REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA
Ministry of Local Government & Lands = Central District
CENTRAL DISTRICT PLANNING STUDY
MAIN REPORT VOLUME 1
FINAL REPORT
MAY 1992
Environmental Consultants a division of Aqua Tech Groundwater Consultants (Pty) Ltd P.O. Box 10072 Gaborone, Botswana
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Terms of Reference 1-1 1.2 Objectives 1-1 1.3 Methodology 1-2 1.3.1 Physiographic Units 1-2 1.3.2 Ecological Zones 1-3 1.3.3 Agra-Climate 1-3 1.3.4 Settlements and Population 1-3 1.3.5 Land Tenure and Land Use 1-3 1.3.6 District Planning Units 1-3 1.4 Report Outline 1-3 1.5 Acknowledgements 1-4
2 PHYSIOGRAPHY
2.1 Physical Environment 2- 1 2.1.1 Pre Kalahari Geology 2-1 2.1.2 Surficial Geology 2-14 2.1.3 Topography 2-19 2.1.4 Climate 2-23 2.1.5 Hydrology 2-33
2.1.6 Soils, Erodibility and Erosion Potential 2-49 2.2 Physiographic Units 2-60
3 BIOLOGY/ECOLOGY 3.1 Biological Environment 3-1 3.1.1 Vegetation 3-1 3.1.2 Wildlife Resources 3-22 3.2 Ecological Zoning 3-41
4 AGRICULTURAL SUITABILITY ZONING 4-1 4.1 Agra-climate 4-1 4.2 Agricultural Suitability zones
5 NATURAL CULTURAL & HISTORIC SITES
6 POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS ill
UST OF MAPS
2.1 Geology 2-4 2.2 Mineral Occurrences 2-10 2.3 Sufficial Geology 2-16 2.4 Topography 2-20 2.5a Mean Annual Rainfall 2-26 ■=, 2.5b Coefficients of Variation in Annual Rainfall 2-27 2.5c Wind Velocity 2-30 2.5d Rainfall Stations 2-31 2.6 Rivers, Dams and Damsites 2-40 2.7 Groundwater Potential 2-46 2.8 Soils 2-54 2.9 Erosion Potential 2-60 2.10 Physiographic Units 2-66
3.1 Vegetation Ecology 3-2 3.2 Wildlife Distribution Total Biomass August '89 3-24 3.3 Wildlife Distribution Total Biomass March '90 3-26 3.4 Current Ranges of Wildlife Species 3-30 3.5 Ecological Zones 3-42
4.1 Agricultural Suitability 4-4
5.1 Natural, Cultural and Historic Sites 5-2
6.1 Settlements 6-2
7.1 Land Tenure 7-2 7.2 Land Use 7-10 7.3 Cultivated Lands 7-14 7.4 Veterinary Cordon Fences 7-26 7.5 Localities with Pollution Risk 7-36
8.1 Transport - Roads 8-4 8.2 Transport - Rail and Air 8-14
9.1 Communications - Power 9-2 9.2 Telecommunications 9-6 9.3 Communications - Postal 9-10 ABBREVIATIONS
ALDEP Arable Lands Development Programme ARAP Accelerated Rainfed Arable Programme asi Above Sea Level AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer BC Bush cleared BCL (Bamangwato Concessions Ltd) BDC Botswana Development Corporation BDF Botswana Defence Force BMC Botswana Meat Commission BPC Botswana Power Corporation BRET Botswana Renewable Technology Project CDC Central District Council CDLUPU Central District Land Use Planning Unit CEC Cationic Exchange Capacity CFDA Communal First Development Area CHA Controlled Hunting Area CKGR Central Kalahari Game Reserve CLUP Co-ordinator of Land Use Planning CSO Central Statistics Office CV Coefficient of Rainfall Variation dbL Diameter at Breast Height DOG District Development Committee DDP IV District Development Plan IV DHV DHV Consulting Engineers OLUPU District Land Use Planning Unit DMS Department of Meteorological Services DOL District Officer Lands DOR Department of Roads DSL Department of Surveys and Lands DWA Department of Water Affairs DWNP Department of Wildlife and National Parks E1A Environmental Impact Assessment ERL Energy Resources Limited FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FCC False Colour Composite FS Flaked Stone ft Feet vii
SGAB Swedish Geological International (AB) SLEMSA Soil Loss Estimation Model for Southern Africa SLOCA Services to Livestock Owners in Communal Areas SMEC Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation Struc.Rems. Structural Remains t Tonnes TGLP Tribal Grazing Land Policy UK United Kingdom UNDP United Nations Development Programme UTM Universal Transverse Mercator VDC Village Development Committee WMA Wildlife Management Area ZAB Zaire Air Boundary 1-1
1. INTRODUCTION
This study has been carried out, in close consultation with the Reference Group, an behalf of the Ministry of Local Government, lands and Housing from September 1990 to March 1992.
1.1 TERMS OF REFERENCE
The Terms of Reference are included in Appendix 1.1. The study deviated substantially from the Terms of Reference In a number of ways:
The study has used GIS (PC Arclnfo) rather than traditional drafting methods. Consequently, the map scales specified In the Terms of Reference have not been adhered to as the GIS provides the facility to produce maps at any scale. The GIS files will be handed over to the Central District Administration The scale of each hard copy of the maps has been agreed upon with the Reference Group and reflects the availability of data for each theme.
The existing population data, from the 1981 census, was considered to be unreliable due to its age. It was therefore agreed that the final report be delayed until the results of the 1991 census were available and analysed in early 1992. However only preliminary populations figures were available and released to this study on the understanding that would not be published.
The Terms of Reference did not require the preparation of an agro-climate thematic map. This has been included as it is a logical step after preparation of climatic, soils and ecological zones thematic maps and is an important element in agricultural and land use planning.
The Terms of Reference required that all water points be mapped. However, the existing location maps are extremely poor and in view of the ongoing Water Points Surveys, it was decided to drop this theme.
During the study, the Reference Group requested that the feasibility of creating a sixth Sub-district based on Tonota and Mmadinare be evaluated. This is discussed in Section 13.
Also outside the Terms of Reference was the consultation conducted with the Central District Council. Sections 12 and 13 were presented to them and their comments included.
• 1-3
Areas of influence Land use/tenure Population Size Ecological zoning
The overall rationale is that the more homogeneous and cohesive the planning area, the easier it will be to implement and manage development policies and extension services.
1.3.1 Physiographic Units
These were determined by analysing principally the surficial geology, topography and pre-Kalahari geology. The district was divided into three physiographic units; the Hardveld in the east, the Sandveld in the south west and north and the Makgadikgadi Basin in the west. Each has distinct geomorphological characteristics and has formed the basis for ecological zoning.
1.32 Ecological Zones
The ecological zones were determined to three orders or levels.
The physiographic zones described above formed the first order ecological zones. The second order zones were based on pre-Kalahari geology, surficial geology, soils and physiography. The third order zones were based primarily on soil and vegetation differences.
1.3.3 Agro-clirnate
This was aimed at dividing the district into areas of relatively uniform agricultural potential. This was done by analysing existing agro-climatic maps in relation to the soils map and soil moisture storage properties.
1.3.4 Settlements and Population
The analysis of settlement patterns and population has been derived from data supplied by CSO (1991 Census preliminary results). The usage of the population information has been restricted to settlements with a population of over 500. The location of all settlements/localities has been digitised from the Census maps.
1.35 Land Tenure and Land Use
The land tenure has been described from literature sources and published maps, whereas land use has also been mapped from satellite imagery. 1-5
Section 11 presents the 1991 Census Enumeration Areas and the GRAS boundaries.
Section 12 describes the methodology employed in delineating the District Planning Units and presents the building blocks and proposed DPUs.
Section 13 describes the methodology used In determining the feasibility of a sixth Sub-district and recommendations.
15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The consultants would like to acknowledge the members of the Reference Group without whose help this study could not have been completed.
We would also like to acknowledge the assistance given by many individuals throughout the study. A list of those consulted is presented in Appendix 1.3. • C_
2-1
2. PHYSIOLOGY
2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
21.1 PRE KALAHARI GEOLOGY
Introduction
The pre-Kalahari geology consists of 'bedrock' units ranging in age from In excess of 3000 million years old to 150 million years old. These units are extensively overlain by younger surficial deposits (0-130 million years old) comprising soils, sands and cretes. The pre-Kalahari rocks contain most of the potential aquifers and ore deposits in the district and play an important role in determining the nature of the overlying surficial geology.
The aeromagnetic maps used in this study are compiled from very accurate measurements of disturbances to the earth's magnetic field measured from a low flying aircraft. The disturbances are caused by small variations of magnetic mineral content in the various rock units. None occur in the surficial deposits. Consequently, this provides a means of mapping pre-Kalahari geology where these units are obscured, but the interpretations are by no means unique.
The term lithology means rock type.
Methodology
Mapping has been carried out by the Geological Survey at various scales in the district. The 1:125 000 series covers the eastern part of the district where there is most bedrock exposure. 1:250 000 scale mapping has been carried out in a narrow strip through and to the west of Orapa where there are relatively thin surficial deposits. The entire district is covered by a 1:1 000 000 map.
The above mentioned sources have been used to compile the pre-Kalahari geology map (for source diagram see Map Number 2.1).
Maps were prepared and digitised at 1:250 000 scale and modified where edge matching errors occurred using the 1:250 000 scale aeromagnetic maps (which cover the whole district) and borehole data.
The boundary between areas of thick surficial cover and areas where cover is thin or absent has been digitised from the National Geological Map and is shown by the Kalahari boundary on the geology map. = 2-3
Karoo Supergroup
Rocks of the Karoo Supergroup are extensively developed in two areas or basins; the first being a large area covering the western half of the district (the western basin), and the other in the eastern corner of the district east of Bobonong (the eastern basin). .= •
Basalt
This occurs in a large area occupying the central portion of the district, extending to its southern boundary, in the north of the district (both in the western basin) and east of Bobonong (the eastern basin). It is almost entirely covered by surficial deposits in the first two areas but where exposed they are flat lying and form flat outcrops of mafic lava. At outcrops they occasionally weather to dark clay rich soil often containing isolated, unweathered, round boulders. However, in the Bobonong area they do not weather as well and support shallow stony soils. The groundwater potential is moderate to good but good at its contact with the underlying fine grained sandstone.
Fine grained sandstone
This is a flat lying sedimentary unit which underlies the basalt. It occurs in a large area in the central westen part of the district between the central and northern basalt areas of the western basin. It also occurs as a rim around the edges of the two basins. It occasionally forms kopjes, particularly around the eastern basin, and weathers easily to a fine grained white sand. Its groundwater potential is moderate but good at its contact with the overlying basalt
Sandstone, shale, mudstone and coal
This is a flat lying sequence of sedimentary rocks which underlies the fine grained sandstone and also occurs as a rim around the edges of the two basins. This rim is more extensive in the Palapye and Mmamabula areas. The sandstones weather easily to a coarse to fine grained sand with a variable clay content dependent on the amount of shale and mudstone present. Its groundwater potential is moderate to good.
Ghanzi Supergroup
Sandstone, shale, quartzite and limestone
This unit occurs in a small area in the extreme west of the district. It is covered by thick surficial deposits and its presence has been inferred from aerial magnetic data and boreholes. The dominant lithology is a •
2-5
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•- • 2-7
Granite/gneiss
This is by far the most abundant lithology in the Basement Complex and consists of quartz and feldspar rich granitic rocks. It has variable weathering characteristics, forming relatively sparse, fiat lying outcrops and isolated kopjes, and it supports sandy soils.
Amphibolite
This is the second most abundant rock type in the Basement Complex, occurring generally in thin stringers that are usually too narrow to map at 1:250 000 scale. It is a mac unit with a high percentage of hornblende. It is generally poorly exposed and weathers more readily than the granite/gneiss to a more clay rich soil.
Quartzite
This also occurs as thin stringers in the Basement Complex which are difficult to map, except in the area around Matsitama. It mostly comprises quartz rich lithologies which form kopjes and ridges due to their poor weathering characteristics.
Calcitic rocks and marble
This unit has been mapped in the Selebi Phikwe area but also occurs as stringers in the area between Mahalapye and Machaneng. It is poorly exposed, weathers to form calcareous soils and often gives rise to calcrete in overlying surficial deposits.
Limestone and graphitic schist
— This unit is restricted to two small outcrops in the Matsitama area and comprises calcitic and graphitic lithologies. It is poorly exposed and gives rise to calcareous soils.
Banded Ironstone
This generally occurs as thin stringers in the Basement Complex in the area south east of Bobonong; the only area which can be mapped at 1:250 000 scale occurs near Maitengwe in the north east of the district. It is an iron and silica rich unit which usually forms ridges and kopjes. It does not weather easily, but where it does, it forms ferruginous soils. 2-9
Mineral Occurences
Mining Leases
Ten mining leases have been issued in the district. These are listed below (Table 2.2).
Diamonds are mined at Orapa and Letihakane and this is likely to continue for the next 30 to 50 years. Copper and nickel are mined at Selebi Phikwe where there are reserves sufficient for at least another 10 years. Coal is mined at Morupule where there are very large reserves in the adjoining area. Salt and soda ash are mined near Nata where there are reserves sufficient for at least the next 50 years.
The remainder of the mining leases are for small scale mining. Salt is being mined in the north of Ntwetwe Pan. Marble has been mined north of Selebi Phikwe (for use in the Selebi Phikwe smelter) but operations have apparently been recently suspended. Mining leases have been issued for brick earth (for brick and tile manufacture) west of Foley and south of Palapye.
Small scale extraction of construction materials, particularly sand in the major rivers, is being carried out without Mining Leases but under the traditional provisions of the Mines Act.
TABLE 2.2 AREAS HELD UNDER MINING LEASE
Lease Location Mineral Held By Expires Number
10/71 Orapa Precious Stones De Beers Botswana Mining Co. 30/6/1992 (Pty) Ltd.
8/75 Letihakane Precious Stones De Beers Botswana Mining Co. 28/7/1992 (Pty) Ltd.
4/76 Morupule Coal Morupule Colliery Pty 30/6/1992
4/72 Selebi Phikwe Copper & Nickel Ore Bamangwato Concession Ltd. 30/6/2001
3/88 Sowa Pan Sodium carbonate & Soda Ash Botswana Pty Ltd. alium sodium chloride
87/2R Makoro Clay (restricted) Makoro Brick & Tile (Pty) 21/01997 Ltd.
88/2R Foley Brick Clay francistown Clay Bricks & 18AM1993 (restricted) Products (Pty) Ltd.
83/2R Mmadinare Marble (restricted) Gem (Pty) Ltd. 33/09/1593
86/1 Ntwetwe Pan Salt Touch of Class CP-42/21002
90/1 Thakadu Copper & Nickel Falconbridge 2148/2015 2-11
—
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The usefulness of the pre-Kalahari geology in planning is primarily related to the types of soils that are derived From the different lithologies. This will affect the type of natural vegetation and agricultural potential of the area and hence land use. At the level of the present study, the information is considered adequate particularly if used in conjunction with the soil map. It is of fundamental importance to hydrogeology and the map is sufficiently reliable for estimating the potential groundwater resources of the district. However, it is too generalised for water borehole siting and detailed work in localised areas will be required for this purpose. 2-15
, TABLE 2.3 SURFICIAL GEOLOGY
SYMBOL LITHOLOGY ASSOCIATION
Kalahari Sand, and residual superficial sands obscuring Sandveld, bedrock east of the Kalahari Group boundary. Some dune Seroroae corridor. forms, minor calcrete and silcrete.
2 Major calcrete and silcrete outcrops not associated with Sandveld, pans or dry valleys. Kalahari periphery.
3 Lacustrine sediments, including pan sediments, calcrete and Makgadikgadi Basin, silcrete. Some aeolian dune forms. major and minor pans.
4 Alluvial sands, gravels and clays with calcrete and Dry valley deposits, silcrete, deltaic deposits and floodplains, Boteti and Makgadikgadi, extensive colluvium. hardvetd.
5 Beach ridges and shorelines Makgadikgadi and Hata basins. 6 Pre-Kalahari rock exposures, with or without soil cover. Hardveld.
Reference can also be made to active rivers (hydrology section), hardrock lithology (geology section) and — soil development (soil section).
Description
Surficial geology refers to unconsolidated and consolidated sediments of the Kalahari Group in the sandveld, and to surface sands and weathering residues in the hardveld.
The Kalahari Group contains sequences of sands, silts, days, gravels, conglomerates, marls and duricrusts (calcretes, silcretes and ferricretes) whose origins and distributions are not fully understood. Sand and calcrete are the dominant members present in the district, although siicretes are common around pans and dry valleys- The depth of Kalahari Group sediments vary from 0 m at rock outcrops and the sandveid periphery to 200 m in parts of the Makgadikgadi Basin.
The Makgadikgadi Basin below 950 m as/ forms a distinct unit within the Kalahari Group as the sediments are related to the form and function of a massive palaeo-lake. They include beach ridges, calcrete, silcrete, lacustrine, alluvial and deltaic sediments, and saline playa sediments related to present groundwater-surface water interactions. The Boteti lies within this lacustrine basin, whilst the Iandforms of the Nate catchment have also been influenced by the activity of this lake.
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2 1 .3 TOPOGRAPHY
Introduction
This section describes the topography of Central District.
Methodology
Contours are indicated on a variety of map scales, but tend to lack consistency. Thus 1:50 000 maps covering the eastern part of the district may have contours at 20 m or 50 ft intervals depending on the age of the map edition, whilst the Makgadikgadi area is not contoured at all. 1:250 000 maps are available for the whole district, but only the f rst edition, of limited coverage, are contoured at 50 and 100 m intervals. The 1:500 000 hydrogeology sheets are contoured at a 50 m interval in the sandveld and 30 m in the hardveld.
Generalised contours at 100 m intervals have been taken from the Geological Survey National Gravity data base for consistency. Hill massifs and escarpments have been mapped from the soils data base and checked using 1:250 000, 1:500 000 sources and Landsat Imagery. The 1:50 000 topographic maps have been used to check the altitudes of hill massifs in the hardveld.
Presentation
The topography of the District has been digitised into 2 GIS coverages:
100 m generalised contours hill massifs and escarpments
The Topography map is presented on Map Number 2.4.
Description
ToPograPhY
The highest parts of Central District lie along the Limpopo-Kalahari watershed at 1200 m asl to the west of Serowe. To the east the hardveld (the area with insignificant surficial cover) drains towards the Limpopo, with a lowest point of < 600 m at the Umpopo-Shashe confluence. Within this area significant hill massifs rise to 1100-1300 m, and Include the major ranges of the Mokgware, Shoshong, Tswapong and Tsweneng Hills. 2-21 5 2ZS 235 24
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2.1.4 CLIMATE
Introduction i= •
This section describes the four climate parameters of rainfall, temperature, evapotranspiration and wind, together with their sources of data. Patterns and variations in the climate parameters are also discussed.
Methodology
The primary source of information for Central District is the rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration data collected and published by the Department of Metereological Services, Gaborone. Wind data has been derived from Larsson (1986). The data sets are available on small scale (1:2 000 000) national maps.
Annual rainfall and seasonal rainfall variability were digitised from SMEC/WLPU/SGAB maps (Botswana National Water Master Plan 1991). Wind velocity was digitised from Larsson's Wind map of Botswana (1986). The location of rainfall stations, as listed in Table 2.5, is shown on Map Number 2.5d. Temperature and evapotranspiration patterns cannot be mapped adequately from the available data, and are described below.
Presentation
Data has been assembled In four GIS coverages:
Annual rainfall Seasonal rainfall variability Wind velocity Location of rainfall stations
This data is presented on Map Numbers 2.5a - 2.5d.
The above factors, together with temperature, evapotranspiration and climatic controls, are described In the next section. 2-25
on average 1 year in 7, whilst crop failure is frequently associated with dry spells. Spatial variation of rainfall between stations Is also marked.
TABLE 2.4 AVERAGE MEAN AND MAXIMUM RAINFALL IN MM PER MONTH AND PER ANNUM FOR SELECTED LOCATIONS
.3.3.111
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP ANNUAL
Tutume (1959-87) MEAN 21.8 68.4 98.8 118.4 82.4 66.1 31.8 4.7 1.1 0.6 0.6 7.1 348.2 MAX 88.0 161.0 263.3 404.5 234.0 230.9 124.0 42.0 11.0 17.0 13.5 70.0 763.9 Mahelapye (1911 - 88) MEAN 30.2 67.2 79.0 88.6 82.2 66.6 25.2 9.4 3.4 2.3 2.6 7.8 468.4 MAX 105.4 171.5 255.0 287.7 447.0 257.2 125.0 100.5 49.8 63.6 48.1 61.0 891.3 Serowe (1921 - 88) MEAN 29.1 58.7 84.2 90.2 86.5 66.9 25.0 7.6 1.5 1.4 1.0 6.0 456.8 MAX 138.0 171.4 280.5 338.2 427.5 211.9 112.5 86.9 37.1 17.3 22.9 72.1 1090.7 Bobanong (1959 - 88) MEAN 23.5 47.0 60.6 68.0 82.5 32.6 30.1 4.0 2.9 0.1 0.0 4.3 346.6 MAX 83.0 199.0 172.5 241.5 233.0 149.6 137.5 26.5 44.5 2.5 1.0 31.0 786.3 Selebi Phikwe (1972 - 88) MEAN 27.8 63.0 82.9 91.9 74.0 48.1. 27.6 3.7 0.6 1.7 1.3 15.8 422.7 MAX 92.3 170.7 250.4 236.8 265.2 142.3 127.8 32.1 5.0 24.1 16.1 90.2 732.6 Francistown (1922 - 883 MEAN 27.3 58.7 90.7 100.8 85.0 60.2 25.0 6.6 2.7 0.4 1.0 6.4 467.0 MAX 125.8 165.0 292.8 364.4 348.3 246.8 93.5 75.9 36.0 11.4 14.3 69.4 969.1
Hata (1958 - 88) MEAN 27.4 55.8 95.5 107.1 96.7 59.3 24.8 3.0 1.4 1.0 0.0 4.7 410.2 MAX 91.0 116.5 297.0 323.0 224.0 204.0 103.5 22.0 24.0 18.0 0.0 37.0 708.4 Orapa (1968 - 88) MEAN 25.9 42.9 69.1 91.3 70.2 57.1 20.2 9.0 0.6 0.1 0.4 7.6 373.4 MAX 127.3 140.0 157.8 280.7 183.0 144.1 74.9 99.9 5.5 2.0 4.0 40.6 685.2 Martins Drift (1961 - 88) MEAN 31.5 65.8 53.4 97.3 50.4 42.2 30.0 4.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 7.8 394.8 MAX 89.0 197.7 145.0 280.7 205.5 219.0 112.5 52.5 13.0 6.0 5.5 60.5 611.9 Rakops (1959 - 88) MEAN 17.6 42.9 61.0 87.5 61.5 50.9 27.2 4.1 2.3 0.2 1.1 3.8 355.5 MAX 107.5 113.5 198.0 263.6 228.0 231.0 134.5 56.0 57.0 5.8 20.5 24.5 724.0 Shoshong (1971 - 87) MEAN 27.3 62.1 95.7 94.9 66.2 65.8 31.4 5.1 0.0 0.5 1.0 12.9 447.4 MAX 67.6 186.0 303.0 295.1 218.0 273.0 103.0 34.0 0.0 6.7 12.0 60.0 862.7
Patapye (1922 -88) MEAN 25.9 53.0 67.9 84.4 71.2 60.0 26.0 6.7 2.5 0.8 1.2 7.0 410.0 MAX 103.0 158.1 254.1 240.3 405.3 205.5 114.9 84.7 36.3 17.7 37.6 98.3 1016.5
Source: Botswana National Water Master Plan Study, Final Report Volume 6 - Hydrology (1991).
Mean annual rainfall figures range from around 350 mm (Tutume, Bobonong, Rakops) to slightly over 450 mm In the southern part of the District The cv of seasonal rainfall (In %, Oct-Apr) increases from 30-35% in the northeastern and southern parts of the District to over 45% in the central and west central portion of the District (Bhalotra 1985: 37).
- 2-27
LEGEND
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• 2-29
Evapotranspiration
Potential evapotranspiration, measured from Class 'A' Pans at selected stations, exceeds the mean annual rainfall by a factor of 3-4. Mean daily evapotranspiration rates are lowest in June (c. 2.5 mm) and increase to a maximum (C. 5.5-6.5 mm) In the summer months, dependent on temperature and cloud cover (Bhalotra 1987: 94/97). The coefficient of variation of annual values is very low at less than 0.05. Only during periods of prolonged or heavy rainfall is evapotranspiration exceeded by precipitation.
Reliability and Gaps in Data
Reliability Is a function of distribution and length of operation of gauging stations, the accuracy of data collection and interpretation.
In the Central District there are 30 rainfall gauges operative at present (Table 2.6). Of these, 4 have records extending c.70 years (Kalamare, Mahalapye, Palapye and Serowe), whilst a further 17 were Installed in the period 1959-61. Reliability of rainfall data is dependent on the site of the gauge and the motivation of the operator. This varies significantly between villages and a number of records have considerable gaps. Data collection has improved greatly over recent years with training by the Department of Meteorological Services.
Density of rainfall gauges is low at 1:4450/km2. The present distribution of rainfall gauges is not consistent, with the western and northern parts of the district being poorly served. Given the erratic distribution of rainfall events the present gauge network is not sufficient to accurately record rainfall distribution. No data Is being collected on temporal variations in rainfall (e.g. intensity).
