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Reconstructing Christian Lifeways: a Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Inhabitants from Portmahomack, Scotland and Norton Priory, England

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Reconstructing Christian Lifeways: a Bioarchaeological Study of Medieval Inhabitants from Portmahomack, Scotland and Norton Priory, England RECONSTRUCTING CHRISTIAN LIFEWAYS: A bioarchaeological study of medieval inhabitants from Portmahomack, Scotland and Norton Priory, England. Shirley Curtis-Summers Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy April 2015 “The pattern of disease or injury that affects any group of people is never a matter of chance. It is invariable the expression of stresses and strains to which they were exposed, a response to everything in their environment and behaviour. It reflects their genetic inheritance, the climate in which they lived, the soil that gave them sustenance and the animals or plants that shared their homeland. It is influenced by their daily occupations, their habits of diet, their choice of dwelling and clothes, their social structure, even their folklore and mythology.” (Calvin Wells 1964: 17). This thesis is dedicated to my husband Colin. Thank you for all your love and support. Reconstructing Christian Lifeways: A bioarchaeological study of medieval inhabitants from Portmahomack, Scotland and Norton Priory, England. Shirley Curtis-Summers Abstract This thesis investigates lifeways of medieval Christian communities from Portmahomack, Northeast Scotland and Norton Priory, Northwest England, to ascertain the extent to which skeletal indicators of diet, disease or trauma reflect religious or social influences. Osteology and palaeopathology methods on human adult and sub-adult skeletons from Portmahomack (6th to 17th century) and Norton Priory (12th to 16th century) was undertaken to provide evidence relating to the four key themes proposed in this study: ‘biological or familial affinity’, ‘the living environment’, ‘trauma and conflict’, and ‘diet and nutrition-related stresses’. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of bone collagen from adult humans from Portmahomack (including and a sub-sample of sub-adults) and Norton Priory were measured for dietary reconstructions. Faunal bone collagen was also analysed from Portmahomack and Norton Priory (plus a selection of fish bones from Chester Cathedral) to provide isotopic baselines to reconstruct human diets. The results suggest past lifeways of Christian communities from Portmahomack and Norton Priory can indeed be successfully reconstructed through bioarchaeology. The evidence from this study has found that skeletal traits, alongside burial evidence, can elucidate familial affinities, especially from Norton Priory, and that differences in cultural and religious practices are reflected within the living environment of ecclesiastic and lay groups. Evidence of violence, reflecting interpersonal conflict and vulnerability was found from both Portmahomack and Norton Priory, which was inconsistent with the role of ecclesiastic and lay communities that were expected to follow strict Christian doctrines. Stable isotope data revealed a diachronic change in diet at Portmahomack; no fish were consumed during the monastic period, whereas significant amounts were consumed by layfolk in the later periods, suggesting Christian dietary practices changed over time. The isotope data from Norton Priory reflected a more homogeneous diet that did not change greatly over time, suggesting conformity to the same fasting practices. Overall, this study has demonstrated that adopting a multidisciplinary bioarchaeological approach, integrating skeletal, chemical, archaeological, and historical evidence, results in a powerful research tool that enables reconstructions of medieval Christian lifeways and interpretations of religious and social influences therein. iii Acknowledgements I would like thank the Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC) for funding this research; the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for funding the isotope analysis, and Historic Scotland for contributing toward the Portmahomack isotope analysis. I would like to give a special thank you to my primary supervisor, Jess Pearson, for her endless motivation, guidance and invaluable comments on this thesis, and for her support and empathy during difficult times. This thesis would have been a shadow of its former self without her. I would also like to give special thanks to my supervisor, Harold Mytum, for his support, advice and many helpful comments. Many thanks to Martin Carver and Cecily Spall, for granting me access to the Portmahomack skeletal material and for all their help and advice. Many thanks also to Justin Garner-Lahire and the FAS Heritage team, and to Michele Cadger, Tony Watson and the people of Portmahomack for entrusting me with such precious material. Huge thanks also to Lynn Smith, Frank Hargrave and the Board of Trustees from Norton Priory for granting me access to their skeletal collection and to Lynn, for all her invaluable help along the way. Thanks also to Oxford Archaeology North and to OR3D for supplying Norton Priory digital images and to Andrew Abram and Robert Connolly for their expert advice. Grateful thanks to the following people for their help throughout this research: Krish Seetah, Sue Stallibrass, Matilda Holmes, Hannah Russ and David Orton for faunal species identification; Angela Lamb at NERC for isotope mass spectrometry training, Matt Grove for his advice on statistical analysis, and Simon Mays, Clark Spencer Larsen, Jo Buckberry, Anthea Boylston, Alan Ogden and Charlotte Roberts for their expert opinions and advice. Thanks also to Liz MacDonald at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital Radiology Department, for x-raying some of the skeletal material. Huge thanks also to my friends and colleagues for their help, support and encouragement. There are too many to mention but you know who you are. This journey has come with the usual challenges one expects during a PhD, but some unexpected difficult times have also occurred and one source of inspiration has been my sister Trish. Her bravery, resilience and strength have motivated me to succeed. Throughout all of this however, the one person who has given me unconditional love and constant support is my husband Colin. He has been with me every step of the way, through tears, tantrums and joy, and his constant positivity has given me the strength I never knew I had. I can never thank you enough darling, so I’ll simply say ‘I love you’ and ‘please pour me a dram!’ Shirley Curtis-Summers, University of Liverpool, April 2015. iv Table of Contents Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................. v List of Figures ........................................................................................................ xiii List of Tables ......................................................................................................... xvii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.1Introduction ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2Research Context ............................................................................................... 4 1.3Research Questions and Hypotheses .................................................................. 5 1.4Thesis Structure .................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2: Historical Background: Christianity in Medieval Britain ............. 8 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Clarification of Chronology and Terminology ............................................ 9 2.3 Setting the Scene: Religious Orders in Medieval Britain ........................... 14 2.3.1 The Rule of St Columba ..................................................................... 16 2.3.2 The Rule of St Columbanus ............................................................... 16 2.3.3 The Rule of St Benedict ..................................................................... 17 2.3.3.1 The Benedictine Order ........................................................ 17 2.3.3.2 The Cistercian Order ........................................................... 19 2.3.4 The Rule of St Augustine ................................................................... 20 2.3.4.1 The Augustinian Order ....................................................... 22 2.3.4.2 The Premonstratensian Order ............................................. 23 2.4 Christianity in Medieval Britain: an Overview ........................................... 24 2.4.1 Christian Conversions in Early Medieval Britain .............................. 27 2.4.2 Christianity in Mid to Late Medieval Britain ..................................... 35 2.4.3 Christianity and the Laity in Medieval Britain ................................... 39 2.5 Chapter Conclusion ..................................................................................... 46 Chapter 3:Archaeological background ............................................................... 47 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 48 3.2 Socio-economic Background .....................................................................
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