.5 to 37.4(% vol) .This ranges indicates good moisture content of soils. In study area moisture content reduce near plants and drainage area. CONCLUSION There is a net relationship between terrain parameters and, physical, and hydrological properties of soil. In the study area it is observed that low laying area confined to valley floors and high relief and slope area owing to hill fringe surface show considerable variation in the estimations. Hydrological properties estimated using SPAW hydrology - a computer graphic programme have a considerable significance in assessing inherent properties of soils like wilting point, saturation , saturated hydraulic conductivity , filed capacity , available water , bulk density by inputting laboratory parameters like percentage organic matter, salinity, amount of gravel, compaction and texture of soils needs to be determine carefully in the laboratory. It is observed that all these properties, shows variation according to slope it also indicates the impact of land use pattern on overall variation in these properties.

REFERENCES 1. Peter W. Birkeland “Pedology, weathering and Geomorphological Research”University of Colorado, Boulder Colorado. By Oxford University Press (1974) 2. Chaw V. T. “Handbook of Applied Hydrology” McGraw Hill Book Co. New York. N.Y. (1964) 3. R. E. White “Introduction to the Principles and Practice of Soil Science Second Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications(1987) 4. Nyle C. Brady ,The Nature and Properties of Soil, 10 th Ed (By McMillan Publishing Company,USA) .(1990) 5. R. K. Gupta “Methods in Environmental Analysis Water, Soil and Air” Published by Agro House, Jodhpur(2002) 6. S. W. Gaikwad , “Significance of Geomorphic Analysis in the Evolution of Land resource.” A study of Khadakwasla lake Catchment‟s Western Maharashtra Project sponsored by U.G.C. (2003)

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

“TREND OF CASHEW CULTIVATION IN THE SINDHUDURG DISTRICT”

Dr. R. B. Patil HOD (Geography) A & C College Phondaghat Tal:Kankavli, Sindhudurg (MS) Member-BOS in Geography, Uni. of Mumbai Abstract The Sindhudurg district is one of the cashewnut producer district in the Konkan region. There are various cashewnut processing units dominant in Sindhudurg district. The study mainly aims at understanding the net gaeins at the farmers end. It further aims to find out the impact of the industry on the rural economy of the district as cultivation of cashewnut is the significant agricultural activity in the district. The district is industrially backward and placed in D+ zone index by the State Government. The district has huge resource base and enjoys distinction of producing best qualities of mango, cashew and kokam. Besides agriculture and horticulture, people are also engaged in agro/ fruit processing, forest based products, village and cottage industries and other service industries Cashewnut cultivation provides employment to more than 5 lakhs people both directly and indirectly, particularly in the rural areas. The production period of cashew is from 6th to 40th year after plantation. Raw nut, cashew kernels and cashewnut shell liquid (CNSL) are the three main cashew products while the cashew apple is generally processed and consumed locally. Cashew is a perfect food with zero per cent cholesterol. The by-products like cashewnut shell liquid (CNSL) which is a valuable raw material for preparation of oil paints, varnishes, water proofing agents, adhesive ingredients, pigments of gums, typewriter rolls, automobile break lining and lubricants in aircraft. The cashew apple is used in preparation of fruit juice, syrup, candy, jelly, pickles, cashew wine and fenny. Cashew is traditional crop of Konkan region, mainly grown on hill slopes as rainfed perennial horticultural crop. The Konkan region of Maharashtra comprising of Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts is the major tract of cashew cultivation. The total area under cashew cultivation is 1.60 lakh hectares of which more than 80 per cent (1.30 lakhs ha.) is in the South Konkan region of Maharashtra, mainly in Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri district. Therefore, it is attempted in the present study to understand cultivation and processing of cashewnut by selecting one district like Sindhudurg. Key words agricultural activity cashewnut, distribution, cultivation , production, trade, cashew growth, training ,cropping pattern, trend, Introduction The cashew tree is evergreen. It grows up to 12 meters high and has a spread of 25 meters. Its extensive root system allows it to tolerate a wide range of moisture levels and soil types, although, commercial production is advisable only in well-drained Sandy loam or red soils. Cashew trees are most frequently found in coastal areas. The main commercial product of the cashew tree is the nut . The district is blessed with famous Alphanso variety of mango, high The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

