CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

This report results from work conducted by the collaborative UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme. Partner organisations are Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London (ZSL), the Scottish Agricultural College, Inverness (SAC), the Natural History Museum (NHM)and Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM).

Funding bodies Contract manager Partner organisations

UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme

Information on the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme can also be found at www.ukstrandings.org

Data summarised in this report was collected in the UK under contract to Defra and the Devolved Administrations between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010. Data was collected partially under contract CR0346 (2005-2006), but primarily under contract number CR0364 (2006-2011).

Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London (ZSL) – Current contractor1 Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY Tel: 020 7449 6672 Fax: 020 7586 1457 Web: www.zsl.org/science/

Scottish Agricultural College, Inverness (SAC) - Subcontractor Wildlife Unit Drummondhill Stratherrick Road Inverness IV2 4JZ Tel: 01463 243030 Fax: 01463 711103 Web: www.sac.ac.uk/

The Natural History Museum (NHM) - Subcontractor Cromwell Road South Kensington London SW7 5BD Tel: 020 7942 5155 Fax: 020 7942 5572 Web: www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/strandings/

Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM) - Subcontractor Penwalk, Llechryd Cardigan Ceredigion West Wales SA43 2PS Tel: 01239 682405 Web: www.strandings.com

1 From 1st January 2005 to 31st March 2006, the contracting organisation was the Natural History Museum. From 1st April 2006 onwards, the Institute of Zoology was the contracting organisation. 2

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Executive summary

Between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010, the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme (CSIP) received reports of 3430 cetaceans, 76 marine turtles and 27 basking sharks. The largest number of cetacean reports was received in England (n=1650), with smaller numbers in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709), Northern Ireland (n=46), the Isle of Man (n=20) and the Channel Islands (n=9). The total number of cetacean strandings reported to the CSIP during 2006-2010 declined by approximately 22%, relative to the preceding five year period (2001-2005). This decline was largely driven by a reduction in reported strandings of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in most regions of the UK and also of reported strandings of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in south-west UK. During this period, 752 post-mortem examinations of 15 cetacean species (mainly harbour porpoises and common dolphins) were conducted. The principal causes of death in 478 UK-stranded harbour porpoises examined at post mortem between 2005 and 2010 were infectious disease (n=120, largely pneumonias due to combinations of parasitic, bacterial and fungal infections), starvation (n=117, 32 of which were starved neonates), attack from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (n=79), and entanglement in fishing gear (by-catch) (n=71). The principal causes of death in 129 common dolphins examined at post-mortem during the same period were by-catch (n=46) and live stranding (n=37, largely consequential to a mass stranding event in 2008). In addition, 22 post-mortem examinations of UK stranded marine turtles and three post-mortem examinations of UK stranded basking sharks were also conducted by the CSIP in 2005-2010. An analysis of post-mortem examinations conducted between 1991 and 2010, showed a slight decline in the proportion of by-catch in UK stranded harbour porpoises and short beaked common dolphins and a relative increase in the proportion of infectious disease and starvation in harbour porpoises.

On 9th June 2008 the UK’s largest ever common dolphin mass stranding event (MSE) occurred in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall. Twenty-six dolphins died and a similar or greater number were refloated back to sea. A detailed investigation was conducted under a variation to the existing contract with Defra and a range of potential causes were considered. The investigation findings were most consistent with one or more flight/panic responses in an otherwise healthy group of dolphins seen close to shore in or near Falmouth Bay for several days prior to the MSE. In the absence of disease, toxin exposure or any other known major source of disturbance, the close proximity of a naval exercise was considered a probable causal factor.

In close collaboration with CEFAS, the CSIP has generated one of the worlds largest time- series datasets on chemical contaminants in a marine mammal species (the harbour porpoise). This dataset shows that some organochlorine pesticide and trace metal contaminants have gradually declined over time since 1990. However, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels have been stable since 1997 in UK-stranded harbour porpoises and still occur at much higher concentrations that any other marine contaminants tested. Many individuals still exceed proposed toxicity thresholds for marine mammals and are strongly linked statistically to susceptibility to fatal infectious diseases using relatively large sample sizes. PCB levels in UK- stranded bottlenose dolphins and killer whales are high or extremely high and probably pose a major but largely unquantified conservation threat to these marine top predators. Between 2005 and 2010, 69 peer-reviewed scientific papers covering a wide range of research themes were published using data generated by the CSIP and samples held in the national tissue archive. A web accessed CSIP database was created in 2008, following a variation to contract CR0364, fully integrating for the first time strandings data and data collected during post-mortem examinations in the UK. Periodic export of relevant data from this database to the NBN gateway 3

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(www.nbn.org.uk/) now takes place, enabling access to strandings and post-mortem data by a much wider audience than has been the case in the past. The research of the Defra and Devolved Administration funded CSIP has improved our knowledge of cetaceans, informed the public about cetaceans and the reasons for their stranding and informed and shaped policy decisions at a national and international level, which should ultimately help to improve the overall conservation status of cetaceans.

Key events and milestones (2005-2010)

• In the last six years 3430 cetaceans, 76 marine turtles and 27 basking sharks have been reported to the CSIP. Total cetacean stranding numbers reported to the CSIP since the project began in 1990 now exceed 10200 (as of May 2011). Seventeen species of cetacean were recorded stranded during the 2005-2010 period, with no new additions to the regions fauna list. • The largest number of cetacean reports was received in England (n=1650), with smaller numbers in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709), Northern Ireland (n=46), the Isle of Man (n=20) and the Channel Islands (n=nine). The total number of strandings reported during 2006-2010 declined by approximately 22%, relative to the preceding five year period (2001- 2005). • During the period of this report, 752 post-mortem examinations of 15 cetacean species (mainly harbour porpoises and common dolphins) were conducted. The principal causes of death in 478 UK-stranded harbour porpoises examined at post mortem between 2005 and 2010 were infectious disease (n=120, largely pneumonias due to combinations of parasitic, bacterial and fungal infections), starvation (n=117, 32 of which were starved neonates), attack from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (n=79), and entanglement in fishing gear (by-catch) (n=71). The principal causes of death in 129 common dolphins examined at post-mortem during the same period were by-catch (n=46) and live stranding (n=37, largely consequential to a mass stranding event in 2008). In addition, 22 post-mortem examinations of UK stranded marine turtles and three post-mortem examinations of UK stranded basking sharks were also conducted by the CSIP during 2005-2010. • An analysis of post-mortem examinations conducted between 1991 and 2010, showed a slight decline in the proportion of by-catch in UK stranded harbour porpoises and short beaked common dolphins and a relative increase in the proportion of infectious disease and starvation in harbour porpoises. • During this period, annual and quarterly reports have been submitted to the Department, acting as staged project milestones. Additional ad hoc reports have been submitted in response to specific direct requests for ministerial or departmental purposes and parliamentary questions. • A mass stranding event of short-beaked common dolphin occurred on June 9th 2008 in the Fal estuary in Cornwall. Defra funded a full investigation of the mass stranding event through a variation to the existing contract. • One of the highest profile stranding events ever seen in the UK occurred in London on 19th January 2006, when a northern bottlenose whale swam up the River Thames. Despite an extensive operation to rescue the stranded whale, involving members of British Divers Marine Life Rescue, Port of London Authority and a CSIP veterinary team, the whale died whilst being transported down the Thames to deeper water.

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• Two formal reviews of contract requirements and funding arrangements for research on cetacean strandings in the UK took place (Watts and Crane 2006 and Pinn 2007). • Between 2005 and 2010, 69 peer-reviewed scientific papers were published using data generated by the CSIP and samples held in the national tissue archive (Section 9.1). A range of research themes were covered, including toxicology, pathology, theoretical biology, anatomy and dietary studies as well as the potential impacts of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans. Since the inception of the CSIP in 1990, over 150 peer reviewed publications have been produced (http://ukstrandings.org/CSIP_scientific_publications.pdf). • A project website was set up in 2008, following consultation and discussion with the project steering group and CSIP consortium (www.ukstrandings.org). • A web accessed CSIP database was created in 2008, fully integrating for the first time both strandings data and data collected during post-mortem examinations in the UK. Periodic export of relevant data from this database to the NBN gateway (www.nbn.org.uk/) now takes place, enabling access to strandings and post-mortem data by a much wider audience than has been the case in the past. • A one day symposium was held at the Zoological Society of London on 25th November 2010, to mark the 20th anniversary of the inception of the CSIP.

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Contents

Executive Summary 3

Key events and Milestones (2005-2010) 4

Contents 6

1 List of Tables, Figures and Plates 7

2 Introduction 10 2.1 CSIP history and background 10 2.2 Project Aims 10 2.3 Policy Objectives 11 2.4 Consortium structure 11

3 Materials and methods 12 3.1 Reporting and collection of strandings 12 3.2 Post mortem examinations 12 3.3 Assessing causes of death 14 3.4 Tissue archiving 15 3.5 Data collection, storage and dissemination 15

4 Cetacean, marine turtle and basking shark strandings around 17 the UK coastline (2005-2010) 4.1 Mass stranding/unusual mortality events (2005-2010) 21 4.2 European strandings (2005-2010) 25

5 Summary of UK-stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks (2005-2010) 5.1 Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 28 5.2 Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 30 5.3 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) 32 5.4 Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) 32 5.5 Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) 32 5.6 White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) 33 5.7 Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 34 5.8 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 34 5.9 Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) 34 5.10 Sperm whale (Physeter catodon) 35 5.11 Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) 36 5.12 Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) 36 5.13 Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens) 37 5.14 Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 37 5.15 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 38 5.16 Killer whale (Orcinus orca) 38 5.17 Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) 38 5.18 Indeterminate species 38 5.19 Marine turtles 39 6

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5.20 Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) 39

6. Post mortem investigations and cause of death data 42 (2005-2010) 6.1 Spatial distribution of cause of death categories (2005-2010) 46

7 Trends in selected causes of death (1991-2010) 48 7.1 By-catch 48 7.2 Infectious Disease 48 7.3 Live Stranding 48 7.4 Starvation 48 7.5 Bottlenose dolphin kills 49