TABLE 2.6 LOCATION OF RAINFALL STATIONS WITH DATES OF INITIAL RECORDS
Station Date of Station , Date of Initial Record Initial Record
F-5= Baines Drift 1/9/60 Hata 1/5/59 Bobonong 1/10159 Orapa 1/11/68 Dibete 1/4/58 Palapye* 1/2/22 Dukwe* 1/5/59 Parrs Malt* 1/11/59 Gveta 1/4/59 Plaatjan 1/12/80 Kalamare 1/11/23 Rakops 1/1/59 Lerala 1/2/81 Letlhakane 1/10/59 Nachaneng 1/5/58 Sebina 1/5/58 Nahalapye 1/3/11 Shoshong* 1/10/71 Martins Drift* 1/11/61 SeLibi Phikwe 1/4/72 Nathengwane 1/10/59 Semolale 1/2/82 Mathathane 1/12/80 Serowe 1/9/21 Noeng* 1/10/59 SeruLe 1/4/59 Tonota 1/4/59 Tutume 1/10/59 Moletji 1/2/82 Zanzibar 1/12/80
* indicates incomplete records No records are available for the gauges at Pella Road and Talana Farm.
I -- 2-31 2-33
2.1.5 HYDROLOGY
Introduction
This section describes the hydrology and hydrogeology of Central District. It describes the characteristics of the surface drainage of the District, the hydrological monitoring network maintained by the Department of Water Affairs, and existing and planned dam sites. A number of potential dam sites have also been identified for future use. These are listed in the consultant's reports in the references.
It also describes the groundwater potential, groundwater quality, recharge, piezometric surface and summarises borehole statistics. (The piezometric surface is the height of the water table above mean sea level. Consequently the depth to the water table can be obtained by subtracting the piezometric surface from the altitude.)
Since preparing the Draft Final Report, the National Water Master Plan (NWMP) has become available. We have reviewed it and found a number of discrepancies between the text and data bases such that we have concluded that only the piezometric surface and recharge data can be used for this study.
Methodology
The primary sources of data are the 1:250 000 topographic sheets and the 1:500 000 hydrogeological - reconnaissance maps of Botswana. Data for dam sites and the hydrological monitoring network has been taken from DWA records and consultant's reports.
Data reported by Gibb (1976), MacDonald (1987) and the NWMP (1991) has been used to calculate run off in most of the catchments.
The groundwater potential coverage was prepared by analysing the borehole statistics (Jennings, 1974) and modifying the results according to our own experience. The values derived for groundwater potential for each rock unit was then attached to the geology coverage. The piezometric surface and recharge data has - been obtained from the NWMP.
— Presentation
The level of information shown on the source maps has proved to be too detailed for the current exercise and has therefore been simplified.
• 2-35
— The major ephemeral rivers in the Limpopo Basin are:
Limpopo River Shashe River Motloutse River Lotsane River Mhalatswe River
The Serorome Valley, in the south of the District, is a fossil tributary of the Limpopo. However, it does flow occasionally below its confluence with the Bonwapitse due to run off in the Bonwapitse catchment.
Most of the rivers have seasonal flow characteristics and have rock, clay and 'sand river channels. They respond to prolonged or high rainfall events within their catchments by flows lasting from a few hours to several days. Most of the rivers experience one or more flows throughout the wet season, although completely dry years are known. They are also prone to flash flooding, with risk to infrastructure and disruption of communications.
The river catchments are entirely within Botswana with the following exceptions:
1.-•-••• Boteti River (Angolan Highlands) Nata River (Zimbabwe) Shashe River (Ziimbabwe) Limpopo River (South Africa)
The flow characteristics of the Boteti River are modified by the Okavango Swamps, and most of the flow in the Nate River is generated in the Zimbabwe portion of the catchment.
Dams
The following major dams have been constructed:
Shashe Dam (Shashe River) Mopipi Dam (Boteti River)
The following dams have been proposed as part of ongoing projects and are at the feasibility or design
stage: 2-37
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• 2-39
TABLE 2.9 CATCHMENT RUN OFF
Catchment Run Off (mm)
Notwane 4.4 Serorome 2.0 MhaLatswe upstream of Nadiba Gauge 9.8 Khatatswe downstream of Madiba Gauge 6.1 Lotsane upstream of Palapye Gauge 3.6 Lotsane downstream of Palaype Gauge 1.6 Motloutse upstream of Tobane Gauge 8.1 NotLoutse downstream of Tobane Gauge 4.4 Shashe upstream of Shashe Dam 13.7 Shashe between Shashe Dam and Lower Shashe Gauge 28.7 Shashe below Lower Shashe Gauge 7.2 Rata upstream of Nate Old Bridge Gauge a 0.9 Motsetse upstream of Mosetse Old Bridge Gauge 6.0 Hosope upstream of Matsitama Gauge 6.0
Note: aOnly for catchment area within Botswana
The run off data for the Boteti catchment is meaningless as its catchment is ultimately in the Angolan highlands. The run off for the sandveld area is effectively nil, although dry valleys such as the Serorome, Nunga and Letthakane occasionally carry water for short distances under extreme circumstances (e.g. Letlhakane - 1968, Nunga - 1988). Pans form important surface water reservoirs in many areas.
Surface Water Quality
There is little data available. However, the water quality of major rivers is generally good with total dissolved solids values below 200mg/I, except where there are point sources of pollution (NWMP 1991).
Surface Water Pipelines
These connect Shashe Dam to Francistown, Shashe Dam to Selebi-Phikwe and Mopipl Dam to Orapa. Pipeline maps were not received in time for inclusion in this study. However, most of the Shashe Dam to Francistown pipeline is within the Gaborone - Francistown road reserve and the Shashe Dam to Selebi- Phikwe pipeline apparently follows the power transmission line. The Mopipi Dam to Orapa pipeline
apparently follows the Mopipi - Orapa road.
4 2-41
It would therefore appear that soil type is the major control on rainfall recharge.
About 35% of recharge can be extracted from fractured aquifers in the hardveld area (approximately 0.5 to 4mm).
1=A Water quality has a general relationship to recharge. Where there is relatively high recharge, water quality should be better than areas with tow recharge. Ground water quality data is sporadic. The area surrounding
• and including the Makgadikgadi Pans has poor water quality due to the brines in the area. It is suspected that poor water quality may be encountered in the Kalahari beds throughout most of the District, except along the Boteti River where the river water should recharge the aquifer.
Table 2.10 summarises available reliable borehole statistics for some of the different rock units.
TABLE 2.10 BOREHOLE STATISTICS ON VARIOUS GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN BOTSWANA
(B) CU) (Kb) (Ks) (Ko) (0) (CK)
Number of Boreholes drilled 472 209 128 76 250 99 169 Number of successful ("wet') boreholes 220 157 93 49 118 42 123 Number of blank ("dry') boreholes 202 52 35 27 132 57 66 Number of saline boreholes (including blank total above) 3 3 3 2 22 18 Average yield m3/hr 4.3 4.6 6.0 4.7 6.2 3.9 6.0 Average depth successful boreholes (m) 56.58 86.27 72.21 111.66 137.72 65.85 36.26 Average depth of all boreholes (a) 57.99 86.60 76.74 105.05 115.82 60_83 41.45 Average depth water struck (m) 34.32 40.35 38.65 67.72 97.05 30.79 23.05 Average depth to static water level (m) 23.20 27.57 26.63 54.66 65.25 19.20 18.09
Success rate X (i.e. % of "wet' boreholes) 57.2 75.11 72.65 64.77 42.20 42.42 65.07
Description:
(B) Basement Complex (W) Waterberg and Patapye Supergroups (Kb) Karoo Supergroup (Ks) Karoo Supergroup (Ko) Karoo Supergroup (D) Dolerite dykes (CK) Surficial deposits
Note: M3 meaningful data available for the Ghanzi Supergroup. e0.4.• Source: Jennings, 1974, "Hydrogeology of Botswana"
The following describes the groundwater potential for each rock unit:
Alluvium (Ca)
The largest and thickest developments of alluvium occur at Talana Farm on the confluence of the Motloutse and Limpopo Rivers, and at Dikatlhong at the confluence of the Mhalatswe and Limpopo Rivers. Further 2-43 ■
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Ghanzi Supergroup (Gh)
Nothing Is known of the groundwater potential of this unit within Central District. However, it is known that In Ghanzi District It is a good aquifer at outcrop but that borehole yields and water quality deteriorates rapidly as surficial cover thickens. Consequently, it's groundwater potential in Central District is considered to be poor and the water quality should similarly be poor.
Palapye Supergroup shale (Psh)
The ground water potential is poor to moderate. Groundwater only occurs in faults in fractures. Water quality is generally poor except where there is local recharge along rivers.
Palapye Supergroup sandstone with minor shale & limestone (Pst)
The ground water potential is moderate to good. Groundwater only occurs in faults and fractures. However, nothing is known of the limestone unit and it is possible that this may have good groundwater potential. The water quality is generally good.
Waterberg Supergroup sandstone with minor shale (Wst)
The ground water potential is moderate to good. Groundwater only occurs in faults and fractures. The water quality is generally good but may deteriorate where there are thick surficial deposits.
Basement Complex (Ba, Bc, Bg, Bs and Bi)
The ground water potential of the Basement Complex is poor to moderate overall. However, little is known about the rock types other than the gneiss and granite (Bg) and the amphibolite (Ba). The ground water potential of the amphibolite is slightly better than the granite and gneiss due to better weathering characteristics. Ground water occurs in faults and fractures and local areas of deep weathering. Water quality is generally good but can be locally poor.
Intrusives (Idk, Idw and Ids)
Little is known of these units other than the late - post Karoo dolerite dykes (Idk). The groundwater potential Is considered to be generally poor. However, boreholes sited next to the late - post Karoo dolerite dykes can have moderate yields and hence the groundwater potential of this unit is considered to be poor to moderate. Groundwater occurs predominantly in faults and fractures but also in local zones of deep 2-47
Reliabilityand Gaps in Data
The run off data described above can only be used for broad planning purposes as it will be modified continually as more river flow measurements become available. The data for the Mosope and Motsetse Rivers are considered to be unreliable as they are based on short periods of river flow records. The data for the other rivers has been taken from an analysis of the Limpopo catchment as a whole in which river run offs were modelled for an extended period of 60 years, based on shorter periods of actual flow measurements. Consequently, the run offs reported in the Limpopo Basin rivers are comparable to each other, but may not be comparable to the rivers in the Makgadikgadi Basin.
The borehole statistics are also based on an old data set. The NWMP hydrogeological data base is currently being updated and should be used provided the discrepancies with the report can be resolved. It should also be modified at regular intervals as further drilling and water quality data becomes available. The hydrogeological potential map and data can also only be used for broad planning purposes.
DWA river flow records suffer from a number of reliability problems. These include:
1. The brief span of records does not cover the full range of possible hydrological conditions. The first
gauge recorders were installed in 1969-70, although most records have been extended synthetically to about 1920.
2. Gauging covers mostly the major rivers, usually at road bridges or at potential dam sites. Most of the coordinates provided were incorrect and were not improved on checking by DWA. They were moved to the best estimated position on the accompanying map but still require checking by DWA.
3. DWA have experienced many problems with equipment malfunction and operator error in both data collection and interpretation.
Dam site investigations have led to a reasonable comprehension of the regimes of the Shashe, Motloutse, Mhalatswe, Lotsane and Botet1 Rivers. There is little reliable data on the smaller rivers.
Further data on the hydrology of the ephemeral rivers is required, although the collection of such data is expensive and time consuming. Information is also necessary on sedimentation in seasonal streams, the hydrology of small catchments and rates of groundwater recharge. Some data is being collected on these in current research projects. 2-49
21.6 SOILS, ERODIBILITY AND EROSION POTENTIAL
Introduction
This section covers soils classification, erodibility and erosion in Central District.
Methodology
'CA
Sources of information on soils are the maps produced by the FAO/Ministry of Agriculture soils unit, as follows:
1:1 000 000 soil map of Botswana, using the FAQ Soil Map of the World revised legend (1988). In the district there are 14 soil groups and 33 subgroups mapped, with a further 325 soil associations indicated and referred to appendices_
1:250 000 soils maps covering all of the district apart from some areas in the western sandveld. The maps are based on the FAO Soil Classification for Botswana (Remmelzwaal, 1988), and are mapped as soil associations, with up to three soils per map unit, annotated in order of importance. The number of combinations runs into hundreds.
Although both soil map sets are based on the FAO soil classification they use different sets of symbols, and a different classification emphasis - in the case of the 1:250 000 sheets initial classification is based on parent material rather than soil characteristics. A key to the two classifications is available.
Land suitability maps for rain-fed sorgum are available only for the southeast Central District (Remmelzwaal, 1989 a and b) and parts of the northeast (Venema, 1980). A 1:1 000 000 land suitability map for the entire country is due for publication at the end of 1991, to correlate with the soil map of the same scale_ No data is available for soil limitations at present
For the purposes of this study the 1:250 000 series is too complex, so the 1:1 000 000 map has been used at a scale of 1:250 000, utilising only the first two levels of data, namely soil groups (indicated by the first two (upper case) letters) and soil subgroups (indicated by the third (lower case) letter). For the third level of data, soil associations, reference may be made to the original 1:1 000 000 map and its appendices. Likewise, studies at the local scale may use the 1:250 000 published data. The Soils Map is presented on
Map Number 2.8
There is soil erosion by both wind and water In the District, but little soil erosion data is available. It is also apparent that current models of soil erosion used in the region have little applicability. (The Stocking model 2-51 •
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Presentation
The soil classification data is stored in a single coverage: soils.
Abbreviated defining characteristics of the soil groups and subgroups are shown in Table 2.11. Comments on the distribution of the soil groups, and their likely limitations, are given in Table 2.12. Descriptions of the terminology used in these tables can be found in the memoir accompanying the 1:1 000 000 soil map published by MM.
TABLE 2.11 SOIL UNITS
SYMBOL SOIL GROUP SUBGROUP DESCRIPTION
LP LEPTOSOL Soils Limited in depth by rock or a calcareous Layer.
LPe Eutric Ochric A horizon and base saturation >50%. LPq Lithic Rock or cemented layer within 10 cm of surface. LPk Rendzic Mollie A horizon with calcareous layer.
VR VERTISOL Contain 30% or more clay in top 50 cm. Subject to cracking.
VRe Eutric Base saturation of 50% or more. No calcic horizon.
FL FLUVISOL Soils derived from fluvial deposits.
FLc Calcaric Calcareous between 20 and 50 cm depth. FLe Eutric High base saturation. SC SOLoNCHAK Soils with salic properties. SCh Haplic Ochric A horizon, no gLeyic properties. SCg Gleyic Gleyic properties within 100 cm of surface.
GL GLEYSOL Formed from unconsolidatd materials, subject to saturation and chemical reduction (gleying).
GLc Calcic Calcic horizon within 120 cm of surface.
PL PLANOSOL An E horizon showing properties of water stagnation, overlying -- an impermeable (or slowly permeable) horizon.
PLe Eutric Ochric A horizon and base saturation >50% in the impermeable layer. -- AR AREHOSOL Soils coarser than sandy loam in top 100 cm. No diagnostic horizons.
ARh Haplic Lack diagnostic horizons. Lack ferralic, gleyic or calcic properties. ARo FerraLic Contain iron accumulation. No clay increase. Lack aLbic, calcic or gLeyic properties. ARL Luvic Show clay increase within 125 cm of surface. Lack aLbic, calcic or gleyic properties. ARc Calcaric Calcareous between 20 and 50 ca of surface.
RG REGOSOL Soils derived from unconsolidated materials. No diagnostic horizons.
RGe Eutric Base saturation of 50% or more. No calcic horizon. RGc Calcaric Calcareous between 20 and 50 cm of surface. RGd Dystric Base saturation of <50% between 20-50 cm of surface. 2-55
Description'
Sol Classification
A great variety of soil types are encountered in the Central District, resulting from the variety in geology and — geomorphology. Approximately 50% of the world's soil groups and 30% of the subgroups are represented.
Soils of the sandveld are invariably arenosols derived from the Kalahari Sand, with some calcisols and luvisols encountered in and around pans, depressions and in dry valleys. Soil fertility and water retention are low in arenosols, whilst the finer-grained pan and valley soils are limited by the presence of calcrete horizons.
In the Makgadikgadi Basin soils are strongly controlled by the influx of saline groundwater and past iacustrine events. The lowest parts of Sowa and Ntwetwe Pans have solonchaks, whilst calcisols and calcaric fluvisols, arenosols and regosols occupy higher ground. Thus all of the soils are limited by their drainage properties and the presence of excessive calcium carbonate or sodium salts.
The soils of the hardveld show a greater variety, dependent on parent material and topographic position. Petric Iuvisols, leptosols and regosols are encountered on hills and rock exposures, which are mainly limited by both soil depth and slope. Vertisols are encountered locally throughout the hardveld on flood plains and in dambos (vleis), particularly in the upper Nata region, where they may prove to be intractable to cultivation and liable to flooding. On intermediate slopes, cambisols, luvisols and ibcisols occur. Soil fertility varies from moderate (luvisols) to low OixisoIs), and petric, lithic and petroferric phases are locally widespread.
Sol ercd1:14
Soil erodibility is dependent on a variety of factors within the categories of soil properties, topography, climate and human usage. An increase in relief leads to increased soil erosion potential in all soil types. All of the hardveld soils, with the exception of arenosols, are liable to water erosion. Those undergoing erosion by water at the present time include leptosols, regosols, and the petric and Ilthic phases of the luvisol-lixisol spectrum.
— Fine textured soils are liable to wind erosion if low soil moisture conditions pertain. These soil types, which occur mostly in the Makgadikgadi area, are Indicated in Table 2.12.
Soil erodibility is shown by soli groups in this chapter, by area in the ecological zones chapter, and on the separate soil erodibility map, which has been based on soil type, relief and drainage. In the absence of studies on soil erosion and erodibility in Botswana, this information should be used as a guideline only.
• 2-57
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Reliability and Gaps in Data
The soil classification maps are of good to high standard, and are of good quality for planning purposes. However, they are not always suitable for use by non-soil scientists. Soil suitability mapping could be extended, and maps of soil limitations would be of value.
There is no reliable data on rates of aeolian or fluvial soil erosion. Application of the SLEMSA soil erosion model (Stocking 1987) used by SARCCUS, which is based on regional parameters such as mean rainfall, slope length and gradient, tends to give unrealistically low figures, as much erosion in the hardveld takes place on roads and animal tracks at low gradients. Information on soil erosion is urgently required, particularly in the vicinity of settlements.
In the absence of realistic erosion studies the soil erosion map should be used as a guideline, and must be checked in the field before use as the basis of planning studies. 2-61
Discussion
The hardveld is subject primarily to weathering of bedrock, erosion by drainage networks on all scales, and slope degradation, particularly in areas of high gradient. The major landforms are hills and escarpments, strongly influenced by rock type and rock structure, together with fluvial networks and their associated characteristics.
- The sandveld forms part of the larger Kalahari depositional basin, now being eroded at its periphery. Dominant processes appear to be weathering and chemical alteration of existing sediments by groundwater, together with limited aeolian activity.
Major landfonns of the sandveld include pans and dry valleys, both associated with extensive caicrete formations. Small pans are unevenly distributed throughout the sandveld, with concentratirns to the south of the Makgadikgadi, and around the Kalahari periphery. Pans also occur on interfluves in the hardveld.
Kalahari pans have been classified, into sand, day, rock and calc pans (Wellington, 1955), and into clay and - grassed pans (Boocock and Van Straten, 1962). In practice there is a spectrum of pan forms, sediment textures, sediment salinity, vegetation cover and groundwater potential, which are difficult to evaluate from satellite imagery.
Networks of dry valleys, notably the Letihakane system, drain the Kalahari rim towards the Makgadikgadi. The exception is the Serorome valley which leads to the Limpopo via a rift fault All of the valleys originate on hardveld, or areas where the sand cover is limited, and act as conduits for the transfer of groundwater. - Despite their impressive relief, usually developed in calcretised or silcretised sediments, they rarely carry surface flow. They have good groundwater potential, some of which is being exploited.
The Makgadikgadi Basin, as already noted, comprises a suite of landforms related to past lacustrine processes, including aeolian redistribution of sediments during low lake levels. Contemperary processes include fluvial activity in the Boteti and the Sowa pan, saline groundwater activity in lower lying pans (notably Sowa Pan) and the generation of wind-blown dust from bare pan surfaces.
Reliablity and Gaps in Data
This reflects the reliability of both the topographic and geology maps and overall is considered to be - moderate to good for the purposes of this study.
• 2-63
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3. BIOLOGY/ECOLOGY
3.1 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1.1 VEGETATION
— Introduction
This section describes the approach to deriving the vegetation ecology map of Central District, the distribution of vegetation types and their determinants. Limitations to the map and its use, and requirements for future work are also covered.
Methoddogy
Previous mapping of vegetation in the District at a scale useful for this study is limited. In addition to the Timberlake map (1980) and the DHV study (1980), Parry has mapped the communities of the Nate Statelands as part of the draft Nata Statelands Land Use Plan (Ecosurv, 1988) at a scale of 1:250 000. The DFIV material was found to be of little use to the mapping, although their ecological findings are of some relevance. Other mapping has been carried out: Central District Land Use Planning Unit, 1989; Parry, 1984; Walker, 1985. The first is at a scale of 1:250 000 but details only range quality; it was consulted for the map derivation but not used for the map. The latter two maps similarly were consulted, but cover only small parts of the District. Additional large scale vegetation mapping has been carried out for Environmental impact Assessments (EIAs) of various water development feasibility studies (SMEC, 1990; Macdonald and Partners, 1990; Amp 1990). These have been consulted where appropriate but are of no use for regional mapping.
The approach has therefore been to combine a reconnaissance scale map of the previously unmapped area with the information from Timberlake (in the south) and Ecosury (in the north). The recornaissance map was constructed from an interpretation of Landsat V MSS FCC imagery from the period May 1989. The imagery was chosen on the following bases:
The end of the growing season (taking into account the 88/89 rainy season); The availability of cloud-free coverage.
Field surveying was carried out (19-27th March and 12 +15th April) using roads, cutlines and veterinary cordon fences to check preliminary interpretation. A simplified phytosociological assessment (Braun- Blanquet, - a classification based on plant associations, whereby species in field sites or stands are ranked
• -- 3-3
o
Rm.
0 3-5
area comprised of a mixed association of Acacia spp and Colophospermum mopane with riverine vegetation occurring along drainage lines.
Database
Stands and observation points are marked on a GIS coverage. Within this coverage, species lists and relative abundance (where appropriate) can be attached to these points. These are presented in Appendix 3.2. Abbreviated descriptions of vegetation types can be attached to the Vegetation Ecology coverage.
Description
Vegetation types
As outlined in the methodology, vegetation types were distinguished on the basis of species composition. As noted by Timberlake (1980), this provides a better indication of soil type and climate, and thus potential land use value, than a structural approach. The descriptions that follow include any additional information acquired from fieldwork on ecological determinants for these types. This information has been used to cross-check interpretation where possible. The descriptions are principally limited to woody species. Grass specimens were taken at several locations during the field survey. These have been identified at the National Herbarium in Zimbabwe. This information has been appended to the database. It is not included here because similar information is not available for the areas mapped by Timberlake and Ecosurv.
Type 1 Bare Pan Surfaces
Vegetative growth is limited by soil salinity or high flooding frequency.
Type 2 Edaphic Grassland
An association occurring east of the Gidikwe Sand Ridge, flanking the Boteti River. Essentially broad flat grassland on calcrete, it closely resembles the halophytic grasslands (Type 3) occurring to the east of the Boteti floodplain. Here, however, factors limiting woody plant establishment are duripan-related rather than salinity-related. Soils are very
shallow and very sandy.
4 - 3-7
Type 5 Burkea/Ochna Savannah
An association occurring on moderately deep well drained ferrallc sandy soils generally derived from Kalahari aeolian beds. South of the Makgadikgadi, the type grades into Type 14, and the diagnostic species rapidly decrease in dominance to the west. The boundary is very indistinct and has consequently been mapped as uncertain by Timberlake and this study. The boundary as mapped is a Landsat tonal distinction that corresponds to the boundary mapped by Timberlake in 1980. Certainly the last Burkea which can be observed along the Serowe-Orapa road occurs well east of this line. In the north, the association is interdigitated with Baikiaea and Colophospermum mopane woodland.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Burkea africana, Ochna pulchra, Ricinodendron rautanenii, Combretum apiculaium, Strychnos pungens, S. cocculoides, Terminalia sericea, Acacia ffeckii, Securidaca longipedunculata, Ximenia caffra, Commiphora angolensis, Tarchonanthus camphorate, Bauhinia petersiana asp macrantha, Croton gratissimus, Lannea discolor, Grewia retinervis. (Dichrostactrys cinerea occurs in disturbed areas).
Type 6 Acacia erioloba Savannah
A broad association typical of the western and northern Kalahari sandveld and sands of the Makgadikgadi complex. Three end members can be distinguished: Acacia erioloba dominated, Terminalia sericea dominated and Lonchocarpus nelsii dominated. Gradation between the three may be due to varying depths of sand, or to the occurrence of silcrete or calcrete layers in the son profile. The association varies from an open woodland to savannah, with extensive areas dominated by low shrubs with very sparse trees.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Acacia erioloba, Terminalia sericea, Lonchocarpus nelsii, Combretum apiculatum, C. collinum, Grewia retinervis, G. t7ava, Acacia tleckii, Bauhinia petersiana asp macrantha, Acacia ataxacantha, A. nigrescens, Combretum imberbe, C. hereroense, Terminalia prunioldes, Ricinodendron rautanenii, Boscia albitrunca, Dichrostachys cinerea, Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Ziziphus mucronata, Acacia hebeclada, Commiphora angolensis, Albizia amara, Maytenus sp, Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilla (on disturbed land), Rhus sp, Bolusanthus speciosus, Flueggea virosa. 3-9
Type 9 Rocky HE Woodland
An open woodland typical of rocky outcrops. Drainage and lack of frost are probably the primary determinants of this association. Considerable floristic variation occurs from south to north. Conspicuous differences include: Kirkia acuminata and some of the Commiphora spp only occur north of Dibete; Adansonia digitata is found on hills In rocky dissected terrain in the Tuli area north of Parr's Halt. There is an increase in dominance of Acacia nigrescens towards the southern part of the district. Trees tend to be sparsely dist'ibuted.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Acacia nigrescens, Markhamia acuminata, Steganotaenia araliacea, Pappea capensis, Commiphora malls, C. marlothii, Combretum apiculatum, Ficus spp, Sclerocarya birrea, Lannea stuhlmannii, Kirkia acuminata, Canthium burtti, Albizia amara, Lonchocarpus capassa, Croton gratissimus, Erythrina latissima, Grewia resiniflua, Sterculia rogersii, S. africana, Termina fia prunioides, Adansonia digitata.