yielding bigger nut varirties of Vengurla 4 and 7 in cashew. Coconut is basically used for self consumption purpose. Most of the other fruits goes as waste on account of lack of awarness on processing and harvesting techniques. Basic trainig in cashew processing is provided by Ratnagiri Zilla Khadi Sangh, (Gopuri Ashram Kankavli) and M/S Hedgewar Smriti Seva Prakhalpa (HSSP) Mangaon. Cashew was a native of Brazil introduced by Portuguese travelers during 16th century at Goa from where it was spread to other parts of India. It is an important plantation crop in wasteland development programme due to its utility in soil and water conservation and to build up balanced ecosystem. Apart from economic significance, cashew industry has the potential leading role in the social and financial upliftment of the rural poor. Cashew is grown in India, Brazil, Vietnam, Tanzania, Mozambique, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and other tropical Asian and African countries. The area under cashew in the world is 30.62 lakh hectares. The world production of cashew is estimated to be around 20.82 lakh tones. India‟s share in the world raw nut production contributes to about 25 per cent. In recent times, India is facing stiff competition from Vietnam and Brazil in the international cashew trade.

Indian cashew kernels are exported to more than 60 countries in the world, mainly to U.S.A., Netherlands, U.K., Germany, Japan, Australia, U.A.E., etc. The country earned foreign exchange equivalent to Rs. 2464.35 crores, from export of 118540 MT of cashew kernels (Rs. 2455.15 crores) and 5589 MT of cashewnut shell liquid (Rs.9.20 crores) during the year 2006-07. Cashewnut processing on commercial basis was initially started in Mangalore, in Karnataka. In 1927 the business started in Quilon of Kerala, later it became the centre of trade. In India cashew is grown mainly in Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala along the west coast and Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal along the east coast. In Maharashtra state, the production and productivity of cashewnut is highest in the country, as majority of plantation are developed primary by clones of high yielding varieties and also cultivators are adopting better management practices. Maharashtra topped cashew production with 1,83,000 MT followed by Andhra Pradesh at 92,000 MT. Maharashtra also ranked 1st in productivity with 1300 kg/ha followed by West Bengal 950 kg/ha and Kerala 900 kg/ha. Objectives of the Study 1. To study in brief geographical setting of the Sindhudurg district as a basis for the growth of cashewnut cultivation and processing industry. 2. To review the historical background of cashewnut industry in the Sindhudurg district. 3. To study the spatio temporal distribution of cashewnut, and cultivation Methodology The district is divided into 8 tahsils. In each tahsil village code numbers are used for random selection. This selection process has been to select 2 villages from each tahsil. About 10 farmers have been enquired with the help of structured questionnaire from each randomly selected village. Thus the cost-benefit analysis is based on answers given by 160 farmers covering 371.28 hectares of cashewnut orchards. The district has 64366.33 hectare area under the cashew cultivation. The district offens suitable geographical conditions for cashewnut cuntivation and favourable environment for cashewnut production. The production areas has good linkage with Mumbai for export market. The primary data regarding cost structure, capital investment, fertilizers, pestisides etc have been used in the study. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 81

The secondary informations has also been collected from the District statistical abstract, agricultural bulletins, fruit processing reports etc. This information has provided the details regarding cultivation, processing history, marketability, nutrient status etc. of cashewnut. using usual statistical techniques like trend analysis moving average etc. have been used. The Study Area Sindhudurg is the Konkan area of Maharashtra having stretch of land on the west coast of India, endowed with the beautiful seashore, picturesque Mountains and scenic natural beauty. Sindhudurg district was earlier a part of the Ratnagiri district. For administrative convenience and industrial and agricultural development Ratnagiri district was divided into Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg with effect from 1st May,1981. Map No. 01 shows that geographical location of the Sindhudurg district is lies from 15º.37' N to 16º.40' North Latitudes and 73º.19' E to 74º.18' East Longitudes. The district is surrounded by the Arabian Sea on the west, the Belgaum district and Goa on the South, and the Ratnagiri district on the north and Sahyadri hill ranges to the East. Sindhudurg district is spread over an area of 5287 sq. km..743 villages are situated in 8 tahsils of the district. Location of Sindhudurg District in Maharashtra