8 Specific Research Activity 55 8.1 Research on pollutant exposure and potential toxic effects 55 8.2 Gas and fat embolic lesions 60 8.3 Summary of additional (peer reviewed) research activity 60 2005-2011

9 Collaborations and outputs 63 9.1 Peer reviewed publications (2005-2010) 63 9.2 Reports to government and other national reports (2005-2010) 66 9.3 Conference abstracts (2005-2010) 67 9.4 20th Anniversary CSIP symposium 69

10 Discussion 70

11 Glossary of terms and acronyms 72

12 Acknowledgments 73

13 References 75

14 Appendix 1 Selected species found stranded in the UK 77 (from forthcoming leaflet campaign)

15 Appendix 2 Marine litter ingestion and/or entanglement 78 (2005-2010)

16 Appendix 3 Summary of causes of death 2005-2010 80

1 Tables, Figures and Plates

1.1 Tables

Table 1 Reported strandings of cetaceans to the CSIP (2005-2010) 20 Table 2 Reported strandings of marine turtles and basking sharks to the CSIP (2005-2010) 21 Table 3 Post-mortem investigations conducted on UK stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking 42 sharks (2005-2010) Table 4 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks 42 7

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in England (2005-2010) Table 5 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks 43 in Scotland (2005-2010) Table 6 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans and marine turtles in Wales 43 (2005-2010) Table 7 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans and marine turtles in Northern 43 Ireland (2005-2010) Table 8 Causes of death of cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks examined at post mortem in 44 the UK (2005-2010) Table 9 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed as by-catch (1991-2010) 49 Table 10 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died as a result of infectious disease (1991-2010) 49 Table 11 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died as a consequence of live stranding (1991-2010) 50 Table 12 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died from starvation (1991-2010) 50 Table 13 Marine litter ingestion or entanglement in cetacean strandings examined at post-mortem in 78 the UK during 2010

1.2 Figures

Figure 1 Organisational structure of the CSIP 11 Figure 2 Outline process in strandings reporting and post-mortem examinations in the UK by the 13 CSIP consortium Figure 3 Annual numbers of UK stranded cetaceans (all species), harbour porpoises and common dolphins 18 (1990-2010) Figure 4 Mean annual strandings of harbour porpoises, short-beaked common dolphins and other cetacean 18 species in the UK in five year periods between 1991-2010 Figure 5 Reported cetacean strandings in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (2005-2010) 19 Figure 6 UK regions used for analysis of data 19 Figure 7 Inter-annual variation in UK regional strandings of harbour porpoises (2001-2010) 23 Figure 8 Inter-annual variation in UK regional strandings of common dolphins (2001-2010) 23 Figure 9 Inter-annual variation in UK regional strandings of cetacean species other than harbour porpoises 24 and common dolphins (2001-2010) Figure 10 Inter-annual variation in UK regional strandings of cetacean species of indeterminate identity 24 (2001-2010) Figure 11 Strandings networks adjacent to the UK 25 Figure 12 Inter-annual variation in strandings of harbour porpoises in the UK and adjacent countries 26 (2005-2010) Figure 13 Inter-annual variation in strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in the UK and adjacent 26 countries (2005-2010) Figure 14 Inter-annual variation in strandings of cetacean species other than harbour porpoises and common 27 dolphins in the UK and adjacent countries (2005-2010) Figure 15 Distribution of harbour porpoise strandings in the UK (2005-2010) 28 Figure 16 Monthly strandings of harbour porpoises in the UK (2005-2010) 29 Figure 17 Distribution of short-beaked common dolphin strandings in the UK (2005-2010) 31 Figure 18 Monthly strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in the UK (2005-2010) 31 Figure 19 Distribution of other Delphinidae strandings in the UK (2005-2010) 33 Figure 20 Distribution of Balaenopteridae strandings in the UK (2005-2010) 33 Figure 21 Distribution of Physeteridae and Kogiidae strandings in the UK (2005-2010) 35 Figure 22 Distribution of Ziphidae strandings in the UK (2005-2010) 35 Figure 23 Annual numbers of UK reported marine turtles (2001-2010) 40 Figure 24 Distribution of marine turtle strandings in the UK (2005-2010) 41 Figure 25 Distribution of basking shark strandings in the UK (2005-2010) 41 Figure 26a Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have died 46 as a result of infectious disease (2005-2010) Figure 26b Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have died 46 as a result of starvation (2005-2010) Figure 26c Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have died 46 as a result of by-catch (2005-2010) Figure 26d Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have died 47 as a result of live stranding (2005-2010) Figure 26e Spatial distribution of harbour porpoise strandings examined at post mortem and diagnosed to have 47 died as a result of violent interactions with bottlenose dolphins (2005-2010) Figure 27 Inter-annual variation in main cause of death categories in UK stranded harbour porpoises 51 examined at post-mortem (1991-2010) Figure 28 Annual proportions of main cause of death categories in UK stranded harbour porpoises examined 51 at post-mortem (1991-2010) Figure 29 Inter-annual variation in main cause of death categories in UK stranded short-beaked common 52 8

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dolphins examined at post-mortem (1991-2010) Figure 30 Annual proportions of main cause of death categories in UK stranded short-beaked common 52 dolphins examined at post-mortem (1991-2010) Figure 31a Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed 53 to have died as a result of by-catch Figure 31b Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed 53 to have died as a result of infectious disease Figure 31c Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed 53 to have died as a result of live stranding Figure 31d Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed 54 to have died as a result of starvation Figure 31e Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed 54 to have died as a result of violent interactions with bottlenose dolphins Figure 32 Sum 25 PCB congeners in UK stranded harbour porpoises 57 Figure 33. Ln Σ25CB concentrations on a lipid basis by year for 440 harbour porpoises stranded in the UK 58 from 1991-2005 Figure 34. Comparison of mean summed 25CBs concentrations in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (trauma 59 and infectious disease cases) and bottlenose dolphins (1991-2005).

1.3 Plates

Plate 1 Mass stranding event of common dolphins in Cornwall, June 2008 22 Plate 2 Harbour porpoise (SW2010/318) exhibiting atypical anthropogenic injuries 30 Plate 3 Minke whale exhibiting injuries consistent with a chronic entanglement 32 Plate 4 Minke whale exhibiting injuries consistent with a chronic entanglement 32 Plate 5 Risso’s dolphin (SW2009/201) stranded at Cemlyn, Anglesey, Wales 35 Plate 6 Massively enlarged spleen of Risso’s dolphin (SW2009/301) showing diffuse and severe 35 gas cavitation Plate 7 The ‘Thames whale’ (SW2006/40) stranded near the Albert Bridge 36 Plate 8 Post-mortem examination of the ‘Thames whale’ at a PoLA facility 36 Plate 9 Sowerby’s beaked whale (SW2010/218) found stranded in Kent 37 Plate 10 Humpback whale (SW2009/296) stranded in the river Thames 38 Plate 11 Leatherback turtle (T2008/19) found floating dead in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, 40 22nd February 2008 Plate 12 Basking shark (SBS2009/2) stranded at Sennen Cove, Cornwall 41 Plate 13 Attendees at the 20th anniversary CSIP symposium at ZSL, London, 25th November 2010 69 Plate 14 Plastic fragments found in harbour porpoise cardiac stomach (SW2006/48A) 79 Plate 15 Plastic fragments found in common dolphin fundic stomach (SW2005/5) 79 Plate 16 Plastic and netting found in northern bottlenose whale stomach (SW2006/236.2) 79 Plate 17 Plastic string found in leatherback turtle stomach (T2005/9) 79

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2 Introduction

This report is based on research conducted under contract (CR0346 and CR0364) to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010. Since 1990, the collaborative UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme (CSIP) has been funded by UK government (currently through Defra, Welsh Government and Scottish Government). Consortium partners responsible for the delivery of this contract are the Institute of Zoology2 (IoZ), Scottish Agricultural College (SAC), Natural History Museum (NHM) and Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM).

2.1 CSIP History and Background

Information on UK stranded cetaceans has been routinely collected in the UK by the Natural History Museum since 1913. In 1988, an outbreak of phocine distemper virus (PDV) resulted in the deaths of many thousands of seals throughout European waters and as a result, in 1990 the then UK Department of the Environment initiated the funding of a long-term monitoring programme in England and Wales involving the systematic post-mortem examination of UK- stranded cetaceans. A similar strandings investigation project was initiated in Scotland in 1990 and in 2000, these separate projects were amalgamated into a single UK strandings investigation programme. In 2001, the investigation of UK stranded marine turtles was formally incorporated into the CSIP remit, followed by the incorporation of stranded basking shark investigations in 2007. A consortium of organisations now collaboratively record information on all cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks that are found stranded around UK shores each year and retrieve a proportion of these strandings for examination at post-mortem (Sections 2.4, 3.1 and 3.2). The CSIP also coordinated the investigation of seal mortality in the UK during the second major epizootic of PDV in European waters in 2002-2003.

2.2 Project Aims

The principal requirement of the project was to provide a coordinated approach to the surveillance of cetacean strandings, and to investigate major causes of death of stranded cetaceans in the UK. The following project aims were part of the specification of requirements over the contract period/s.

• To collate, analyse and report data for all cetacean strandings around the UK coast; • To determine the major causes of death in stranded cetaceans, including by-catch and physical trauma; • To undertake surveillance on the incidence of disease in stranded cetaceans in order to identify any substantial new threats to their conservation status; • To investigate the potential interaction between feeding behaviour, fisheries and stranded cetaceans through examination of the contents of the stomach; • To make information on strandings and post-mortems results publicly available by annual reports and release of data on a quarterly basis to the agreed GIS interface. • To develop an integrated database which brings together accurate and geo-referenced data on both strandings and post mortem data and which allows end users to interrogate this data through the Internet.

