Mémoire Magister MADENE Nadia.Pdf

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Mémoire Magister MADENE Nadia.Pdf REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUEET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique EL-HARRACH-ALGER Département de Zoologie Agricole et Forestière Projet de fin d‟études en vue d‟obtention du diplôme de Magister en Sciences Agronomiques Option : Santé végétale et Environnement Thème Activité biologique de trois extraits végétaux et d’un insecticide surSitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) etTribolium castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae). Présenté par : Mlle. Nadia MADENE Soutenu publiquement le 01 / 07 / 2014 devant le jury composé de : Mr. BENZEHRA A. Pr. E.N.S.A Président du jury Mme. KHALFI O. M.C.A. E.N.S.A Promoteur Mr. BICHE M. Pr. E.N.S.A Examinateur Mr. DJAZOULI Z.E. M.C.A U.S.D.B. Examinateur ANNEE UNIVERSITAIRE : 2013/2014 6 Dédicace Je dédie ce travail À mes très chers parents pour leur amour infini, leurs encouragements et leur soutien. Que Dieu vous bénisse, vous garde en bonne santé pour moi. À mes chers frères et sœurs pour leurs sacrifices et leurs aides illimitées tout au long de mes études. Que dieu vous préserve longue vie et prospérité. À tous mes amis pour nos souvenirs inoubliables. Que notre amitié dure à jamais. À tous ceux qui pensent à moi et que je n’ai pas mentionné. …………… Nadia 7 REMERCIEMENTS Au terme de ce travail, Je fais devoir d’adresser le témoignage de ma gratitude à tous ceux qui ont contribué de prés ou de loin à me permettre de mener ma tâche à fin. Mes remerciements s’adressent en premier lieu à Mme Khalfi O. pour son encadrement scientifique, sa direction judicieuse a permis de focaliser et de guider mes efforts dans un itinéraire précis afin d’aboutir aux objectifs recherchés. Mes remerciements s’adressent aussi à Mr Benzehra M. professeur au département de zoologie agricole et forestière de l’ENSA de me faire l’honneur de présider le jury. J’ exprime ma sincère gratitude à Mr. Biche M. professeur au département de zoologie agricole et foréstiére de l’ENSA et responsable de l’option ‘ santé végétale et environnement pour avoir accepté d’être rapporteur de ce mémoire. Je le remercie bien pour le temps passé à la lecture et pour l’intérêt porté à mon travail. Je suis très sensible à l’honneur que me fait Mr Djazouli Z.E maitre de conférence à l’université Saad Dahleb Blida, département d’Agronomie, en acceptant de lire et de porter un œil critique sur ce manuscrit. Je tiens par là à lui exprimer toute ma gratitude. Je tien enfin a remercier tout le corps d’enseignements qui ont participé a ma formation au cours de la post graduation. 8 Sommaire يهخص Résumé Abstract Index Abréviations Liste des tableaux Liste des figures Introduction générale …………………………………………………………………………………….. 01 Partie Bibliographique…………………………………………………………………………………….. Chap. I Situation de la production céréalière et de la post-récolte en Algérie ……………………... 04 1. Importance socioéconomique de la céréaliculture en Algérie ……………………………....... 04 2. Mesures nationales d‟entreposage des céréales…………………………………………….. 05 Chap. II Conservation et protection des denrées céréalières en post-récolte………………………....... 06 1. Dispositifs de stockage ……………………………………………………………………… 06 2. Les problèmes rencontrés en post-récolte …………………………………………………. 06 2.1. Les facteurs abiotiques………………………………………………………………. 06 2.2. Les facteurs biotiques ………………………………………………………………. 06 2.2.1. Les invertébrés …………………………………………………………….. 06 2.2.1.1. Les arthropodes …………………………………………………. 07 2.2.1.1.1. Les insectes ………………………………………... 07 2.2.1.1.2. Les acariens…………………………………………. 07 2.2.2. Les micro-organismes……………………………………………………... 07 2.2.2.1. Les champignons ……………………………………………….. 07 2.2.2.2. Les bactéries…………………………………………………….. 09 2.2.3. Les vertébrés……………………………………………………………….. 09 3. Conséquences des infestations …..………………………………………………………… 09 3.1. Conséquences directes………………………………………………………………. 09 3.2. Conséquences indirectes…………………………………………………………….. 09 4. Revue des mesures de protection des denrées stockées……………………………………. 09 4.1. Mesures de lutte prophylactiques…………………………………………………… 10 4.1.1. Assainissement …………………………………………………………….. 10 4.1.2. Séchage des grains ………………………………………………………… 10 4.1.3. Aération…………………………………………………………………….. 10 4.1.4. Inspection des silos ………………………………………………………... 10 4.2 Les mesures de lutte curative ………………………………………………………. 11 4.2.1. Moyens mécaniques ……………………………………………………….. 11 4.2.2. Moyens de lutte physique ………………………………………………….. 11 4.2.2.1. Traitement thermique……………………………………………. 11 4.2.2.2. Radiations ionisantes……………………………………………. 11 4.2.3. Moyens de lutte chimique………………………………………………….. 12 4.2.3.1. La fumigation……………………………………………………. 12 4.2.3.2 Traitement chimique de surface ………………………………… 12 4.2.3.3. Les aérosols……………………………………………………... 