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Vegetation Surveys to Assess Possible Impacts of Phosphate Mining, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean

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Vegetation Surveys to Assess Possible Impacts of Phosphate Mining, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342673319 Vegetation surveys to assess possible impacts of phosphate mining, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean Technical Report · July 2020 CITATIONS READS 0 47 3 authors, including: Anja Zimmermann Anthony Richard Milnes Northern Territory Department of Environment and Natural Resources University of Adelaide 5 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS 105 PUBLICATIONS 2,349 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Kanmantoo Group View project All content following this page was uploaded by Anthony Richard Milnes on 04 July 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. July 2020 Christmas Island vegetation surveys Information for this paper was extracted from: Main Report & Technical Appendix F in Phosphate Resources Limited Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed Christmas Island Phosphate Mines (9 sites). EPBC 2001/487. November 2005. (EIS prepared by EWL Sciences P/L & Tallegalla Consultants P/L; edited by A R Milnes & D Gillespie). The research was undertaken by P Reddell, A R Milnes & A Zimmermann from EWL Sciences P/L. Vegetation surveys to assess possible impacts of phosphate mining, Christmas Island, Indian Ocean P ReddellA, A ZimmermannB and AR MilnesC A Ecobiotics P/L, Yungaburra Office, 7 Penda Street, Yungaburra 4884, Queensland, Australia B 5 Banyan Street, Fannie Bay NT 0820 C Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, SA 5000. Abstract __________________________________________________________________ 2 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 2 Survey methods ____________________________________________________________ 2 Site reconnaissance _______________________________________________________________ 3 Strategic transects ________________________________________________________________ 3 Intensive survey plots _____________________________________________________________ 4 Targeted surveys for endangered, vulnerable or rare species ____________________________ 4 Results ___________________________________________________________________ 7 Mapping of vegetation types in the areas selected for possible future mining _______________ 7 Floristic and structural descriptions of the vegetation types ______________________________ 8 Distribution and population data for species of conservation significance _________________ 10 Threatened and endemic flora _____________________________________________________ 11 Plant species listed under the EPBC Act _____________________________________________ 11 Asplenium listeri __________________________________________________________________________ 11 Tectaria devexa var minor ___________________________________________________________________ 12 Carmona retusa ___________________________________________________________________________ 12 Other plant species proposed as endangered or vulnerable _____________________________ 13 Species proposed as rare or poorly-known ___________________________________________ 14 Endemic species _________________________________________________________________ 15 Assessment of potential impacts of mining _____________________________________ 15 General overview ________________________________________________________________ 15 Potential impacts on vegetation type ________________________________________________ 17 Impacts on EPBC-listed and other significant flora ____________________________________ 17 Species listed under the EPBC Act ____________________________________________________________ 18 Asplenium listeri _________________________________________________________________________ 18 Tectaria devexa var minor __________________________________________________________________ 18 Carmona retusa __________________________________________________________________________ 19 Pneumatopteris truncata ___________________________________________________________________ 20 Other plant species proposed endangered or vulnerable ____________________________________________ 20 Species proposed as poorly-known or rare ______________________________________________________ 20 Endemic species __________________________________________________________________________ 23 Summary ________________________________________________________________ 23 Acknowledgements ________________________________________________________ 24 Page 1 of 76 July 2020 Christmas Island vegetation surveys Acknowledgements ________________________________________________________ 24 References _______________________________________________________________ 24 Abstract Comprehensive surveys and mapping of the vegetation on a number of areas selected for possible future mining of phosphate on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, in concert with an evaluation of its ecology, enabled an assessment of potential impacts of disturbance. The research targeted the possible impacts on forest types as well as on the occurrence and distribution of EPBC-listed and other significant flora. Mining has not proceeded but the unique dataset provides new information on the floral ecology on this isolated seamount, demonstrates the effectiveness of a rigorous strategy for establishing baseline conditions, and informs practical approaches for both protecting significant flora and re-establishing key revegetation types in areas of significant land disturbance. Introduction Reddell et al. (2019) described the floral ecology of Christmas Island (Fig. 1) as a basis for generating an effective approach to sustainable rehabilitation of areas mined for phosphate over more than 100 years. They noted that there were records of about 420 species of vascular plants, of which approximately 242 species were indigenous to the Island and a further 177 species had been naturalised since human occupation. Natural vegetation varies from tropical rainforest with 50m tall emergent trees through to low shrublands on exposed coastal sites (Fig. 2). Fernlands, shrublands and secondary regrowth forests currently occupy sites disturbed by human activities. In the early 2000’s, Phosphate Resources NL (PRL) submitted a proposal to the Australian Government to expand phosphate mining into a number of new areas. As part of this proposal, detailed vegetation and other surveys of the selected new areas and adjacent sites were commissioned to form the basis for assessing impacts of possible future mining operations. Mining did not subsequently proceed but the new survey plan and data on flora ecology and distribution stand as an important addition to knowledge of the Island’s vegetation and contribute to strategies for effective mine rehabilitation. Survey methods PRL had identified nine areas of vacant Crown land on the Island (Fig. 3) with economically viable reserves of phosphate. The vegetation in the nine areas and their surrounds was surveyed over an intensive three-week period in March 2003. Two ecologists were responsible for the design and implementation of the survey in the field and for all detailed observations, record keeping, species identifications and data analysis and interpretation. Local support staff assisted in establishing plots, measuring tree sizes and pressing plant specimens. The vegetation survey had four broad components: Page 2 of 76 July 2020 Christmas Island vegetation surveys 1. an initial site reconnaissance and inspection of each of the nine areas and their immediate surrounds; 2. establishment of strategic transects to describe the species present and the structure and composition of the main vegetation types in each area; 3. detailed measurements of species numbers, size class distributions and structural features in intensive survey plots representative of the range of vegetation types in each area; and, 4. focussed surveys of specific environments, habitats and locations in, or immediately adjacent to each of nine areas for significant flora (endangered, vulnerable and rare species) that could be impacted by mining. Site reconnaissance Prior to finalising the design and location of the three more detailed components of the vegetation survey, all of the nine selected areas were inspected to overview their physical features and terrain and the main vegetation types and species present. Particular attention was paid to the relationship between vegetation type and substrate and/or site topography and, as a consequence, how closely vegetation type reflected the suitability and likelihood of mining in particular parts of the areas. The observations from this initial site reconnaissance were then used to assist in interpreting aerial photography and satellite imagery from which the siting of the strategic transects was decided. These observations were also used to reduce the intensity of sampling in parts of the nine selected that would not be mined because they had little or no phosphate resource present or were on or near steep and inaccessible slopes. On this basis, some areas were sampled at a much lower intensity than in the more detailed vegetation survey activities (although some transects and plots were located in these areas to confirm our preliminary assessment and to provide background and ‘contextual’ information on the vegetation types that were present). Strategic transects The purpose of the strategic transects was to (a) record the range of plant species present in each of the nine selected areas and (b) identify and describe the major forest structural
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