2 Current Contractor responsible for the delivery of CR0364 10

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2.3 Policy Objectives

The JNCC Surveillance and Monitoring website page for cetaceans (http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1554) states that;

“A variety of conservation issues affect cetaceans in UK waters today, many of which are related to human activity. They include fishing, pollution and the effects of noise from shipping, oil and gas exploration , military activity and tourism. The degree of impact of any human activity varies considerably between different species and depending on their ecology, distribution and abundance.

A range of legislative instruments oblige the UK to support research that has a bearing on the conservation status of cetacean populations. All species are listed on Annex IV of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC). It requires regular assessments of the conservation status of all species that cover abundance, distribution and the pressures and threats experienced. In addition, bottlenose dolphin and harbour porpoise are listed on the Directive’s Annex II which requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation where areas can be identified. The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (Bonn Convention) and the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas (ASCOBANS), oblige signatories – which include the UK - to apply a range of research and management measures aimed at the conservation of all cetaceans. An objective under ASCOBANS commits signatories to reducing the incidental catch of harbour porpoises in commercial fisheries to 1.7 per cent of the species’ abundance, a target specified in the EU Regulation 812/2004.”

In addition, elements of strandings research in the UK may also provide data to help inform the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in the UK.

2.4 Consortium Structure

The current organisational structure of the CSIP and the responsibilities of each organisation are given below in Figure 1. A Steering Group consisting of representatives of UK government and Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC; managers of the contract for Defra) monitor progress and provide guidance on the objectives and output of the CSIP.

Figure 1 Organisational structure of the CSIP

NB WG- Welsh Government, SG- Scottish Government, JNCC- Joint Nature Conservation Committee 11

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3 Materials and methods

3.1 Reporting and collection of cetacean and marine turtle strandings

Strandings are recorded by the CSIP when an animal swims, is left by a receding tide or is deposited onto land (beach, mudflats, sandbank etc) dead or alive. Live animals that are prevented from stranding by human interaction from the shore, but would clearly have otherwise stranded without such intervention, may also be included. In addition, the CSIP also continues to record information on dead cetaceans that are found at sea in and around UK territorial waters.

Figure 2 shows an outline process for the reporting of strandings in the UK (liaison with appropriate local authorities/steering group etc) along with information on post-mortem investigations and dissemination of results by the CSIP. The reporting, retrieval and transportation of stranded animals within England involves the integration of a number of regional reporting centres with the IoZ and the NHM (in particular, the Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network). In Scotland, the reporting, retrieval and transportation of stranded animals is co-ordinated by the SAC (Inverness). In Wales, the reporting, retrieval and transportation of stranded animals is co-ordinated by MEM. Stranding reports are verified wherever possible through the use of digital photographs taken on the beach. Dedicated email addresses and mobile numbers for the provision of camera phone pictures have been established by the CSIP consortium. The decision about whether to subject a carcass to post-mortem is based on the state of decomposition and whether it can be secured safely prior to collection and transportation to a laboratory for post-mortem examination. The relevant public health considerations of handling stranded cetacean carcasses are stressed to those individuals and organisations that are involved with the day-to-day reporting and recovery of stranded carcasses. Data presented in this report for Northern Ireland were collected by the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group (www.iwdg.ie/), under contract to the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (www.ni-environment.gov.uk/). Further details on the reporting arrangements for strandings of cetaceans, marine turtles, basking sharks and seals in the UK (both alive and dead), can be found at www.ukstrandings.org. Images of some of the more commonly stranded species in the UK are shown in Appendix 1.

3.2 Post-mortem examinations

Following the formal reviews of the project in 2006 and 2007 (Watts and Crane 2006, Pinn 2007) post-mortem examination numbers were set at annual limits of 100/year. The 100 annual cetacean post-mortem examinations are currently comprised of 55-65 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) (decomposition state code 2-3), 15-20 common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) (code 2-3), and 10-25 other species (preferentially code 2 where possible, apart from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) which may be examined in codes 2-3). Occasional post-mortem examinations of UK-stranded marine turtles and basking sharks were also conducted when appropriate. More information on the carcass selection criteria in the UK can be found in the last CSIP annual report3.

3 Deaville and Jepson (compilers) CSIP Annual Report for the period 1st January – 31st December 2009 http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_9167_ANN.pdf 12

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Stranding Liaison with report local authorities e.g. Receiver of Wreck/MCA, Live Dead police, local council etc

Rescue CSIP Died/euthanased organisations (regional (BDMLR) or national)

Rescued Liaison with PSG Liaison with media (if appropriate) (if appropriate) CSIP post- No further mortem action (live investigations stranding report recorded in CSIP Analysis database) Diagnostic and Gather supplementary supplementary data testing (if appropriate)

Analysis

Post mortem Post mortem report conclusions (causes of generated. Sent out death) included in to stranding quarterly, annual and reporters, media ad hoc reporting liaison if appropriate

Figure 2 Outline process in strandings reporting and post-mortem examinations in the UK by the CSIP consortium. Blue highlighted sections denote CSIP actions.

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Carcasses were routinely transported to one of the four pathology laboratories in the UK:

• Institute of Zoology (Zoological Society of London), Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY

• Scottish Agricultural College (Disease Surveillance Centre) Drummondhill, Stratherrick Road, Inverness, Scotland, IV2 4JZ

• Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Truro), Polwhele, Truro, Cornwall, TR4 9AD

• Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Liverpool, Neston, Wirral, L69 3BX

In cases where carcasses were too large or too difficult to retrieve, post-mortem investigations were conducted in situ at the stranding site. All cetacean post-mortem investigations (including tissue sampling) were conducted using standard procedures (Kuiken and Garcia Hartmann 1991, Law 1994, Jepson et al 2005). Marine turtle post mortem investigations and tissue sampling were also conducted using standard procedures (Work 2000 and Wyneknen 2001) and basking shark strandings were investigated opportunistically. Essentially, organs are systematically examined and routine tissue samples are collected for virological, microbiological, histopathological, toxicological and other studies. Any observed lesions are also sampled for further diagnostic tests, depending on the suspected aetiology. Post-mortem protocols employed by the CSIP can be found at www.ukstrandings.org.

3.3 Assessing causes of death

Although it is sometimes not possible to arrive at a definitive cause of death for any individual carcass, a probable cause of death is ascribed wherever possible based on the collective findings from post-mortem and other diagnostic investigations. Criteria used to establish selected cause of death categories are described below.

• By-catch (entanglement in fishing gear) was ascribed as a cause of death in cetacean carcasses using established pathological criteria for by-catch diagnosis (Kuiken et al. 1994 and 1996).

• Infectious Disease- a broad category consisting of a number of causes of death of infectious origin (Jepson et al 2005).

• Live Stranding- attributed as the cause of death in cetaceans that were known or suspected (from post-mortem examination) to have live-stranded in apparent good health and nutritional status. This category excluded severely diseased or emaciated animals that stranded alive (Jepson et al 2005).

• Starvation- given as the cause of death in animals that were severely emaciated and, following post-mortem examination, ascertained to have no other significant disease processes that could explain the poor nutritional status (Jepson et al 2005).

• Starvation (neonate)- given as the cause of death in neonates that were severely emaciated and, following post-mortem examination, ascertained to have no other

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significant disease processes that could explain the poor nutritional status. Some of these animals may have become maternally separated.

• Fatal attack from one or more bottlenose dolphins- ascribed as a cause of death in cetacean carcasses using established pathological criteria (Ross & Wilson 1996, Jepson & Baker 1998).

• Physical trauma (boat/ship strike)- physical trauma consistent with impact from a boat or ship. Includes blunt trauma to dorsal/lateral aspect of body wall and/or injuries consistent with propeller strike

• Dystocia & Stillborn- attributed as the cause of death in animals which have died during the act or process of giving birth (mothers or calves)

• Physical trauma (unknown origin)- where evidence of physical trauma is found at post- mortem, but no obvious origin or other significant underlying factors. This category is likely to include some undiagnosed cases of boat/ship strike, by-catch or bottlenose dolphin attack.

• Gas embolism- intravascular gas bubble formation that obstructs circulation and causes associated tissue injury.

• Entanglement- a cause of death category largely confined to minke whales. Denotes evidence of entanglement in rope (creel etc) or discarded fishing gear/marine litter

• Cold stunned- a cause of death category specific to hard shelled species of marine turtle, resulting from exposure to cold water around the UK coast, leading to immobility, hypothermia and eventual starvation

• Neoplasia- where the cause of death is due to the formation of a tumour

• Others- a broad category covering causes of death that cannot be categorised using existing criteria

3.4 Tissue archiving

Tissue specimens collected for research and archive are stored at both -20˚C and -80˚C and in 10% neutral buffered formalin or 70% alcohol at the IoZ and SAC Inverness or sent to collaborating institutions for research purposes. Information on the extensive tissue archive at IoZ is currently tracked and maintained using a relational database management system (Poseidon) running on a Microsoft FoxPro 9 platform and contains information on ~80 000 samples obtained during the course of over 2000 post-mortem examinations.. Work is ongoing in transferring this system to an online management system within the recently developed CSIP web-accessed database.

3.5 Data collection, storage and dissemination

Prior to 2009, data generated by the CSIP had historically been collected and archived on a number of different databases. During 2008, a Defra funded web accessed database was

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 created (http://data.ukstrandings.org/), fully integrating for the first time both strandings data and data collected during post-mortem examinations in the UK. The CSIP web accessed database has been ‘live’ since 1st January 2009, with data on UK stranded cetaceans, marine turtles, basking sharks and seals reported since this date being routinely entered onto it. Pathology and strandings data from cetaceans and basking sharks reported to the CSIP between 1989 and 2008 was integrated during 2009 and imported into the CSIP web accessed database. Levels of access have been set such that data can be viewed by those deemed appropriate by the CSIP Project Steering Group (PSG), but data can only be entered/edited by appropriate members of the CSIP consortium. Data entry and data validation/quality control is performed by the relevant partner organisations in the CSIP consortium and by CWTMSN in Cornwall.