Type 10 Acacia Savannah
A type characteristically occurring on heavy clay soils (vertisols, vertic cambisols, vertic and calcic iuvisols) in areas prone to seasonal waterlogging. Some zonation occurs within units, with the lowest lying parts supporting the glandular acacias Acacia nebrownii or A tenuispina (recorded by Timberlake in the southern part of the District) as a dense shrubland (4 mellifera also occurs here). Where the drainage is slightly better, true savannah occurs, with scattered A. luederitzii and A nifotica trees in grassland. Appears to occupy an ecologically similar position to Type 15; the difference may be due to a soil chemistry factor such as sodium availability or pH.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Acacia luederitzii, A nebrownii, A tenuispina, A mellifera, A. stuhimannii, Atortflis, A. arenarfa, A. nilotica, A grandicomuta, with Commiphora glandulosa, Combretum hereroense, Grewia flava 3-11
Characteristic Woody Species:
Colophospemum mopane, Acacia nigrescens, A. erubescens, A. nilotica, Commiphora glandulosa, Combretum apiculatum, Terminally prunioides, Acacia tortilis, ❑albergia melanoxylon.
Type 14 Colophospermum mopane on sandy soils
A mixed type in which mopane occurs with species more typical of shallow sandveld. it occurs on shallower sands with restricted drainage which may be derived from Kalahari aeolian deposits or from in situ weathering of arenaceous or acid rocks. It is also found in areas underlain by caicrete in the northern part of the district, while in the Serowe area, it occurs peripherally on eastern outliers of sandveld. It is thus not confined to any particular physiographic unit. Floristically, it is very similar to type 13, mopane on shallow soils, but shows a higher species richness, and the co-dominants are species more suited to sandy soils. It grades into types- 5 and 6, and also into small patches of F=. Kirkia/Commiphora woodland occurring on caicrete ridges in the ecotone' area between hardveld and sandveld.
Characteristic Woody Species:
Colophospermum mopane, Combretum apiculatum, Commpihora glandulosa, C. angoiensis, Albizia anthelmintica, Terminatia prunioides, Scierocarya birrea, Croton gratissimus, Commiphora morns, Terminalia sericea, Acacia erioloba, A nigrescens, Rhigozum brevispinosum, Acacia fleckii, Adansonia digitate, Acacia tortilis (on disturbed land).
Type 15 Ccdophospermtwn mopane Woodland/Shrubland
A type occurring on clayey soils (as for type 10) with very limited drainage. Striking because of its almost monocultural character. The difference between shrubland and woodland may be due to stunting of the root systems by expansion and contraction of the sods, to cutting of timber or to duripan horizons limiting root growth. Ecologically occupies a similar position to Type 10. RP.
3-13
- Climate
As outlined in the chapter on climate, rainfall varies from 350 mm to 600 mm, with the lowest rainfall occurring in the east. Variability is lower in the higher rainfall areas. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) varies between 2,5 mm/day and 6,5 mm/day, reaching a maximum in early summer, and is probably highest
FM, in the east (SMEC, 1987; open water evaporation ranges from 2.7 - 3.3 mm/day in June to 7-9 mm/day In December). The soils in the eastern-most part of the District are shallow and rocky, and consequently the growing environment is very xeric. Clearly rainfall and evapotranspiration exert a profound influence on soil moisture balance. Rainfall control is particularly associated with deep sandy (mesic) soils.
Timberlake (1980) suggests that the extent of Type 5 (Burkea/Ochna savannah) might be rainfall-controlled. The limited occurrence of Baikiaea woodland in Central District representing the lower limits of habitat suitability is also probably rainfall-controlled. Ecosury (1988) note that Baikiaea distribution appears to be limited to areas of > 600 mm mean rainfall/annum.
Mean temperature ranges are likely to be most extreme in the east and west of the district; separation of - the effects of temperature and frost frequency, intensity and timing is not possible with currently available data. Timberlake notes a southerly limit to the distribution of various species, significant among which are Colophospermum mopane and Kirkia acuminate, and attributes this primarily to higher mean monthly temperatures and relative freedom from frost. Cole (1982) says there is evidence that mopane cannot survive where the mean temperature for July is <15.5°C or where there are light frosts. The southerly limit of Colophospermum mopane is referred to as the 'Mopane Line" and is indicated on the map. The distribution of the baobab (Adansonia digitate) in the eastern part of the district may also be due in part to temperature. Timberlake also notes that species such as Kirkia which prefer well-drained rocky soils can survive outside their temperature/frost range because they tend to be situated on slopes or hills above the lower areas most prone to frost This and drainage factors probably represent the greatest effect that relief per se has on vegetation distribution (with the exception of microrelief in the Makgadikgadi Pans - see
- below). In the sandveld to the west and in low-lying areas in the hardveld, frost may be a factor In controlling the size of such woody species as Bauhinia petersiana and Colophospermum mopane can attain, by regularly killing the aerial parts of shrubs In a way similar to fire.
- Soils
The soils of the district can be divided into three major groups: those of the sandveld, with Kalahari sand as parent material, the lacustrine and alluvial deposits of the Makgadikgadi Pans complex, and those of the hardveld, derived from weathering of the various rock types. 3-15
Colophospermum mopane. In Lake )(au these soils support grasslands maintained by seasonal waterlogging. Recent man-induced changes in the flooding regime of this previously very significant grazing
— resource are leading to progressive encroachment by woody species, notably Acacia tortllls. The highest ground in the complex is the sandy fossil beach ridges, which support an open savannah woodland of A. erioloba where groundwater is accessible, and a Terminalia sericea savannah where it is not.
Worth noting here is that recruitment of deep rooted tree species in sandy habitats may be a phenomenon limited to periods in which there is sufficient rainfall over a number of consecutive years to permit young saplings to develop root systems capable of sustaining them through long dry periods i.e., which reach the long-term water table. This may explain the uniform age of trees in these habitats, and needs to be taken into account in assessing the utilisation potential of these types.
The shallow calcrete layers which so typify many parts of the sandveld often support a low shrub community of Catophractes aiexandri, Rhigozum brevispinosum and Sesamothamnus lugardil. This community does not attain sufficient extent to warrant status as a type, but has been reported as invasive into rangeland in Gantsi District (Parry, pers comm). Some investigation into possible control would be useful.
Under the current climatic conditions, there is little opportunity for deep chemical weathering: soils in the - hardveld tend to be shallow and rocky, particularly in the middle (dissected) and downstream reaches of the drainages. Soil depth in the hardveid appears to exert a stronger influence on vegetation than soil - chemistry, except in the upper catchments, where patches of heavy day sob have developed on basalt and shale/mudstone parent rocks. Here, poor drainage and In some places a high content of montmorillonitic - (cracking) clays give rise to either a parkiand dominated by Acacia spp, as in the upper Motloutse catchment, or a shrub/woodland consisting of almost pure Colophospermum mopane, like that found in the upper Nate catchment. This difference may be due to a difference in soil chemistry; possibly the Nata vertisols being derived from primarily sedimentary rocks have a higher Na` content. Mitchell, in Timberlake (1980) finds that C. mopane is associated with sodium-rich soils. It may, however, simply be due to the fact that the Motloutse catchment is dose to the southerly C. mopane distribution limits.
The soil catena found in much of the hardveld exerts a major influence on vegetation distribution. The well- drained conditions of hill slopes and interliuve ridges support a woodland which exploits moisture and nutrients in fissures and weathering zones. The composition of this woodland depends on other factors,
such as temperature. The Kirkia/Commiphora association of the central part of the District gives way to an Acacia nigrescens dominated association southwards; to the east, Adansonia digitate is a conspicuous addition. Further down the catena, as soil depth increases but moisture availability Is still low, a denser spread of smaller species like Combretum apiculatum gradually replaces the larger trees. North of the 'mopane Colophospermum mopane starts to appear at the lower fringe of the Combretum apiculatum zone. The deeper soils at the bottom of the catena have higher moisture availability (greater storage 3-17
P■1 The species Is thin barked and therefore fire sensitive. In particular, late season fires in the current typically high fuel load situations are intense and cause 'fire holes' In the canopy which are quickly colonised by further understorey plants, leading to an increased fuel Pr. build-up. This not only Increases the fire hazard for the next season, but also increases the light/moisture competition for seedlings. Complete protection from fire is not practical; in Zambia, a policy of early burning (April/May) is used to try and reduce fuel loads and suppress the understorey thicket. Trees are entering a dormancy stage and are less likely to be damaged by the cooler bums.
• In Central District, the species is at the southern limits of its habitat, so it is likely to be even more sensitive to disturbance. In addition, the lower density stands may contain a higher proportion of understorey thicket due to better light penetration. The issue of fire in these stands, therefore, requires careful consideration.
Grazing/Browsing
As pointed out previously, the ratio of grazers to browsers in the current herbivore spectrum (mainly cattle and goats) differs considerably from that of the herbivore spectrum with which the vegetation evolved. This must inevitably cause a change in the dynamics of the system, which is compounded by the lower mobility of livestock, and the provision of permanent water sources in previously un-watered areas.
In the uncontrolled situation, heavy grazing pressure not only reduces the fuel Ioad for fires, but also favours annual grasses and fortis. Subsequent encroachment by woody plants is encouraged by reduced competition for light and moisture in the surface layers. In addition, as pointed out by Timberlake (1980), selective grazing at the beginning of the rains (before seed is set) also changes species composition, favouring the more unpalatable species. In general, uncontrolled heavy grazing leads to undesirable
- changes in the quality of the range. If allowed to progress too far, particularly in combination with inappropriate fire regimes, these changes may be very difficult to rectify.
The effects of wild herbivores are of great significance to the Baikiaea woodlands in the northern sandveld. The seed pods are heavily utilised by primates while on the tree; on the ground, seeds and seedlings are eaten by rodents and duiker (Piearce, 1986). These animals are favoured by a dense undorstorey thicket. Mitchell in Piearce (1986) and others have put the hypothesis that elephant and buffalo play a very important
role in the ecology of these woodlands: browsing and trampling tend to keep the understorey in check, reducing the fuel load, and also to bury Baikiaea 'seeds; the Baikiaea trees and seedlings are apparently
- unpalatable to these species (Piearce, 1986). Timberlake (pens comm), however, points out that game population levels (particularly elephant) have historically (in the last 150 years) not been as high as at
- present - perhaps not high enough to have had this effect. (See also Campbell, 1990).
3-19
No field estimates of standing stock were made during this study. The minimum and maximum factors used in Table 3.1 below are derived from McDonald & Partners (1990) and various other sources. Total areas of each vegetation type mapped were calculated using the GIS. The standing stock figures thus show the possible range of woody biomass in each vegetation type.
TABLE 3.1 ESTIMATED STANDING STOCK
.1•11 Vegetation Area Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Stock Stock Standing Standing Type (Ha x 100) Factor Factor Stock Stock ,... (t/Ha) (t/Ha) (tonnes) (tonnes) 1 6008 0.0 0.0 0 0 3/1 4382 0.0 0.0 0 0 ,-. 3 2200 0.0 0.0 0 0 4 269 0.0 1.0 0 26935 5* 3047 0.6 4.0 182829 1218859 6 34798 0.0 0.0 0 3778015 7** 1440 1.7 2.0 244874 288087 8 5715 8.0 30.0 4572117 17145438 9 2567 1.0 8.0 256742, 2053936 10 2720 1.0 11.7 271970 3182054 11 7375 1.0 11.0 737486 8112349 ..- 12 8144 2.3 15.2 1873069 12378546 13 2127 2.3 7.4 489191 1573919 14 12621 2.3 7.4 2902805 9339460 15 1227 2.0 15.3 245412 1877403 16 278 34.0 63.0 945554 1752055 -- 147p/12 42 2.3 11.3 9608 47207 14/6 394 1.7 4.2 66996 165519 10114 1244 1.7 9.6 205277 1188119 14/12/3 1134 1.6 7.5 181394 850284 -- 14/13 582 2.3 7.4 133782 430430 5/13 78 1.5 5.7 11323 44510 6Ae116 908 17.5 32.0 1588358 2904426 6114 525 1.7 4.2 89234 220460 6/5 10060 0.8 2.5 804820 2515064 6/10 2300 1.0 6.4 229960 1471745 2/6 1441 0.0 0.5 0 72062 216Ac 1616 0.0 0.5 0 80784 2.10 85 0.5 5.9 4262 49861 10/6 550 '1.0 6.4 54995 351967 10/3/16 588 0.3 3.9 17629 229178 15/16 585 2.0 15.3 116980 894895 12/16 2891 2.3 15.2 664897 4394101 12/8/9 2838 6.1 25.1 1731284 7123807 12/13 17502 2.3 11.3 4025497 19777441 11/6 557 1.0 6.0 55674 334042 11/10 798 1.0 11.1 79757 885302 11/13 450 1.7 9.2 76499 413994 13/8/9 967 6.1 22.5 589770 2175381 13/10/16 491 1.1 6.4 53995 314154 13/12/10 781 1.9 11.4 148295 889770 13/8/12 2216 4.2 17.5 930687 3877864 TOTALS 146539 24593021 114566218
* productivity figures from Caprivi ZipfeL research forester Geldenhuys in the mid-seventies - Forestry Division, BOA, pers comm ** productivity figures from P. Henry (1977) in Chobe District - Forestry Division, HOA, pers comm
MP. 3-21
Assessment of Wood Resources
- More detailed knowledge Is required of the production rates and autecology of the more important building
— and fuel wood species in the district - particularly Colophospermum mopane. Also urgently required is a — study to determine approximate rates of use of timber.
A detailed survey/enumeration is required of the commercial timber in the District - Baikiaea plunjuga, Pterocarpus angolensis, Guibourtia coleosperma and Ricinodendron rautanenii.
A study should also be instituted of the Kirkia/Commiphora woodland and its synecology, with regard to controlled and sustainable utilisation of the remaining portions of this resource. This type is under increasing pressure due to requirements for agricultural land, fuelwood and timber. In the interests of the maintenance of biological diversity, some protection will become necessary (see below).
Ecological Monrloring
Regular acquisition of satellite imagery is an essential tool for monitoring ecological change in the District. The SADCC receiving station in Harare provides AVHRR data at no charge to member countries. This is an avenue which should be investigated further.
Conservation Areas
- In addition to the already existing conservation areas in Central District (Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve, Nata sanctuary, the future Serowe sanctuary), consideration should be given to setting aside small areas for the conservation of some of the more important vegetation types. The Kirkia/Commiphora woodland is best represented in the area between the Tutume-Maitengwe road and the Dukwe cordon fence. A small portion of this should be protected from wood cutting activities.
3-23
Dry and wet season biomass distribution and density maps for seventeen large wild animal species were generated using computerised data bases compiled from DWNP aerial surveys data collected during August 1989 and March 1990. Seasonal changes in metabolic biomass (MB) density and distribution were then mapped based on these data. Biomass conversion values used for mapping are expressed in terms of each species' metabolic biomass equivalent in Live Stock Units (LSUs) where 1 LSU is equivalent to the metabolic - biomass of a 450 kg bovine. Conversion values for all surveyed species are listed in Table 3.2.
- TABLE 3.2 METABOLIC BIOMASS (MB) CONVERSION VALUES FOR SURVEYED WILDLIFE SPECIES EXPRESSED IN LIVESTOCK EQUIVALENTS (LSEs @ 450 KG / LSU)
Species Average Mass Metabolic Biomass (Kg) (LSEs)
•121=, Steenbok 10 0.056 Duiker 10 0.056 Springbok 26 0.115 Impala 40 0.173 -- tiarthog 45 0.175 Ostrich 68 0.236 Hartebeest 125 0.374 Kudu 136 0.398 Gemsbok 150 0.428 Wildebeest 165 0.455 Sable Antelope 185 0.502 Zebra 200 0.532 Roan Antelope 220 0.590 Eland 340 0.792 Buffalo 450 1.00 Giraffe 750 1.44 Elephant 1725 3.67
Approximate range maps were produced for 25 large wild animal species based on results of aerial surveys, interviews with researchers and district residents and review of recent literature.
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) boundaries for Central District were mapped based on boundary descriptions gazetted under Statutory Instrument No. 93 of 19T7.
Dry and wet season biomass distribution and density for the estimated combined populations of seventeen large wild animal species are presented on Map Numbers 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. Recent (1990) population estimates for each species by census survey block are presented in Table 3.3. 3-25
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• • n'a 1 rB 4-g 3-29 listed for each CHA in Tables 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7. Live mammal and ostrich capture quotas for CHAs of Central District are listed in Table 3.8.
Description
The general impression gained from biomass distribution and density maps Is one of low wildlife densities over most of Central District. Where wildlife population densities are highest they are characterised by extreme seasonal variation, usually the result of surface water availability. Population densities are generally lower and distribution less extensive now, than they were when the first surveys were conducted. Changes in biomass densities reflect declines in populations of most species, (with the notable exception of elephant) during the intervening period, to the end of the recent drought.
Discussion
Widlffe Resources
Central District north of 21° S, including the Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve and WMA and the proposed Nata State Lands WMA supports highest wildlife population densities and species diversity (Map Numbers 3.2 and 3.3).
Wet season metabolic biomass estimates increase significantly north of 20° S due mainly to the presence of elephants, which move south and east from the Okavango and Chobe river systems into the Nata Statelands, following the onset of summer rains (Calef, 1987). MB estimates for this seasonal elephant range varied between 0.2 LSE / Km2 in August 1989 and 4.2 LSE / Km2 in Apnl 1990.
Increased MB densities east of the Boteti River during the dry season are the result of concentrations of zebra and wildebeest, which are normally dispersed throughout the Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve, western Ntwetwe Pan and southern Ngamiland Statelands during wet seasons when surface water is readily available. The recent drought reduced both populations significantly, from a combined estimated total of 153 000 animals in 1979 to about 32 000 in 1987 and 12 000 in 1990.
Wildlife population densities have always been relatively low In the sandveld region of western Central District owing to low rainfall, soil fertility and hence carrying capacity. Wildlife populations have been further depleted through the combined effects of displacement by livestock, movement restrictions, drought and, to a lesser extent, hunting pressure. impacts were particularly severe in the case of migratory wildebeest and hartebeest which have suffered population reductions in excess of 90% since 1980. Other more drought tolerant species were also affected to a lesser extent The majority of wildlife sightings displayed for the sandveld region, particularly during the dry season survey (Map Number 3.2), represent solitary steenbok or duiker with MB
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— TABLE 3.4 CONTROLLED HUNTING AREAS (CHAs) CURRENTLY HELD UNDER LEASE BY SAFARI OPERATORS IN CENTRAL DISTRICT.
CHA Operator Holding Annual Rental gee Lease (paid to Govt)
3 Hasame2 Vire Safaris P 5 400 4 Tamafupa3 Hunters Africa P 8 000 10 Boteti Safari South P 3 000 25 Odiakwe Guides & Outfitters P 8 000 26 Hata Guides & Outfitters p 8 000
Notes:
1 Central Government receives rental fees far all CHAs leased on Stateland. 2 Less than 10% of CHA 3 falls within Central. District. 3 Approximately 80% of CHA 4 is in Central District while the remainder is in Chobe District.
Wildlife Management Areas
Two proposed Wildlife Management Areas located in Central District (Makgadikgadi WMA and Nate Statelands WMA) have been approved in principal by the CDLUPU and Central District Council, but have not been gazetted. The WMAs were planned to provide areas in which hunting and other forms of wildlife utilisation can continue to benefit rural populations, and particularly those people living within their boundaries. They are also proposed to serve as wildlife migration corridors, and as buffer zones between areas of wildlife land use in game reserves and parks and livestock grazing in northern Central District.
Game Farms and Private Game Reserves
Nine farms in the northeastern Tuli Block are collectively managed for wildlife and some have been developed for game viewing tourism. The Mashatti Game Reserve (45 000 Ha within this block) is privately owned and operated in partnership with Botswana Development Corporation. Elsewhere in both the northern and southern Tuli Block farms various forms of commercial wildlife utilisation are practiced.
Proposed Wildlife Conservation Areas
Currently proposed wildlife conservation areas in Central District include an area in the eastern Nata Stateiands adjacent to Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe, a proposed reserve for black rhinoceros near Pale and a nature reserve in the Tawapong Hills for protection of breeding colonies of cape vultures. The Nate Sanctuary in the northeastern portion of Sowa Pan has been approved and is about to become
operational (mid-1992). pc. • 3-37
TABLE 3.5 CITIZENS' HUNTING QUOTAS FOR CONTROLLED HUNTING AREAS (CHAS) OF CENTRAL DISTRICT (1991 HUNTING SEASON).
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) Humber
Species 3 4 10 11 12 25
41G. Buffalo 8 8 0 0 0 15 Duiker 70 160 40 200 110 60 Eland 2 1 0 3 0 0 Gemsbok 0 0 24 30 0 20 Hartebeest 0 0 10 25 0 0 Impala 6 10 0 0 150 0 Kudu 10 5 25 100 50 20 Ostrich 9 20 50 50 0 10 ,..- Sable 0 15 0 0 0 0 Steenbok 130 280 80 500 200 100 Springbok 0 0 1450 450 0 0 Tsessebe 0 9 0 0 0 0 Warthog 10 10 10 0 20 0 Zebra 7 10 50 30 0 10
TABLE 3.5 (Contd.)
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) Humber
Species 26 27 28 37 38 39
Buffalo 10 0 0 0 0 0 Duiker 40 130 470 120 140 200 Gemsbok 0 10 25 5 0 0 Hartebeest 0 20 40 0 0 0 Impala 0 0 30 50 50 150 Kudu 10 30 60 50 50 100 Ostrich 10 30 50 50 60 50 Steenbok 80 240 860 220 260 150 Springbok 0 50 20 60 0 0 Warthog 10 10 20 0 0 30 Zebra 10 0 0 0 0 0 3-39
Game Farming / Ranching
Besides game viewing tourism, commercial activities on game farms in the Tuli Block include ostrich and crocodile farming, recreational hunting and culling of impala and wildebeest. Live mammal and ostrich capture quotas for Controlled Hunting Areas of Central District (1991 hunting season) are listed in Table 3.8.
TABLE 3.8 LIVE MAMMAL AND OSTRICH CAPTURE QUOTAS FOR CONTROLLED HUNTING AREAS (CHAS) OF CENTRAL DISTRICT (1991 HUNTING SEASON).
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) Number
Species 3 4 10 11 12 25
Duiker 10 0 0 0 ❑ 0 Gemsbok 0 100 0 0 0 0 Ostrich 0 0 50 50 50 0 Ostrich Eggs 200 500 1000 1000 0 150 Springbok 0 0 150 150 0 0 Steenbok 15 0 0 0 0 0
TABLE 3.8 (Contd.)
Controlled Hunting Area (CHA) Number
Species 26 27 28 37 38 39
Ostrich 0 0 50 150 0 200 Ostrich Eggs 150 750 1000 1000 1000 200 Steenbok 0 0 0 0 0 150
Reliabilty and Gaps in Data
Since aerial surveys were designed primarily to establish seasonal wildlife distribution patterns and are generally of low sampling Intensity (usually 2-5% coverage), most population estimates derived from them are crude and confidence limits are extremely wide (often >100%). Reliability of population estimates is, therefore, moderate at best. While the reliability of distribution data alone can be considered generally good, it does not necessarily indicate areas which may be most important or necessary to the maintenance of wildlife populations. 3-41
32 ECOLOGICAL ZONING
Introduction
The term ecological zone has been used within this study as delineating areas in which there is some degree of correlation between vegetation, physiography, surlicial geology and climate.
Ecological zoning of the District has been carried out to 3 levels of division.
- Methodology
- The Central District can be divided into three major first order units on physiographic grounds, with distinct topographic, geological, geomorphological, pedological and vegetation characteristics. The divides between these units are defined on superficial geology (extent of Kalahari Sand and lacustrine sediments) where they coincide with major physical divides such as the Mosu and Serowe Escarpments, or the peripheral sand ridges of the Makgadikgadl.
The first order units defined are:
1: 1-1 The Hardveld 2: S The Sandveid 3: M The Makgadikgadi Basin
Second order zoning has been based on geology, surficial geology and soils, following physiographic boundaries if these are present. Dominant characteristics are specified. Second order zones are indicated by the first order letter followed by a numeral.
- Third order zoning is based primarily on soil and vegetation differences. Third order zones are indicated by the addition of a letter to the second order classification where necessary. For convenience the units - have also been described, in general terms, in relation to their erosion potential for both wind and water erosion, without reference to present human impact. This is a guideline only, and should be checked in the field.
Presentation
The Ecological Zoning map is presented on Map Number 3.5. 3-4,3
a
a
Min
1
A
05_3 MM. 3-45
Ecological Description % component % component Erosion Zone of Dominant of Dominant Potential soils Vegetation types
H1H Sandveld Outlier, Upper NotLoutse AK - 83% 14 - 45X Low erosion catchment 13 - 20%
0=7 6/5 - 15%
H1I Northern watershed RG - 86% 13/8/12-35% Widespread fluvial 12/13 - 35% At present an 8 - 24% extremely degraded area
Hid Plateau west of watershed CM - 51% 8 - 31% Fluvial erosion LV - 33% 12/13 - 28% localised to steep slopes and drainage networks
H1K Low rocky hills; shallow rocky soils' RG - 79% 13/8/9- 89X Widespread fluvial LV - 18%
H2 NATA BASIN
Physiography: Heavily weathered plain draining towards the Makgadikgadl, with drainage affected by faulting, tectonism and past lacustrine events; 1200-900m
— Drainage: Middle Nata and Mosetse Rivers. Extensive lateral flooding in wet season.
— Surficial/geornorphology: Sand, alluvium; some rock and calcrete.
