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Calligonum Polygonoides Linnaeus Extract: HPLC-EC and Total Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Sara M

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Calligonum Polygonoides Linnaeus Extract: HPLC-EC and Total Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Sara M Full Paper DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400555 Calligonum polygonoides Linnaeus Extract: HPLC-EC and Total Antioxidant Capacity Evaluation Sara M. C. Gomes,[a] Isabel P. G. Fernandes,[a] Narpat Singh Shekhawat,[b] Sunita Kumbhat,[c] and Ana Maria Oliveira-Brett*[a] Abstract: Flavonoids in Calligonum polygonoides Lin- pounds. The total antioxidant capacity was quantified naeus extract were separated, detected, and identified by using the DPPHC method and voltammetry. The RP- reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC-EC led to the detection of nine different flavo- (RP-HPLC) with electrochemical detection (EC) in com- noids: catechin, delphinidin, fisetin, myricetin, epicate- bined isocratic and gradient elution using a glassy carbon chin, kuromanin, rutin, callistephin and procyanidin A2, or a boron doped diamond electrode. Ultrasonication in a single run by direct injection of the sample extract coupled with a microwave-assisted technique was devel- solution. oped to optimize the extraction of the phenolic com- Keywords: Calligonum polygonoides Linnaeus · DPPHC method · Electrochemical detection · Flavonoids · Reverse-phase high- performance liquid chromatography 1 Introduction plant has made it vulnerable and endangered species in its habitat [2]. Phenolic compounds constitute one of the most numerous Calligonum polygonoides Linnaeus is known for its me- groups of plant secondary metabolites. The interest in the dicinal properties apart from being traditionally used as bioactivity of phenolic compounds is due to the potential food during frequent famines, Figure 1 [3–6]. These health benefits of these polyphenolic components and plants produce numerous flower buds during March and their involvement in important biological and industrial April. The local people harvest branches bearing on processes. Flavonoids can be found in fruits, vegetables, opened but still green flower buds, sun-dry, harvest and tea, wine and chocolate. The basic structure of flavonoids store them, as valuable condiment/vegetable, “phog” consists on the tricyclic C6ÀC3ÀC6. Their benefits to flowers or “phogla”. The vegetable “phogla” is used to people are anti-inflammatory, hormonal, anti-bleeding, make delicious heat relieving “Raiyta” (a curd/yogurt anti-allergic and even prevention of the cancer onset. It is preparation) by locals. The flowers of the plants are also attributed to flavonoids the improvement in hair and known to contain a high amount of protein, possess tonic nails condition since they promote the vitamin C absorp- and digestive properties, being also useful against asthma, tion. However, the most important is their antioxidant cough and cold. The juice is applied to the eye as an anti- property, which fights free radicals in the human body, dote to scorpion sting, the latex is used to treat eczema, detoxifying the body, and making better use of nutrients. bite dogs and abortion, and the roots decoction mixed The consumption of fruits and vegetables has long been with catechu is used as gargle for sore gum. Phytochemi- associated with health benefits due to their high antioxi- cal screening of Calligonum polygonoides shows the pres- dants concentration. ence of flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, tannins, steroids, The genus Calligonum (family polygonaceae) comprises phenols, carbohydrates and terpenoids in flower buds, about 80 species, has numerous therapeutic benefits al- flowers, seeds, and stems [7–11]. ready known and studied, and are distributed throughout Thus, owing to the health properties associated with northern Africa, southern Europe and western Asia. Cal- these shrubs, in which the phenolic antioxidants play ligonum polygonoides Linnaeus, locally known as Phog or Phogra, is a common woody shrub grown naturally in [a] S. M. C. Gomes, I. P. G. Fernandes, A. M. Oliveira-Brett sand dunes of the desert of Rajasthan, in India [1] and it Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal is well known for its adaptability in extreme xeric condi- *e-mail: [email protected] tions. The plant is ecologically valuable as it stabilizes the [b] N. S. Shekhawat sand dunes and prevents soil erosion, and is also an im- Department of Botany, Jai Narain Vyas (J.N.V.) University portant source of food [1,2]. It has leafless fleshy green Jodhpur-342033, India smooth branches and white stem and produce small nu- [c] S. Kumbhat merous flower buds and succulent flowers that are con- Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas (J.N.V.) verted in hairy/spiny fruits. The over exploitation of the University Jodhpur-342033, India www.electroanalysis.wiley-vch.de 