As well as enabling the CSIP consortium to collectively enter and edit data through a single web accessed portal, the database facilitates more efficient and accurate capture of data and allows stakeholders to access data as required. In addition, during 2010 periodic export of relevant data to the NBN gateway (www.nbn.org.uk/) began, enabling access to strandings and post- mortem data by a much wider audience than has been the case in the past. Work on the database is ongoing and additional existing data will be imported during 2011.

Marine turtle strandings data in the UK is collated by the UK and Republic of Ireland (RoI) 'TURTLE' Database Manager (Rod Penrose, Marine Environmental Monitoring) under supervision of the Turtle Implementation Group (TIG). Collation of marine turtle strandings and sightings data in UK and RoI is collectively funded by the statutory conservation bodies- Natural England, Countryside Council for Wales, Scottish National Heritage and National Parks and Wildlife Service (RoI).

Quarterly and annual reports continued to be submitted to the Department during the period of this report and acted as milestones during contracts CR0346 and CR0364. Following comment and sign off by the PSG, reports were published on the Department website and links added from the relevant section of the CSIP website. The CSIP also continued to provide summary reports of strandings and post-mortem data for the annual ASCOBANS national reports, as well as the annual IWC national reports and any ad hoc requests made by the Department or by the Devolved Administrations.

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4 Cetacean, marine turtle and basking shark strandings around the UK coastline (2005-2010)

In the six year period between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010, 3430 cetaceans were reported to the CSIP, comprising at least 17 species (Table 1). Of these, 3040 were reports of dead-stranded cetaceans, 261 were of live-stranded cetaceans and 129 were of dead cetaceans found at sea (including 12 which were known by-catches). Of the 261 live-stranded cetaceans, 74 were returned alive to sea. In addition, 76 marine turtles and 27 basking sharks were reported to the CSIP during the same period (Table 1).

The most commonly reported UK stranded cetacean species in the six year period of this report were the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena, n=1922) and the short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis, n=519). Another 588 stranded cetaceans were also recorded, comprising minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata, n=87), Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus, n=86), long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas, n=73), white beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris, n=70), striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba, n=55), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, n=52), Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus, n=45), sperm whale (Physeter catodon, n=29), Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris, n=23), northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus, n=22), Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens, n=19), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus, n=11), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae, n=10), killer whale (Orcinus orca, n=5) and pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps, n=1). The spatial distribution of these strandings (by species) is given in Table 1. A number of strandings (n=402) were too decomposed, incomplete or inaccessible to enable either accurate identification or retrieval for further investigation at post mortem (Table 1).

The largest number of cetacean strandings was reported in England (n=1650), with a smaller number in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709) and Northern Ireland (n=46). In addition, a small number of cetaceans were also reported in the Isle of Man (n=20) and the Channel Islands (n=nine).

Figure 3 shows the inter-annual variation in numbers of all cetaceans, harbour porpoises and common dolphins reported to the CSIP between 1990 and 2010 inclusively. Figure 4 illustrates that the number of reported strandings during the last five year period (2006-2010) were ~22% lower than those received during the preceding five year period (2001-2005). Figure 5 shows the number of reported cetacean strandings in UK countries over the ten year period 2001- 2010. There has been a general decline in reported strandings in England and Scotland, from peak levels in 2003-2006. Broadly similar reported stranding numbers have been recorded each year in Wales and Northern Ireland, although a recent reduction in reported strandings in Wales has been noted.

Analysis of regional stranding records for harbour porpoise, short-beaked common dolphins and other cetacean species (Figures 7-10) indicate that the reduction in stranding numbers described above has been largely driven by a decline in reported harbour porpoise strandings in most regions of the UK and a reduction in reported strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in south-west UK.

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Figure 3 Annual numbers of UK stranded cetaceans (all species), harbour porpoises and common dolphins (1990- 2010)

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Figure 4 Mean annual strandings of harbour porpoises, short-beaked common dolphins and other cetacean species in the UK in five year periods between 1991-2010 (+/- 1SD)

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Figure 5 Reported cetacean strandings in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (2005-2010) NB greyed area outside of report period

Figure 6 UK regions used for analysis of data (from Jepson et al 2005)

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Table 1 Reported strandings of cetaceans to the CSIP (2005-2010)

Species England Scotland Wales Northern Isle of Channel Total Ireland Man Islands Harbour porpoise 911 466 507 23 14 1 1922 (Phocoena phocoena) Short-beaked common dolphin 424 32 57 3 0 3 519 (Delphinus delphis) Minke whale 11 72 2 1 1 0 87 (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) Atlantic white-sided dolphin 8733 20 086 (Lagenorhynchus acutus) Long-finned pilot whale 16 52 4 1 0 0 73 (Globicephala melas) White beaked dolphin 19 50 0 1 0 0 70 (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) Striped dolphin 18 23 10 4 0 0 55 (Stenella coeruleoalba) Bottlenose dolphin 15 18 16 2 0 1 52 (Tursiops truncatus) Risso’s dolphin 5352 11 145 (Grampus griseus) Sperm whale 8210 00 029 (Physeter catodon) Cuvier’s beaked whale 0230 00 023 (Ziphius cavirostris) Northern bottlenose whale 6151 00 022 (Hyperoodon ampullatus) Sowerby’s beaked whale 6121 00 019 (Mesoplodon bidens) Fin whale 74000 011 (Balaenoptera physalus) Humpback whale 63100 010 (Megaptera novaeangliae) Killer whale 14000 05 (Orcinus orca) Pygmy sperm whale 01000 01 (Kogia breviceps)

Cetacean 49 23 89 1 2 0 164 (indeterminate species) Dolphin 85 31 3 3 1 0 124 (indeterminate species) Odontocete 35 24 2 1 1 3 66 (indeterminate species) Short beaked common/striped 7108 10 026 dolphin (indeterminate) Lagenorhynchus sp. 43000 07 (indeterminate species) Mysticete 60010 07 (indeterminate species) Baleen whale 31110 06 (indeterminate species) Beaked whale 00200 02 (indeterminate species)

TOTAL 1650 996 709 46 20 9 3430

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Table 2 Reported strandings of marine turtles and basking sharks to the CSIP (2005-2010)

Species England Scotland Wales Northern Isle of Channel Total Ireland Man Islands

Loggerhead turtle 15 13 14 0 0 0 42 (Caretta caretta) Leatherback turtle 14 65 10 026 (Dermochelys coriacea) Kemps ridley turtle 21100 04 (Lepidochelys kempii) Marine turtle 11200 04 (indeterminate species)

Basking shark 14 12 1 0 0 0 27 (Cetorhinus maximus)

TOTAL 46 33 23 1 0 0 103

NB Marine turtle stranding information in this report is provided courtesy of Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM, www.strandings.com/Wales.html)

4.1 Mass stranding events

Thirty six stranding events involving two or more animals occurred in the UK between 2005 and 2010 (eighteen of which were reported as live stranding events). Of these, 30 events involved two animals, a significant number of which (n=12) were initially found in code 3 (moderate decomposition) or worse i.e. were probably coincidental strandings of dead animals. The largest by far of the events involving two or more animals, was a mass stranding event (MSE) of common dolphins that occurred on 9th June 2008 in the Fal estuary, Falmouth Bay, Cornwall (Plate 1). At least 26 dolphins stranded alive and died and more were refloated back to open water by rescue groups and bystanders. A comprehensive investigation of the MSE was funded by UK Government (Defra) through a variation to the existing contract, full details of which are available in a separately published report (Jepson and Deaville 2009). A number of potential causes of this MSE were either excluded or considered highly unlikely. These included distemper (morbillivirus), brucellosis, other infectious diseases, gas embolism, fat embolism, boat strike, by-catch, attack from killer whales or bottlenose dolphins, feeding unusually close to shore immediately prior to stranding, ingestion of harmful algal toxins, abnormal weather/climatic conditions and high-intensity acoustic inputs from seismic airgun arrays, recreational craft and natural sources (e.g. earthquakes). A large group of common dolphins was seen unusually close to shore in the days leading up to the MSE and this near- shore group of dolphins may have been the group that subsequently mass stranded. The reason that at least one large dolphin group was seen so close to shore shortly prior to the MSE is not known but a range of natural (e.g. foraging closer to shore), anthropogenic (e.g. naval activities leading up to 9 June) or other unknown factor(s) may have played a contributory role.

The findings in this MSE were most consistent with an adverse group behavioural response to one or more specific triggers on the morning of 9 June 2008 within an otherwise healthy social group of common dolphins situated unusually close to shore. A period of naval exercises involving a variety of high intensity acoustic sources were conducted around the time of the MSE, but evidence of one of more specific naval activities that tightly coincided in time and space with the likely initial onset of the MSE were absent in all the records of naval activities 21

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 released under the Freedom of Information Act. An intrinsic “error of navigation” within a social group of common dolphins or a confluence of additional unknown (natural and/or anthropogenic) factors/sequence of events also cannot be excluded as causal factors in this MSE. Although a definitive cause for the MSE could not be determined, the naval exercise (including helicopters) remains the only source of high-intensity acoustic activity taking place in close proximity to the MSE that cannot be excluded as a causal factor. Greater insight into the causes of any future MSEs may require either a direct observation of the onset, or the emergence of an unusual level of coincidence of MSEs with one or more causal factors.

Plate 1 Mass stranding event of common dolphins in Cornwall in June 2008 (credit PA Photos).

A second unusual mortality event also occurred in 2008, involving 12 Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) (mainly in western Scotland), 11 long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) (ten in Scotland, one in west Wales), three Sowerby’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon bidens) (mainly in Western Scotland) and one unidentified beaked whale (in Wales) that stranded between 21 January and 10 April 2008. Most carcasses were found dead and in a degree of decomposition that was largely unsuitable for detailed post-mortem examination. The degree of decomposition appeared to deteriorate further as strandings progressed over time, consistent with death occurring at a similar point in time. This mortality event was investigated as part of larger cluster of strandings that occurred between 13 January and 14 April 2008 and included another 13 long-finned pilot whales and three unidentified beaked whales that stranded in Ireland (Dolman et al 2010). The cause(s) of the unusual mortality event was not established, predominantly due to the degree of carcass decomposition (Dolman et al 2010).