Sas: Major CL, VR (on basalts); minor LV (floodplains), GL, AR. Soil distribution is complex and is dependent on geomorphology.
Ecological Description % component % component Erosion Zone of Dominant of Dominant Potential soils Vegetation types
112 Hata upper catchment; broad flat poorly CL - 43% 12/16 - 32% Localised wind drained area YR - 26X 15 - 26% 15/16 - 16% — LV - 22%
H3 MOTLOUTSE/LOTSANE UPPER CATCHMENTS
Physiography Erosional surface 1200-1000m immediately below the Paje Escarpment; active fluvial erosion.
Drainage: Dense network of Motloutse tributaries. Zone of high pan density.
Surficial/geomorphology. Remnant Kalahari Sand, colluvium, rock exposure. 3-47
Ecological Description X component X component Erosion Zone of Dominant of Dominant Potential soils Vegetation types WS. H5A Serorome corridor luvisols LV - 88% 6/10 - 38X Low - 10 - 29% 6 - 15%
H5B Serorome corridor arenosols AR - 95% 6/ 5 - 25% Low 6 - 24X 6/10 - 21% 5 - 16% 112:1,7.
H6 HILL MASSIFS
Physiography: Hills and plateaus rising above the hardveld; 1300-1000m.
Drainage: Steep incised valleys and gorges.
Surficial/geomorphology: Rock exposure.
Soils: LP
Ecological Description X component X component Erosion Zone of Dominant of Dominant Potential soils Vegetation types
H6 Hill massifs LP - 77X 9 - 88% Fluvial erosion high on slopes, Low on plateau surfaces
THE SANDVELD
Si MAIN SANDVELD
Physiography. Sand plain sloping from watershed towards the Makgadikgadi. Some indistinct dune forms. Dry valleys (especially the Letlhakane) and pans form important ecological sub-units; 1200-1000m.
Mange: No surface drainage beyond pans and dry valleys.
Surficialigeornorphology: Kalahari Sand, with caicrete and silcrete on drainage features.
Soils: AR, CL P.M 3-49
Ecological Description % component % component Erosion Zone of Dominant of Dominant Potential soils Vegetation types
53A Letlhakane Ridge - upper CL - 78% 14 - 73% Wind
538 Letlhakane Ridge - lower LP - 65% 14 - 69% Wind RO - 19%
54 NORTHERN DUNEVELD
Physiography: A sand plain with well developed E-W linear dunes; 1100-950m
Drainage: Nunga dry valley with occasional flows (cf 1988). Pans in interdune streets.
Surricialigeornorphology. Kalahari Sand. Strong landscape influence from linear dune field.
Sorls: AR, some LV, CL, LP.
Ecological Description X component X component Erosion Zone of Dominant of Dominant Potential soils Vegetation types
54A Northern sandveld deep ferralic arenosoLs AR - 98% 7 - 96% Low
54B Northern sandveld Nxai Pan complex AR - 46X 12 - 87% Wind LV - 21% CL - 19X
AR - 96% 6 - 65% Low =Me S4C Northern sandveld ferralic arenosols
THE MAKGADIKGADI BASIN
Defined as the areas below 950m within the Makgadikgadi Basin which have been affected by Quaternary lacustrine processes, and which now posses a distinct set of landforrns, soils and vegetation. Some higher land is included between the Mosu Escarpment and the edge of Sawa Pan in unit MT.
M1 PAN SURFACES
Physiography: Altitude 930-890m. Surfaces of major pans now affected by groundwater activity, surface flooding and aeollan processes. includes saline, day and grassed pans.
Drainage: Seasonal ponding. Some deltas from inflowing rivers. 3-51
Ecological Description X component % component Erosion Zone of Dominant of Dominant Potential soils Vegetation types 13A Northern Rakops plain AR - 98% 2/6 - 100% Lou M3B Southern Rakops Plain CL - 73% 2/6 - 75% Wind LP - 18%
M4 GIDIKVVE RIDGE
Physiography: Massive sand ridge (former bay bar) extending north-south, curving to Kedia Hili; 950-920m with some higher dunes.
Drainage: Nil, apart from Boteti and Okwa Gaps.
Surficial/geornorphology: Sand ridge
Sods: AR,CL
Ecological Description X component X component Erosion Zone of Dominant of Dominant Potential soils Vegetation types
M4 Gidikwe Ridge Cl. - 65% 2/6 - 33% Low LP - 19% 6 - 33% 14 - 21X
M5 GIDIKWE PLAIN
Physiography: Old lake floor to the west of the Gidikwe Ridge; 950-920m
Drainage: Former course of the Okwa, some shallow pans.
Surficialigeornorphology: Alluvium, some calcrete and sand masses.
Sods: AR,CL,LP. 3-53
Sons: LP,CL Minor AR,GL,CIVIAG. Soil distribution Is complex and Is dependent on geomorphology.
Ecological Description % component % component Erosion Zone of Dominant of Dominant Potential soils Vegetation types
M7A East Makgadikgadi calcisols CL - 67% 14/12/3 - 31% Wind and fluvial CH - 27% 12/16 - 31%
M7B East Makgadikgadi regosols/leptosols LP - 80% 12/13 - 45% Wind and fluvial FRG - 19% 12 - 23%
Reliabitly and Gaps in Data
As noted on page 3-41 the ecological zoning map has been generated from existing data during the preparation of this study. It is a guideline only, and requires field verification. 4-1
4. AGRICULTURAL SUITABILITY ZONING
— 4.1 AGRO-CUMATE
Introduction
This section describes the agro-climatic zoning of Central District according to the Length of Growing Period (LGP) concept coined by FAQ and described as "LGP is the period between the time the rainfall level becomes higher than half the potential evapo-transpiration (PET) and the time soil moisture reserves are depleted following rainfall level dropping below half PET' (FAQ; 1978). The zones defined by the Department of Meteorological Services (DMS) map also take into account the number of dry days and humid days (when rainfall is greater than PET) within the GP.
Methodology
The agro-climatic data from the small-scale national map was digitised for the GIS. The DMS portions relevant to Central District were extracted to produce the Agro-climatic Zones map.
Presentation
— The Agra-Climatic Zones are presented on Map Number 4.1.
Description
The zones are defined in terms of LGP and its annual frequency of rectum, the length of the humid period and its annual frequency of return, and the number of dry days within the season. Zones occurring in
Central District are tabulated below: 4-3
4.2 AGRICULTURAL SUITABILITY ZONES
Introduction
The definition of suitability zones is aimed at providing a systematic division of the District into areas of relatively uniform agricultural potential. This is dependent on the agro-climate, soil type and other forms of present or potential land use.
Methodology
The zoning used here was derived primarily from the Agro-climatic Zoning map and the Soils map. Interpretation of the FAO/MoA soils map together with accompanying pedons and profiles was combined with the agro-climate information using GIS overlay techniques to produce a base map. This was done to provide some indication of potential soil moisture availability in addition to the basic agro-climatological information i.e., to produce a suitability map.
Soils have been grouped on the basis of broad similarities in potential maximum available soil moisture reserve (Mn). Groups distinguished are as follows:
AR Arenosois; RP Regosols, Leptosols and all soils limited by petric, petroferric, lithic or skeletic phases; FL Fluvisols GL Gleysols; LL Luvisols, Lixisols and Cambisols; CL Calcisols; AC Acrisols; PL Pianosols (limited by Nal); SC Solonchaks; SN Solonelz's; VR Vertisols.
Presertalion
The Agricultural Suitability zones are included on Map Number 4.1. 4-5
cs .f.1r g Was P. 4-7
TABLE 4.2 (contd.)
r 2 5c-d LL 80-100 20-40 20-60 20-40 S1, S4A, 548, Scattered throughout. Good HIC, H1E, soils. More potential in HIG, H2, H3, the north. Many dry days . M6A, M68
2 5c-d RP 80-100 20-40 20-60 20-40 S3B, 54B, Very extensive. Shallow H1A-HIE, HIG- soils. Moisture HIJ, H2, H5A, availability good, storage H58, M6A, M6B dependent on depth . Many dry days
2 5c-d SC 80-100 20-40 20-60 20-40 M1 Excessively saline/calcareous sails
2 5c-d VR 80-100 20-40 20-60 20-40 H2„ H3 Hata 4- Motloutse catchments. Clayey soils. Many dry days
3 5h CL 60-80 20-40 20-60 20-30 HID, H4 High pH soils. Short GP
3 5b LL 60-80 20-40 20-60 20-30 H1C, H1G North of Sefare hills. Good soils. Short GP
3 5b RP 60-80 20-40 20-60 20-30 H6, H1G East. Shallow rocky soils. Short GP
3 5b-c AR 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 S3A, Ml, M5A, Western sandveld. Sandy M6A, M6B, NO soils. Short GP
3 5b-c CL 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 S3A, S38, Ml, Extensive in mid-district. M2, M3B, M4, High pH soils_Short GP M58, M6A, 117A
3 5b-c FL 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 Ml, H2 Lower Boteti floodplain. Alluvial soils. River flooding may extend GP
3 56-c GL 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 538, M7A South Sawa pan. Alluvial soils. Short GP
3 5b-c LL 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 S3A, 538, Scattered patches. Good H1J, 117A soils. Short GP
3 5b-c RP 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 S1, $30, 1136, Shallow soils with M6A, M68, H7B duripan.
Excessively 3 5b- c SC 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 Ml, M2, M38 saline/calcareous soils.
3 5b-c SH 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 M2 Mid-Boteti floodplain. Patchy good soils. River _flooding may extend GP
3 5b-c VR 60-80 20-40 20-60 10-30 H2 Isolated patch east of Sows pan. Clayey soils. ,
4 5b AR 40-60 20-40 20-60 20-30 Sl, 52, M5B Low irregular rainfall. Sandy soils.
4 56 CL 40-60 20-40 20-60 20-30 HID, M4, M5B Isolated small patches. High pH.
4 56 LL 40-60 20-40 20-60 20-30 52, HID, H4 South of Lake Xau + TuLi corner. Good soils. Low irregular rainfall.
4 5b RP 40-60 20-40 20-60 20-30 OA, HID, Extensive in Tuli corner. HIK, H4 Shallow rocky soils; low irregular rainfall. 5-1
5 NATURAL CULTURAL AND HISTORIC SITES
Introduction
Areas or sites of special scenic, natural or cultural significance are identified and described in this section.
.1=17 Methodology
Information has been obtained from:-
Archaeology Department, National Museum Monuments and Art Gallery, Gaborone; Curator, Kharria III Memorial Museum, Serowe; Ministry of Local Government and Lands/Dept of Surveys and Lands, Ngwato Land Board;
WPM
The National Museum Monuments and Art Gallery (NMMAG) records known archaeological sites on 1:50 000 topographic maps which were made available for this study. Details of each site are recorded in files relating to each 1:50 000 sheet. The co-ordinates for each site and details such as the type of site and artifacts excavated have been entered into a data base.
Additional information has been added to this from the other sources listed. Natural features (major pans and rivers and hills of special scenic interest) have been added from the respective map coverages.
Presentation
The Natural, Cultural and Historic Sites map is presented on Map Number 5.1.
In some areas many archaeological sites have been excavated in close proximity to each other, making presentation at a small scale difficult. In the report the sites are mapped at a scale of 1:1 000 000 with each site being represented by a symbol only This allows the spatial distribution of known sites to be seen in relation to other features such as rivers, roads and settlements.
National Monuments and other important sites which are under protection or are currently being developed
are identified separately. 5-3
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Areas at Scenic/Natural Beauty
Not all areas of natural beauty have been Identified systematically. The DDP IV (draft) mentions the following hill ranges as being of scenic (and archaeological) interest:
Shoshong hills, north of Shoshong; Mokgware Hills, between Kalamare and Serowe; Tswapong Hills, east of Palapye; Lepokole Hills, north of Bobonong; Makhula Hills, south of Tutume; Kgwana Hills, north west of Mosetse.
Many of the pans and rivers in the district also fall Into this category.
Discussion
There are many areas of archaeological interest in Central District, particularly in the south and east and around the Makgadikgadi Pans. As map 5.1 indicates, many known sites are on hills and along river valleys, where erosion may have exposed artifacts. Other known sites are located along roads and power tines, some of these were discovered and excavated while survey work or construction work was under way. While relatively intensive surveys of archaeological sites have been carried out in a few areas during archaeological impact studies required by such development projects, the bulk of the district remains unexplored. It is therefore important that the existence of archaeological sites should be taken into account when any new development projects are under consideration.
All pre-1902 sites are protected by the Monuments and Relics Act, 1970, but there Is still a danger that sites may be unwittingly destroyed by contractors when development work is being carried out. it is important that when any major development or change in land use is being planned, an archaeological impact assessment should be carried out. The Monuments and Relics Act places the onus on site contractors and construction companies to ensure that archaeological work Is budgeted for, planned and completed before they begin work. The discovery of archaeological sites before or during development projects can cause costly delays. Tender documents should remind contractors of their legal obligations and all development projects should be monitored to ensure that developers are fulfilling their obligations under the Act. The National Museum Monuments and Art Gallery can provide more information and assistance, and should be advised in advance of all major development projects In the district. Many undiscovered sites are bound to exist in Central District, and with the limited capacity available for administering the Act, important sites may be destroyed.
6-1
- 6. POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS
Introduction
This section describes populations and settlements in Central District and is based on provisional data from the 1991 Census.
In view of the fundamental importance of this chapter to the delineation of DPUs, the data limitations are discussed under Methodology rather than at the end of the chapter.
Methodology WM.
There are several sources of data on settlements; the 1981 Census Guide to the Villages of Botswana, GRAS, the National Settlement Policy and the maps for the 1991 Census. in view of the 1991 Census maps - being the most recent source of information, the settlement locations have been taken from the 1991 map but because the list of localities has not been released, the locality names contained within The Guide to the Villages of Botswana was used.
The limitations of the 1991 Census data include:
1. The Census maps used the 1:50 000 topographic sheets where available and the 1:250 000 sheets elsewhere (the western part of the SeroweRalapye Sub-district and Boteti Sub-district). Where the 1:250 000 sheets have been used the mapping is not as accurate.
Each locality marked on the Census maps was digitised. In the case of larger settlements, the centre was taken to be where all the tracks converged. For smaller settlements it was decided, as a rule, to digitise the top of the but drawn by CSO. This could introduce a locational error of up to 4- /- 10km, particularly in the areas where the 1:250 000 maps were used. This is not a major problem for this study (although it will make location in the field difficult) as most do not have significant populations.
2. In the course of the Census a number of localities were found which had not been mapped. These have not been marked on the Census map and therefore we do not have them digitised. It is estimated that this could affect population estimates by approximately 10%.
- 3. CSO Is preparing an update to the 1981 Guide to the Villages of Botswana that should become the basis for future work.
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TABLE 6.1 SETTLEMENT CLASSIFICATION CENTRAL DISTRICT1
Category Population Criteria Na. of Settlements 1981 1991 (Preliminary)
Primary 20 000+ 2 2 Secondary 10 000 - 20 000 0 3 Tertiary I 5 000 - 10 000 4 4 Tertiary II 1 000 - 5 000 42 51 Tertiary III 500 - 1 000 58 63 Other <500 2000+ 2000+
1 From Provisional 1991 Census Data, not including Orapa or Selebi Phikwe
Tables 6.2 and 6.3 summarise the 1981 and the preliminary 1991 population data by Sub district and by major and intermediate villages (CSO data and classification). It should be noted that CSO considers Palapye to be an urban settlement.
TABLE 6.2 POPULATION PER SUB-DISTRICT (1981 and 1992)
Sub district 1981 1991 Percentage (Preliminary) Growth
-- Palapye 9 594 17 131 78.6
Serowe (excluding Palapye) 82 634 111 300 34.7 Mahalapye (including Tull) 82 982 95 566 15.2 Bobirwa 46 436 53 472• 15.2 Boteti 26 405 35 473 34.3 Tutume 75 277 99 753 32.5
Total (including Palapye) 323 328 412 695 27.6
TABLE 6.3 POPULATION PER MAJOR AND INTERMEDIATE VILLAGES (excluding Palapye) 1971/1981/1991
Enumerated Population Percentage Changes Census District 1971 1981 1991 71-81 81-91
SEROWE/PALAPYE (excluding Palapye)
Serowe 15 364 23 661 30 706 54.0 29.8 Lerala 982 1 766 3 781 79.8 114.1 Maunatlala 442 1 470 2 278 232.6 55.0 Moiyabana 786 1 407 1 AV 79.0 27.0 Thabala 624 1 242 1 551 99.0 24.9 Paje 768 1 216 1 415. 58.3 16.4 Mogapi 376 1 089 1 280 89.6 17.5 habeteapudi 715 1 067 865 49.2 (-18.9)
0 -- 6-7
TABLE 6.3 (Contd.)
Enumerated Population Percentage Changes Census District 1971 1981 1991 71-81 81-91
BOTETI (Contd.)
Mmatshumo 325 636 759 95.7 (19.3) Mosu 515 578 558 12.2 (-3.5) Makalamabedi 263 537 884' 104.2 64.6 Kedia - - 619 - -
TUTUME
Tonto 5 204 6 566 10 881 26.2 65.7 Tutume 644 3 736 10 042 480.1 168.8 Maitengwe 1 783 3 436 4 861 92.7 41.5 Nkange 624 2 721 3 051 336.1 12.1 Gaeta 855 1 521 2 701 77.9 77.3 Dukwe - 1 407 2 509 - 78.3 Shashe 896 1 306 1 114 45.8 (-14.7) Nate 470 1 303 2 750 177.2 111.1 Matobo 891 1 242 1 210 39.4 (-2.6) Nswazwi 600 1 135 1 721 89.2 51_6 Mathangwane 432 1 106 2 512 156.0 127.1 Dagwi 180 1 023 1 279 468.3 25.0 Marapong - 951 1 393 46.5 Mosetse 234 892 1 451 281.2 62.7 Senate 660 851 1 952 28.9 129.4 Barotong 482 845 1 259 75.3 49.0 .,- Changeta 127 785 1 137 518_1 44.8 Shashe-Mooke 290 709 1 451 144.5 104.7 handunyane 302 671 1 294 122.2 92.8 Sebina 792 665 1 750 (-16.0) 163.2 chadibe - 539 742 - 37.7 Matungo 905 538 886 (-40.6) 64.7 Matsitame 135 503 770 272.6 53.1 Makobo - 358 756 - 111.2 Dzoroga - 354 626_ - 76.8 Borotsi - 636 818 - 28_6 Mnkubilo - 279 -667 - 139.1 Hshakashokwe 239 147 1 033 (-38.5) 602.7 Zezuru - 463 500 - 8.0 Goshwe - 768 799 - 4.0
Discussion
The relative growth rates for the Sub-districts are not easily explained and a detailed analysis is beyond the scope of this study.
Bobirwa and Mahalapye Sub-districts have the lowest growth rates. The former might be explained by slow recovery from the recent drought years and consequent migration from the rural areas to the larger villages and Selebi Phikwe. The low growth rate in Mahalapye Sub-district might also be due to drought but also due to more rapid development of Palapye. Investment in Mahalapye has been inhibited by the poor water supplies until recent years when the Palla Road welffield was commissioned. 7-3 ' NI.
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Footnotes:
1) Including Government Livestock management unit 2) Excluding Daukome Quarantine Camp (see note in text regarding mapping of Sandvetd TGLP Ranches) 3) See note in text regarding mapping of Setata Quarantine Camp
Note: Although not specified in the terms of reference, it was decided that major blocks of Leasehold land should be mapped and described separately. It will be noted that some of the blocks of Land listed have no area provided. Areas marked with an * have not been included in the Land Tenure map (7.1). This is because accurate location information could not be provided by Land Board in Serowe or by Department of Surveys and Lands in Gaborone. Tribal leased areas marked with a have been mapped as accurately as possible from Land Board lease agreeMents where these could be found, but further checking of the actual area fenced may be necessary in the field.
Mr.
Sources: Central District Land Use Plan (draft 1985); Serowe Land Board; Dept. of Surveys and Lands; District Administration Serowe; Central District Planning Study (GIS).
STATELAND
There are three areas of state land in the District, the Boteti State Lands and the Nata State Lands and Sowa Township. There are also two smaller areas of state land:- Selebi Phikwe Township and Baines Drift
Tf Reserve.
The Boteti State Lands comprise Ntwetwe Pan and the land west of the Pan up to the Boteti River. The eastern border of the area is the eastern edge of Ntwetwe Pan, which has proved difficult to map as described below. The area is approximately 8 602.5 km2 (source GIS). The boundaries between State and Tribal land are not fenced, and often not demarcated. The borders are therefore not always honoured by local residents, either intentionally or unintentionally. District authorities may also unintentionally allocate land on the wrong side of the boundary. There is a proposal to tribalise a portion of land near Kubi, but the implications still need careful consideration.
- The Nata State Lands extend from 10 km north of Nata, northwards to the district boundary. The area covers approximately 13 976.8 km2 in total (source GIS). Some of the area is leased out and this is - described separately below.
Selebi Phikwe Township covers an area of 47.3 km2 (source GIS) and falls within the Bobirwa Sub-District.
Baines Drift Reserve comprises 25.1 km2 (source GIS) of state land in the Tull Block.
Authority over State land is vested in the Office of the President The day to day administration of State land has been passed to the District Commissioner, but legal long term use of State land is obtained through
- Department of Surveys and Lands. State land areas which are held partly or predominantly under leases are described below. 7-7 that a team would be checking this information in the field in late January 1992. This was too late For inclusion in this report. Once the information becomes available, re-positioning of the TGIF ranches on the maps may be necessary.
Mining leases which give sub-surface mining rights are held for several areas in Central District (see Mineral Occurrences Section 2.1.1 Table 2.2). Surface rights to the land must be applied for separately from the Land Board, and these do not necessarily coincide with the mining lease areas. The major surface rights areas which are associated with mining activities are shown. These are Sawa Pan, Selebi Phikwe, Morupule, Orapa/Letlhakane (also security areas).
The airstrip, prison and BDF Camp at Selebi Phikwe are located outside the township on land held under tribal leases. The Morupule Power Station is located on land held under tribal lease.
Reference to Dukwe Refugee Camp having been detribalised or leased has been seen in written documents, but no evidence of this could be traced at Department of Surveys and Lands nor at the Land Board in Serowe.
Within Palapye, an area on which housing related to the Morupule project (BPC) has been built is leased from the Land Board. Botswana Housing Corporation have also leased land for a housing project and depot in Palapye.
There is a Botswana Defence Force Camp covering 25,9 km2 (source GIS), south of Pale.
Land for other Government uses such as schools, hospitals, Government offices or Government housing projects is leased from Land Board by Government. Areas leased by Government have a 99-year lease agreement; most of them against a nominal fee of P5 per annum. Department of Surveys and Lands has a computerised list of all areas of tribal land which Government is leasing, but the sizes and exact locations are not recorded. These can be obtained in some cases by reference to DSL's files. Most of the leased areas are too small to map at the scale used.
Land for special projects in tribal areas is also leased by individuals, groups or companies. Most of these areas are too small to indicate on the map. Individuals may also convert their customary grants of residential plots to (optional common law) leases. They can then borrow money to develop them more easily from financial institutions. This occurs particularly in the major villages - Serowe, Palapye, Mahalapye etc. 7-9
7.2 LAND USE
Introduclion
This section deals with land use in Central District. The major types of land use which are identified and described are settlements, cultivated land (dryiand and irrigated), grazing (communal and leasehold areas), horticulture and forestry. Uses such as game reserves and Wildlife Management Areas are described in the Wildlife Resources Section (3.1.2). Mining lease areas are described in the Mineral Occurences Section (2.1.1).
Methodology
Information has been obtained from officers in the following organisations, Government Ministries and Departments: Department of Surveys and Lands, Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing; Department of Town and Regional Planning, Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing; District Administration, Central District; Regional Agricultural Office, Central Region, Serowe; Ministry of Agriculture; National Institute of Research and Documentation.
Other Sources of Information were Department of Surveys and Lands, 1:250 000 Topographic Maps, various dates; Landsat Imagery, 1989.
Presentation
Maps
The following maps are presented:
Land Use Map Number 7.2 Cultivated Lands Map Number 7.3 Veterinary Cordon Fences Map Number 7.4
Data Base
Forestry and horticultural areas on Tribal Land have been entered into a data base related to the villages in which they are located.
,-„ 7-1 1
1 7-13 posts (but excluding Selebi-Phikwe, Orapa and Sowa) is estimated at approximately 430 km2 (0.3% of the total District area) using a rough estimate of 0.1 hectare per person.
The villages have grown without the benefit of modem town planning procedures. Therefore incompatible land uses are often located in close proximity to each other. Furthermore, services such as schools, clinics and shopping centres are often not well located in relation to the populations which they are designed to serve. Upgrading of these villages (improving roads, providing piped water and reticulating electricity) is a costly exercise. However, government, through MLGLH, has embarked on a programme of major village planning and upgrading in order to make these villages (Serowe, Palapye, Mahalapye) an attractive alternative to the urban areas for investors.
Serowe, Palapye and Mahalapye will in the future be gazetted as 'planning areas'. This will not affect land tenure in the villages, but the controls of the Town and Country Planning Act 1977 over land use will apply. Development plans have already been prepared for these villages, but once the Act comes into force, statutory procedures for plan approval and for subsequent developments will have to be followed. Advisory plans will be prepared for smaller villages as the need arises.
Land use within Selebi Phikwe planning area is controlled by the regulations of the Town and Country Planning Act 1977. Under the Act, development plans must be prepared for the whole planning area. In the case of Selebi Phikwe, the planning area covers an area which coincides with the mine lease area. As can be seen from the land use map (Map Number 7.2), the planning area takes in the township (State Land) and an area of Tribal Land (on which uses such as the airport, prison, BDF camp and BCL surface rights area are located).
Baines Drift Reserve in the Tuli Block is used for various Government purposes such as a police station,
prison and health post.
