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Role of Predatory Ground Beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in Managing Sugar Beet Pests Hassan, H. M. Article History Received:1

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Role of Predatory Ground Beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in Managing Sugar Beet Pests Hassan, H. M. Article History Received:1 Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1045-1056 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net Role of predatory ground beetles (Coleoptera : Carabidae) in managing sugar beet pests Hassan, H. M. Department of Economic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Carabidae are represent about 40000 species throughout the Article History world. They feed on a diversity of prey such as, snails, larvae and Received:1 / 10 /2020 pupae of Lepidoptera, Collembola, Cicadellidae, aphids, larvae and Accepted:17/12 /2020 pupae of Coleoptera, larvae of Diptera and eggs of insects. Carabids had little attention to be studied in Egyptian sugar beet fields. Keywords Therefore, this work was undertaken for understanding the role of Carabidae in controlling sugar beet pests at Sakha Agricultural Predators, ground Research Station. The results showed that the dominant carabid beetles, Carabidae, species were, Bembidion spp., Calosoma chlorostictum Degen. sugar beet and pests. Pterostichus pharao L. Highly significant positive correlations between carabids and cotton leafworms, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, aphids, Cicadellidae, Collembola, Scrobipalpa ocellatella Boyd.( Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), snails and Cassida vittata Vill. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) during the three cultivations in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons. The major trapped pests by carabids were S.ocellatella, cotton leaf worms, C.vittata, Pegomyia mixta Vill. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), Collembola, Cicadellidae, aphids, Nezara viridula L. (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae) , A. ipsilon and snails with 20, 13.84, 12.30, 10.76, 9.23, 7.69, 6.15, 4.61 and 4.61%, respectively in 2017/2018 seasons. 23.94, 15.49, 16.90, 12.67, 4.22, 5.63, 4.22, 7.04, 2.81 and 7.04%, respectively in 2018/2019. Also, raner 24% Sc was reduced carabid number with 10.49 and 17.17% in two seasons, respectively as, the conventional insecticides; Tac 48% Ec and Diracomel 90% Sp were reduced carabid number with 99.44 and 98.28% in 2017/2018, 100 and 99.34% in 2018/2019. In conclusion, these results proved that the importance of carabid species in managing sugar beet pests. In addition to, ecdysone agonists (IGRs) conserve the population of these carabid species in comparison with conventional insecticides. Thus, it is preferred to control sugar beet pests by spraying ecdysone agonists for maintaining the population of these predators. Introduction cultivated in about 40 countries of the Sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. world and accounts for 40 – 45% of the (Family : Chenopodiaceae) is world total sugar production. It 1045 Hassan, 2020 provides about a third of all sugar Collembola, Cicadellidae, aphids, consumed worldwide (Biancardi et al., pupae of beetles, eggs of insects, gall 2010). It is highly sensitive crop to pests midge (Cecidomyiidae) larvae, cabbage (Kos et al., 2013). Sugar beet is liable root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: to infestation by numerous pests such Anthomyiidae) eggs and larvae, pupae as, aphids, leafhoppers, Spodoptera and eggs of onion maggot, Delia littoralis Boisd. and S. exigua (Hubner), antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Pegomyia mixta Vill. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), eggs and larvae of Anthomyiidae), Cassida vittata Vill. colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Scrobipalpa ocellatella (Boyd.) Chrysomelidae) eggs and larvae of (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Nezara weevils (Curculionidae) and dipteran viridula L. (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae) eggs (Riddick, 2005). Kromp (1999) and snails, Monacha spp. (Gastropoda: reported that carabid beetles are usually Hygromiidae) (Iskander, 1982; Abd El- beneficial to agriculture crops, preying Ghany, 1995; Shalaby, 2001; Bazazo, on aphids, slugs and other pests. 