As a result of the mass stranding event in 2008, the CSIP produced a mass stranding protocol that would form the basis for the investigation of any future mass stranding events in the UK. In addition, numerous stakeholders (including the CSIP) now attend the biannual meetings of the Royal Navy/Defra convened Military Underwater Sound Stakeholders Forum. As a result of these meetings, a formal process has now been initiated, whereby unusual sightings of cetaceans close to shore can be communicated to Royal Navy Fleet headquarters to alert them 22

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 of the potential risk of stranding, in the event that there may be any RN acoustic activity in the vicinity.

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Figure 7 Inter annual variation in UK regional strandings of harbour porpoises (2001-2010) NB greyed area outside of report period

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Figure 8 Inter annual variation in UK regional strandings of short-beaked common dolphins (2001-2010) NB greyed area outside of report period

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Figure 10 Inter annual variation in UK regional strandings of cetacean species of indeterminate identity (2001- 2010) NB greyed area outside of report period

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4.2 European strandings

European stranding networks with coastlines adjacent to those of the UK provided summaries of 2005-2010 strandings data to the CSIP, to allow comparison with UK strandings data. The networks are listed below and shown in Figure 11 and summarised annual data for harbour porpoises, short-beaked common dolphins and other cetacean species are shown in Figures 12-13. Carcasses of indeterminate identity have been excluded from this section (where this data is available) and strandings from the Mediterranean coastline of France have also been excluded. French strandings data for 2010 was not available at the time of report authoring.

Figure 11 Strandings networks adjacent to the UK

Belgium- MARIN (Marine Animals Research and Intervention Network), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium Email: Web: http://www.mumm.ac.be/EN/Management/Nature/strandings.php

France- Centre de Recherche sur les Mammifères Marins, Université de La Rochelle, Pôle Analytique, 5 allée de l'Océan, F-17000 La Rochelle. Web: http://crmm.univ-lr.fr/index.php/en/home

Ireland- Irish Whale and Dolphin Group, Coolcummisk, Beaufort, Killarney, Co. Kerry. Web: http://www.iwdg.ie

Netherlands- Naturalis, (National Museum of Natural History), Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden. Web: http://www.walvisstrandingen.nl/ 25

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Figure 13 Inter-annual variation in strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in the UK and adjacent countries (2005-2010)

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Figure 14 Inter-annual variation in strandings of cetacean species other than harbour porpoises and common dolphins in the UK and adjacent countries (2005-2010)

The combined sets of data firstly illustrate that although some countries have higher stranding levels of particular species (e.g. France has higher annual numbers of stranded short-beaked common dolphins and the Netherlands has higher annual numbers of stranded harbour porpoises), the UK has one of the highest level of total strandings each year. Secondly, possible similarities in annual stranding figures can be discerned between adjacent countries e.g. annual strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in France and UK appear to follow similar trends between 2005 and 2009. It should be noted that the number of stranding reports may be influenced by many factors, including but not limited to interannual variation in climatic factors, coastal population density, variations in cetacean population density and coastline length.

It is possible that additional information on trends and similarities may emerge during a more detailed analysis of any future combined stranding dataset. To that end, at the ASCOBANS AC meeting in Bonn in 2010, the ASCOBANS Secretariat agreed to fund IoZ to co-ordinate a feasibility study into the creation of a centralised point of access for selected data collected by stranding networks within the ASCOBANS region (Project ref: SSFA/ASCOBANS/2010/2). It is hoped that this study will be the first step towards the creation of a central database on strandings and necropsies, encompassing ASCOBANS Parties and Range states. An initial meeting to discuss this proposal was held at the European Cetacean Society Conference in Cadiz on 19th March 2011, with attendance from representatives of strandings/pathology networks from 11 different countries. The final report to the ASCOBANS Secretariat on this project is due to be submitted in November 2011.

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5 Summary of UK-stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks 2005-2010 (by species)

5.1 Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Between 2005 and 2010, 1922 stranded harbour porpoises (512 males, 466 females and 944 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 911 stranded in England, 507 stranded in Wales, 466 stranded in Scotland, 23 stranded in Northern Ireland, 14 stranded in the Isle of Man and one stranded in the Channel Islands (Table 1 and Figure 15). The annual number of UK-stranded harbour porpoises reported to the CSIP had increased from approximately 50- 200/annum in the 1990’s to 350-400 between 2002 and 2006 (Figure 3). Since that 2002-2006 peak the number of reports of stranded harbour porpoises has declined in most regions of the UK (Figure 7). Figure 16 shows the mean monthly reported strandings of harbour porpoises in the UK over the period of this report. No consistent trends were noted, although an increased number of strandings were noted between March and June in 2005-2006 in relation to the same period in 2007-2010.

Figure 15 Distribution of harbour porpoise strandings in the UK (2005-2010)

Of the 1922 reported harbour porpoise strandings, 478 were investigated at post mortem (200 were conducted in Scotland, 161 in England, 113 in Wales, two in Northern Ireland and two in the Isle of Man- Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was established in 457 examined individuals (96% of examined cases). Of these, 85 died as a result of starvation, 79 from violent inter-specific interactions (bottlenose dolphin kills), 71 were diagnosed as by-catches, 48 died of parasitic pneumonias, 32 neonate porpoises died of starvation, 28 as a consequence of live- stranding, 22 from physical trauma of unknown origin, 21 from diseases of the gastrointestinal 28

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 tract, 19 from generalised bacterial infections, 17 from parasitic and bacterial pneumonias, seven as a result of dystocia, five from pneumonia of parasitic and mycotic (fungal) origin, four were known by-catches, four died as a result of physical trauma following probable impact from a ship or boat, two from bacterial pneumonia, two of meningoencephalitis, two from generalised mycotic infections, one from a bacterial and mycotic pneumonia, one from a mycotic pneumonia, one from a pyothorax, one from a possible acute enteritis/peritonitis, one from a mandibular osteomyelitis, one from a possible coliform endometritis, one of a peri-oesophageal abscess, one of peritonitis and one from a pneumonia of unknown aetiology (Table 8 and Appendix 3). Section 7 gives more information on trends in common causes of death in harbour porpoises over the 20 year period 1991-2010.

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Figure 16 Monthly strandings of harbour porpoises in the UK (2005-2010)

Plate 2 shows a porpoise that stranded at Gairloch beach in September 2010 and was examined at post-mortem by SAC Inverness. The porpoise exhibited markedly unusual pathology, broadly consistent with pathology noted in a number of porpoises found stranded in the Netherlands and Belgium in recent years. The investigation of these unusual strandings in the UK and in other countries is ongoing, in an effort to learn more about the aetiology of the injuries and whether there may be potential links between the different cases.

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Plate 2 Harbour porpoise (SW2010/318) exhibiting atypical anthropogenic injuries (credit CSIP/SAC)

5.2 Short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis)

Between 2005 and 2010, 519 stranded short-beaked common dolphins (182 males, 147 females and 190 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 424 stranded in England, 57 stranded in Wales, 32 stranded in Scotland, three stranded in Northern Ireland and three stranded in the Channel Islands (Table 1 and Figure 17). Of the 519 reported short- beaked common dolphin strandings, 129 were investigated at post mortem (99 were conducted in England, 16 in Wales and 14 in Scotland- Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was established in 118 examined individuals (92% of examined cases), of which 46 were diagnosed as by-catches, 37 died as a consequence of live-stranding, 10 from starvation, six of meningoencephalitis, four from physical trauma of unknown origin, four of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, three as a result of physical trauma following probable impact from a ship or boat, two from generalised bacterial infections, one neonate died of starvation, one live stranded possibly as a result of old age, one starved sequentially to a gastric impaction, one had a septic arthritis, one had peritonitis and metritis sequential to dystocia and a ruptured uterus and one short-beaked common dolphin was a known by-catch (Table 8 and Appendix 3). Section 7 gives more information on trends in common causes of death in short-beaked common dolphins over the 20 year period 1991-2010. As in previous years, strandings of short- beaked common dolphins were strongly spatially and temporally explicit, with a large number occurring in south-west England (Figure 17) mainly between January-April each year (Figure 18). A significant mass stranding event of short-beaked common dolphins occurred in June 2008 in Cornwall (Section 4.1, Plate 1, Jepson and Deaville 2009).

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Figure 17 Distribution of short-beaked common dolphin strandings in the UK (2005-2010)

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Figure 18 Monthly strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in the UK (2005-2010)

NB The large SD in June is due to the mass stranding event in Cornwall on 9 June 2008 (Jepson and Deaville 2009)

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5.3 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

Between 2005 and 2010, 87 stranded minke whales (11 males, 17 females and 59 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 72 stranded in Scotland, 11 stranded in England, two stranded in Wales, one stranded in Northern Ireland and one stranded in the Isle of Man (Table 1 and Figure 20). Of the 87 reported minke whale strandings, 11 were investigated at post mortem (eight were conducted in Scotland, two in Wales and one in England- Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was established in nine examined individuals (82% of examined cases), of which three died as a result of entanglement, three as a consequence of live-stranding, two from starvation and one which died as a result of physical trauma following probable impact from a ship or boat (Table 8 and Appendix 3).

Plate 3 Minke whale exhibiting injuries consistent Plate 4 Minke whale exhibiting injuries consistent with a chronic entanglement (SW2010/175, image with a chronic entanglement (SW2010/175, image credit CSIP/SAC) credit CSIP/SAC) NB rope added for comparison to injuries

5.4 Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)

Between 2005 and 2010, 86 stranded Atlantic white-sided dolphins (37 males, 18 females and 31 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 73 stranded in Scotland, eight stranded in England, three stranded in Wales and two stranded in Northern Ireland (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the 86 reported Atlantic white-sided dolphin strandings, 28 were investigated at post mortem (24 were conducted in Scotland and four in England - Tables 3, 4 and 5). A cause of death was established in all 28 examined individuals, of which 14 died as a consequence of live-stranding, seven from generalised bacterial infections, four of meningoencephalitis, two from starvation and one of a liver infection (Table 8 and Appendix 3). A mass stranding event involving five Atlantic white-sided dolphins took place in Stornoway, Lewis, Scotland on 11th June 2007. Three of the stranded dolphins were refloated and two were euthanased, following veterinary assessment.