In terms of overall district land use planning, as settlements expand conflicts with agricultural land uses inevitably occur. Villages have generally grown up at least in part because of the availability of good agricultural land (in combination with a good water supply), and their expansion therefore threatens agricultural production. Although returns per hectare on arable agriculture are low, it Is still felt that the best agricultural land should be protected from urban development for as long as possible. Detailed soils Information would assist in this process.
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The availability of ARAP subsidies over the last few years has encouraged the clearing of land, which has not always been put to productive agricultural use. ARAP has now been discontinued, but continuing assistance to farmers is provided under ALDEP (draught power, provision of implements, fences and construction of rain water tanks).
It is has not been possible to classify arable land as cultivated, fallow or abandoned. Because of factors such as drought or lack of draught power, a fanner may not be able to plough land for several years, even though he intends to do so in the future.
Table 72 below shows the areas of dry land fanning which fall within tribal, state and freehold land (source GIS).
r.TABLE 7.3 AREAS OF DRY LAND FARMING
Tenure Area (km')
TribaL Land 16 091.6 State Land 106.2 Freehold land 380.4 TOTAL 16 578.3
Irrigated Agrioullure
The best opportunities for irrigated agriculture are located along the sand rivers in the north east of the district, especially the Limpopo, Motloutse, Shashe, Tutume and Maitengwe rivers. However, there are no large scale irrigation projects in the communal areas.
A form of irrigated agriculture is practised in the Boteti area. This is known as molapo farming. Crops are planted on the wet river flood plains after the annual floods have receded. Yields are significantly higher than dryland farming (500-800 kg per hectare). Molapo farmers have the potential to harvest two crops a year. It is very difficult to quantify the amount of land being put to this use, as even in the field it Is difficult to differentiate between molapo and dryland fields. This is especially so downstream of Rakops (Tsienyane). Upstream of Rakops, molapo farming takes place right in the river beds. If the Boteti is dammed at Sukwane, molapo farming downstream will be curtailed.
The molapo farming is carried out on both skies of the Botetl River (Ie. partly within the Botetl State Land
area). 7-19
In addition to the obvious problem of obtaining sufficient water, a lack of management skills impedes the success of such projects.
Other horticultural projects are found on freehold land within the Tull Block. The BDC Talat.a farms project has been described above under 'irrigated agriculture'. Other projects in mid-1991 were as follows(source: Ministry of Agriculturey-
TABLE 7.5 IRRIGATED HORTICULTURAL PROJECTS IN THE TUL1 BLOCK
Project Ownership Area iha) Produce
Seleka Farms BDC 12 Arizona 2.25 Citrus private 8.7 Citrus Babedi 15 Vegetables Sunnyside 10.5 Citrus (Also Forestry project for production of poles - 12,5ha Eucalyptus) Martins Drift Farm 7 Citrus/Vegetables Dovedale 4 Vegetables Parr's Halt 4 Vegetables Hachaneng- Oakland Farm 0.7 Citrus
Marketing of fruit and vegetables has been difficult from the Tuli Block because of poor road connections to the rest of Botswana. Road access is generally better to South Africa, and some farmers sell there as they are able to get higher prices. However, restrictions on this have been imposed. There are two major roads projects scheduled to begin in late 1991 in the area, and when they are completed access should be much easier.
Water for irrigation comes from boreholes or from rivers. However, the Limpopo forms the international border and the South Africans have dammed most of its tributaries on their side.
Forestry/Woodlots
There are a number of small woodlots and orchards within the tribal areas, usually located close to villages.
Table 7.6 below describes some of these. 7-21
There are considerable areas of indigenous forest in the northern Nate State Lands. The area stretches from the 72 km road marker along the Kazungula road to the 147 km road marker (19° 45" south). In the east they stretch to the Zimbabwe border, and in the west, for 80 tans from the road. The two most valuable species are Mukwa and Mukusi (Zambezi) Teak.
Two companies hold concessions to harvest and mill timber in the area. These are the Marulamantsi Saw Mill and Timber Milling Botswana (Tamafupa Timber Concession). The former operates two concessions on the western part of the Nata-Kazungula road. One is wholly within the Nate State Lands, while the other extends into the Sibuyu Forest Reserve. The second concession is on the eastern edge of the road and also extends into the Sibuyu Forest Reserve. The concessions were granted without the source being assessed. There is little known about the present availability and regenerative capacity of the main species. It is understood that the Ministry of Agriculture's Forestry Division is looking into the question of timber resource depletion in the area.
Some timber milling is carried out on two of the Nate State Land ranches. Some of the timber is being processed to the stage of furniture manufacture in the area, while the rest is exported as round logs.
Wild animals, especially elephants cause damage to trees. However, it is thought that they also play a significant role in encouraging forest regeneration.
The forestry concession areas cover an area of 2 075 km2 (within the district) (source:GIS).
Mixed farming
Mixed farming is especially likely to occur in the areas surrounding settlements.
Some of the land which has been identified as dry land farming is actually in mixed farming use. Blocks of fields (often fenced to protect crops from livestock) have cattle grazing in-between. The advantage of this is that draught power is readily available for ploughing. However, conflicts between land uses may occur if fields are not fenced off from livestock. In some areas a change in land use from pastoral to arable farming is occurring. This is particularly likely to occur around growing settlements where lands areas are being lost to residential and associated uses.
Mixed farming also occurs within the Tull Block. The dominant form of land use is cattle ranching, while other land uses include private game reserves, a crocodile farm and horticultural schemes. 7-23
The problems with mapping the TGLP ranches have been described in the Land Tenure section.
Nata State Land Ranches
The Nata State Land ranches cover a total area of 1 768.1 km2. Average ranch size is 63 km2 (source: GIS).
There are twenty-seven (27) ranches available on leases, while government has one ranch in the area as a Livestock Management Unit (for demonstration purposes). Two ranches are occupied by squatters (PP 4 and PO 12) one of whom has carried out considerable developments. There is a one km2 government service centre (K 34) within one of the ranches (PO 6).
All the available ranches have been allocated, but only 12 were occupied in mid-1991. A number of problems have to be overcome in order to succeed with ranching in this area. Firstly, wildlife conflict with domestic animals. Secondly, water is saline. Thirdly, although range conditions are generally good, the grass is low in nutrients for cattle. Supplementary feeding is therefore necessary. Fourthly, it is necessary to quarantine cattle before they can be marketed in BMC in Francistown, where most of the allocatees come from.
The environment is regarded by MoA officers as being difficult for cattle ranching_ Between the ranches, a poisonous plant, Mogau is commonly found, and this has inhibited the expansion of ranching.
The Commonwealth Development Corporation used to lease a ranch in the area, but moved out in the early 1960s because of similar problems which the local farmers are facing now. Nevertheless, the people who are actively farming are molly managing reasonably well according to MoA officers. Two or three have management problems.
The area may be more suited to wildlife ranching and it is understood that MLGLH has looked into this.
Tuli Block ranches
The Tuli Block is made up of freehold ranches. The most recent published document on land use in the Tuli Block is Samboma's The Survey of Freehold Farms (1982). At that time there were 183 ranches. However, much unregistered subdivision is known to go on. This was confirmed by Mazonde's 1987 research (which was of a more sociological nature). Many Batswana own small 'camps' which consist of two or three paddocks which have been bought from larger farms. During mid-1991 the MoA was carrying out a survey of land use in the Tuli Block, but Information was not available in time for inclusion in this report.
7-25
Near Machaneng there is a malt and sorghum milling operation. There is a Council primary school on freehold land at Moiety, and a health post at Talana Farms.
Veterinary cordon fences
There are eleven veterinary cordon fences in Central District (Map Number 7.4). These have been erected during the course of the last forty years, (the first one in 1954 and the most recent in 1990/91 as a result of import requirements of the European Community), in an effort to restrict cattle movement and so effect the control of Foot and Mouth Disease.
The fences are positioned as follows:-
NAME DATE BUILT DESCRIPTION SOURCE
1. Dibete Fence 1954/1974/ Runs southeast along the edge Department of 1984 of the Central Kalahari Game Surveys and Lands Reserve, then continues 1:250 000 topo- southeast via Lephepe and graphic map series Dibete Quarantine camp, then turns north and east at the Notwane River
2. Ngamiland Cordon 1955 Runs north from the corner with 1989 Landsat 5 MSS Fence the Kuke fence and CKGR 1:250 000 (Makalamabedi boundary to Makalamabedi and Fence) across the Boteti River. 5. Central Ngwato 1955/1986/ Runs northeast from a point on Department of (Makoba) 1987 the CKGR boundary via Makoba Surveys and Lands Quarantine Camp, then north to 1:250 000 topo- Tlalamabele Gate and along the graphic map series + eastern edge of Soda Pan, 1989 Landsat 5 MSS continuing north via Dukwe and 1:250 000 Maitengwe Quarantine Camps.
3. Sherwcod/Daukome 1977 Runs from Martins Drift west 1989 Landsat 5 MSS (Makoro Fence) and north west via Mathakole to 1:250000 Malatswae Gate southwest of Makoba Quarantine Camp.
4. Vakarange-Tuli 1979/1980/ Runs from Fonts Drift along the Department of Fence 1982/1983 edge of the Tull Block and Tull Surveys & Lands Circle. It then follows the 1:250 000 topo- International Boundary to a graphic map series + point north of Ngwalila Pan. Central District G.P.S. 6. Setata Fence 1979/1984 Runs east from a point on the Mapping onto air CKGR boundary then north via photos Nigel Hunter Orapa to the Mopipi-Mosu Fence. (pers. comm.) 7. Tlalamabele- 1981/19E2 Runs from Tlalamabele gate 1989 Landsat 5 MSS Serule southeast to Serule and then 1:250 000 (Sese Fence) continues southeast via Phikwe-Serule Sefhophe to Zanzibar. section Environ- mental Consultants overflight mapping onto Department of Surveys and Lands 1:50 000 map series 7-27
1 3 t
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3
F=. 7-29
W&DlIe AAanagement Areas/Game Reserves
The north west corner of the Boteti State Lands has been made into a game reserve (Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve, area 2 742 km2, source: GIS). The game reserve is threatened by encroachment of arable farming, hunting, cattle and grass and fuel wood harvesting. Some molapo fields are within the game reserve. There are problems of poaching near Khumaga and Tsienyane. The people living in the villages along the Boteti suffer from wild animals attacking themselves, their livestock and their crops.
Some of the remainder of the Boteti State Lands are controlled hunting areas (described in the wildlife Section 3.1.2).
There are two proposed wildlife management areas in the District; one for an area around the Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve within the Boteti State Lands and one occupying most of the Nata State Lands. The former would have a de jure area of approximately 5 860 km2. The latter would be 10 440 km2 in size. However the recent construction of the Nate State Land Cordon Fence has reduced this to a de facto area of 8 786 km2 (source: DOL Serowe). See the Wildlife section (Section 3.1.2) a for further details.
Other wildlife related land uses are in the Tuli Block. Especially in the northern Tuli Block where there are fewer fences, wildlife farming and wildlife reserves with associated tourist safaris and commercial hunting are found.
The main game reserves are Mashatu Game Reserve and Stevensford Game Ranch (east of Sherwood). North of Sherwood there are a crocodile farm and an ostrich farm. At the end of the 1990 dry season, several farmers raised the height of their perimeter fences to trap game inside their ranches (mainly impala). The game is exploited, but due to market constraints the main activity of these farmers remains cattle farming. Within the game reserves, impala, kudu, elephant and zebra are found.
Hurling and gathering
Wild fruits and other foods and firewood are gathered all over the District. Close to villages, fuelwood is commonly in short supply due to over-exploitation.
Thatching grass is gathered in several parts of the District (in particular, south of Mahalapye and in the Nata area). This land use sometimes conflicts with other land uses such as grazing, especially in times of drought. Grass for stock feeding is cut in Ramatamusa and Ntwetwe Pans. 7-31
Falconbridge (Copper/nickel ore) Francistown Clay Brick (Brick Clay) Gem (Pty) Ltd (Marble)
Makoro Brick and Tile (Clay) Touch of Class (Salt)
Reliabiky and Gaps in Data
Information was found on land use throughout the District, at varying levels of detail. There is no data to differentiate between the genuine communal grazing areas which are utilised by poor rural people with a few cattle and smallstock (usually located close to villages) and the large cattle owners who have access to their own boreholes in the communal areas. These two types of land use should be regarded as separate activities for land use planning purposes.
Information on the exact size and location of some of the leased areas within the Tribal Land area proved to be difficult to locate. It must therefore be remembered when talking of areas and percentages of land In various uses that some small Inaccuracies are inevitably included in the figures due to the differing quality of different sources of information. Checking of the exact areas which have been fenced in the field will be needed to accurately locate some of these areas. 7-33
habitation and are, at current levels of technology and productivity, inherent to the type of land use. The total areas of both categories are as follows:
Code Type Area % of [km'? District
0 no noticeable Land degradation 98 019 66.9
1 degradation primarily by cattle 27 366 18.7
2 degradation threatening to existing land use 21 147 14.4
Total 146 532 100
Discussion
The effects of various forms of land use on the vegetation have been described in the vegetation chapter.
,„. Cultivation and its relation to erosion potential are important factors in the progressive degradation of land. This is particularly true in those areas where water erosion potential is high. Soil is a precious commodity in arid environments where soil forming processes.are slow and rainfall tends to be intense. Though some degradation seems to be unavoidable, it should remain a point of concern and attention, because degraded arable land can only be replaced by encroachment into other land uses thereby compounding the overall pressure on the environment.
Reliability
The limitations of this map relate directly to the lack of field verification. It is Important that some follow-up work is carried out to verify and refine this interpretation. A systematic field survey using the Landsat imagery and the Degraded Areas map could be used to quantify the qualitative ranking used here. This would be an important step in establishing baseline data against which future change can be measured. 7-35
7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
This section describes the known pollution sources in Central District and general activities which can cause pollution.
Methodology
Water and air pollution are the only forms of pollution that are partially documented and readily accessible.
Data on water pollution was abstracted from a recent report (WLPU 1990) and that on air pollution was obtained from the Mines Department's annual Air Pollution Control Fleports.
--- Presentation
The map showing Localities with Pollution risk is presented on Map Number 7.5.
Description
Water Pollution
The WLPU study was essentially a pilot study to assess the magnitude and sources of pollution of surface water. This resulted in the establishment of a very large computerised data base at DWA. This data base is being continually updated and expanded. The pollution identified in the study may also affect groundwater resources where there is the opportunity for direct or indirect infiltration to aquifers.
Twenty one potential sources of pollution were investigated in WLPU's pilot study. The study was restricted to the major villages and Drape. The main pollutants were found to be sewage ponds at institutions such as schools, hospitals and prisons. Their findings are contained in Table 7.8, but it should be noted that remedial work may have commenced since the issue of the WLPU report. Further information on these and other sources should be sought from the Senior Engineer (Pollution) at DWA. 7 P L DISTRICT I CENTRA
7 CT: Ir ROJE
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As air pollution fluctuates rapidly with time, the Mines Department should be referred to for the most recent information.
Discussion
Water Pollution
There are many possible sources of pollution. Table 7.9 summarises the categories and investigations required from the WLPU report.
However, there are other sources such as improperly designed and/or operated pit latrines and septic tanks, the use of fertilizers in agriculture and large concentrations of cattle at boreholes causing nitrate pollution of the aquifer where the boreholes are not properly constructed and sealed. Aquifers where the watertable is shallow or the overlying soils are very permeable are particularly prone to pollution. Sand river beds fall into this category.
Licensed industries are classified by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry using the Botswana Industrial Classification System, which has been recently modified to take into account potential water pollution and monitoring requirements. The District Authorities should use this information in assessing potential and actual industrial pollution sources.
Air Pollution
Care must be taken in the planning phase of industrial developments to ensure that industries with potential air pollution problems are adequately equipped with pollution abatement facilities, and are sited so that they do not pose an air quality hazard to the surrounding areas.
Reliability
The data presented is considered reliable but only represents a very small proportion of the total number of pollution sources. Further surveys and monitoring is being undertaken by DWA and Department of Mines where required.
7-41
TABLE 7.9 (Contd.)
Cat. Category Investigation required No.
3.3 Transport & Communication Oil and fuel storage Spillage Transport of hazardous chemicals
3.4 Transport Repair, Maintenance & Disposal Spillage and storage facilities for oils and fuels. Also waste oil residues after repairs Battery acid and lead Tyres burned
3.5 Fuel Storage & Distribution Regulations for storage and transport
3.6 Others Liquid gas storage
4.1 Livestock Disposal of chemicals Dips (e.g. dip pits) Intensive poultry or farming
4.2 Arable Insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides `.See Chemist)
4.3 Forestry As 1.8
4.4 Fisheries As 1.1 Disposal of rotten and condemned food
4.5 Others Game Reserves
5.1 Municipalities Sewage ponds improperly run? Solid waste dumps Abattoirs Roads construction. See 3.2 Pit Latrine emptying services
5.2 District Councils As in 5.1
6.1 Hospitals Disposal of hospital wastes Any incinerator? If waste is burned where are residues dumped?
Prisons Various activities See 1.1, 2.2, 3.2
6.2 Defence Safe storage of Live ammunition and other weapon materials Uaste ammunition disposal sites Fuel storage and garage maintenance
Source: ILPU (1990) 8-1
8 TRANSPORT
Introduction
This section deals with transport in Central District including roads, public transport, railways, airports and airstrips.
1. ROADS
Methodology
Information has been obtained from officers in:-
Central District Council, Serowe Department of Surveys and Lands, Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing District Administration, Serowe Roads Department, Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications.
Roads have been identified on or marked onto the 1:250 000 District Topographic map sheets. Where a road was shown on the 1:250 000 Topographic maps this was used as the starting point. Where possible routes were checked from the Landsat Imagery. In some cases, aerial photography had to be used to find alignments. However, many of the ungazetted earth roads have been built or upgraded under labour intensive or drought relief programmes relatively recently, and some of these roads could not be located. In a few cases, two alternative alignments have been shown as the 'main' route could not be identified.
Gazetted and ungazetted roads have been identified using codes for tar, gravel and earth. It has been attempted to map all the ungazetted roads and tracks which are considered by the Central District Council to warrant periodic upgrading or maintenance. Lists were provided by the Council Works Services Department.
Presentation
The Roads Network map is presented on Map Number 8.1. 8-3
TABLE 8.2 MAPPED UNGAZETTED ROADS
Road Road Standard
Bobonong - Plathathane Tuli Block Earth Kgagodi - Lerala - Sherwood Earth Paje-Mabeleapudi Tshimoyapula-Topisi Earth LI Hawn junction-Marapong-Senitwe (last part not located) Earth Mahalapye - Haut lane Earth Pilikwe - Radisele Earth Shoshong KodibeLeng Earth Kaun/francistown - Lepashe (route not clear) Earth Sefhophe - Zanzibar Earth Francistown - Grips Part Bitumen/part gravel Mabolwe - Kobojango Earth Mabolwe - Semolale Earth Lerala - Majwaneng Earth BC Sepako - Sematlaphiri (not located) Earth Nate - Sepako Earth Sepako Nate River Earth Kgagodi - Hatelwane (not Located) Earth Kgagodi - Diloro Earth MateLvane - Tamasane (not located) Earth Palapye/Sherwood - HhaLapitse Earth Ramokgonami - Palapye/Sherwood Earth Mookane - Dibete Earth Pilikwe - Moshopa Earth Sefhare Chadibe Earth Moshopa - Sefhare Earth BC/L1 RadiseLe Mokgware Earth Francistown/Orapa junction - Matsitama Earth Pilikve-Mokobeng Earth BC/LI Bobonong - Tsetsejwe Earth LI Grape/Francistown junction - Mmatshumo Earth LI Serowe - Shoshong Earth LI Sebina MarobeLa (not Located) Earth LI Sabina Kalakamati Earth Sebina - Nswezi Earth Francistown/Nate-Soya Township Bitumen Bobonong - Koboiengo Semolale Earth (Spot improvement) Kgagodi PaLapye Earth Serowe - Moiyabana Earth Bobonong - LepokoLe (not Located) Earth Bobonong - Kashambe (not Located) Earth Chadibe - Mokobeng Earth Moshopa - Shakwe Earth BC KaLamare - MmutLane (not located) Earth Mahalapye Tautswe Earth BC Palapye Lecheng Earth Tobane - Sefhophe Earth BC/L1 Mopipi - Xhoma junction - Toromoja Earth Toromoja Rakops Earth Mmatshumo - Mosu - Ntanegate Earth LI Nkange - Changate Earth BC/LI Goshwe Matobo (not Located) Earth Kodibeleng - Otse Earth BC Otse Mokgware Earth Mmadinare - Polometse Earth BC Moiyabana - Kalamare Earth LI Lecheng - Halake Earth LI MahaLapye - Kudumatse Earth LI Tutume - Goshwe (not located) Earth Tutume - Mosetse Earth LI Earth LI BoroLong Mathangwane LI Phikwe - Tobane Earth Lepokole - Tshokwe (not Located) Earth BC LI Serowe - KUtswe (needs checking) Earth Earth LI Serowe - Mogatsapoo (needs checking) LI Hokobeng - Sefhare Earth Earth BC Goo-Tau - Mmanaledi BC Nmadipudi Mmashoro (not Located) Earth BC Kabeleapudi - Hajwanaadipitse Earth Lecheng - Martin's Drift Road Earth BC Ratholo - Hajwaneng Earth BC 8 - 5
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N N 8-7 been the 1:250 000 topographic map sheets, supplemented by use of landsat images and in a few cases, aerial photography and 1:50 000 topographic sheets.
Gazetted roads are maintained by the Department of Roads (DOR), MWTC, while all other roads are the responsibility of the District Council. However, discussions with DOR Officers indicated that the distinction between gazetted and ungazetted roads has become blurred. Some ungazetted roads ;rave been built and/or are being maintained by the DOR, whilst the Department is not maintaining all of the gazetted roads.
Furthermore, some roads have been realigned and tarred, but the old alignments are still legally gazetted, whilst the new ones are not The DOR are currently (1991) looking into the whole question of "gazetted° roads. A consultancy began late in 1991 with the aim of identifying a 'national' road network and local' roads.
One gazetted road, the 'Mosveng-Sefhare-Machaneng Loop' has proved impossible to locate. It is described in the legislation, but it is not a road which the DOR maintains today, and it could not be located on 1:250 000 Landsat Imagery, aerial photography or old editions of 1:50 000 topographic map sheets.
The Serowe-Orapa road alignment has been taken from the satellite imagery. Department of Surveys and Lands are (1991) working on incorporating the new alignment onto their 1:50 000 map series, but it will be some time before they incorporate the new alignment into their 1:250 000 topographic maps. Once this is done minor revisions of this road alignment may be necessary.
Serule-Selebi Phikwe - The road from Serule via Mmadinare to Sefhophe is still legally gazetted, and the new one via Selebi Phikwe, with the branch to Mmadinare is not. The old road is no longer maintained by DOR, but it is indicated on our map, together with the new tarred road, via Selebi Phikwe.
Mopipi-Rakops - DOR Officials indicated a lack of detailed design for the alignment of this road when it was tarred. The alignment of the tarred road has therefore been mapped from the Landsat images where possible, but District and DOR officers were also consulted. The actual gazetted road is the road to the South of Lake Xau via Kedla. This is also shown on the roads map. Central District Council does some maintenance work on the section between Kedia and Xhumo.
Rakops-Makalarnabedi - The description in the gazettement notice is very vague, but it appears to follow the route of a track which is shown on the 1:250 000 sheets, going north west from Rakops to the cordon fence which forms the District Boundary, and thence north along the fence for 21km to Makalamabedi. District Officers did indicate that this route is used by some travellers, but it is not maintained by the DOR DSL 1:1 000 000 maps show the 'main road' as going north from Rakops along Boleti river, and then following the river around to the west. This road is also not maintained by the DOR. Central District Council 8-9
Access to the Tuli Block area will be improved dramatically once the new Sefhophe - Martin's Drift and OS. Bobonong - Mathathano Lekkerpoet roads have been constructed. This is part of Government's strategy to encourage increased agricultural production in the Tuli Block and improve marketing channels between that area and the rest of Botswana_ The economic diversification of Selebi Phikwe will also be facilitated. Access from the rest of the District has previously been better to South Africa and Zimbabwe than to the rest of Botswana_
8.2 PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Methodology
Information was obtained from officers in the Transport Division of the MWTC.
Description/Discussion
The main hubs of public transport in Central District are Mahalapye, Palapye and Selebi Phikwe. There are also routes with their origins and/or destinations outside Central District which serve settlements within the
District.
The following statistics (Tables 8.3 - 8.5) are taken from the 1989 Transport Statistics (Transport Statistics Unit. MWTC, 1991, Transport Statistics 1989, CSO. Gaborone).
TABLE 8.3 VEHICLES WITH 'ID' [PUBLIC TRANSPORT) PERMITS BY BASE OF OPERATION
Location Number of Taxis Number of Minibuses/Buses
Serowe 6 7 PaLapye 2 12 Mahalapye 1 19 Tutume - 7 Selebe Phikwe 105 52 Central District - 85 (elsewhere)
Note: (A 'D' permit entitles the holder to use the authorised vehicle(s) for the carriage of goods and passengers for hire and reward and own account.
• 8-11
Other routes which are served by public transport are given in Table 8.7 below.
TABLE 8.7 FREQUENCY OF SERVICE ON ADDITIONAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT ROUTES
Route Frequency
Selebi Phikwe-Bobonong-Semolate Several per day Selebi-Phikwe Sefhophe-Tsetsejwe-Mathathane (subsidised) Several per day Selebi-Phikwe-Kgagodi-Maunatlala Several per day Francistown-Maun via Nata +/- one per day Francistown-Kasane via Nata +/- one per day Francistown-Tonota Daily Francistown-Tutume-Maitengwe Daily Dibete-Mookane Permit issued Serowe-Letlhakane-Rakops-Makalamabedi Once a week-bus as far Rakops, then truck; subsidised service. Mahalapye-Shoshong No service in mid-1991 due to poor road Mahalapye-Kalamare One truck daily Palapye-Lerala Once a day Palapye-Kbbojango-Semolale-Merry Hill Once a week F ranci stown-Orapa No service in mid-1991 due to poor road Palapye-Martins Drift No transport
Source: Personal communication; Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications.
