Oceanic whitetipshark Fact sheetforthe16 Overview and regional efforts toward recovery andsustainableuse. establishment ofscience-basedexportlimits, thereby complementingnational to facilitatecompliancewithfisheriesmeasures agreed bydozens ofnationsand fins makesthem readily identifiableintrade.CITES AppendixIIlistingiswarranted caught oceanicwhitetipsharks.Thedistinctive appearanceofoceanicwhitetip demandfor finscontinuestodriveits fins.International retentionofincidentally has beenseriouslyoverfishedbypelagicfisheries around theworld,primarilyfor The oceanicwhitetipsharkisaslow-growing, globallythreatened speciesthat Protecting sharksfromunsustainable trade to Annotation Co-sponsors Lead proponent Proposed action Carcharhinus longimanus th MeetingoftheConferenceParties(CoP16)toConventiononInternationalTrade inEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)

Entry intoeffectdelayedby18monthstoallowParties Brazil, UnitedStates Colombia Listing onCITESAppendixII resolve technicalandadministrativeissues

INTERN AD SHARK VO AT CA IONA TE S L

PROPOSAL # 42

ANDREW BELLAMY Oceanic whitetip shark Proposal #42 Oceanic whitetip shark Proposal #42

Distribution International Trade so data from this region are seriously incomplete. The The oceanic whitetip shark is found around the world, International demand for shark fins is the driving force IOTC Scientific Committee, however, has reported clear generally in far-offshore tropical and subtropical waters, behind oceanic whitetip shark mortality. Oceanic white and significant declines in oceanic whitetip shark abun- to about 30o latitude. sharks fins are exported from around the globe to Asia, dance over recent decades. particularly China, for use in shark fin soup. Dried, unprocessed fins from this species sold for an average Globally, the extent and rate of decline of oceanic whitetip wholesale auction price of USD122/kg per kilogram in populations significantly exceed the qualifying levels for Arctic Ocean 2001. Shark import and export trade records are gener- inclusion in CITES Appendix II. ally not species-specific, which hampers understanding of international trade. The oceanic whitetip shark is known, Conservation Measures North however, to be one of six shark species frequently found North Atlantic The oceanic whitetip shark is listed in Annex I, Highly Mi- Pacific Ocean North in the global fin trade, including in the dominant Hong Pacific gratory Species, of the United Nations Convention on the Ocean Ocean Kong market. The fins of an estimated 220,000–1.2 mil- Law of the Sea, which signals international recognition of lion oceanic whitetip sharks were traded globally in 2000, the need for cooperative management of the species but representing about 2% by weight of the global fin trade. does not carry specific, binding fisheries regulations. Pro- hibitions on retention, transshipment, and landing of oce- White tips and rounded edges make the fins of oceanic anic whitetip sharks have been adopted by the following whitetip sharks distinctive and easily identifiable in trade. Indian Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs): Ocean Genetics studies have backed up reports that Hong South Kong-based fin traders sort oceanic whitetip shark fins • International Commission for the Conservation of Pacific Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT); Ocean into a separate market category (“Liu Qiu”). These factors should significantly ease implementation of CITES con- • Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC); South trols. There are also numerous shark species identifica- and South Atlantic Pacific Ocean tion guides and improvement of these tools is ongoing. • Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission Ocean (WCPFC).

VULNERABLE Population Status Carcharhinus longimanus Southern Ocean IUCN classifies the oceanic whitetip shark as Vulnerable Compliance with and application of these bans depends Oceanic whitetip shark globally, with Northwest and Western Central Atlantic on national actions that are to date seriously lacking. population considered Critically Endangered. Indeed, most ICCAT, IATTC, and WCPFC Parties have yet Global distribution of the oceanic whitetip shark. Source: IUCN to implement species-specific oceanic whitetip protec- Once common, oceanic whitetip sharks have been tions. Rejection of a ban on oceanic whitetip retention by depleted on a global scale. Northwest Atlantic popula- the IOTC leaves the species virtually unprotected through- tions have declined substantially. Scientists recently used out a large portion of its range. Central Pacific standardized catch rate data to estimate a 17%/year decline in oceanic whitetips for 1995–2010, Domestic oceanic whitetip shark-specific fishing prohibi- Biological Characteristics Fisheries equating to a 93% decline over the period as a whole. tions, consistent with relevant RFMO obligations, have The oceanic whitetip shark is a relatively large, highly mi- Oceanic whitetip sharks are taken primarily as bycatch The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) does not been adopted by the European Union, New Zealand, and gratory shark with distinctive white-tipped, rounded fins. in pelagic longline and purse seine fisheries that target require shark landings to be recorded to the species level, the United States. Oceanic whitetip sharks serve as top predators, feeding tuna and swordfish. The large fins of oceanic whitetip mainly on fish and squid. shark are used in the traditional Asian celebratory dish, shark fin soup. The low value of oceanic whitetip meat Oceanic whitetip sharks are exceptionally vulnerable to (relative to fins) can create incentive for “finning” (slicing overfishing due to: off the fins and discarding the bodies at sea); however, in the Western and Central Pacific, oceanic whitetip sharks • Late maturity (females mature as late as age 7) are reportedly landed whole more often than they are • Lengthy gestation (9–12 months) finned. Tagging studies have determined that oceanic • Few young (average of 5–6 pups every two years). whitetip sharks have a high chance of surviving capture on pelagic longline fishing gear if carefully released. As These characteristics lead to intrinsic rates of population with other pelagic sharks, the widespread lack of na- increase estimated at 0.07–0.09 yr-1, placing the oceanic tional landings reports leads to serious under-estimates whitetip shark in the lowest productivity category of the of oceanic whitetip shark catches. UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines for evaluating the status of commercially exploited aquatic species (rate of population increase of <0.14 and a gen- eration time of >10 years). RIMA JABADO

Fact sheet for the 16th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP16) to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Fact sheet for the 16th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP16) to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Oceanic whitetip shark Proposal #42

CITES History Expert Advice The United States and Palau proposed the oceanic IUCN and TRAFFIC have concluded that the oceanic whitetip shark for listing in CITES Appendix II at CoP15 whitetip shark meets the criteria for listing in CITES Ap- in 2010. The proposal received support from a majority pendix II, and TRAFFIC recommends that Parties support of Parties, but not the two-thirds’ majority required the proposal. The ad hoc Expert Panel convened by FAO for adoption. to review CITES proposals for marine species also agreed that the species meets the decline criteria for inclusion in Appendix II. The CITES Secretariat recommends that this proposal be adopted. MARK DANDO

Call to action Listing the oceanic whitetip shark under CITES Appendix II is: • Warranted under the listing criteria; • Essential to ensuring that international trade is held to sustainable levels; • Complementary to fisheries management and recovery efforts; • Key to improving data on fisheries and trade; and • Consistent with numerous international and regional policy commitments.

Our coalition urges CITES Parties to vote in favor of Proposal #42 to list the oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) on CITES Appendix II at CoP16.

References Information in this fact sheet is based on that in the listing proposal, the asso- Clarke, S. C., Harley, S. J., Hoyle, S. D. and Rice, J. S. 2012. Population ciated IUCN/TRAFFIC analyses, the TRAFFIC Recommendations, the 2012 Trends in Pacific Oceanic Sharks and the Utility of Regulations on Shark FAO Ad Hoc Expert Panel report, the CITES Secretariat’s findings, and: Finning. Conservation Biology. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01943.x

SHARK ADVOCATES INTERNATIONAL

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