Map 01 Agriculture cropping pattern Paddy is the main food grain crop with 91% of the area under kharif and 31.7% under Rabi is under its cultivation of the total cropped area. Of the total cropped area 88.7% of the area is under kharif crops. Groundnut is also taken on 4.2% of the total cropped area. Other food grain crops include Italian Millet (Nachani) with 3.6% area (mostly kharif) and Horse gram (Kulith) with 3.4% (Rabi) of area under cultivation. About 80% of the paddy produced is for self-consumption purpose. Groundnut as well as Nachani is mostly consumed by farmers themselves. Economic profile of the district Cultivation, plantation, processing, fishing are the predominant traditional economic activities and fruit processing, pickle and papad are also new economic activities in the district. The major occupation is agriculture with paddy, Nachani & Kuleeth as field crops and Mango, Cashew, Kokam, Coconut, Arcanut as plantation/ horticulture crops. The area under horticulture crops is more than total The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

area under field crops. The district has huge resource base and enjoys distinction of producing best qualities of mango, cashew and kokam. Besides agriculture and horticulture, people are also engaged in agro/ fruit processing, forest based products, village and cottage industries and other service industries. During 2004-05 per capita income of the district was at Rs.28278/-as against State‟s per capita income of Rs.32170/-.The district is industrially backward and placed in D+ zone index by the State Govt. History and origin of cashew The cultivated cashew is a low spreading ever green tree of the tropics. It is presumed that cashew was originally introduced into India mainly for checking soil erosion. But gradually it gained commercial importance and not it is one of the ten top foreign exchange earners. Cashew was introduced to the Malabar Coast of India in the sixteenth century by the Spaniards, and probably served as a locus of dispersal to other centers in India and south east Asia. When the price of the nuts is attractive it is not uncommon to see some cashew growers harvesting immature nuts, the apple of which has not even started developing, such nuts five shriveled kernels and also will be light in weight. In the absence of a market for cashew apple farmers do harvest nuts early causing loss both to themselves as well as to the processors. Some intelligent farmers harvest nuts from the fully ripened cashew apple or ripe fallen cashew apples, so these matured nuts give good quality bold kernels on processing it is profitable for both farmers and processors. Cashew cultivation Cashew was brought to East Africa and India by the early Portuguese setters more than 500 years ago. The cashew tree is hardly and drought resistant tree thriving in a variety of soil and climatic condition and was originally introduced into the coastal regions of East Africa and South West India mainly for the purpose of checking soil erosion. The main cashew growing states in India today are Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, and Orissa. Table no. 01 shows that tahsil wise Cashew Cultivation Area and Table no. 02 shows that tahsilwise percentage of cashew cultivation in Sindhudurg District under Rojgar hami yojana from 1990-91 to 2007-2008 and map no.02shows tahsilwise percentage of cashew cultivation area in the district. Table no. 01 TAHSIL WISE CASHEW CULTIVATION AREA IN SINDHUDURG DISTRICT (UNDER ROJGAR HAMI YOJANA FROM 1990-91 TO 2007-2008)

Tahsils Kanka- Vaibhav Devgad Malvan Kudal Vengurla Sawant- Dodama vali -wadi wadi rg

Years 1990-91 410.96 105.22 36.75 142.39 205.74 87.79 336.24 - 1991-92 979.75 384.95 227.81 401.12 544.66 204.60 750.46 - 1992-93 950.48 408.14 197.41 543.59 741.24 256.98 1029.34 - 1993-94 833.78 533.42 122.15 577.89 711.50 207.10 1146.76 - 1994-95 400.14 249.38 122.28 364.73 704.23 112.53 755.88 - 1995-96 591.33 237.47 151.35 471.71 756.14 138 1053.88 - 1996-97 668.98 234.76 178.05 589.38 903.80 224.18 1276.86 - 1997-98 682.56 162.06 147.25 587.47 665.62 133.05 921.27 - 1998-99 587.57 284.12 106.79 500.62 727.43 57.93 940.41 - 83

1999-00 724.39 270.71 114.21 470.50 591.43 59.13 711.09 - 2000-01 789.15 300.95 133.75 520.89 657.72 100.42 602.56 434.18 2001-02 376.12 248.63 53.10 227.67 296.41 47.47 381.18 196.35 2002-03 103.60 97.83 27.98 71.45 72.46 9.17 53.18 59.20 2003-04 108.29 54.94 25.12 90.342 106.93 38.95 219.61 67.43 2004-05 69.28 36.60 29.08 63.18 80.07 10.51 93.30 89.13 2005-06 113.56 57.47 37.50 124.23 91.11 28.46 210.98 116.90 2006-07 113.24 42.65 46.67 165.67 122.30 25.72 165.99 99.33 2007-08 66.23 45.51 41.92 157.55 113.15 40.45 174.27 87.57 Table no.02 Tahsil wise Cashew Cultivation Area in Sindhudurg District (under Rojgar hami yojana from 1990-91 to 2007-2008).

