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AN EXAMMATION OF FOLK-MUSIC-[NSPIRED COMPOSITION IN CANADA THROUGH AN ANALYSIS OF SETiTMGS OF "DANS TOUS LES CANTONS" by Heidi J. Stepanek A thesis submitted to the Schwl of Graduate Studies in partial fulfilment of the requirernents for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Folklore Mernorial University of Newfoundland St. John's Newfoundland ABSTRACT This thesis examines the ways in which Canadian composers have utilized folk music. This practice can be traced back to the emergence of widespread interest among the elite classes in vemacular art and culture in Europe and figures most prominently in trends of romantic nationalism. Through a detailed analysis of seven settings of the French Canadian folksong "Dans tous les cantons," 1 seek to discover answers to three main questions: What reasons do composers give for the utilization of folk materials? What source musics have they used in this process? How have they musically manipdated these materials? The first chapter examines the European rwts of the techniques ofutilizing folk music in "art" music composition. The second chapter outlines the motivations and attitudes which led to the development of the use of folksong in art music composition in Canada. The third chapter deals with the specific Canadian utilizations of folksong in art music composition. The final two chapters of the thesis concentrate on the French- Canadian folksong "Dans tous les cantons" and the detailed analysis of seven settings of it. In chronological order, these are: Sir East MacMillan's "Dans tous les cantons=In al1 the Country Round (1928), Alfred Whitehead's "ln ail the Country Round" (1939), Maurice ûela's "Dans tous les cantons!" (1949), Violet Archer's "Music Everywhere=Dans tous les cantons" (1953), Richard Johnson's "Dans tous les cantons- (1964), Morris Surdin's "Dans tous les cantons" (1970), and Howard Cable's "Dans tous les cantons" (1979). h the fourth chapter, the social and cultural dimensions of the seven composers are examined. Contextual biographies are given for each, exploring their philosophies on the use of this musical practice. The fifih chapter examines the music itself and how the composers have manipulateci the original mg. Issues perîaining to the differences in these various instrumental and vocal settings are discussed in detail. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, 1 must emphasize that this thesis would not have been possible without the generous support of the Canadian Music Centre. The fantastic resources and networks that this institution offers have been aklutely invaluable in researching this work. 1 would especially like to thank the staff at the Toronto branch of the CMC, pariicularly David Parsons, for his tirne and enthusiasm, and for giving me the idea in the first place. The staffs patience, trust, and leniency in allowing me to cart huge stacks of scores on numerous trips between Toronto and Newfoundland, and in accessing and photocopying various CMC publications and program notes, has been exemplary. I have ihoroughly enjoyed my many hours there and thank all of the staff for their kindness. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of the folklore department at Memorial University, and particularly that of rny supervisor, Dr. Neil Rosenberg. l thank him for his time and his patience. As well, 1 thank both my parents and grandparents for their continued love and support. The ideas and motivations for this thesis stem back to my undergraduate years at Queen's University, where 1 was inspired particularly by two exceptional scholars who both had great enthusiasm for their work. Firstly, I thank Dr. Rudolph Schnitzler for his continued encouragement and advice, which is always both uplifiing and insightful. As well, 1 acknowledge the inspiring cIasses of Df. Gordon Smith, whose firm and thorough teaching and advising methods led me to a greater appreciation of both Canadian music, and of music as a whole. 1 would like to dedicate this thesis to my husbanà, Dimitrios. For al1 of the hours of menial research tasks that I durnped upon him that he ran offto accomplish without cornplaint, as well as for ail of his support and encouragement throughout the length of this program, 1 thank him and love him with ail that 1 have. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. Abstract ......................................................... 11 Acknowledgments ................................................ iv List of Abbreviations .............................................. vii Introduction ..................................................... 1 Chapter I - The Begimings of Folk-Music-Inspired Composition ............-........ Chapter II - Amtudes and Ideas: The Evolution of the Popularity of Folksong in Canada ... Chapter III - Folk-Music-Inspired Composition in Canada ............................ Chapter IV - "Dans tous les cantons" Composers - Backgrounds and Motivations ......... Chapter V - "Dans tous les cantons" - A Musical Analysis of Seven Settings ............ Conclusion ...................................................... Bibliography ..................................................... LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAPAC - Composers, Authors and Publishem Association of Canada Limited CBC - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CBS - Columbian Broadcasting System CMC - Canadian Music Centre CNE - Canadian National Exhibition CPR - Canadian Pacific Railway EMC - Encyclopedia of Music in Canada JAF - Journal of American Folklore JAMS - Journal of the American Musicological Society NFB - National Film Board NHDM - New Harvard Dictionary of Music RCCO - Royal Canadian College of Organists TSO - Toronto Symphony Orchestra vii INTRODUCTION The uses offiik music are no4 found in the ariijicial furthering of a phenornenon-rather, in the taking ahiantage of a prime, generaiive, cultuml source. Ii is aiive in every corner of our society, in mery part of our individual beings. When we corne to ierm wilh il we will discover the defnition... and then we will not need it (Richard Johnsion, 1974: 96). This thesis is a study of the uses of folksong in Canadian art music composition. Tracing the roots of this practice to earlier European antecedents, the thesis shows, by lwking both generally and specifically at Canadian art music compositions, how and why composers have utilized folksongs in their work. A detailed analysis of seven settings of the French-Canadian folksong "Dans tous les cantons" allows for a more close examination of the possible range of pariicular compositional techniques employed in the adaptation of one song. Through this combined analysis of motivations and techniques, the thesis addresses three main questions: What reasons do composers give for the utilization of folk materials? What source musics have they used in this process? How have they musically manipulated these materials? With this study it is my intention as weli to address a gap in the literature by offering a concise discussion of the practices of using folk music in art music composition in Canada. Coquenily, each chapter has been designed as both a suwey of sources and examples capable of standing on its own, as well as king an intepl part of the work as a whole, intended to provide background for the discussion of motivations for and techniques used in the adaption of the seven settings of "hstous tes cantons." The layout of the chapters has been designed to move from the general to the specific, beginning by looking at the European antecedents of use of the practice of folksong in art music composition, and ending by examining the seven setîing of "Dans tous les cantons." 1 began my preliminary research with Edith Fowke and Ruth Pincoe's "A Reference List on Canadian Folk Music" (1973). Their second section, ''Compositions based on Folk Songs," includes Pincoe's "necessarily limited" (Fowke and Pincoe I ) index of songs in this category. Drawing upon this index, and upon my research done at the Canadian Music Centre (CMC) in Toronto, Ontario, 1 have compiled a similar, though more extensive list of Canadian compositions which have used a direct folksong' quotation as their foundation. 1 have excluded those songs which, though basd on folksong styles, do not draw on any specific mg, or those which are based on other "folk" materials such as puetry, visual art, or narratives. My methodology in preparîng this list was to consult several sources, including databases and composer files at the CMC, as well as numerous articles throughout the Encvclouedia of Music in Cana& other reference works, books, joumals, recordings, web sites, cûmposers and scholars of Canadian music. I chose the data to be analysai