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Electroanalysis 2015, 27, 293 – 301 293 Full Paper Fig. 1. Calligonum polygonoides Linneaus: (A) plant (B) flowering plant (C) Dried flower buds. a crucial role, it is indispensable to have reliable methods The presence of voltammetric signals at low anodic po- capable of measuring their antioxidant activity. tentials indicates the presence of polyphenolics of high Many different methods can be used to measure the antioxidant capacity, whereas the polyphenolics with low total antioxidant activity, the DPPHC (1,1-diphenyl-2-pic- antioxidant activity show electrochemical activity at rylhydrazine) method measures the radical scavenging ac- higher oxidation potentials [25]. tivity [12–15], presenting advantages when compared to The electrochemical behavior of flavonoids, such as cat- other spectrophotometric methods such as ABTS(2,2- echin (flavan-3-ols) and epicatechin (flavonols), that ex- azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method hibit an identical oxidation potential [24,26], are very [16–18], because the DPPHC does not require the genera- good antioxidant electrochemical standards. tion of the radical. In fact, the DPPHC is a commercial The electrochemical index (EI) was defined as the total radical that can be reduced by antioxidant molecules, phenolics concentration obtained using electrochemical changing its color from purple to yellow after the reac- techniques for predominant and representative phenolic tion, and causing the absorbance decrease at the wave- classes, taking into account the peak potential (Eap) and length l516 nm. peak current (Iap) [23,24,26]. The electrochemical techniques, mostly voltammetric The lower peak potential corresponds to greater elec- techniques, are applied to the study of electroactive spe- tron donor ability and higher peak current, and the EI is cies, including the antioxidant compounds, in order to calculated using the equation [23]: evaluate the antioxidant activity of plant extracts, herbal products or other compounds [19–22] presenting many EI ¼ðIap1=Eap1ÞþðIap2=Eap2Þþ ... þðIapn=EapnÞ advantages such as speed of analysis, low cost, simplicity and low consumption of reagents when compared to Extraction of phytochemicals from plant materials is other methods [23]. Its important to note that the vol- the most important step before further analysis, and it has tammetric techniques depend only on the inherent elec- been accomplished by traditional extraction processes, trochemical properties of antioxidants present in the such as solid-liquid extraction, using solvents such as sample. methanol, ethanol and acetone, and also through steam Antioxidants can act as reduction agents and tend to distillation. The separation process consists in the distri- be easily oxidized at inert electrodes, enabling the estab- bution of analyte between two immiscible phases. It is im- lishment of a relationship between electrochemical be- portant that the extraction processes occurs with selective havior and “antioxidant power”, the lower the oxidation separation of the target components from the sample at potential the greater the antioxidant power [24]. maximum amount and/or interferences elimination. www.electroanalysis.wiley-vch.de 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Electroanalysis 2015, 27, 293 – 301 294 Full Paper One of the simplest extraction techniques is the ultra- rutin hydrate, quercetin dihydrate and chrysin, were from sonic extraction that is easy to perform in an ultrasonic Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain. DPPHC free radical form bath. In this method, the crushed sample is mixed with was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain. Metha- a suitable solvent and placed into the ultrasonic bath nol HPLC-grade and formic acid were from Merck, where the working temperature and extraction time are Darmstadt, Germany. set [27–29]. Extraction of the flavonoids from seeds has All solutions were prepared using analytical grade re- been performed by ultrasonication, using hydrochloric agents and purified water from a Millipore Milli-Q acid in methanol as extraction solvent (MeOH/HCl system (conductivity 0.1 mScmÀ1). (99 :1) v/v) [28,30]. In order to increase the efficiency of Stock standard solutions of ~10 mM of the phenolic the extraction procedure, microwave radiation has also compounds were prepared in the HPLC mobile phase, been used before ultrasonication [31]. 83% purified water, 16% methanol and 1% formic acid. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatogra- The stock solution flasks were protected from light with phy (RP-HPLC) methods with electrochemical (EC) aluminum foil, kept in a refrigerator at 48C, and re- glassy carbon detectors have been widely used for the mained stable for at least one month. These solutions separation, detection and identification of polyphenols in were appropriately diluted to 10À6 M and from this con- different extracts and
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