Public transport is provided by private operators, although in a few cases Government provides subsidies to encourage the provision of services on routes which would otherwise be uneconomical to serve due to poor roads and/or low passenger volumes.
It is clear that poor roads are a major deterrent to operators. Villages away from the tarred roads are not well served by public transport. Low passenger volumes would also make it uneconomical to provide services to much of the west and north of the district.
Reliability and Gaps in Data
- The reliability of information is considered to be fair. Although some timetables were available, MWTC were not sure whether they were operating on schedule.
Up-to-date information relating to public transport is not readily available. The Transport Statistics Unit, MWTC compiles figures on public transport permits issued at district and national levels, but not for each route within the district. In any case, the fact that a permit has been issued does not indicate that a service is actually being provided. In some cases, permit holders have pre-empted routes: they do not provide services and are waiting for the roads to be tarred before they begin. 8-13
8 4 AIRFIELDS AND AIRSTRIPS
Methodology
Airports, licensed airfields and registered airfields have been entered into a data base. Information has been obtained from Department of Civil Aviation, MWTC.
• " Presentation
Airports and airfields are presented on the Rail and Air Transport map (Map Number 8.2).
Description
Table 8.8 below shows airports and airfields.
TABLE 8.8 AIRPORTS AND AIRFIELDS
Main Govt. Secondary Govt. Private Licenced Private Registered Airport Airport Airport Airport
Selebi Phikwe Gweta Matsitama Arizona Farm Machaneng Drape Baines Drift Makalamabedi Sawa Bobonong MOsetse Tuti Lodge Bushfitlan Nato Fairfield Palapye Jarwe Rakops Kamkauga Serowe Kaukai Lephali Mantika Mashatu Nate River Delta Ngami Cordon Fence Safari Santata Sefophe Seleka Setsejine Shashe Talana Tsigara Tsoi Tutume Whyte
As a main government airport, Selebi Phikwe has the following facilities:- perimeter fencing, a fire service, customs and immigration, a bitumen runway, airport runway lights, identification beacons, a control tower
and meteorological facilities.
Secondary government airfields have an attendant. All airfields have a windsock.
8-15
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9 COMMUNICATIONS
Introduction
This section covers Electrical Power, Telecommunications, Radio and Postal Services in Central District.
ro 9.1 ELECTRICAL POWER
— Methodology
Electric power lines have been digitised from maps provided by Botswana Power Corporation at a scale of 1:250 000.
Presentation
The Communications/Power map is presented on Map Number 9.1.
Description/Discussion
Botswana's main power station is located in Central District, at Morupule, close to the coalfields which fuel it. There is also a power station in Selebi Phikwe (a 65 MW coal fired station). Both power stations are tied to the national grid system. Power generation is according to system load demands and is under control of the National Control Centre. Morupule power station is larger and cost of generation is less than at Selebi Phikwe. Consequently, to minimise cost, the bulk of the country's generation requirement is supplied from Morupule.
There are overhead lines (220kv) from Morupule Power Station to Gaborone, Selebi Phikwe and Francistown. There is also a 220kv line from Selebi Phikwe to Orapa. A 132kv line links Sowa to Francistown.
There are 66kv lines from Morupule to Sherwood, from Selebi Phikwe via Sefhophe to the Tuli Block Backline between Zanzibar and Goedgeluk farms, and from Selebi Phikwe to Shashe.
There are 33kv lines from Morupule to Serowe, from Seltiophe to Bobonong, from Sherwood to Martin's Drift, between Sherwood and Talana Farms, and from Morupule to Mahalapye and south to Dinokwe wellfield
supplying water to Mahalapye. F=.
9-3 9-5
TABLE 9.1 LOCATIONS OF TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
Location Location
EkAxnang Serowe Mahalapye Shoshong Mmadinare Tonota Palapye Tutume Selebi Phikwe
TABLE 9.2 LOCATION OF MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION TOWERS
Location Location
Baines Drift Paje Bobonong PaLapye Bonwapitse Pella Road Chadibe Parr's Halt Dinokwe Repeater Pilikwe Dovedale Village Plants Drift Dovedale Farms Radisele Gootau Ramokgonami Gaeta RathoLo Kalamare Repeater 18 19° 49' 46" S 26° 07' 25" E Kudumatse Repeater 2B 19° 29' 08" S 25° 56' 24" E Lecheng Repeater 3B 19° 09' 24" S 25° 45' 58" E Lerala Repeater 48 18° 50' 04" S 25° 37' 08" E Mabeleapudi Repeater 58 18° 16' 28" S 25° 15' 19" E Magapatona Repeater 68 18° 00' 04" S 25° 15' 19" E Mahalapye Repeater lA 20° 09' 46" S 25' 52' 31" E Majwaneng Repeater 2A 20° 07' 46" S 25° 35' 43" E Hakoro Repeater Repeater 3A 20° 13' 43" S 24° 55' 10" E Hakoro Village Repeater 4A 20° 13' 43' S 24° 32' 03" E Makwati Hill Repeater 5A 20° 09' 54" S 23° 44' 08" E Makwati Village Sebina Maope Sebina MapashaleLa Sefhare Hathakola Sefhophe Mathamhgane Selebi Phikwe Mathathane Repeater SeLeka Mmadinare Serowe Hill MmamabuLa Serule Hogapi Serule Repeater Hogome Shakwe Mogorosi Shashe Bridge Moiyabana Shashe Dam Mokobeng Sowa Pan Holalatau Repeater Tamasane Kookane Thune Repeater Mosetse TLhabaLa Motioutse Tobane Hata Tonota Nshakozhokwe Tsetsetjwe Orapa 1 21° 05' 36" 5 26° 58' 41" E Tutume Drape 2 21° 09' 16" S 26° 37' 24" E Zanzibar 1 Drape 3 21' 16' 46" s 26' 19' 16" E Zanzibar 2 Orapa 4 21° 19' 37" S 25° 57' 07" E Orapa 5 21° 19' 16" S 25° 38' 39" E 9-7 STUDY
PLANNING
RICT IST D ELECOMIUNICATIONS AL g- T NTR CE PROJECT:
2 9-9
a3 RADIO
Methodology
Information has been entered into a data base relating to villages in which facilities are located. Information
- , was provided by Department of Information and Broadcasting.
Description/Discussion
The location of Radio Botswana transmitters is shown in Table 9.4 below.
TABLE 9.4 LOCATION AND BROADCAST FREQUENCY OF RADIO BOTSWANA TRANSMITTERS
TRANSMITTER BROADCAST FREQUENCY
Nahalapye 96.6 MHz FM Mopipi 648 kHz NW Selebi Phikwe 621 kHz MW Serowe Hill 99.4 MHz FM
Radio Botswana broadcasts are a useful means of providing information to the people, especially to those who cannot read or to whom other forms of communication are not readily available.
Reliability
Information is considered to be reliable.
9.4 POSTAL SERVICES
Methodology
Information has been entered into a data base relating to different villages. Information was provided by
Botswana Postai Services.
Presentation
The Communications-Postal Services map is presented on Map Number 9.3. •
9-11 •
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Rehablily
The information was considered to be reliable at the time of writing (mid-1991). 10. ADMINISTRATION BOUNDARIES
Introduction
The following describes the administration boundaries and facilities provided by various parastatal institutions, Ministries and their Departments in Central District. They were specified in the Terrns of Reference but a few additional ones were added during the study at the request of the Steering Group.
Methodology
Letters were sent to all relevant institutions and follow up calls made to confirm information collected. Where appropriate, the data obtained has been entered into data bases. Where possible, the locations of facilities have been tied to the Census data base which provides digitised locations of almost all settlements in the District. However a match could not always be made and, in these cases the name remains in the data base with a distinguishing code (9999999).
The institutions which have a large number of facilities in the District are Education, Health and Agriculture. Some problems were encountered in tieing the place names to our set of digitised points.
A substantial effort has been made to correct and properly map administrative boundaries but often officials only have a vague idea of where their administrative boundaries lie_ However, in these cases and wherever possible, we have mapped our best estimate of the relevant boundary.
Where administrative boundaries used existing boundaries i.e. District, Sub-district, veterinary cordon fences etc, the appropriate fine was taken from that particular coverage. Elsewhere it was digitised from a hard copy map. A number of institutions have not formalised or demarcated their administrative boundaries and it is anticipated that the local population will seek the relevant services from the most convenient facility.
Some ministries (see Ministry of Education) have computerised data bases which often indicates additional information. We have not tried to duplicate these data bases as this is beyond the scope of the study. dBase ill was chosen as the data management software not only because of its compatibility with ARCInfo but because it is widely used and relatively easy to use and manipulate data.
The Census data contained digitised location for over 2300 points. Unlike the GRAS coding system our codes do not indicate settlement hierarchy but refer to the Sub-district, enumeration area and have a numerically ordered last digit. 10-3
Recommendation
With the advent of the cheap and reliable GPS (global positioning system) continual verification, update and demarcation is possible to a very accurate level. It is strongly recommended that this is done.
As only existing facilities at the time of data entry were included, discrepancies will increase over time if the data bases are not checked and updated regularly.
Selebi Phikwe and Sowa and to a lesser degree Orapa (because of the closed nature) are significant in that they are in the District but not part of it. They do provide a significant number of services and should have their role formalised. 10-5
POLICE AND JUSTICE
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The magistrates in Serowe and Mahalapye visit Letlhakane and Machaneng respectively on a monthly basis — and sometimes the magistrate from Palapye sits in Serowe.
Cases come before the magistrates from the Police District in which they preside.
All the magistrates are under the control of the High Court in Lobatse.
Administration Boundaries
Administration boundaries follow the Police District boundaries.
Presentation
The location of Magistrates have been mapped together with the Police (see Map Number 10.1). 10-9
1022 Department of Crop Production and Forestry
The responsibility for Central District is shared by two Regional Agricultural Officers in Francistown and in Serowe. Mahalapye serves as a sub-region for Serowe. The specialist staff is based at the sub-regional offices. The Agricultural Demonstrators are grouped into agricultural districts which are headed by a District Agricultural Officer who is assisted by one or two District Agricultural Supervisors.
The country is divided into 6 Agricultural Regions, each Region is divided into districts and the districts are in turn divided into extension areas each one staffed by an Agricultural Demonstrator.
Central District is covered by 2 Agricultural Regions - Central and Francistown.
Agricultural Agricultural Region District
Francistown RAO based in Francistown Tutu me
Central RAO based in Serowe Serowe Paiapye Boteti Mahalapye Machaneng Bobonong Selebi Phikwe
The Selebi Phikwe Agricultural District has been very recently demarcated and incorporates parts of Serowe and Bobonong Agricultural Districts.
There is one Rural Training Centre in the District located at Mahalapye.
Agricultural Demonstrator&
Appendix 10.1 lists the location of the Agricultural Demonstrators.
Administration Boundaries
Administration boundaries do not follow District or Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The location of administrative boundaries and officers are presented on Map Numbers 10.2 and 10.3.
10-11
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10-15
- WILDLIFE ADENISI'RATION
LEGEND
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10.4 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
10.4.1 Department of Primary Education
Initially the Education Officer in Serowe supplied a list of all the educational facilities in Central District which was entered into a data base. However, it was subsequently found that the Ministry in Gaborone maintains a computerised data base and this was used instead. A list of the localities with education facilities is included in Appendix 10.1. The locations of most primary schools has been attached to the digitised locations from the Census data base.
The Department operates on a Sub-district basis and has the following number of schools in each Sub- district.
Sub-District Number of Primary Schools
Bobonong 21 Mahalapye 41 Serowe/Palapye 55 Tutume Boteti 19
Total 182
In mapping the schools some locations could not be found on the existing maps and we presume that there is an alternative spelling or place name, or the schools have been built in [ands areas which have not been mapped in the Census.
Administration Boundaries
With a few exceptions administration boundaries loosely follow District and Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The location of primary schools is presented on Map Number 10.5.
10.42 Department of Secondary Education
There were 48 Community Junior Secondary Schools and 7 Senior Secondary Schools in Central District at the beginning of 1991. The location of these was entered into a data base and is presented in Appendix 10.1. 10-19
Administration Boundaries
With a few exceptions, administration boundaries loosely follow District and Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The location of secondary schools is presented on Map Number 10.5.
10.4.3 Department of Non Formal Education
The Department of Non Formal Education has officers at the following locations:
Mahaiapye Serowe
Presentation
Due to the limited facilities the data for this Department is not presented.
10.4.4 Vocational Training Centres
There are two vocational training centres in the District, the Serowe Vocational Training Centre and the Palapye Vocational Training Centre.
Administration Boundaries
There do not appear to be any administration boundaries that affect Central District.
Presentation
Due to the limited facilities, the data for this Department is not presented elsewhere.
10.4.5 Brigades
There are eight Brigades in the District which cover a number of activities (Bridec; Annual Report 1990-1991).
They are: 10-21
10.5 ELECTIONS OFFICE
10.5.1 Electoral Boundaries
There are 12 National Assembly constituencies which represent Central District (not including Selebi Phikwe). They are:
No Name Population 1981
8 Sebina & Gaeta 23 929 9 Nkange 20 670 10 Boteti 33 211 11 Totota 27 454 12 Hmadinare 27 705 13 Bobirwa 29 292 14 Serowe North 25 328 15 Serowe South 22 581 16 Tswapong North 33 992 17 Tswapong South 28 440 18 Shoshong 22 503 19 hahalapye 32 467
A full description of the boundaries is found in the Delimitation Commission 1982 report.
Administration Boundaries
The constituency boundaries roughly follow the District and Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The National Assembly constituency boundaries are presented on Map Number 10_6 which also maps the
locality name of each District Council constituency. 10-23
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LEGEND
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cusrus AND EXCISE FACILITIES
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HEALTH
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IMMIGRATION FACILITIES
LEGEND
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10.9 MINISTRY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT, LANDS AND HOUSING
10.9.1 Departrnere of Food Resources
The Department of Food Resources is responsible for the provision of food to primary schools and health facilities.
The Department has divided the country into regions, two of which cover Central District - the North and Central Regions which have Regional Offices at Francistown and Palapye respectively. Each Regional Office supervises a number of depots.
North & Northeast Region - Francistown Regional Office Tutume Letlhakane
Central Region - Palapye Regional Office Palapye and Serowe Selebi Phikwe Mahalapye
Administration Boundaries
The boundary between North and Central Regions follows the Sub-district boundaries between Boteti and Serowe/Palapye, Tutume and Serowe/Palapye and Tutume and Bobirwa Sub-districts.
Presentation
The above information is presented on Map No 10.11.
11192 District Administration
The District Administration headquarters are in Serowe and there are offices of the District Administration in each of the Sub-district headquarters.
Sub-district Headquarters
Serowe/Palapye Serowe Hahalapye Mahalapye Bobirwe Bobonong Boteti Letthakane Tutume Tutume
- .10-35
Administration Boundaries
The administration boundaries follow the District and Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The boundaries between Sub-districts are presented on Map Number 10.12.
42, 10.9.3 Tribal Administration
• The Tribal Administration in Central District has the following hierarchy
7.. • Position Number
Paramount Chief 1 Deputy Paramount Chief 1 Senior Chiefs Representative 14 Chiefs Representative 23 Headman 84 Arbitration Headman 78
In each settlement which has a Tribal Authority representative ranking higher than an Arbitration Headman there is a representative of the Local Police.
The location of each of the above has been entered in a data base.
Administration Boundaries
Although ultimately the representative of the Tribal Administration is answerable to the Paramount Chief in
r = • Serowe, the system follows District and Sub-district boundaries
Presentation
The location of a tribal Authority Representative is mapped and presented on Map Number 10.13.
10.9.3 Counci
The Central District Council is composed of 60 elected members and 12 specially elected members. 10-37
TRIBAL ADMINISTRATION
LEGEND
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- SUB-LANDBOARD BOUNDARIES
LEGEND
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10.9.1 Water Supplies
The Council is responsible for providing water and maintaining the supply in a number of settlements in the — District. A list of settlements was provided by the water engineer and entered into a data base.
In each Sub-district there is a maintenance crew who are responsible for the whole subdistrict although each subdistrict has been divided into a number of geographic areas.
Administration Boundaries
The boundaries follow the Sub-district boundaries.
Presentation
The location of each settlement with a council water supply is presented on Map Number 10.15. 10-43
10.10 MINISTRY OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND WATER AFFAIRS
10.10.1 Department of Water Affairs
The Department of Water Affairs has offices in the Major Villages in which it is responsible for the Water Supply.
Department of Water Affairs maintains the water supply in the Following villages:
Bobonong Letihakane Mahal a pye Palapye Serowe Tonota
Administration Boundaries
In each of the above settlements there is a maintenance crew who are directly answerable to headquarters in Gaborone.
Presentation
The above information has been presented on the Water Supplies Map Number 10.15.
10.10.3 Water Utilities Corporation
Water Utilities Corporation (WUC), a parastatal of the MMRWA supplies water to Selebi Phikwe from Shashe Dam and will be the agent for the Department of Water Affairs for supplies to Sowa township from the Dukwe wellfield. It also sells bulk water to Department of Water Affairs for the Tonota water supply.
Administration Boundaries
WUC has an office in Selebi Phikwe which handles its business in Central District.
Presentation
Settlements with WUC supplies are presented on the Water Supplies Map Number 10.15. 1 0-45
CENTRAL TRANSPORT ORGANISATION
zrc WrE
prepared cti baud al Prodzsd by Inviroamagal Coatallants PROM =Ma DIFIRST ?WM srODY Ealtry d lava Goveranta. bah tad Emus I Malta at lipta Toth Cm:minter Calailkolx [ply) L14 ?Liras Eta COA Gamma #11. Rat NETZ. Cobanze UP MIL =Ma IlIi OSt mmintsuiou Wawa Banal. ILIY NO ULM
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Presentation
Due to the limited facilities in the District no further presentation has been made. 11 ENUMERATION AREAS
Introduction
This section discusses the Census Enumeration Areas of the CSO and the Geographic Reference Area System (GRAS) devised by the Department of Town and Regional Planning. They are in the same section as GRAS uses the Census Enumeration Areas as the basis for demarcation_
11.1 CENSUS ENUMERATION AREAS
Methodology
CSO prepared maps of the enumeration areas at a scale of 1125 000 or 1:250 000, depending on which topographic map series was available. In areas where the 1:50 000 sheets were available, they were photographically reduced and mosaiced to produce maps at 1:125 000. For the remaining areas, basically the western portion of the District, the 1:250 000 topographic series was used.
The Census unit provided dyeline copies of these maps which were then digitised for use in the GIS.
Presentation
A Census Enumeration Map is included as Map Number 11.1. It shows the Enumeration Area boundaries with the Sub-district boundaries used by CSO highlighted.
Discussion
The Sub-district boundaries used by CSO do not coincide with those used by the District Authorities, CSO has modified boundaries according to areas of influence. This is particularly noticeable at the boundary between the Serowe/Palapye and Mahalapye Sub-districts where a portion of the western Mahalapye Sub- district has been included in the Serowe/Palapye Sub-district
The 1991 Enumeration Areas coincide to some degree with the 1981 boundaries, although a lot of the boundaries have been straightened.
To facilitate comparison between the 1981 and 1991 Census, an extra digit has been added to the Enumeration Area codes ie EATO in 1981 became EA700 in 1991. Where a 1981 Enumeration Area has been subdivided, the subdivisions are represented by a sequence of numbers, eg 701, 702, 703 etc. 11-3 - t 5- 235 29
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A wide variety of information can be incorporated into the system, but at present it focuses on population (1981 figures), population projections, schools and health facilities (up to date information is provided by the Ministries of Education and Health). 12-1
12, DISTRICT PLANNING UNITS
Introduction
The overall objective of the study was to divide Central District into District Planning Units (DPUs) in order to harmonise the areas in which extension services and development plans are developed and carried out.
The overall rationale is that the more homogeneous and cohesive the planning area, the easier it will be to implement and manage policies.
Consultation was made with the Central District Council. The final draft of this Section was presented to them and their comments have now been incorporated.
This analysis has been completed using the provisional 1991 census data It must be noted that this data has been released to the study for working purposes only and that there is a possibility of revision.
The following sections describe the methodology which has been used to define the 'building blocks' for the District Planning Units (DPUs), the aggregation (or disaggregation) of building blocks into DPUs.
121. BUILDING BLOCKS
Methodology
The underlying philosophy in defining each District Planning Unit was to make it as manageable as possible. As a first step the District was divided into 'budding blocks'.
The following criteria was used to define the DPUs 'Building Blocks' and are listed in order of importance:
Areas of influence Land use/tenure Population Size Existing boundaries Environmental characteristics 12-3
Existing Boundaries
One of the problems of such an exercise is to demarcate areas on the ground. To ease this problem it was decided to use:
Veterinary cordon fences Sub-district boundaries Land tenure boundaries
•
EITVITawnental Characteristics
Finally, ecological zoning boundaries were used if further disaggregation was needed.
To delineate the building blocks, the GIS was used to combine the relevant guideline themes and boundaries described above.
Present on
The building blocks have been prepared as a single coverage and is presented on Map Number 12.1.
Description
In the Draft Final Report 147 budding blocks were presented. Following further discussion with the Steering Group, a number of the larger building blocks were split so that finally a total of 153 building blocks were delineated, reflecting mainly the areas of influence and land tenure.
Building blocks containing large villages were subdivided by creating a building block out of the settlement and another of the associated area of influence. In some cases, this area was further subdivided.
• Initially the need to respect existing Sub district boundaries led to the following additional building blocks:
Moijabana - Serowe Moijabana - Mahalapye
This was required as Moijabana's area of influence extends across the Serowe/Mahalapye Sub-district
boundary.
It should also be noted that areas of influence often reflect the association between the cattle post owner and his village and do not necessarily reflect a similar association as his employees. 12-5
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The total number of DPUs proposed is 36.
Description
The District has been divided into 36 District Planning Units (OPUs). Their average geographic size is 3 900 km2 and average provisional population is 11 000 people. Table 12.1 summarises the DPUs for each Sub-district together with the provisional 1991 population.
—. TABLE 12.1
Sub-district Population Humber of Provisional DPUs 1991
50 Serowe/Palapye 111 300 11 - Palapye 17 127 - (included in DPUs)
51 Malalapye 95 566 8
52 Bobiwra 53 472 5 (- Selebi Phikwe 39 769 - (not included)
53 Boteti 35 473 3
54 Tutuwe 99 753 8
Total 36
The smallest DPUs has a population of 6 400 while the largest, Letlhakane has a population of 15 120.
Table 12.2 lists all the DPUs by Sub-district and shows the DPUs number, name, area and estimated population based on the 1991 provisional 1991 census data. A further breakdown showing the individual settlements included in the DPUs and allocation of building blocks is included in Appendix 121.
12-9
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Discussion
The implementation of DPUs will only be successful If accepted at grass roots level. To be accepted the DPUs area selection must reflect the existing social and traditional structures.
A comparison has been made with the DPUs proposed in this report and the GRAS boundaries from the Department of Town and Regional Planning. Basically the concepts are similar. Both studies have relied on Census data to provide boundaries. However, where this study significantly deviates from the GRAS approach is that we disregarded the Enumeration boundaries and concentrated on the 'sphere of influence' which cuts across enumeration boundaries thereby have generating our own boundaries from the Census data.
One of the guidelines at the beginning of the exercise was that the integrity of the Sub-district boundaries would be observed. However, it has become obvious that in two particular cases the Sub-district boundary was artificial and did not reflect the organisations within the District. This is particularly noticeable in the ae case of the western portion of Serowe/Palapye and Mahalapye Sub-district.
Where possible we have also tried to keep DPUs within the existing Sub-Land Board boundaries.
Implications
Delineation of the DPUs has led to the recommendation of some changes to Sub-district and Sub-Land Board boundaries so that the boundaries of all three are consistent.
Sub-district Boundaries
The boundary between the Serowe/Palapye and Mahalapye Sub-districts should be realigned so that the western portion is moved to the south and runs along the Shoshong Sub-Land Board's western boundary. The Serowe/Palapye Sub-Land Board services this area although it presently belongs to the Mahalapye
Sub-district About 2 000 people will be affected.
The boundary between the Serowe/Palapye and Bobirwa Sub-districts needs to be realigned in the east The recent census suggests that the people in the Tsetsejwe lands may prefer to belong to Bobirwa Sub-district and it is recommended that a field survey be carried out to accurately demarcate the area. About 500 people will be affected. 13-1
13. SIXTH SUB-DISTRICT
Introduction •-=
During the study, the Steering Group requested that the feasibility of a sixth sub-district, based on separating Tonota from Tutume Sub-district and Mmadinare from Bobirwa Sub-district, be examined. However, no criteria or guidelines for determining the viability of a sub-district were established_
The final draft of this Chapter was discussed at a full Council meeting and their comments were taken into account. They accepted the conclusion that the concept of a sixth sub-district centred on Tonota and Mmadinare was not viable, but that the general issue of a sixth sub-district warrants further investigation_
Methodology
It was decided that not only the DPUs - 5408 (Tonota/Shashe) and 5201 (Mmadinare) - should be combined but any other DPU which contained satellite settlements of Tonota or Mmadinare DPU. As a result DPUs 5406 (Chadibe) and 5407 (Mmadunyane) - both in the present Tutume Sub-district - and 5202 (Sefophe) from Bobirwa Sub-district were included (see Table 12.2). Using this method, the combined area is roughly that of the Tonota and Mmadinare Sub-land Boards with the exception of Sortie, Chadibe, Mathangwane and Mokibilo
TABLE 13.1 SATELLITE SETTLEMENTS OF TONOTA/SHASHE AND MMADINARE
Tonota Satellites Maadinare Satellites
eorolong Sefophe Chadibe Tobane Mathanguane Kmandunyane Nokobo Mokubilo Notate Shashe Mooke
The GIS was used to combine the selected DPUs.