Tahsils Average Area Tahsil under cashew contribution cultivation are in % from 1990 to 2008 (in Hectare)

Deogad 1849.17 4.40 %

Dodamarg 1148.09 2.73 %

Kankavli 8569.91 20.36 %

Kudal 8081.94 19.20 %

Malvan 6070.52 14.42 %

Sawantwa 10823.35 25.73 % di

Vaibhavw 3754.81 8.93 % adi

Vengurla 1782.44 4.23 % Total 42080.23 100 % Map 02

Conclusion 1.Maharashtra is one of the leading cashew growing state. In Maharashtra, more than 90 per cent area under cashew is concentrated in Konkan region. 2.Cashew is seasonal in nature and price fluctuation due to various agencies involved in marketing of nuts is a major problem in this fruit crop. It is therefore, highly essential to standardize the storage methodology and marketing facility for this crop. 3.Harvesting is generally done by collecting the nuts from the fallen fruits, by hand picking and The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

with a long bamboo pole to which a hook is fitted at the tip. Harvesting and collection of nuts is done almost every day 4. Harvesting of cashew crop is not done at a time because from flowering to harvest nearly 2.5 to 3 months time is required since flowering occurs in two to three waves harvesting of fruits and nuts also varies. 5.The duration of the harvest extends from 45 to 60 days, April-May is the peek season in and around Bangalore. In other parts of the country duration of the harvest is slightly more extending from 45 to 70 days. 6.Cashewnut processing is generally done on a home scale and factory scale. In the home scale the dried nuts are burnt in an open fire and hand shelled. 7.In Maharashtra and Sindhudurg district, the processing is mostly manual. The process is highly labour intensive and the work force consists mainly of women. It consists of moisture conditioning roasting, shelling, drying, peeling, grading and packing. 8.The highest price is paid for better quality kernels of the W180 and W210 grades which are the largest and heaviest grades. 9.The processing of cashew in the orchard is mainly confines to removal raw nuts from cashew apple and drying. Harvest only fully matured nuts. Cashew nut shell liquid is a valuable raw material obtained as a by product during the isolation of cashew kernel. 10.Training in cashew processing is being provided on regular basis at Gopuri Ashran at Kankavli and M/S Hedgewar Seva Prakalpa (HSP). There is a lack of awareness and enterprise among cashew farmers about agriculture management practicals to be followed by improving yield existing plantation. Thus the favourable geographical condition and Government policies are suitable to this cashewnut processing industry in the district. References

1. Bhandare S. B. (2005) : “Kaju Prakriya Udhog- Changli niryat sandhi aslela udhog” , Udhojak, July 2005 pp 48. 2. Cashew Bulletin (Dec.2007) Vol.XLV. No 12 page no. 3, 20 3. Chuadawat B. C. (1995) : “ Arid fruit Culture”, oxford & IBH publishing co-pvt. N.Delhi. 4. Dauthy M. E. (1979) : Consultant Fruit and vegetable processing Fao Agricultural Services Bulletin 119, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, published International Book Distributing Co. Lucknow 5. Joshi B.P. (2000) : “Phal Prakriya” , continental publication, Pune 6. Karale A (2005) : “Kaju lagwad utpadan aani niryat ek drustishep”, Kisanshakti April 2005, pp 40. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. o. 01 March 2012 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Impact of Environmental Pollutions on Human Health A Case Study of Raigad District (M.S) Prof. R. D. Kamble Assistant Professor, Abasaheb Marate Arts Scienc College Rajapur Dist- Ratnagiri (M.S.) Prof. A. U. Kamble New Commerce and Arts Uran College Dist- Raigad (M.S.) Introduction

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Environmental pollution is happening in many parts of the world, especially in form of air and water pollution. The best example for air pollution is some of China's cities, including capital Beijing, and the best example for water pollution is India with its Ganges river pollution problem. Pollution of the environment is causing great damage to ecosystem that depends upon the health of this environment. Air and water pollution can cause death of many organisms in given ecosystem, including humans. Objectives 1) The main purpose of this research paper is to study effect of environmental pollution on human health. 2) To Understand the Forms of Pollution. 3) To Study on Causes of environmental pollution in Raigad District. 4) To Focus various effect of pollution on human health in Raigad District. Methodology

The data collection is based on primary and secondary sources. The primary data is collected through survey methods and interviews of local people, whereas secondary data is collected from the literature of other researchers and Govt. published reports of several departments. For example, reports of the various departments, census handbook, and gazetteer of Raigad district. Study Region Raigad district located in the Konkan region. The district was renamed after Raigad, the fort which was the former capital of the Maratha leader Shivaji, and on a west-facing spur of the Western Ghats of Sahyadri range.Raigad is located in south western side of Maharashtra State. The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

The district head quarters of Raigad district is Alibag. Alibag is situated on western coast of India and onshore of Arabian Sea. The Raigad district lies between 17.51 to 19.80 North latitude and 72.51 to 73.40 East Longitude.