5.5 Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas)

Between 2005 and 2010, 73 stranded long-finned pilot whales (13 males, five females and 55 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 52 stranded in Scotland, 16 stranded in England, four stranded in Wales and one stranded in Northern Ireland (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the 73 reported long-finned pilot whale strandings, six were investigated at post mortem (three were conducted in Scotland, two in Wales and one in England - Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 cause of death was established in five examined individuals (83% of examined cases), of which three died as a consequence of live-stranding, one from a generalised bacterial infection and one from old age (Table 8 and Appendix 3).

An increase in pilot whale strandings in the UK was noted in 2008 and was associated with increases in the number of reported strandings of other deep-diving cetacean species in Scotland, Wales (and Ireland) between mid-January and April 2008. The cause(s) of this increased number of strandings of these deep-diving cetaceans was not established (Section 4.1, Dolman et al 2010).

Figure 19 Distribution of other Delphinidae Figure 20 Distribution of Balaenopteridae strandings in the UK (2005-2010) strandings in the UK (2005-2010)

5.6 White-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)

Between 2005 and 2010, 70 stranded white-beaked dolphins (16 males, 17 females and 37 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 50 stranded in Scotland, 19 stranded in England and one stranded in Northern Ireland (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the 70 reported white beaked dolphin strandings, 23 were investigated at post mortem (15 were conducted in Scotland and eight in England - Tables 3, 4 and 5). A cause of death was established in 22 examined individuals (96% of examined cases), of which 11 died as a consequence of live- stranding, three from starvation, two were diagnosed as by-catches, one died as a result of meningoencephalitis, one was an aborted foetus, one neonate died of starvation, one died as a result of a parasitic and mycotic pneumonia, one from a disseminate fungal ear infection and one from laryngeal displacement following ingestion of prey (Table 8 and Appendix 3).

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On 22nd July 2009 a mass stranding event involving five white beaked dolphins (thought to be three adults and two juveniles, all of unknown sex) occurred in Scotven Bay, North Uist, Scotland. The stranded animals were refloated by local residents and members of BDMLR, SSPCA and local fire brigade, but the all five were subsequently found dead stranded in an adjacent bay.

5.7 Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)

Between 2005 and 2010, 55 stranded striped dolphins (22 males, 17 females and 16 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 23 stranded in Scotland, 18 stranded in England, ten stranded in Wales and four stranded in Northern Ireland (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the 55 reported striped dolphin strandings, 23 were investigated at post mortem (12 were conducted in England, six in Scotland, four in Wales and one in Northern Ireland - Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). A cause of death was established in 22 examined individuals (96% of examined cases), of which eight died as a consequence of live-stranding, five from starvation, three of meningoencephalitis, two were diagnosed as by-catches, one died from a heavy gastric parasite burden, one from a generalised bacterial infection, one from a bacterial pneumonia and one as a result of hydrocephalus (Table 8 and Appendix 3).

5.8 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Between 2005 and 2010, 52 stranded bottlenose dolphins (19 males, 17 females and 16 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 18 stranded in Scotland, 16 stranded in Wales, 15 stranded in England, two stranded in Northern Ireland and one stranded in the Channel Islands (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the 52 reported bottlenose dolphin strandings, 18 were investigated at post mortem (eight were conducted in England, six in Scotland and four in Wales - Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was found in 12 examined individuals (67% of examined cases), of which three died as a result of parasitic pneumonia, two were diagnosed as by-catches, two died from generalised bacterial infections, one of starvation, one was a neonatal death and one died as a result of a spinal abnormality (Table 8 and Appendix 3).

5.9 Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)

Between 2005 and 2010, 45 stranded Risso’s dolphins (seven males, eight females and 30 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 35 stranded in Scotland, five stranded in England, two stranded in Wales, one stranded in Northern Ireland, one stranded in the Isle of Man and one stranded in the Channel Islands (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the 45 reported Risso’s dolphin strandings, nine were investigated at post mortem (five were conducted in Scotland, two in England and two in Wales - Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was established in all nine examined individuals, of which three died as a consequence of live- stranding, two from starvation, one was diagnosed as a by-catch, one died as a result of dystocia, one neonate starved and one died as a result of gas embolism (Table 8 and Appendix 3). Images of the gas embolism case can be seen below and are also described in the gas embolism section of the report (Plates 5 and 6 and Section 8.2).

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Plate 5 Risso’s dolphin (SW2009/301) stranded at Plate 6 Massively enlarged spleen of Risso’s dolphin Cemlyn, Anglesey, Wales (credit CSIP/MEM (SW2009/301) showing diffuse and severe gas cavitation (credit CSIP/MEM)

Figure 21 Distribution of Physeteridae and Figure 22 Distribution of Ziphidae strandings in Kogiidae strandings in the UK (2005-2010 the UK (2005-2010

5.10 Sperm whale (Physeter catodon)

Between 2005 and 2010, 29 stranded sperm whales (16 males and 13 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 21 stranded in Scotland and eight stranded in England (Table 1 and Figure 21). Of the 29 reported sperm whale strandings, four were investigated at post mortem (two were conducted in England and two in Scotland - Tables 3, 4 and 5). A cause of

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 death was established in all four examined individuals, of which three died as a consequence of live-stranding and one died of starvation (Table 8 and Appendix 3).

5.11 Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris)

Between 2005 and 2010, 23 Scottish stranded Cuvier’s beaked whales (four males, four females and 15 of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP (Table 1 and Figure 22). Of the 23 reported Cuvier’s beaked whale strandings, one was investigated at post mortem (Tables 3 and 5) and a cause of death could not be established (Table 8 and Appendix 3). An increase in Cuvier’s beaked whale strandings was noted in 2008 and was associated with increases in the number of reported strandings of other deep-diving cetacean species in Scotland, Wales (and Ireland) between mid-January and April 2008. The progressively deteriorating condition of most of these stranded carcasses over time suggested that many may have died at a similar point in time and possibly from a similar cause. Largely due to the severe degree of decomposition, however, it was not possible to establish a cause (or causes) of this unusual mortality event (Dolman et al 2010).

5.12 Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)

Between 2005 and 2010, 22 stranded northern bottlenose whales (ten males, six females and six of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 15 stranded in Scotland, six stranded in England and one stranded in Wales (Table 1 and Figure 22). Of the 22 reported northern bottlenose whale strandings, 12 were investigated at post mortem (six were conducted in Scotland, five in England and one in Wales - Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6). A cause of death was established in ten examined individuals (83% of examined cases), of which eight died as a consequence of live-stranding, one of meningoencephalitis and one of starvation (Table 8 and Appendix 3). A northern bottlenose whale swam up the River Thames on 19th January 2006, leading to one of the highest profile stranding events ever seen in the UK (Plate 7). Despite an extensive operation to rescue the stranded whale, involving members of British Divers Marine Life Rescue, Port of London Authority and a CSIP veterinary team, the whale died whilst being transported down the Thames to deeper water (Plate 8).

Plate 7 The ‘Thames whale’ (SW2006/40) stranded Plate 8 Post-mortem examination of the ‘Thames near the Albert Bridge, River Thames (credit whale’ (SW2006/40) at a PoLA facility, Gravesend CSIP/ZSL) (credit CSIP/MEM)

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5.13 Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens)

Between 2005 and 2010, 19 stranded Sowerby’s beaked whales (eight males, seven females and four of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, 12 stranded in Scotland, six stranded in England and one stranded in Wales (Table 1 and Figure 22). Of the 19 reported Sowerby’s beaked whale strandings, seven were investigated at post mortem (five were conducted in Scotland and two in England - Tables 3, 4 and 5). A cause of death was established in seven examined individuals, of which four died as a consequence of live- stranding, one from physical trauma of unknown origin, one from starvation and one of meningoencephalitis (Table 8 and Appendix 3). A Sowerby’s beaked whale found stranded at Seasalter, Kent on 22nd July 2010 was linked with a previous stranding event in the Netherlands, following communication with colleagues from the Dutch strandings network. Examination of YouTube footage, enabled identification of this animal as one that had live stranded four days earlier at Egmond aan Zee in the Netherlands and was refloated by members of the public (Plate 9).

Plate 9 Sowerby’s beaked whale (SW2010/218) found stranded in Kent (top panel, credit CSIP/ZSL). Bottom panel shows a screengrab from YouTube of a live stranded Sowerby’s beaked whale stranded at Egmond aan Zee in the Netherlands four days earlier. Marks of comparison which enabled identification are shown highlighted.

5.14 Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)

Between 2005 and 2010, 11 stranded fin whales (three males, three females and five of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, seven stranded in England and four stranded in Scotland (Table 1 and Figure 20). Of the 11 reported fin whale strandings, a single Scottish stranded individual was investigated at post mortem (Tables 3 and 5). The cause of death was given as probable entanglement (Table 8 and Appendix 3).

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5.15 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)

Between 2005 and 2010, ten stranded humpback whales (four males, one female and five of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, six stranded in England, three stranded in Scotland and one stranded in Wales (Table 1 and Figure 20). Of the ten reported humpback whale strandings, two were investigated at post mortem (one was conducted in England and one in Wales - Tables 3, 4 and 6). Starvation was established as the cause of death in both individuals (Table 8 and Appendix 3). Interestingly, no UK strandings of humpback whales were recorded in the first decade of study (1991-2000), but during the last decade (2001-2010), 14 strandings were recorded on UK shores (CSIP database). This mirrors the decision by the IUCN in 2008 to downgrade the humpback whale from Endangered to Least Concern, as some populations recovered following the cessation of commercial whaling in 1986 (http://cms.iucn.org/index.cfm?uNewsID=1413).