2010; Khalifa, 2017 and Khalifa, 2018). Holland and Luff (2000) showed that Sugar beet fields have enormous insect Carabidae occurs in all temperate predators which can manage these pests agroecosystems and have been under the economic threshold levels implicated as predators of many pests; (Mesbah, 1991; El-Zoghby, 1999; aphids, lepidopterous larvae and slugs. Shalaby and Hendawy, 2007; Khalifa, Also, they indicated that Carabidae are 2017; Khalifa, 2018 and El-Dessouki, an important component of integrated 2019). From these major insect pest management (IPM). Rajagopal and predators in Egyptian sugar beet fields Kumar (1992) clarified that carabids are are ground beetles (Coleoptera : known to prey upon caterpillars, pupae, Carabidae). Carabidae are known as larvae, aphids, termites etc. They are important predatory organisms of the found in almost all habitats like soil living pests (Sunderland, 2002). agricultural fields, orchards, They are representing approximately plantations, forest ect. Many species of 40.000 described species found carabids were recorded earlier as throughout the world. Many carabids predators of crop pests. They are are easily recognized at the family commonly associated with several crop level. Adults are well- proportioned pests under field conditions, but beetles with pronounced mandibles, information on their distribution, and palps, long slender legs, striate seasonal abundance and feeding elytra, and sets of punctures with tactile potential is lacking. Fournier and setae. Loreau (1999) reported that carabids They have undergone are generalist predators in crops and in morphological adaptations to suit the natural habitats. They are cited as being habitat in which they are found. Such predators of aphids, lepidopteran modifications have permitted running, larvae, slugs, and herbaceous plant burrowing in soil and sand, living under seeds. Also, many species of these tree bark, climbing plants and beetles have a role in the natural swimming in water (Losey and Denno, biological control for several 1998). They are known to search lepidopteran pests in different crops. actively for food by means of random Awad et al. (2014) investigated that search vision, or chemical cues. They intensive use of conventional feed on a diversity of prey such as, insecticides led to numerous dangerous snails, slugs, larvae of Lepidoptera, drastic problems, i.e. Environment 1046 Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (4): 1045-1056 pollution, destruction of the natural Materials and Methods enemies and incidence insect resistance 1. Seasonal abundance of carabids to these insecticides. Ecdysone agonists and certain sugar beet pests: (Methoxyfenozide) are novel and After thinning, biweekly promising insecticides with high samples were taken till harvest for two efficacy against various insects, at the successive seasons, 2017/2018 and same time almost non-toxic to predators 2018/2019. During every sample (5 and environment. The status of insect plants), a plastic bag was converted on predators in Egyptian sugar beet fields a sugar beet plant to harbor the whole was investigated by numerous authors plant which cut at the soil surface. The (Talha, 2001; Bazazo, 2005; Hendawy, bag was tightly tied at the bottom and 2009; Bazazo, 2010 and El Dessouki, transferred to the laboratory for further 2019), but carabids had little attention procedures. In the laboratory, a piece of to be cited. cotton saturated with chloroform was Thus, this study was done for introduced into the bag for 20 minutes investigating the seasonal abundance of to anesthetize the confirmed pests. The some sugar beet pests and their bag size varied during the season associated carabid predators. according to the growth of plants. The Calculating the correlation coefficient area of this experiment was 1/2 feddan values between them. Surveying certain planted with farida cultivar / each prey of carabids by (Visual record and cultivation. The specimens were fine brush methods). Also, evaluating identified using stereoscopy (4.8 – 56.0 the efficiency of mexthoxyfenozide x magnification) the carabid species (Ecdysone agonists) as novel, Figure (1) were identified by (Plant ecofriendly insecticides in controlling Protection Research Institute, Egypt). sugar beet insects as well as carabids maintaining in comparison with conventional insecticides. Bembidion spp. Calosoma chlorostictum Degen Pterostichus pharao (Lutshnik) Figure (1): The specimens of the carabid species. 2. Effect of certain methoxyfenozide seasons. Three insecticides in Table (1) (Ecdysone agonists) and conventional were applied and recommended against insecticides on carabids: cotton leaf worms , each insecticide was Another field about 1/2 feddan replicated four times (3x4 = 12 plots), was performed to this experiment each plot measured 42m2, in addition to during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 four plots as check. Knapsack sprayer 1047 Hassan, 2020 (20 L volume) was used for spraying. Number of carabids was counted by Also, differences between the visual record one, three, seven and 10 mean numbers of carabids were days post spraying. analyzed using Duncan test (1955). Reduction in carabids was Date of spraying was 20 and 25 calculated by Henderson and Tilton September in two seasons, respectively, (1955) formula: Completely randomized block design No. in check before spray No. in treated after spray was applied. 1- (--------------------------- x -------------------------------) x 100 No. in check after spray No. in treated before spray Table (1): The insecticides used against cotton leaf worms during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons. Insecticide Category Rate / feddan Common Trade name
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