Geographical Boundaries of Raigad District The district is bounded by Mumbai Harbour to the northwest, Thane District to the North, Pune District to the East, Ratnagiri district to the South, and the Arabian Sea to the West. It includes the large natural harbor of Pen-Mandwa, which is immediately South of Mumbai harbour, and forming a single landform with it. The northern part of the district is included in the planned metropolis of Navi Mumbai, and its port, the Jawaharlal Nehru Port. Raigad district is divided into 15 tahsils viz., Alibag, Pen, Murud, Panvel, Uran, Karjat, Khalapur, Mangaon, Roha, Sudhagadh, Tala, Mahad, Mhasala, Shrivardhan and Poladpur. Population . According to the 2001 census Raigad district has a population of 2,207,929 where a male population is 11.17 lakh and female population is 10.90 lakh. Whereas rural population is 16.73 lakh and urban population is 5.34 lakh. The literacy rate is 77% and illiteracy rate is 39.6%. According to the 2011 census 2,635,394 and the district has a population density of 368 inhabitants per square kilometer (950 /sq m). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001- 2011 was 19.36 %.

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

Subject Theme The district is geographically subdivided into three parts as 1) Sea Coast,2) Central Belt, 3) Hilly areas of Sahyadri range, but the principle industrial development has taken place in the vicinity of rivers only. The industrial development of Raigad district has really catalyzed when in1970 the industrial establishment had been banned in Mumbai Metropolitan.The MIDC has developed the full-facilitated industrial estates at Patalganga, Roha and Mahad. Mainly chemical industries established in these industrial estates. The Raigad District is having various prominent industrial areas which includes MIDC areas & Co-operative Industrial Estates and scattered industrial development. The industrialization in this District warranted protection of environment in general. The Major forms pollution which is affect human health. These are following. 1.Air pollution:- Air pollution is perhaps the most common and the most dangerous type of pollution. It involves the direct release of chemicals into the environment. The chemicals then become the part of the air around us that all the living things take in. The release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometer size PM10 to PM2.5. 2. Noise pollution:- Noise is defined as an unpleasant sound that has an adverse affect on the human ear. Noise can be extremely dangerous. And it is all around us. It penetrates into human mind and controls it. Too much noise leads to severe psychological illness and badly affects the behavior. It leads to hypertension, stress, aggression and annoyance. Moreover, it causes depression and forgetfulness. Which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar. Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE,[10] herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment.) 3. Water Pollution:- The 75% of the earth‟s surface is covered with water and more than half of the total population of earth‟s species resides in water. Moreover, our life greatly depends on water and life without water is impossible. Water pollution not only affects the fish and animals living in the water but also affects the whole food chain by also transferring the contaminants to the consumers

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012

depending on these animals. Water used from a polluted lake directly contaminates its user. Many of the water creatures are on the verge of extinction due to the dramatic increase in the water pollution. 4. Thermal pollution:- Is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant. Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris. 5. Soil pollution:- Soil pollution involves the contamination of soil by the release of harmful substances into the soil. Unlike air pollution, which has a direct affect on human lives, soil pollution causes an indirect damage to humans and other animals. The lives of all the living things depend on three sources: water, light and soil. The plants which are the producers of the food chain take up their nutrients, which are essential for their living, from the soil. The nutrients taken by the plants are then transferred to the consumers that depend on these plants. Hence a soil consisting of contaminants will not only affect the plants growing on the soil but it will also indirectly harm the entire food chain. Is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. This type of contamination typically arises from the failure caused by corrosion of underground storage tanks (including piping used to transmit the contents), application of pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, disposal of coal ash, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. Causes of pollution Air pollution Basically the air pollution is caused by the burning of fuel that directly releases hazardous chemicals into the air. For example the burning of coal releases sculpture dioxide, a poisonous gas which is responsible for acid rain. The sources of such chemicals are the large factories, smoke from the vehicles, chimneys and burning of wood. Air pollution comes from both natural and manmade sources. Though globally man made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation. Raigad region accommodates highly polluted areas like Panvel, Khopoli & also major industrial areas like Patalganga, Roha & Mahad. The problem of major Air Pollution arises due to heavy traffic density near Panvel & Kamothearea.There is typical problem of non-availability of buffer zone between the esidential zone and the industrial zone. In MIDC Patalganga, Mahad & Roha, No. of Industries have installed dust collector, scrubbing systems, cyclones. However, sometimes due to poor O/M problems may occurs, at that time, Board has taken action against defaulting

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012 89

units & directed them to take preventive measures. Some industries have given training to Boiler operators & utility related workers which has resulted in better operation of Air pollution equipments.