Plate 10 Humpback whale (SW2009/296) stranded in the river Thames, London, England (credit CSIP/ZSL)

5.16 Killer whale (Orcinus orca)

Between 2005 and 2010, five stranded killer whale (two males, one female and two of unknown sex) were reported to the CSIP. Of these, four stranded in Scotland and one stranded in England (Table 1 and Figure 19). Of the five reported killer whale strandings, none were investigated at post mortem.

5.17 Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps)

Between 2005 and 2010, a single Scottish stranded pygmy sperm whale of unknown sex was reported to the CSIP (Table 1 and Figure 21). The stranding was not investigated at post- mortem.

5.18 Indeterminate species

Once decomposition or scavenging has destroyed identifiable external characteristics, distinguishing between morphologically similar species (such as short-beaked common dolphins 38

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 and striped dolphins) can be difficult. Consequently, between 2005 and 2010 there were 401 strandings of cetaceans that were too decomposed, incomplete or inaccessible to enable either accurate identification or retrieval for further investigation at post mortem (Tables 1 and 2). These consisted of 164 indeterminate cetaceans, 123 indeterminate dolphin species, 66 indeterminate odontocetes, 26 short beaked common dolphins/striped dolphins, seven indeterminate Lagenorhynchus species, seven indeterminate mysticetes, six indeterminate baleen whale species and two indeterminate beaked whale species. Figure 10 shows that there has been a general reduction in the number of recorded strandings of cetacean species of indeterminate identity in most regions of the UK over the six year period 2005-2010. This is probably largely consequential to the reduction in overall stranding numbers recorded over this period but also reflects efforts to improve verification of strandings by the CSIP through a variety of means (e.g. increased volunteer use, digital photography etc). There has also been an increase in information quality in the south-west, due to the efforts of the volunteer network in Cornwall, the Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network (http://www.cwtstrandings.org/).

5.19 Marine turtles

Between 2005 and 2010, 76 UK stranded marine turtles were reported to Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM)4, the UK and Republic of Ireland co-ordinator for marine turtle strandings (www.strandings.com). The 76 reports consisted of 42 strandings of loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), 26 strandings of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), four strandings of Kemp’s ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) and four strandings of unidentified marine turtle species. Broadly comparable numbers of marine turtles were reported to MEM each year, apart from an increase in stranded loggerhead turtles recorded in 2008 (Figure 23). This was considered to be the result of “prolonged strong south-westerly winds during January and February” (Penrose and Gander 2009). Of the 42 loggerhead turtles, 15 were found stranded in England, 14 in Wales and 13 in Scotland. Of the 26 leatherback turtles, 14 were found stranded in England, six in Scotland, five in Wales and one in Northern Ireland. Of the four Kemp’s ridley turtles, two were found stranded in England, one in Scotland and one in Wales. Of the four unidentified marine turtles, two were found stranded in Wales, one in England and one in Scotland (Table 2 and Figure 24). Fifteen of the stranded loggerhead turtles, three of the Kemp’s ridley turtles and one leatherback turtle were known to have stranded alive. Of these, ten subsequently died (seven loggerhead turtles, two Kemp’s ridley and the leatherback turtle), one loggerhead turtle was placed back in the sea by members of public and seven loggerhead and one Kemp’s ridley turtle were taken to rehabilitation centres. Of the rehabilitated animals, five loggerhead turtles and one Kemp’s ridley turtle have been released in the Canaries and North Carolina respectively, where environmental conditions are more appropriate for hardshell species of marine turtle. Of the 76 reported marine turtles, 22 were investigated at post mortem (nine were conducted in Wales, eight in England, four in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland- Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). A cause of death was established in 17 individuals (77% of examined cases), of which 14 died as a result of being cold stunned, one from a generalised bacterial infection, one from physical trauma of unknown origin and one of pneumonia of unknown aetiology (Table 8 and Appendix 3).

5.20 Basking sharks

Twenty seven UK stranded basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus) were reported to the CSIP between 2005 and 2010. Of the 27 reported basking sharks, 14 were found stranded in England, 12 in Scotland and one in Wales (Table 2 and Figure 25). Of the 27 reported basking shark

4 Marine turtle stranding information in this section and in Table 2 is provided courtesy of Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM).

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 strandings, three were investigated at post mortem (two in Scotland and one in England - Tables 3, 4 and 5). Of these, one was found to have died as a consequence of live-stranding, one from a generalised bacterial infection and one from a meningoencephalitis (Table 8 and Appendix 3).

Plate 11 Leatherback turtle (T2008/19) found floating dead in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland 22nd February 2008 (image credit Gary Burrows/NIEA)

15 Loggerhead turtles Leatherback turtles

Number Others 10

0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

Figure 23 Annual numbers of UK reported marine turtles (2001-2010)

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Plate 12 Basking shark (SBS2009/3) stranded at Sennen Cove, Cornwall (image credit Rory Goodall, CWTMSN)

Figure 24 Distribution of marine turtle strandings Figure 25 Distribution of basking shark in the UK (2005-2010) strandings in the UK (2005-2010)

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6 Post mortem investigations and cause of death data (2005-2010)

Table 3 Post-mortem investigations conducted on UK stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks (2005-2010)

Species Number Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 478 Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 129 Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) 28 Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 23 White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) 23 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 18 Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) 12 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) 11 Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) 9 Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens) 7 Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) 6 Sperm whale (Physeter catodon) 4 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 2 Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) 1 Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 1

Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) 18 Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 3 Kemp’s ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) 1 Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) 3

Total 777

NB Two porpoises examined at post-mortem in the Isle of Man (one each in 2005 and 2006) are not shown in the above table

Table 4 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks in England (2005-2010)

Species Number Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 161 Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 99 Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 12 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 8 White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) 8 Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) 5 Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) 4 Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) 2 Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens) 2 Sperm whale (Physeter catodon) 2 Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) 1 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) 1 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 1

Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) 7 Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 1 Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) 1

Total 315

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Table 5 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks in Scotland (2005-2010)

Species Number Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 200 Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 14 Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) 24 White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) 15 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) 8 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 6 Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 6 Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) 6 Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) 5 Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens) 5 Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) 3 Sperm whale (Physeter catodon) 2 Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) 1 Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 1

Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) 3 Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 1 Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) 2

Total 302

Table 6 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans and marine turtles in Wales (2005-2010)

Species Number Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 113 Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 16 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 4 Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 4 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) 2 Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) 2 Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) 2 Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) 1 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 1

Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) 8 Kemp’s ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) 1

Total 154

Table 7 Post-mortem investigations conducted on stranded cetaceans and marine turtles in Northern Ireland (2005-2010)

Species Number Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 2 Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 1

Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 1

Total 4

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Table 8 Causes of death of cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks examined at post mortem in the UK (2005-2010)

Species Cause of death category No. Harbour porpoise Starvation 85 Bottlenose Dolphin Attack 79 By-catch 71 Pneumonia, Parasitic 48 Starvation (neonate) 32 Live Stranding 28 Physical trauma (unidentified cause) 22 Gastritis &/or Enteritis 21 Generalised Bacterial Infection 19 Pneumonia, Parasitic and Bacterial 17 Dystocia &/or Stillborn 7 Others 6 Pneumonia, Parasitic and Mycotic 5 By-catch (known) 4 Physical Trauma, Boat/Ship Strike 4 Pneumonia, Bacterial 2 (Meningo)encephalitis 2 Generalised Mycotic Infection 2 Pneumonia, Bacterial and Mycotic 1 Pneumonia, Mycotic 1 Pneumonia, Unknown Aetiology 1 Not Established 21

Short-beaked common dolphin By-catch 46 Live Stranding 37 Starvation 10 (Meningo)encephalitis 6 Physical Trauma (unidentified cause) 4 Gastritis &/or Enteritis 4 Others 4 Physical Trauma, Boat/Ship Strike 3 Generalised Bacterial Infection 2 By-catch (known) 1 Starvation (neonate) 1 Not Established 11

Atlantic white-sided dolphin Live Stranding 14 Generalised Bacterial Infection 7 (Meningo) encephalitis 4 Starvation 2 Others 1

Striped dolphin Live Stranding 8 Starvation 5 (Meningo)encephalitis 3 By-catch 2 Gastritis &/or Enteritis 1 Generalised Bacterial Infection 1 Pneumonia, Bacterial 1 Others 1 Not Established 1

White-beaked dolphin Live Stranding 11 Starvation 3 By-catch 2 Others 2 (Meningo) encephalitis 1 Dystocia &/or Stillborn 1 Starvation (neonate) 1 Pneumonia, Parasitic and Mycotic 1 Not Established 1

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Species Cause of death category No. Bottlenose dolphin Pneumonia, Parasitic 3 By-catch 2 Generalised Bacterial Infection 2 Neonatal death 1 Starvation 1 Others 1 Not Established 8

Northern bottlenose whale Live Stranding 8 (Meningo) encephalitis 1 Starvation 1 Not Established 2

Minke whale Entanglement 3 Live Stranding 3 Starvation 2 Physical Trauma, Boat/Ship Strike 1 Not Established 2

Risso’s dolphin Live Stranding 3 Starvation 2 By-catch 1 Gas Embolism 1 Dystocia &/or Stillborn 1 Starvation (neonate) 1

Sowerby’s beaked whale Live Stranding 4 Physical Trauma (unidentified cause) 1 Starvation 1 (Meningo) encephalitis 1

Long-finned pilot whale Live Stranding 3 Generalised Bacterial Infection 1 Others 1 Not Established 1

Sperm whale Live Stranding 3 Starvation 1

Humpback whale Starvation 2

Cuvier’s beaked whale Not Established 1

Fin whale Entanglement 1

Loggerhead turtle Cold Stunned 13 Generalised Bacterial Infection 1 Pneumonia, Unknown Aetiology 1 Not Established 3

Leatherback turtle Physical Trauma (unidentified cause) 1 Not Established 2

Kemp’s ridley turtle Cold Stunned 1

Basking shark Live Stranding 1 (Meningo) encephalitis 1 Generalised Bacterial Infection 1

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6.1 Spatial distribution of cetacean cause of death categories (2005-2010)

Figure 26 Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 2005-2010 and diagnosed to have died as a result of; a) infectious disease (n=163); b) starvation (n=149, includes 34 neonates); c) by-catch (n=124); d) live stranding (n=122); e) violent interactions with bottlenose dolphins (n=79)

Key

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Key

Spatial distributions of the five main cause of death categories (infectious disease, starvation, by-catch, live-stranding and attack from bottlenose dolphins) for 2005-2010 are given in the preceding figures (Figures 26a-26d).

