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A History of Russia

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A History of Russia »; .1 «.^-! Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2010 witii funding from University of Toronto http://www.arcliive.org/details/liistoryofrussia02kliu I — — — — CONTENTS CHAPTER I p The principal phenomena of the third period of Russian history — Tlie position,, of Rus at the middle of the fifteenth century—Boundaries of the then "^ Principality of Moscow— Change in the later process of Moscow's \ absorption of Rus—-Territorial acquisitions of Ivan III. and his successor \ —The political unification of Great Rus as the fundamental factor of this ' period —Direct results of that factor—Change in the external position of the Principality of Moscow, and in the external policy of its rulers—The idea of a national Russian State — Its expression in the external policy of Ivan III. •,. ^CHAPTER_II_ Internal results of the fundamental factor of the third period — Growth of political self-realisation in the Muscovite Empire—Sophia Palaeologus, and the importance of her role in Moscow—New titles and genealogy Legend of the coronation of Vladimir Monomakh—The idea of the divine origin of the Imperial power Otchina, as distinguished from State—Fluctuations between the two ideas of rule—Order of succession to the throne—Growth of the supreme power in the Muscovite State The retrograde and baneful character of appanage rule —The indeter- minate relation of Ivan III. and his immediate successors to that rule Composition of the supreme power of the Muscovite Tsar—Change in the attitude towards him of the Muscovite community—Summary . l6 CHAPTER HI The Muscovite boyars—Change TnlTiTlr-rnmpmiti on from the middle of the fifteenth century onwards—Conditions and rules governing the genealogical ^"^ graduation of boyar families—The political attitude of the boyar class as newly compounded—Definition of the term "Muscovite boyars"—The mii'stiiichestvo system Otechesivo or hereditary standing Miestnichestvo reckoning, simple and complex— Legislative limitations of the system Its fundamental idea—The period of its elaboration—Its importance to the boyars as a political guarantee—Its shortcomings in that respect . 38 — — — —— vi CONTENTS CHAPTER IV r Relations of the new Muscovite order of boyars to the Tsar—Relations of the Muscovite boyars of appanage days to the Suzerain Prince — Change in those relations with the times of Ivan III.—^Collisions between Tsar "N and boyars-^—Uncertainty of the cause of quarrel—Conversation between / Bersen and Maxim the Greek— Boyar administration— Correspondence / between Ivan IV. and Prince Kurbski—Kurbski's indictment of Ivan Ivan's reply to the same Character of the correspondence The dynastic ( — — > source of the quarrel 5^ CHAPTER V ' The circumstances which led to the formation of the Opiichnina—The Tsar's extraordinary departure from Moscow, and his subsequent proclamations to the capital—The Tsar's return — His ukaz appointing the Oprichnina —His life at Alexandrov—Relation of the Oprichnina to the Zemstchina —Purpose of the Oprichnina-*-h. contradiction in the organisation of the Muscovite Empire—The idea of replacing the boyars with a burgher ; class The futility of the Oprichnina, and some views of contemporary — } writers concerning that institution . '74 I CHAPTER VI \^^ Character sketch of Ivan IV. 91 CHAPTER VII Review of the composition of an appanage community —The composition of the new Muscovite official class— Its constituent elements, native and / foreign Tchintox ranks—The numerical extent of the Muscovite official '' class—The external position of the State — Its struggles with the Nogai and Crimean Tartars—Defence of the north-eastern frontier— " Banks service"— Fortified lines of defence— "Watch and post service"—The question of the military and industrial organisation of the official class The pomiestie systtni 104 CHAPTER VIII Pomicst'ie land tenure—The opinions of two historians concerning the origin oi poiniestie law—Origin oi pomiest'ie land tenure—The rules of the system —Pomicsl'ie lots and salaries Pomiest'ie allotment Prozhitki or pen- sions assigned to widows and daughters of a deceased State servitor , 121 CHAPTER IX Direct results of the pomiest'ie system —namely, (i) fusion of otchina pro- prietorship with pomiest'ie tenure, (2) artificial increase in private land- ownership, (3) formation of district associations of nobility, (4) creation of a service-landowning proletariat, (5) deterioration in the development of Russian towns and urban industries, and (6) an alteration in the posi- tion of the peasantry 133 —— CONTENTS vii CHAPTER X PAGE The question of monasterial otchini—The spread of the Russian monastic movement—Monasteries in North-Eastern Rus—Desert monasteries Monastic colonies—The colonistic activity of the Troitski Monastery of St. Sergius—The idea of desert monasteries—The old Russian calendar —Old Russian hagiography— Contents and characteristic features of the old Russian zhitia or written lives of saints—Secular or "world " monas- teries —Founders of desert monasteries— Wanderings and desert settle- ments of anchorites—The common life monastery ..... 