Presentalion
Map Number 13.1 shows the Tonota/Shashe/Mmadinare Sub-district option. 13-3
Discussion
Having no specific guidelines it was decided that population and area should be the criteria in evaluating
P7,1 the viability of the sixth Sub-district.
TABLE 13.2 SUB-DISTRICT ANALYSIS
Sub-district 1991 Population Area Longest km' Distance Before After Before After km
5eroue/Palapye 128 431 128 431 30 925 30 925 357 Mahalapye 95 566 95 566 23 688 23 688 306 Boteti 35 473 35 473 34 956 34 956 268 Tutume 99 753 62 074 43 847 35 284 356 Bobirua 53 472 36 075 13 115 7 877 150 Proposed - 55 076 - 13 801 210
Total 412 695 412 695 146 533 146 531
■SLa
Table 13.2 above shows that the present Bobirwa Sub-district has the smallest land area and the second lowest population of all the Sub-districts, and is the smallest In terms of both criteria for Sub-districts in the hardveld physiographic province. It also shares the lowest population growth rate between 1981 and 1991 (15.1%) with Mahalapye Sub-district Tutume Sub-district, on the other hand, is the largest in area and has the second largest population.
The proposed new Sub-district would be virtually the same as the present Bobirwa Sub-district in terms of population and area. It should have a higher population growth rate than Bobirwa Sub-district as it would incorporate a part of Tutume Sub-district which had a growth rate of 32.5% for the ten year period.
The effects on Tutume Sub-district are not severe; it would lose approximately 28% of its population and about 20% of its land area. In fact, a reduction in population and size may be beneficial.
The effects on Bobirwa Sub-district are rather severe; it would lose 32% of its population and 40% of its area. It's low population growth rate implies that the population would not grow at an advantageous rate
compared to the other Sub-districts.
It would appear therefore that, in the absence of any objective criteria, the sixth Sub-district would be viable by virtue of its being almost identical in size and population to the present Boblrwa Sub-district. However, although it might be to the benefit of Tutume Sub-district, it would be to the detriment of Boblrwa Sub- district, which would most likely become unviable, and therefore the establishment of a sixth Sub-district
based on Tonota and Mmadinare cannot be recommended. APPENDIX 1.1
TERMS OF REFERENCE s.. Appendix 1.1 - Page 1
TERMS OF REFERENCE ASSOCIATED WITH CENTRAL DISTRICT PLANNING STUDY TB 8/1/12/90-91
1. BACKGROUND
In Central District, boundaries of areas on which district authorities, different ministries and departments carry out extension services and development programmes, do not often coincide.
In order to investigate how these boundaries can be harmonized it is proposed to carry out the Central District Planning Study (CDPS). The overall aim is to arrive at District Planning Units (DPU) as basic areas for coordination of all development programmes and extension services. The DPU's would make a grass-roots approach possible and development could take place more effectively. The idea of DPU's is essentially, to desecrated the district into parts which have a common development strategy or to which such a strategy could be applied. Because Central District is already divided by 5 sub-districts (ungazetted) within which the district institutions operate, it is requested, that this current division of the District is specially taken into account while identifying the DPU's.
The size of the District and the scope of the Central District Planning Study, make it impossible for District Planners to carry out the study. Therefore funds will be requested from the I.G 31 vote to retain
=GA a consultant to carry out the work in cooperation with the Central District Land Use Planning Unit (DLUPU).
2. TERMS OF REFERENCE
The consultant will give information on, but not necessarily limit himself to the following:-
-„. 2.1 Natural Resource 2.1.1 Climate - Rainfall (amount and distribution) Temperatures Evapotranspiration • Wind velocity 2.1.2 Hydrology Watershed Streams/Rivers - Haffir/dams/major pipelines Pans Boreholes/wells 2.1.3 Fiydrogeology Water availability Water quality 2.1.4. Geology Minerals - Bedrock 2.1.5. Soils - Types/parent material Soil stability 2.1.6 Topography/Morphology 2.1.7 Vegetation Types Wood resources 2.1.8 Fauna
Appendix 1.1 - Page 3
- Post Officers 2.6 Environmental Pollution/Degradation 2.6.1 Polluting industries 2.6.2 Areas which are chronically overgrazed 2.6.3 " Erosion prone areas (cause of erosion) - Deforested areas. 2.7 Administrative Boundaries *2.7.1 Ministry of Presidential Affairs and Public Admin. 2.7.1.1 Tirelo Sechaba 2.7.1.2 Police *2.7.2 Administration of Justice *2.7.3 Ministry of Agriculture 2.7.3.1 Veterinary Department 2.7.3.2 Agricultural Field Services *2.7.4 Ministry of Commerce and Industry 2.7.4.1 Department of Wildlife and National Parks 2.7.4.2 Rural Industries Offices 2.7.4.3 Tourism *2.7.5 Ministry of Education 2.7.5.1 Department of Primary and Teachers Training 2.7.5.2 Department of Secondary Education (Schools) 2.7.5.3 Non-Formal Education 2.7.5.4 Vocational Education *2.7.6 Elections Office 2.7.6.1 Electoral boundaries *2.7.7 Ministry of Finance and Development Planning 2.7.7.1 Department of Supply 2.7.7.2 Department of Taxes 2.7.7.3 Department of Customs and Excise *2.7.8 Ministry of Health *2.7.9 Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs 2.7.9.1 Immigration 2.7.9.2 Labour Offices *2.7.10 Ministry of Local Government and Lands 2.7.10.1 Food Resources 2.7.10.2 District Administration 2.7.10.3 Council 2.7.10.5 Land Board 2.7.10.6 Department of Surveys and Lands *2.7.11 Ministry of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs 2.7.11.1 Department of Water Affairs *2.7.12 Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications 2.7.12.1 Department of Architectural and Buildings 2.7.12.2 Central Transport Organisation 2.7.12.3 Post 2.7.12.4 Department of Roads
2.8 Central Statistics Office (CO) and G.R.A.S.S. system (DTRP) census units
Information From Section 2.2. up to Section 2.8 should be mapped on overlays. The information may be obtained from the relevant ministries and departments. APPENDIX 12
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Appendix 1.2 Page 1
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. Introduction
A Geographic Information System was implemented for the Central District Planning Study (COPS) to Improve the quality of information ultimately provided and to facilitate future evaluation of the data for planning purposes. A GIS will also allow the District Officers to maintain the data base of information without recourse to complete re-compilation of a particular data set. Updates can be made to specific areas, or associated information without changing related data. If necessary a new map of the theme concerned can be produced at minimal effort and cost. The facility to be able to provide maps at any appropriate scale required is also a notable advantage of a GIS in the context of planning.
The objectives of the Consultants in developing a GIS for the CDPS was to provide the most accurate interpretation of existing data to assist in the dis-aggregation of the District into DPU's. The GIS was also used to incorporate a limited amount of new data derived by personal interpretation and field survey. In this study the main emphasis was to utilise the GIS to compile the data together to a common base for map production at appropriate scales. Some analysis was undertaken in the final stages of the project, for ecological zoning and erosion risk, as well as the derivation of DPU's, but GIS analysis for planning purposes will be undertaken at a later stage by MLGL&H. The primary GIS products of this project are:
i) Mapping of Relevant Planning Themes
ii) Provision of Digital Spatial Data Base of Thematic information.
2. Methodology
The GIS methodology was designed to try and maintain a high standard of quality. The preference 'was to work at the largest scale possible for a particular theme with due consideration of the reliability of the data. Emphasis was placed on fresh Interpretation of the data rather than duplication of existing data. Each data source was evaluated in the context of how it was to be used and in some cases data was actually simplified. Quality control was mainly by inspection of hard copy and comparison between data sets over
a light table.
M=, 2.1 The GIS System
The CDPS was developed using PC ARC INFO software in accordance with the Government guidelines on
GIS compatibility. Appendix 1.2 Page 3
In some cases information was digitised directly from paper map copies in which case a higher RMS error was accepted. This was the case for the census mapping (dyeline copies) where an RMS up to 0.007' was permitted due to the quality of the media. Adequate registration to other data sets was still achieved after projection to UTM coordinates.
For the overlay interpretation from satellite imagery and for some of the census mapping, prominent geographic features had to be used as control points (tic marks), in the absence of reliable latitude and longitude marks. River junctions were the most frequently used feature but road junctions were also used. The precise UTM locations of features were obtained from the base mapping already digitised from 1:250 000 DSL maps.
2.3 Analysis
mGa The COPS required GIS analysis for the determination of ecological zones, agricultural suitability zones and the investigation of erosion potential. The analysis involved the combination of various themes to produce new coverage files containing all combined spatial information including the classification label for each theme. The combined thematic information was then evaluated using dBASE to derive a new classification. • Polygon boundaries were subsequently adjusted (removed where necessary) automatically, on the basis of the new classification.
GIS analysis of topographic information was also undertaken to produce a digital elevation model (DEM). A Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) model was built from spot height observations supplied by the Geological Survey of Botswana (unpublished data). Contours were produced from the TIN at 120 metre intervals, to complement existing data. The TINS software module (ESRI Canada) was used for the
topographic analysis.
The TINS software was also used to generate Thiessen polygons around locality points from census data. Thiessen polygons delineate boundaries of areas associated with localities simply on the basis of distance. Every point within a polygon is closer to the locality at the centre of the polygon than to any other locality. Thiessen polygons are useful as a means of indicating possible jurisdictional boundaries on the basis of
distance alone. It is essential to compare this analysis with other means of boundary delineation. Typically thiessen polygons are useful in delineating urban areas of higher population, but in urban fringe areas and rural areas the polygons tend to be very large. This is because the areal extent of each polygon is dependent only upon the spatial distribution of the observation points and not the values of the observation
points. Appendix 1.2 Page 5
THEME COVERAGE NAME MAXIMUM SCALE FOR MAP PRODUCTION
Erosion Potential erorisk 1:1 million
6.1 Food Resources foodis 1:1 500 000
Food Admin. Boundaries foobdis 1:1 500 000
Forestry Projects forest 1:500 000
Fossil Rivers foodis 1:500 000
Geology geodis 1:500 000
Geology - Kalahari Boundary kaladis 1:500 000
Geology - Dykes dykedis 1:500 000
Geology - Surficial surdis 1:500 000
Groundwater Potential grddis 1:500 000
Health hedis 1:1 500 000
Health Admin. Boundaries headis 1:1 500 000
Hill and Escarpments hilLdis 1:1 million
Hills of Natural interest shilldis 1:1 million
Horticultural Projects - Tull Block hortdis 1:500 000
Horticultural Projects - Remainder of District horti 1:500 000
Hydrology - Pipelines pipedis 1:500 000
Hydrology - Reservoirs revlut 1:500 000
Immigration Admin. Boundaries immbdis 1:1 500 000
Immigration Facilities immdis 1:1 500 000
Land Use usedis 1:500 000
Land Tenure tendis 1:500 000
Mineral Occurrences ainoccur 1:500 000
Mineral Leases minleas 1:500 000
Natural, Cultural and Historic Sites hisdis 1:1 million
Pans - Major pindis 1:500 000
Pans - Minor pindis 1:500 000
Peizometric contours gwlevdis 1:500 000
Physiographic Units phydis 1:500 000
Police and Justice polidis 1:1 500 000
Polite Administration Boundaries policdis 1:1 500 000
Pollution Risk - Localities poldis 1:500 000
Post Offices postdis 1:1 500 000
Railway Sidings siddis 1:500 000
Railway Line raidis 1:500 000
Rainfall - Mean Annual raidis 1:1 500 000 Appendix 1.2 Page 7
Maintenance & Development
The spatial data base provided For Central District is only the first stage in development of a Functional GIS at district level. Any data base tends to be outdated as soon as ft is completed, in much the same way that an academic text is quickly superseded by the latest research. The advantage of a GIS is that it is possible to maintain the information in reasonably current form by regular update. The means by which MLGIALH maintain the Central District data base is an issue which should be urgently addressed. Coordination with other ministries and departments will be important to ensure the latest data available is utilised and to avoid duplication of effort between ministries.
The second issue to be investigated is the development of a query system for the COPS GIS. The GIS has
CM. been used to achieve the analysis and mapping required under this study to establish DPLI's, but in addition an opportunity has been created to develop a management information system based on the GIS. This will require considerable effort and should be based on an objective examination of the management needs at district level. A management information system could be developed to serve everyday needs in terms of planning applications, project developments or future resource surveys. Once clear objectives have been defined an information system could be developed. This would probably be best programmed in dBASE, making use of the ARC INFO macro language where necessary for visual display. The definition of objectives is likely to identify a need for further information capture, either of new themes or at a more detailed level than the current data. This is a normal progression in the development of a GIS. APPENDIX 1.3
PERSONS CONTAL i tU Appendix 1.3 Page 1
PERSONS CONTACTED
Broekhuis, J. District Officer (Lands), CDLUPU Burger, K Forester, Chobe District Calef, G. Sr. Biologist / Elephant Mgmt., DWNP Campbell, A. Consultant, Campbell, Main & Associates Child, S. DWA Coulson, I. Biologist, DNPW, Zimbabwe Craig, C. Sr. Biologist / Aerial Surveys, DWNP Dambe, D. Meteorological Services Dept. De Bie-Methorst, D. DOD, Bobirwa Gaseitsiwe, D. Ministry of Commerce and Industry George, M.M. Acting Chief Education Officer, Department of Non-formal Education Gower, T. Director, Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs Halifax, P. Sir M. MacDonald and Partners Hanmer, P. Forestry Div. Hunter, N.D. Director, DWNP Kalikawe, M. Biologist, DWNP, Central District Khumalo, Dept. Veterinary Services Kooiman, A. Research Unit Manager, FAB Lawson, D. Sr. Biologist / Wildlife Utilisation, DWNP Le Row, P. Mgr., Mashatu Game Reserve Letlhare, B. Education Officer, Kalahari Cons. Soc. Lewambano, K. DO(L) Bobirwa DO(L) Mahalapye DO(L) Tutume Lindsay, K Sr. Biologist / Borehole Monitoring, DWNP Mabiletse, S. Ministry of Local Government, Lands and Housing Magatle, K Assistant Director, DWNP Mandevu, I. Ministry of Agriculture Mangubo, D. Sr. Game Warden, Admin., DWNP Matlabele, Dept. Surveys and Lands Matlakele, A. Department of Surveys and Lands Assistant Director, Department of Geological Surveys ..—.•••■•■—•■■■■=1,....c....1.—•■•■ I
APPENDIX t4
REFERENCES a. 0 a. 0 0 0 :a :a _ _ 71 -... 0 CV 71 -... 0 CV
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L C , 0 0 . uf 5. > g c .0 07 .3 0.0 i 0 . 4; 14 .. w c C0 GI 7 0 W 2 e C: 0 Y1 40 ■ 0 ■ - ■ I .. . 12 .- N. ci -0 4, ret .0 Y 4+ ■ '''D ICS CII 0 0 L gc 0 - 0 0.• - 0 - ■ , • • . , APPENDIX 3.1 VEGETATION TYPE: RECONCILIATION OF UNITS BETWEEN CD PLANNING STUDY, TIMBERLAKE AND ECOSURV Appendix 3.1 Page 1 Appendix 3.1 Vegetation Types - Reconcliation of units between Central District Planning Study, Timberlake and Ecosury The following table is a reconciliation of vegetation unit-. between the mapping for the Central District Planning Study, Timberlake's mapping of South Eastern Botswana and Ecosurv's mapping of the Nate Statelands. CD PLANNING STUDY TIMBERLAKE ECOSURV Bare Pan Surface Edaphic grassland Halophytic grassland Halophytic grassland Hyphaene savannah Burkea/Ochna savannah A2 Burkea woodland on deep sands Acacia eriotoba savannah Al, B5, A5 Acacia erioLoba, TerminaLia sericea and sands on broken calcrete Baikiaea woodland Baikiaea woodland on deep sands Kirkia/Commiphora woodland Rocky hill woodland Cl, C2 . Acacia savannah Dl, D2, D3 Compact grey soils Acacia nigrescens/Acacia nilotica savannah woodland B3 Colophospermum aopanel Acacia woodland Nopane on fine compact soils Colophospermum aopane on shallow soils B2 Colophospermum aopane on sandy soils A4 Shallow sands/C. mopane trees CoLophospermum mopane woodland/ shrubland Riverine woodland El, E2 APPENDIX 32 SPECIES LISTS AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCIES Appendix 3.2 Page 1 Appendix 3.2 Species Lists and Relative Abundance The following appendix consists of lists of the woody sp. ,cies and grasses that were found at each stand and observation point visited whilst carrying out the field investigation for the Vegetation Ecology map. Relative abundance was only estimated for the woody species found In the stands. Appendix 3.2 Page 3 Page No. 2 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. ❑bs pt Relative Abundance Ricinodendon rautanenii 10 o Combretum psidioides Acacia nilotica Grewia flava Grewia bicolor 11 ❑ Acacia erioloba Tarchonanthus camphoratus Ricinodendron rautanenii Acacia fleckii Dichrostachys cinerea Acacia nilotica Acacia hebeclada Acacia tortilis Maytenus senegalensis Acacia erioloba 13 o Burkea africana Ochna pulchra Bauhinia petersiana Rhus tenuinervis Dichrostachys cinerea Terminalia sericea Acacia nilotica Grewia flavescens Boscia albitrunca Maytenus senegalensis Grewia retinervis Acacia fleckii Croton gratissimus Rhigozum brevispinosum Diospyros lycioides 14 o Ricinodendron rautanenii C❑mmiphora glandulosa Cephalocroton mollis Grewia monticola Rhigozum brevispinosum Euclea divinorum Euclea crispa Grewia bicolor Tarchonanthus camphoratus Kirkia acuninata Combretum apiculatum Combretum hereroense Euphorbia neochinzii (ingens 7) Commiphora mollis Appendix 3.2 Page 5 Page No. 4 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance Colophospermum mopane Terminalia prunioides 21 o Acacia tortilis Grewia flava Rhus tenuinervis Acacia mellifera Ximenia americana Commiphora glandulosa Acacia arenaria Acacia nigrescens 22 o Catophractes alexandri Grewia flava Combretum hereroense Acacia mellifera Acacia tortilis Acacia nigrescens Acacia erioloba 23 ❑ Acacia mellifera Acacia erioloba Acacia tortilis Tarchonanthus camphoratus Grewia flava 24 o Colophospermum mopane Acacia mellifera Acacia tortilis Combretum hereroense Acacia nilotica 25 o Combretum apiculatum Acacia nigrescens Combretum imberbe Dichrostachys cinerea Colophospermum mopane Grewia flava Grewia bicolor Rhigozum brevispinosum 26 o Ricinodendron rautanenii Acacia nigrescens Colophospermum mopane Burkea africana Acacia ataxacantha Sclerocarya birrea Grewia flava Appendix 3.2 Page 7 Page No. 6 ❑4/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance Colophospermum mopane 31 o Colophospermum mopane Terminalia prunioides Acacia nigrescens Acacia erioloba 32 o Colophospermum mopane Grewia flava Dichrostachys cinerea Boscia rehmanniana ssp foetida Rhigozum brevispinosum 33 o Acacia mellifera Acacia tortilis Acacia erioloba Terminalia sericea Colophospermum mopane 34 ❑ Acacia mellifera Acacia tortilis Acacia arenarea Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Rhig❑zum brevispinosum 35 o Combretum apiculatum Colophospermum mopane Sclerocarya birrea Commiphora glandulosa Commiphora mollis Acacia fleckii Commiphora mossambicensis Kirkia acuminata Grewia flavescens 36 o Colophospermum mopane Acacia mellifera Acacia erubescens 37 ❑ Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Lonchocarpus capassa Sclerocarya birrea 39 o Kirkia acuminata Appendix 3.2 Page 9 Page No. 8 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. ❑bs pt Relative Abundance Sclerocarya birrea Ricinodendron rautanenii Commiphora glandulosa Acacia nigrescens Grewia flava Grewia flavescens Grewia subspathulata Bauhinia petersiana Maytenus senegalensis 50 o Terminalia prunioides Colophospermum mopane Acacia erioloba Acacia nigrescens 51 o Colophospermum mopane Acacia erioloba Croton gratissimus Terminalia prunioides 52 o Colophospermum mopane Acacia grandicornuta Ximenia americana Acacia erubescens Mondulia sericea Croton gratissimus Acacia ataxacantha Boscia foetida ssp rehmanniana 53 Colophospermum mopane Commiphora glandulosa Acacia grandicornuta Acacia erubescens Boscia foetida ssp rehmanniana Croton gratissimus Combretum apiculatum Rhigozum brevispinosum Grewia bicolor ❑ichrostachys cinerea Ximenia americana 54 o Combretum apiculatum Terminalia sericea Colophospermum mopane Appendix 3.2 Page 11 Page No. 10 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance Combretum imberbe Terminalia sericea 63 a Colophospermum mopane 6 , Acacia nigrescens Acacia fleckii Bauhinia petersiana 64 0 Burkea africana Grewia retinervis Grewia flava 65 o Combretum imberbe Acacia tortilla Acacia nigrescens Colophospermum mopane 67 o Acacia tortilis Acacia nilotica Acacia stuhlmannii Acacia arenaria Acacia grandicornuta Acacia borleae Acacia nebrownii 68 o Acacia nigrescens Zisiphus mucronata Acacia tortilis 69 0 Terminalia sericea Croton gratissimus Acacia fleckii Acacia erioloba Ochna pulchra Bauhinia petersiana Burkea africana 70 o Acacia robusta Acacia gerrardii Acacia erioloba Acacia nilotica Combretum hereroense Acacia tortilla 71 o Acacia fleckii. Acacia tortilis Appendix 3.2 Page 13 Page No. 12 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance 82 ❑ Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Commiphora hereroense Commiphora glandulosa 83 o Colophospermum mopane Combretum apiculatum Commiphora glandulosa Rhigozum brevispinosum Acacia nigrescens 84 o Terminalia sericea Combretum hereroense Combretum apiculatum Acacia fleckii Dichrostachys cinerea Grewia flava 85 o Commiphora glandulosa Acacia erioloba Acacia nigrescens Combretum imberbe 86 o Combretum apiculatum Terminalia sericea Euclea undulatum Ozoroa paniculosa