13 4.2.4. Ozonation…………………………………………………………………... 13 4.2.5. Lutte biotechnologique …………………………………………………….. 13 4.2.5.1. Lutte par phéromones …………………………………………... 13 4.2.5.2. Lutte par utilisation des régulateurs de croissance……………… 13 4.2.6. Lutte biologique …………………………………………………………… 13 4.2.6.1. Lutte par les auxiliaires…………………………………………. 13 I 4.2.6.2. Lutte par les biopesticides…..…………………………………. 13 4.2.6.3. Lutte par les champignons entomopathogénes………………….. 14 4.2.6.4 Lutte par les phytopesticides……………………………………. 14 4.2.6.4.1. Les formulations autorisées………………………… 15 4.2.6.4.2. Méthodes d‟application …………………………….. 16 Chapitre Données Bibliographiques générales sur la bioécologie du matériel biologique animal III étudié……………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 1. Données bioécologiques sur le charançon du riz Sitophilus oryzae ………………………. 17 1.1. Origine et distribution géographique ……………………………………………….. 17 1.2. Position systématique et synonymes ………………………………………………... 17 1.3. Description morphologiques des différents stades du charançon du riz……………. 18 1.3.1. L‟adulte…………………………………………………………………….. 18 1.3.2 L‟œuf………………………………………………………………………. 18 1.3.3. La larve……………………………………………………………………... 18 1.3.4. La nymphe………………………………………………………………….. 19 1.4. Ethologie ……………………………………………………………………………. 19 1.4.1. Mobilité…………………………………………………………………….. 19 1.4.2. Régime alimentaire ………………………………………………………... 19 1.4.3. Interactions intra et interspécifiques……………………………………….. 19 1.5. Biologie et cycle de développement……………… ..………………………………. 20 1.5.1. Ponte et développement embryonnaire ……………………………………. 20 1.5.2. Développement larvaire …………………………………………………… 20 1.5.3. Nymphose………………………………………………………………….. 20 1.5.4. Sortie des imagos ………………………………………………………….. 21 1.6. Facteurs écologiques agissant sur le développement de Sitophilus oryzae………….. 21 1.6.1. Facteurs extrinsèques………………………………………………………. 21 1.6.1.1. Durée du développement………………………………………... 21 1.6.1.2. Effet sur la longévité ……………………………………………. 21 1.6.1.3. Effet sur la mobilité …………………………………………….. 21 1.6.2. Facteurs intrinsèques……………………………………………………….. 21 1.6.2.1. Effet de masse chez lescharançons……………………………... 21 1.7. Dégâts………………………………………………………………………………... 22 2. Données bioécologiques sur le tribolium rouge de la farine, Tribolium castaneum………. 22 2.1. Origine et distribution géographique ………………………………………………... 22 2.2. Position systématique et synonymes ………………………………………………... 22 2.3. Description morphologique des différents stades du Tribolium cataneum………….. 23 2.3.1. L‟adulte…………………………………………………………………….. 23 2.3.2 L‟œuf……………………………………………………………………….. 24 2.3.3. La larve ……………………………………………………………………. 25 2.3.4. La nymphe………………………………………………………………….. 26 2.4. Ethologie ……………………………………………………………………………. 26 2.4.1. Mobilité…………………………………………………………………….. 26 2.4.2. Régime alimentaire………………………………………………………… 26 2.4.3. Interactions intra et interspécifiques……………………………………….. 26 2.4.3.1. Interactions intraspécifiques…………………………………….. 26 2.4.3.1.1. Regroupement ……………………………………… 26 2.4.3.1.2. Reproduction………………………………………... 26 2.4.3.2. Interactions interspécifique……………………………………… 27 2.4.3.2.1. Coexistence etcompétitivité ……………………….. 27 2.4.3.3. Reproduction…………………………………………………….. 27 II 2.5. Biologie et cycle de développement…………………………………………………. 27 2.6. Facteurs écologiques agissant sur le développement de Tribolium castaneum……... 28 2.6.1. Facteurs extrinsèques………………………………………………………. 28 2.6.1.1. Effet sur la longévité ………….………………………………… 28 2.6.1.2. Effet sur l‟oviposition……………..…………………………….. 28 2.6.1.3. Effet sur le développement ………..……………………………. 28 2.6.1.4 Effet sur le régime alimentaire………………………………….. 29 2.6.2. Facteurs intrinsèques……………………………………………………….. 29 2.6.2.1. Effet de masse chez le tribolium………………………………… 29 2.7. Dégâts………………………………………………………………………………... 29 Chap.IV Données bibliographiques générales sur le matériel biologique végétal exploité…………….. 30 1. Données bibliographiques générales sur Inula viscosa…………………………………….. 30 1.1. Etude Botanique……………………………………………………………………... 30 1.1.1. Taxonomie et systématique………………………………………………… 30 1.1.2. Noms vernaculaires ………………………………………………………... 31 1.1.3. Description botanique ……………………………………………………... 31 1.1.3.1. Caractères morphologiques……………………………………... 31 1.1.3.2. Habitat et répartition géographique …………………………….. 31 1.2. Etude ethnobotanique………………………………………………………………... 31 1.2.1. Propriétés et indications particulières ……………………………………... 31 1.2.1.1. Données phytochimiques……………………………………….. 32 1.2.1.2. Données pharmacologiques …………………………………….. 32 1.2.1.3. Données agronomiques …………………………………………. 32 1.2.1.3.1. Activité insecticide…………………………………. 32 1.2.1.3.2. Activité fongicide…………………………………... 33 1.2.1.3.3. Activité herbicide …………………………………... 33 1.2.1.4. Autres données ………………………………………………….. 33 2. Données bibliographiques générales sur
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