Ambient Air Quality at MIDCs in Raigad Region

Name of the MIDC SPM RSPM SO2 NOX PATALGANGA ------96 15 16 ROHA 211.7 186 15.8 35 MAHAD 190.6 56.6 109.7 58.96

Noise pollution Noise pollution is caused by the moving vehicles, manmade machines and loud music. Other than that noise can be caused by anything, but these three sources are the main reasons for the noise pollution around us. The dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide. Following are the noise level in Raigad district. NOISE LEVEL IN RAIGAD REGION (2004-2005):- City Location Class No of Noise Levels in dB Observation Minimum Maximum Average

Panvel Panvel & Residential 06 61.0 90.0 75.5 new Panvel Kalamboli Kalamboli Residential 04 65 72 67.8 Khopoli Khopoli,I.E. Residential 01 55 60 57.5

Pen Kasar Lake Commercial 05 59 98 72

Pali Near Temple Residential 05 57 101 69

Alibaug Near BusStation Commercial 05 59 100 77 Shivaji Shivaji chawk Residential 05 55 60 57.5 Chawk,Mah ad Mahad Near Commercial 05 60 90 70 Bagawandas Backery Mahad Bazar Peth Commercial 05 66 70 88

Water Pollution:- Just like air and soil pollution, water pollution is caused by the direct incorporation of hazardous pollutants. The sources of these pollutants are yet again the large industries and factories that dispose off their waste in lakes and ponds. In Raigad district Patalganga , Kundlika , Savitri ,Amba is main river which became not only main source of water supply to these industries but also for the drinking water supply to nearby villages. But The reasons pollution of river are the domestic waste water of Khopoli , Roha , Mahad,Alibag city is a main and substantial source of pollution. The accidental discharges of effluents directly or indirectly from the industries. The use of, explosives or other poisonous chemicals for fishing at many places. The washing of chemical tankers in the river at many places may cause pollution of river water. Unauthorized disposal of Hazardous waste on the bank & vicinity of river which may find its way into the river in rainy season. Soil pollution Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides. About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year. Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium– found in rechargeable batteries, and lead–found in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. Impact on Human Health 1.Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. . 2.Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every day. Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. 656,000 people die prematurely each year in China because of air pollution. 3.Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 201

pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and radioactive substances can cause . 1) The high levels of lead in the soil samples analyzed are negatively impacting on the communities living near the dumpsite which is evidenced as well by the fact that half of the children examined had blood lead levels equal to or exceeding the internationally accepted toxic levels (10 μg/dl of blood). This in turn led to clinical symptoms such as headaches, chest pains and muscular weakness being manifested in the children. 2) There is an entire spectrum of further health effects such as headache, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rash for the above cited and other chemicals. At sufficient dosages a large number of soil contaminants can cause death by exposure via direct contact, inhalation or ingestion of contaminants in groundwater contaminated through soil. Conclusion This pilot study has linked environmental pollution to public health. and adolescents living and schooling near the dumpsite indicates a high incidence of diseases that are associated with high exposure levels to these metal pollutants. For example, about 50% of children examined who live and school near the dumpsite had respiratory ailments and blood lead levels equal to or exceeding internationally accepted toxic levels (10 μg/dl of blood), while 30% had size and staining abnormalities of their red blood cells, confirming high exposure to heavy metal poisoning. The domestic sewage generated from all the municipal councils to the tune of 42.5 MLD and out of this about 39 MLD of effluent is discharged into various rivers directly/indirectly without any treatment & remaining else is discharged into creek. Panvel & Kamothe major Air Pollution arises due to heavy traffic density Photo: Refrences.: 1) Gazetteer of Raigad ,District Government of Maharashtra. 2) M.T.D.C. Website, Government of Maharashtra. 3) “MAHARASHTRA POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD” Website

The Konkan Geographer Vol. No. 01 March 2012