Rhigozum brevispinosum 87 o Acacia nigrescens Colophospermum mopane Combretum apiculatum Terminalia sericea 88 ❑ Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Terminalia prunioides 89 o Terminalia prunioides Terminalia sericea Colophospermum mopane 90 o Albizia harveyi Kirkia acuminata Combretum mossambicensis Appendix 3.2 Page 15 Page No. 14 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance Acacia ataxacantha Albizia anthelmintica 97 o Colophospermum mopane Dichrostachys cinerea Grewia bicolor 98 ❑ Acacia nilotica Acacia nigrescens Acacia tortilis Terminalia prunioides 99 ❑ Colophospermum mopane Acacia erubescens Acacia erioloba Acacia tortilis Acacia ataxacantha Terminalia prunioides Combretum apiculatum Acacia nigrescens 100 Colophospermum mopane Acacia erubescens Combretum apiculatum Acacia mellifera 101 Colophospermum mopane Terminalia prunioides Acacia fleckii Acacia erioloba Acacia nilotica Acacia nigrescens Acacia ataxacantha Albizia harveyi 104 ❑ Kirkia acuminata Commiphora mollis Vangueria infausta Albizia harveyi Commiphora glandulosa Colophospermum mopane Cissus cornifolia Terminalia prunioides Acacia tortilis Combretum apiculatum Lannea stuhlmannii Dichrostachys cinerea Appendix 3.2 Page 17 Page No. 16 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance Combretum imberbe 115 0 Colophospermum mopane Acacia erubescens Kirkia acuminata Terminalia prunioides Lonchocarpus capassa 116 0 Combretum imberbe Combretum hereroense Zisiphus mucronata Terminalia randii Acacia erubescens Acacia karoo 117 o Colophospermum mopane Combretum imberbe Dichrostachys cinerea 118 o Commiphora glandulosa Acacia erubescens Acacia nigrescens Kirkia acuminata Combretum apiculatum 119 o Kirkia acuminata Acacia erubescens Commiphora mossambicensis Commiphora mollis Colophospermum mopane Sclerocarrya birrea Acacia nigrescens Albizia anthelmintica 120 o Kirkia acuminata Combretum apiculatum Commiphora glandulosa Acacia nigrescens Commiphora mossambicensis Colophospermum mopane Terminalia prunioides 121 o Grewia monticola Commiphora glandulosa Dalbergia melanoxylon Grewia bicolor Colophospermum mopane Dichrostachys cinerea Combretum apiculatum Combretum hereroense Appendix 3.2 Page 19 Page No. 18 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. ❑bs pt Relative Abundance 130 ❑ Colophospermum mopane Dalbergia melanoxylon Acacia Senegal Commiphora glandulosa Dichrostachys cinerea Grewia bicolor Grewia flava Terminalia sericea Albizia anthelmintica 131 Albizia anthelmintica Dalbergia melanoxylon Acacia fleckii Dichrostachys cinerea Colophospermum mopane Acacia nigrescens Sclerocarya birrea 132 Commiphora angolensis Bauhinia petersiana Acacia fleckii Commiphora glandulosa Vangueria infausta Acacia harveyi Combretum collinum Combretum apiculatum Grewia bicolor 133 Terminalia prunioides Catophractes alexandri Colophospermum mopane Acacia mellifera 134 0 Colophospermum mopane Grewia bicolor Acacia nigrescens Grewia villosa Dichrostachys cinerea Catophractes alexandri Commiphora glandulosa Rhigozum brevispinosum 135 Colophospermum mopane Lonchocarpus capassa Acacia nigrescens Appendix 3.2 Page 21 Page No. 20 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Cbs pt Relative Abundance •■• 8 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0.5 m Catophractes alexandri 2 Sesamothamnus lugardii 2 Commiphora angolensis 2 C. pyracanthoides 2 Aloe marlothii 2 Boscia foetida ssp. rehmanniana 2 Rhigozum brevispinosum 2 Grewia bicolor G. flava Terminalia prunioides Acacia erubescens 12 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0.5 m Acacia erioloba 2 A. fleckii Terminalia sericea Grewia retinervis 1 Dichrostachys cinerea 2 1 Tarchonanthus camphoratus 1(pockets) Combretum hereroense (glabrus and hairy) Grewia flava „.. Ziziphus mucronata Rhus tenuinervis Acacia hebeclada Maytenus senegalensis ❑zoroa paniculosa Acacia nilotica A. tortilis Combretum apiculatum Elephantorrhiza elephantina Grewia flavescens var.olukondae 38 s >3 M 0.5-3 m CO. Colophospermum mopane 1 Acacia tortilis 1 Combretum apiculatum 40 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0 Sclerocarya birrea Acacia nigrescens Commiphora glandulosa Dichrostachys cinerea Albizia harveyi Colophospermum mopane 2 Appendix 3.2 Page 23 Page No. 22 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance Ozoroa paniculosa Colophospermum mopane Acacia fleckii Bolosanthus speciosus Bauhinia petersiana Flueggia virosa Terminalia sericea 48 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0.5m Colophospermum mopane 2 Acacia robusta Grewia villosa Acacia tortilis Boscia foetida ssp. rehmanniana Grewia bicolor Terminalia prunioides 1 Dichrostachys cinerea Kirkia acuminata Commiphora mollis C. glandulosa C. angolensis Croton gratissimus Acacia nigrescens 56 s >3 m 0.5-3 m <0. Colophospermum mopane 1 2 Terminalia prunioides 1 Combretum apiculatum Grewia flava 1 Rhigozum brevispinosum Acacia erioloba 1 1(2) A. nigrescens Terminalia sericea (dead) + Bauhinia petersiana Combretum hereroense Rhus tenuinervis Grewia monticola Ozoroa paniculosa Croton gratissimus Dichrostachys cinerea Mondulia sericea Commiphora glandulosa C. monis Acacia chariessa Maytenus senegalensis <0.5 59 s >3 m 0.5-3 m Colophospermum mopane 1 2 Appendix 3.2 Page 25 Page No. 24 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Obs pt Relative Abundance 102 s >3 in 0.5-3 m <0.5 Ricinodendron rautanenii Combretum collinum 1 2 Terminalia sericea Acacia ataxacantha Bauhinia petersiana Cassia abbreviata Lonchocarpus capassa Albizia amara Albizia harveyi Vangueria infausta Combretum apiculatum Acacia erubescens (-0 103 s >3 M 0.5-3 m <0.5 Markhamia acuminata 1 1 Steganotaenia araliacea Pappea capensis Commiphora mollis 3 C. marlothii Ficus sp. Sclerocarya birrea 1 Lannea stuhlmannii Kirkia acuminata Grewia flavescens 1 Canthium burtti 1 Albizia amara Lonchocarpus capassa Croton gratissimus Erythrina latissima Gardenia resiniflua 110 s >3 in 0.5-3 m <0.5 Colophospermum mopane 1 4 Terminalia prunioides + + 1 Acacia nigrescens +-1 + Commiphora glandulosa + Grewia bicolor + Euclea crispa + Aloe littoralis + Grewia flava + Combretum apiculatum rar 111 S >3 m 0.5-3 m <0.5 Dalbergia melanoxylon +-1 Appendix 3.2 Page 27 Page No. 26 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Woody species and no. Ohs pt Relative Abundance Boscia albitrunca commiphora angolensis Appendix 3.2 Page 29 Page No. 2 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Grass species no. ❑bs pt 45 0 49 ❑ 50 ❑ 51 a 52 o 53 0 Eragrostis porosa Stipagrostis uniplumis 54 0 55 57 ❑ 58 o 60 ❑ 61 o 62 o 63 ❑ 64 o 65 o 67 co Chloris virgata Cymbopogon caesius Panicum coloratura Setaria incrassata Sorghum versicolor Spor❑bolus cordofanus 68 0 69 ❑ 70 o 71 ❑ 72 0 74 0 75 ❑ 76 0 77 0 78 ❑ 79 0 80 o 81 0 Aristida adscensionis A. congesta A. stipitata Cymbopogon caesius Digitaria milanjiana Enneapogon cenchroides Eragrostis rigidior Heter❑pogon contortus 82 83 84 0 85 ❑ a Appendix 3.2 Page 31 Page No. 4 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Grass species no. ❑ pt A. congesta Eragrostis aspera Melinis repens Tragus berteronianus 128 0 Aristida adscensionis A. rhiniochloa Panicum maximum Sporobolus cordofanus 129 o Dichanthium annulatum var. papillosum Ischaeinum afrum Setaria incrassata Sorghum versicolor 130 0 Cynodon dactylon Enneapogon cenchroides Eragrostis porosa Stipagrostis uniplumis Tragus beteronianus Urochloa brachyura 131 Aristida congesta A. meridionalis Cynodon dactylon Dactyloctenium giganteum Eragrostis rigidior Urochloa brachyura 132 o 133 to 134 o 135 o 136 o 137 0 138 o 139 o 140 0 1 s Aristida congesta A. stipitata Digitaria milanjiana Eragrostis cilianensis 8 s Aristida congesta Eragrostis porosa Stipagrostis uniplumis 12 s Aristida barbicollis Stipagrostis uniplumis 38 s Aristida barbicollis Chloris virgata Eragrostis porosa Appendix 3.2 Page 33 Page No. 6 04/23/92 Site Stand/ Grass species no. Obs pt ,.7 Eragrostis superba Fingerhuthia africana Heteropogon contortus Panicum coleratum Setaria incrassata Sorghum versicolor 73 s Aristida adscensionis A. rhiniochloa Enneapogon cenchroides Eragrostis porosa Tragus berteronianus 94 s Aristida rhiniochloa Digitaria milanjiana Heteropogon melanocarpus Melinis repens Setaria pumila 102 s Aristida barbicollis Eragrostis porosa Eragrostis rigidior Tragus berteronianus 103 s Aristida adscensionis Brachiaria deflexa Enteropogon macrostachys Eragrostis aspera E. porosa Setaria petiolata S. pumila Tragus berteronianus Urochloa panicoides 110 s Enteropogon macrostachys Eragrostis sp. Heteropogon contortus Sporobolus cordofanus 111 s Aristida rhiniochloa Brachiaria deflexa Enteropogon macrostachys Eragrostis superba Sporobolus festivus 113 s Aristida adscinsionis Enteropogon macrostachys Schmidtia pappophoroides Urochloa oligotricha U. trichopus APPENDIX 51 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Appendix 5.1 Page 1 Appendix 5.1 Archaeological Sites The following sheet is an example of the data base of sites of archaeological or historical significance in Central District (as provided by the National Museum and Art Gallery). More detailed information on archaeological sites in Central District may be obtained from the District Commissioner's Office (District Officer Lands) or the National Museum. Page No. 1 06/03/92 EXAMPLE LISTING OF SITES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Numb Site Name Type Description UTM - X UTM - Y er 1 Katsiara LSA/IA Flaked stone artifacts, potsherds,stone 212000.0 7758600.0 walls, ground stone. 2 Khumaga LSA/IA F S Ground stone 240800.0 7734600.0 3 H 2aoga LSA/IA F S bone,shel,pot sherds,charcoal 229000.0 7707300.G fruits,ash middens 4 N 2aoga LSA/IA F S pot sherds, metal, bone, shell, 229200.0 7707900.0 glass 5 Tsoe LSA/IA F S, ground stone,potsherds,bone, glass 230100.0 7715000.0 6 Kapundu IA Potsherds, charcoal, fruits. 233000.0 7719900.0 7 Kapundu LSA/IA F S,potsherds, charcoal, fruits 233400.0 7720500.0 8 Tomane IA/MSA G 5, potsherds, shell 233600.0 7722100.0 9 Dikwalo IA P S, bone, shell stone walls 235900.0 7726000.0 10 Ramokwate LSA/IA F 5, G S bone, shell, charcoal ,fruits 236600.0 7727200.0 11 Rampatwa IA Potsherds,charcoat,fruits 237800.0 7727900.0 12 Rampatwa LSA F 5, shell 238500.0 7728600.0 13 Sukwane LSA/IA FS, PS 226500.0 7685100.0 14 Sukwane IA Potsherds 226100.0 7685400.0 15 Sukwane LSA/IA F5, PS 225800.0 7686100.0 16 Sukwane LSA/IA FS, P 5 225700.0 7687100.0 17 Sukwane IA P S shell 225500.0 7688000.0 18 Sukwane LSA/IA F 5, P S, shell 226200.0 7688400.0 19 Sukwane IA P S. 226000.0 7689100.0 20 Sukwane IA P S. 225700.0 7694300.0 21 Sukwane LSA/IA F 5, G 5, P S, bone. 226100.0 7696500.0 22 Sukwane MSA/LSA/IA F S, G S, P 5, bone, shell 227000.0 7699200.0 23 Zaoga MSA/LSA/IA F 5, G S, P 5, bone. 228500.0 7701900.0 24 Zaoga LSA/IA/LIA F 5, G 5, P S, meta( (adze). 229500.0 7702500.0 25 Zaoga IA P S, bone (tool)shell 229600.0 7703200.0 26 Gweta LSA 319500.0 7766400.0 27 Gutsha MSA/LSA/Historical Greens Pan/Baobab, Flaked stone, Ground 315100.0 7740600.0 stone 28 Gabasadi PISA/LSA Flaked stone,Ground stone 313500.0 7716500.0 29 Ntwetwe Pan PISA Fossil Bone 312000.0 7727500.0 30 Ntwetwe Pan KSA 310400.0 7729000.0 31 Kudu Island East LSA/IA Flaked stone,pot sherds 378200.0 7689500.0 32 Kubu Island North LSA/IA F S, P S,bone (tooth) 378000.0 7690000.0 33 Kubu Island West LSA/IA F 5, P S 376400.0 7689300.0 34 East Hare island LSA/IA F S, G 5, P S. 377500.0 7683100.0 35 West Hare Island LSA/IA F 5, G S, P S. 376300.0 7683200.0 36 Sua Pan/Toranju/Tswane LSA/LIA Settlement valley F 5, P S stone 414600.0 7716900.0 walls,(threatened by mining) 37 Sua Pan\Torandjo\Tswane EIA P S 412200.0 7715200.0 APPENDIX 6.1 SETTLEMENT NAMES Appendix 6.1 Page 1 Appendix 6.1 Settlement Names For reference, settlements with a population greater than 250 in the 1991 Census are listed together with their unique digitized code. The code was used to give the settlements a geographical location and were digitized from the Census maps. it should be noted that the location of some of the smaller settlements is not very accurate. Appendix 6.1 Page 3 Page No. 2 06/03/92 List of Localities with populations over 250 Locality Name CENDIS_ID GIS Code Lepasha 5403103 Lephaneng 5006601 Lepokole 5203501 Lerala 5006701 Lesenepole 5007901 Lesenpole (Matotwane) 5007601 Letlhakane 5100701 Letthakane 5300101 Letlole (Letloreng) 5102705 Haape (Maope) 5105202 Mabasekwa 5403610 Mabate 5202604 Mabeleapudi 5010101 Mabolwe 5203101 Machaneng 5101801 Maekowane 5202201 Mafungo 5404702 Mafungo Lands 5404802 Magapatona 5404102 Mahalapye 5109501 Maiswe 5206201 Maitengwe 5401701 Majwaneng 5006401 Makadibeng 5202506 Makatamabedi 5302901 Makhubung 5408101 Makobo 5405601 Makobo 5405601 Makoboxana 5301108 Makomotu 5408209 Makoro 5003801 Makuta 5403903 Makutumela 5401002 Makwa 5012006 Hakwate 5101701 Mataka 5005601 Melaka 5005602 Malete 5104401 Manaledi/Madiokane 5006003 Mantsibudu 5103902 Maokwe 5005301 Maotakgang 5404301 Marapong 5404501 Masama (Village) 5003101 Hasiadieme 5206101 Matapodza 5404801 Matau 5103502 Hathangwane 5405201 Mathangwane Lands 5405101 Mathathane 5202301 Matlhakola 5005702 Matthakola 5005703 Matobo 5404001 Hatsagane 5206901 Matsiro 5400704 Matsitama 5403301 Matulungundu 5401502 maunatlala 5007401 MetseaeLa 5300725 ,== Appendix 6.1 Page 5 Page No. 4 06/03/92 List of Localities with populations over 250 Locality Name CENDIS_ID GIS Code Ngwapa 1 5103803 Nkange 5401201 Nshakashogwe 5404302 Nshakashogwe Lands 5404401 Nsuswane 5400701 Nswazwi 5404201 Ntala 5404701 Nthane (Village) 5304102 Drape 101 Otse 5107212 Paje 5010301 Pakame 5006903 Palapye 5004001 Palapye 5106808 Pallet Road (Oinokwe) 5100803 Phokoje 5205403 Pilikwe 5105401 Poloka 5107418 Radisele 5012301 Radisele Lands 1 5105601 Rakops 5302201 Ramokgonami 5104701 Ratholo 5006201 Rramohakamme 5407802 Sebalwe 5205806 Sabina 5404601 Sabina Lands 5404901 Sefhare 5103001 Sefhophe 5200901 Segakwana 5003601 Sekgarapane 5006104 Selebi Phikwe 102 Seleka (Tumasera) 5104101 Seletswe 5202402 Semitwe 5405002 Semitwe (Village) 5405002 Semolaie 5203001 Senate 5401101 Seoka 5008305 Seoka 5201404 Seolwane 5007201 Sepa La Moriri 5201603 Sepako 5402414 Serowe 5000101 Serule 5012701 Serutswang 5006505 Sesarweng 5008002 Setatse 5005101 Shakwe 5102101 Shashe 5406401 Shashe Hooke 5405901 Shashe Hooke Lands 5405802 Shoshong 5108501 Sokonya (sukunga) 5105505 Sokwane 5302603 Sokwe 5010405 Sowa 103 TaLana Farms 5208138 Tamasane 5009202 APPENDIX 10.1 DATA BASES FOR FACILITIES BY VARIOUS INSTTRITIONS Appendix 10.1 Page 1 Appendix 10.1 Data Bases for Facifties by Various institutions The following data bases are included in this appendix : Agriculture (VAs and ADs), Council, Education, Health, Tribal Administration and Water Supplies. Appendix 10.1 Page 3 Page No. 2 06/03/92 List of Localities with Crop Production of Field Services Fa cilities (Ministry of Agriculture) Locality Agricultural Regional Assistant District Agricultural District Agricultural District Agricultural Demonstrator Officer Agricultural Officer (Number) (Number) Officer (Number) Palapye PaLapye PalLa Road Mahalapye PiLikwe Machaneng Poloka Mahalapye Radisele Mahalapye Rakops Letlhakane Ramokgonami Machaneng 1 Ratholo Palapye 1 Sabina Tutume 1 Selhare Machaneng 1 Sefhophe Bobonong 1 Seleka Machaneng 1 Selolwane Tutume 1 Semolale Bobonong 1 Serowe -east/west Serowe 1 1 1 2 SeruLe Palapye 1 Shakwe Machaneng 1 Shashe Tonoto 1 Shashe Hooke Tonoto 1 Shoshong -east/west Mahalapye 2 Tamasane Palapye 1 Taupye Mahalapye 1 Thokoto Mahalapye 1 Tlhabala Serowe 1 T[hatogang Tonoto 1 Tobane Bobonong 1 Tonota -east/west Tonoto 2 1 Topisi Palapye Tsetsejwe Bobonong 1 Tshetihong Serowe 1 Tshimoyapula Serowe 1 Tutume Tutume 1 Xhomo Letlhakane 1 Xhumaga Letlhakane 1 Appendix 10.1 Page 5 Page No. 2 06/03/92 List of Localities with Veterinary Facilities Locality Agricultural Senior Veterinary Senior Veterinary District Veterinary Officer Livestock Assistant Officer (Number) Officer (Number) (Number) (Number) Tsetsejwe Serowe 1 TshimoyapuLa Serowe 2 Tutume Tutume 1 2 Xhomo Orapa 1 Xhumaga Orapa 1 Appendix 10.1 Page 7 Page Ho. 1 06/03/92 List of Localities with Educational Facilities Locality Primary Junior Senior Brigade Education School Secondary Secondary (Number) Officer (Number) School School (Number) (Number) Bobonong 6 3 1 1 Education Officer Bonwapitse 1 0 0 0 Borotong 1 0 0 0 Borotsi 1 0 0 0 Chadibe 1 0 0 0 Chadibe 1 0 0 0 Changate 1 0 0 0 Dagwi 1 0 0 0 Dibete 1 0 0 0 Dimajwe 1 0 0 0 Dovedale 1 a 0 0 Dukwe 1 1 0 0 Gojwane 1 0 0 0 Goosekgweng 1 0 0 0 Gootau 1 1 0 0 Goshwe 1 0 0 0 Gweta 3 1 0 1 Ikongwe 1 0 0 0 Jamataka 1 0 0 0 Katamare 1 1 0 0 Kedia 1 0 0 0 Kgagodi 1 0 0 0 Kobojango 1 0 0 0 Kodibeleng 1 0 0 0 Kudumatse 1 0 0 0 Kutamgoree 1 0 0 0 Lecheng 0 1 0 0 Lentswelemoriti 1 0 0 0 Lepasha 1 0 0 0 Lerata 2 1 0 0 Let[hakane 3 1 1 0 Education Officer Maape 1 0 0 0 Mabeleapudi 1 1 0 0 Mabolwe 1 0 0 0 Machaneng 1 1 0 0 Madiba 0 0 0 1 Magapatona 1 0 0 0 Mahatapye 13 3 1 1 Education Officer Haitengwe 2 1 0 0 Majwaneng 1 0 0 0 MakaLamabedi 1 1 0 0 Makobo 1 0 0 0 Makwate 1 0 0 0 Malaka 1 0 0 0 Malatswae 1 0 0 0 Maokatuna 1 0 0 0 Maposa 1 0 0 0 Merepong 2 1 0 0 Mathangwane 1 1 0 0 Mathathane 1 0 0 0 Matlhako 1 0 0 0 MatlhakoLa 1 0 0 0 Matobo 1 0 0 0 matoLwane 1 0 0 0 Matsitama 1 0 0 0 Maunatlala 1 1 0 0 Mhalapitsa 1 0 0 0 MmadikoLa 1 0 0 0 Appendix 10.1 Page 9 Page No, 3 06/03/92 List of Localities with Educational Facilities Locality Primary Junior Senior Brigade Education School Secondary Secondary (Number) Officer (Number) School School (Number) (Number) Seolwane 1 0 0 0 Sepako 1 0 0 0 Serowe 19 4 1 1 RegionaL Educational Serute 1 1 0 0 Shakwe 1 0 0 0 Shashe 0 0 1 1 Shashe Hooke 1 0 0 0 Shoshong 3 1 0 1 Sowa 2 0 0 0 Tamasane 1 0 0 0 Taupye 1 0 0 0 TLapalakoma 1 0 0 0 Tthabata 1 0 0 0 Tobane 1 0 0 0 Tonota 6 2 0 0 Education Officer Topisi 1 0 0 0 Toromoja 1 0 0 0 Tsetsejwe 1 1 0 0 Tshimoyaputa 1 0 0 0 Tutume 6 2 1 1 Education Officer Two Rivers 1 0 0 0 Xhomo 1 0 0 0 Xhumaga 1 0 0 0 Zoroga 1 0 0 0 Appendix 10.1 Page 11 Page No. 2 06/03/92 List of Localities with Health Facilities (Only most senior faciltiy Listed) Locality Health Type of District Facility Maitengwe Tutume Health Clinic Majwanaadipitse Serowe Health Post Majwaneng Serowe Health Post Makadibeng Bobiwra Health Stop Makalamabedi Boteti Health Stop Makoba Serowe Health Stop Makobo Tutume Health Stop Makoro Serowe Health Stop Makwa Serowe Health Stop Makwate Mahalapye Health Post Malaka Serowe Health Post Marapong Tutume Health Clinic Martin's Drift Serowe Health Stop Mathangwane Tutume Health Clinic Mathathane Bobiwra Health Clinic Matthakola Serowe Health Post Matobo Tutume Health Post Matsitama Tutume Health Post Matulungundu Tutume Health Stop Maunatlala Serowe Health Clinic Metseaela Boteti Health Stop Mhalapitsa Mahatapye Health Post Mmadikola Boteti Health Post Mmakgama Boteti Health Stop Mmanxotae Tutume Health Post Mmapetsa (Mapatse) Tutume Health Stop Mmaphashalala Mahalapye Health Post Mmashoro Serowe Health Clinic Mmatshumo Boteti Health Past Mmutlane Mahalapye Health Post Hoene College Serowe Health Clinic Mogapi Serowe Health Post Mogome Serowe Health Post Mogonono Mahalapye Health Stop Mogorosi Serowe Health Post Moijabana Serowe Health Post Mokgware Serowe Health Post Mokobeng Mahatapye Health Post Mokolwane Boteti Health Stop Mokoswana 1 Mahalapye Health Post Mokubilo Tutume Health Post Motalatau Bobiwra Health Post MoLetamane Bobiwra Health Post Mookane Mahalapye Health Clinic Mopipi Boteti Health Clinic Moralane Mahalapye Health Stop Moremi Serowe Health Post Moreomabele Serowe Health Stop Moreomaoto Boteti Health Post Morukutshwane Serowe Health Stop Morupute Serowe Health Clinic Mosalakwane Bobiwra Health Stop Mosetse Tutume Health Post Moshakabela Bobiwra Health Stop MosoLotswane Mahatapye Health Post Mosopha Mahatapye Health Post Mosu Boteti Health Post Mosu Tutume Health Stop Hosweu Serowe Health Post Appendix 10.1 Page 13 RM, Page No. 4 06/03/92 List of Localities with Health Facilities (Only most senior faciltiy listed) Locality Health Type of District Facility Tsotsoga Boteti Health Stop Tutume Tutume Primary Hospital .L ■ Two Rivers Serowe Health Post Xhomo Boteti Health Post Xhumaga Boteti Health Post Zaoga Boteti Health Stop Zoronga Tutume Health Post Appendix 10.1 Page 15 Page Mo. 2 06/03/92 List of Localities with Tribal Adminstration Facilities Locality Senior Chiefs Headman Headman Chiefs (Number) (Number) Arbitration Representative (Number) (Number) Mokobeng 0 0 1 0 Mokoswane 0 0 1 0 Mokubilo 0 0 1 0 Motaiatau 0 0 1 0 Holatswae 0 0 1 0 Moletamane 0 0 2 1 Mookane 1 1 1 0 Mopipi 0 0 1 0 Moremi 0 0 2 1 Moreomabele 0 0 2 1 Moreomaoto 0 0 1 0 Mosetse 0 0 1 0 Mosolotswane 0 0 1 0 Mosopha 0 0 1 0 Mosu 0 0 1 0 Motlhabaneng 0 0 1 0 Motlopi 0 0 1 0 Motshegaletau 0 0 2 1 Nalale 0 0 2 1 Hata 1 1 0 0 Nkange 0 0 1 1 Nswazidi 0 0 1 0 Paje 0 0 1 0 Palapye 1 1 0 1 Palla Road 0 0 1 0 Pitikwe 0 0 1 0 Poloka 0 0 1 0 RadiseLe 0 0 1 0 Rakops 1 1 0 0 RamokaLwane 0 0 1 0 Ramokgonami 1 1 0 0 Rasesa 0 0 1 0 Ratholo 0 0 1 0 Sebina 0 1 1 0 Sefhare 1 1 0 1 Sefhophe 0 1 1 0 Semolale 0 0 1 0 Senete 0 0 2 1 Seolwane 0 0 1 1 Sepako 0 0 1 0 Serowe 1 1 1 1 Serule 0 1 0 0 Shakwe 0 0 1 0 Shashe 0 0 1 0 Shashe Hooke 0 0 1 0 Shoshong 1 1 0 1 Tamasane 0 0 1 0 Taupye 0 0 1 1 Tlhabala 0 0 1 0 Tobane 0 0 1 0 Tonota 1 1 0 1 Topisi 0 0 1 0 Toromoja 0 0 1 0 Tsetsejwe 0 1 0 0 Tshimoyapuia 0 0 1 0 Tshokatshaa 0 0 1 0 Tumasera 0 0 1 1 Tutume 1 1 0 0 Xhomo 0 0 1 0 Xhumaga 0 0 1 0 Zoroga 0 0 1 0 Appendix 10.1 Page 17 Page No. 2 06/03/92 List of Localities with a Water Supply Locality Supplier Council Ackninstration Region Mauro Council 502 Maunattala Council 504 ,C14, Mhatapitsa Council 511 Mmadikota council 532 Mmadinare council 523 Mmadunyane Council 542 Nmanxotae Council 543 Nmaphashalala Council 513 Mmashoro Council 501 Mmatshumo Council 531 Mmutlane Council 513 Mogapi Council 504 Mogapinyana Council 504 Mogolori Council 513 Mogome Council 502 Mogorosi Council 502 Moijabana Council 502 Mokganewe Council 514 Mokgware Council 502 Mokhungwana Council 503 Mokobeng Council 512 Mokokwane council 503 Mokoswana 1 Council 513 Motalatau Council 522 Motatswae Council 501 NoLetamane council 522 Moletji Council 522 Mookane Council 513 Mopipi Council 531 Moremi Council 504 Moreomabele council 501 Moreomaoto Council 532 Mosetse Council 543 Mosolotswane Council 514 Mosopha Council 511 Mosu Council 531 Mosupe Council 542 Motlopi & Tsoodobe council 532 Motshegaletau Council 502 Rata Council 543 Neale Council 542 Hgwapa 1 Council 512 Nkange Council 541 Nshakashogwe Council 541 Nswazwi Council 541 Orapa Private 0 Otse Council 514 Paje Council 501 Patapye OWA 0 Palla Road council 513 Phakwe Council 521 Pilikwe Council 511 Poloka Council 514 Potometsi Council 521 •a. RadiseLe Council 502 Rakops Council 532 Ramokgonami Council 511 Xr Rasesolo Council 511 Ratholo Council 503