149 CHAPTER XI Methods of nionasterial acquisition of agrarian wealth — Monasterial "lands of Imperial granting"—Donations for the repose of souls —Monasterial entry fees — Adverse effects of monasterial landownership upon the monastic ideal — Monasterial banquets—Decline of monastic discipline —Losses incurred by the State and its servitors through monasterial landownership—The question of the monasterial acquisition oi otchini— Nilus Sorski and Joseph of Volokolamsk—The Church Council of 1503 —The literary polemic over the question of nionasterial landownership Legislative attempts to check the agrarian enrichment of the monas- teries ............. 169 CHAPTER Xn The connection between monasterial landownership and serf law —The pea- santry during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries — Forms of rural settlements— Relation of cultivated land to waste—Contracts between peasant and landowner— Relation of the peasant (i) to the landowner, (2) to the State —Social organisation of the peasantry—The question of the moral commune—The peasant in his agricultural industry—The sub- sidy, the loan, and the exemption— Peasant holdings and imposts Conclusion ............ 197 CHAPTER Xni The views of two historians concerning the alleged agrarian attachment of the peasantry at the close of the sixteenth century —The law of 1597 concerning runaway peasants, and the supposed ukaz ordaining a general agrarian attachment of the peasantry— Peasant tenancy-agreements of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries— Industrial conditions which paved the way to serfdom—Agrarian attachment of the peasantry on State and court lands—Growth of the sfuda or landlord's loan, and increase of the personal dependence of the seigniorial peasantry upon their landlords—Peasant abductions and ahscondings, and the legislative measures adopted against those offences— Position of the seigniorial pea- santry at the beginning of the seventeenth century—Summary . 219 — — viii CONTENTS CHAPTER XIV PACK . /• . r Review of the foregoing—The administration of the Muscovite Empire during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries— Conditions unfavourable to the working of that administration—A general survey of its organisation and character—The administration of an appanage principality—" Commis- sioned boyars " and the Eoyar Duma—Namieshiiki and volosteli—The nature of kormlenia—Changes in the central administration of the Mus- covite Empire from the middle of the fifteenth c&XiXxiX^—Prikazi and the Boyar Duma—The nature of the activity of those two factors . 242 CHAPTER XV Changes in the provincial administration of the Muscovite Empire—The regulation of kormlenia—Doklad, or " reference " of legal cases, and stidnie muzhi—A giiba criminal administration— Its composition, juris- diction, and legal process— Its nature and significance—Two questions concerning the same—The relation of such an administration to the local korvilentshik— Local administrative reform— Its cause—The introduction of local institutions—The jurisdiction and responsibility of local authori- ties— " Na vieru " administration—The character and significance of the local reforms introduced by Ivan IV 265 CHAPTER XVI The Muscovite administration and the Muscovite community—The petty corporate character of Muscovite local government—The failure of the general corporate principle —The necessity of combining local institu- tions Zemskie Sobori—A story concerning the Zemski Sobor of 1550 Examination of the story—Composition of the Zemskie Sobori of i ^66 and 1 598 —Service and commercial-industrial members of those Councils —Zemskie Sobori sind the country—The status of a representative member of such gatherings—The system of debate in a Zemski Sobor—The signi- ficance of the " kissing of the cross" in such an assemVjly—Connection between Zemskie Sobori and the local communities—Origin and signi- ficance of Sobori—The idea of a pan-territorial council —The Muscovite Empire at the close of the sixteenth century Index 323 — HISTORY OF RUSSIA CHAPTER I The principal phenomena of the third period of Russian history—The position of Rus at the middle of the fifteenth century— Boundaries of the then Principality of Moscow- Change in the later process of Moscow's absorption of Rus— Territorial acquisitions of Ivan III. and his successor— The political unification of Great Rus as the fundamental factor of this period— Direct results of that factor—Change in the external position of the Principality
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