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7 Trends in selected causes of death (1991-2010)

The following section describes trends in five of the most common cause of death categories in the 2756 stranded cetaceans examined at post-mortem by the CSIP during the 20 year period 1991-2010. Data from 1990 has been excluded from this analysis, as funding for post-mortem examinations began in September 1990, giving an incomplete year of data. Known by-caught animals have also been excluded from this section.

7.1 By-catch

Between 1991 and 2010, 596 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died as a result of incidental entanglement in fishing gear (by-catch). Highest numbers were recorded in harbour porpoises (n=292) and short-beaked common dolphins (n=275) examined at post-mortem, although proportionally more of the latter were diagnosed as by-catch (Table 9). The spatial distribution of by-caught animals in the UK is shown in Figure 31a. The inter-annual variation in numbers of by-caught harbour porpoises and short-beaked common dolphins are shown in Figures 27 and 29 respectively, with annual proportions of by-catch given in Figures 28 and 30 respectively. By- catch has been a consistent finding in each species during the period of study, although numbers and the relative annual proportion appear to have declined slightly in recent years.

7.2 Infectious Disease

Between 1991 and 2010, 496 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died as a result of infectious disease. The highest number of cases was recorded in harbour porpoises (n=397) with much lower numbers in the more pelagic species (Table 9). The spatial distribution of infectious disease cases is shown in Figure 31b. The inter-annual variation in infectious disease in stranded harbour porpoises and short-beaked common dolphins are shown in Figures 27 and 29 respectively, with annual proportions given in Figures 28 and 30 respectively. Infectious disease mortality has been a consistent finding in harbour porpoises during the period of study and an increasing trend in the annual proportion of cases is noted.

7.3 Live stranding

Between 1991 and 2010, 354 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died as a consequence of live stranding (Table 11). The highest number of cases was recorded in short-beaked common dolphins (n=96). Proportionally higher levels were diagnosed in the pelagic/deep diving species, contrasting with proportionally lower levels of live stranding cases seen in the more coastal species like harbour porpoises and bottlenose dolphins (Table 12). The spatial distribution of live stranding cases is shown in Figure 31c. The inter-annual variation in live stranding in stranded harbour porpoises and short-beaked common dolphins are shown in Figures 27 and 29 respectively, with annual proportions given in Figures 28 and 30 respectively. The high number/proportion of live stranded short-beaked common dolphins in 2008 was a result of mortality during the mass stranding event in Cornwall on 9 June 2008 (Jepson and Deaville 2009).

7.4 Starvation

Between 1991 and 2010, 339 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died from starvation (Table 12). Of these, 109 were starved neonates, comprising 103 harbour porpoises, three white- beaked dolphins, two short beaked common dolphins and one Risso’s dolphin. The highest number of cases was recorded in harbour porpoises (n=260) with much lower numbers in the 48

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 more pelagic species (Table 12). The spatial distribution of starvation cases is shown in Figure 31d. The inter-annual variation in diagnosed starvation in stranded harbour porpoises and short- beaked common dolphins are shown in Figures 27 and 29 respectively, with annual proportions given in Figures 28 and 30 respectively. A distinct increasing trend in the annual proportion of stranded harbour porpoises diagnosed to have died from starvation is noted.

7.5 Bottlenose dolphin attack

Between 1991 and 2010, 323 cetaceans were diagnosed to have died following fatal interactions with one or more bottlenose dolphins. Of these, 318 were harbour porpoises and five were neonate bottlenose dolphins (evidence of infanticide). The spatial distribution of these cases is shown in Figure 31e. The inter-annual variation of stranded harbour porpoises diagnosed as bottlenose dolphin attack cases is shown in Figure 27, with annual proportions given in Figure 28. A slight increasing trend over the 1991-2010 period is noted.

Table 9 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed as by-catch (1991-2010)

Species Number PMEs Proportion Harbour porpoise 292 1692 17% Short-beaked common dolphin 275 537 51% Striped dolphin 8 110 7% White-beaked dolphin 7 84 8% Risso's dolphin 6 35 17% Bottlenose dolphin 4 63 6% Atlantic white-sided dolphin 3 84 4% Long-finned pilot whale 1 33 3% Total 596 NB PME’s- post mortem examinations

Table 10 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died as a result of infectious disease (1991-2010)

Species Number PMEs Proportion Harbour porpoise 397 1692 23% Short-beaked common dolphin 35 537 7% Striped dolphin 20 110 18% Atlantic white-sided dolphin 18 84 21% Bottlenose dolphin 8 63 13% Risso's dolphin 4 35 11% Long-finned pilot whale 2 33 6% Killer whale 1 5 20% Northern bottlenose whale 1 15 7% Sowerby's beaked whale 1 23 4% White-beaked dolphin 9 84 11% Total 496 NB PME’s- post mortem examinations

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Table 11 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died as a consequence of live stranding (1991- 2010)

Species Number PMEs Proportion Short-beaked common dolphin 96 537 18% Harbour porpoise 63 1692 4% Atlantic white-sided dolphin 45 84 54% Striped dolphin 37 110 34% White-beaked dolphin 27 84 32% Long-finned pilot whale 22 33 67% Sowerby's beaked whale 17 23 74% Sperm whale 14 17 82% Northern bottlenose whale 10 15 67% Minke whale 7 43 16% Bottlenose dolphin 5 63 8% Risso's dolphin 5 35 14% Pygmy sperm whale 3 4 75% Fin whale 2 5 40% Killer whale 1 5 20% Total 354 NB PME’s- post mortem examinations

Table 12 UK stranded cetaceans diagnosed to have died from starvation (1991-2010)

Species Number PMEs Proportion Harbour porpoise 260 1692 15% Short-beaked common dolphin 21 537 4% Atlantic white-sided dolphin 12 84 14% Striped dolphin 12 110 11% White-beaked dolphin 11 84 13% Minke whale 6 43 14% Risso's dolphin 5 35 14% Humpback whale 3 3 100% Bottlenose dolphin 2 63 3% Killer whale 2 5 40% Long-finned pilot whale 1 33 3% Sperm whale 1 17 6% Cuvier's beaked whale 1 2 50% Northern bottlenose whale 1 15 7% Sowerby's beaked whale 1 23 4% Total 339 NB PME’s- post mortem examinations

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180

160

140

120 Others Live Stranding 100 BND kills Starvation

Number 80 Infectious Disease 60 Bycatch

1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 8 0 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 1 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 1992 1 1994 1 1996 1 1998 1 2000 2001 2 2003 2 2005 2 2007 2 2009 2 Year

Figure 27 Inter-annual variation in main cause of death categories in UK stranded harbour porpoises examined at post-mortem (1991-2010)

100%

90%

80%

70% Others 60% Live Stranding BND kills 50% Starvation

Proportion 40% Infectious Disease Bycatch 30%

20%

10%

1 3 5 5 7 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 9 9 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 1997 1999 2001 2003 2 2 2 Year

Figure 28 Annual proportions of main cause of death categories in UK stranded harbour porpoises examined at post-mortem (1991-2010)

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30 Others Live Stranding 25 Starvation

Number Infectious Disease 20 Bycatch 15

1 4 6 8 0 2 3 5 7 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1992 1993 1 1995 1 1997 1 1999 2 2001 2 2 2004 2 2006 2 2008 2 2010 Year

Figure 29 Inter-annual variation in main cause of death categories in UK stranded short-beaked common dolphins examined at post-mortem (1991-2010)

100%

90%

80%

70%

60% Others Live Stranding 50% Starvation Infectious Disease Proportion 40% Bycatch 30%

20%

10%

1 3 5 5 7 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 9 9 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 1997 1999 2001 2003 2 2 2 Year

Figure 30 Annual proportions of main cause of death categories in UK stranded short-beaked common dolphins examined at post-mortem (1991-2010)

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Figure 31 Spatial distribution of cetacean strandings examined at post mortem 1991-2010 and diagnosed to have died as a result of; a) by-catch (n=596); b) infectious disease (n=496); c) live stranding (n=354);

(overleaf) d) starvation (n=339, includes 109 neonates); e) violent interactions with bottlenose dolphins (n=323)

Key

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Key

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8 Specific Research Activity (2005-2010)

The following sections describe collaborative research activity conducted during the period of this report.

8. 1 Research on pollutant exposure and potential toxic effects

Introduction Many cetaceans are exposed to a variety of anthropogenic contaminants mainly through their diet. Top predators are at particular risk from biomagnification of contaminants through the food chain. Most research has focussed on the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their greater abundance and likely toxicity. This group of chemicals includes the organohalogenated compounds (such as the polychlorinated biphenyls - PCBs), the dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), chlordane, toxaphene, the cyclodienes (such as aldrin and dieldrin), and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs). The main significance of these compounds for marine mammals is that:

• they are highly lipophilic and hydrophobic. • they bioaccumulate sometimes to high concentrations in lipid-rich tissues like marine mammal blubber. • they are present as many different isomers and congeners, and comprise hundreds of different chemical formulations which may have different behaviours and toxicities. • they are chemically very stable and persistent, many compounds being resistant to metabolic degradation. • they have reproductive and immunosuppressive effects, and many are ‘endocrine disrupters’ - acting as hormone agonists or antagonists. • animals are exposed to complex mixtures of compounds that may have additive or synergistic effects on various target organs and systems.

Many factors can affect the occurrence and distribution of POPs in marine mammals including diet, foraging strategy, age, species, sex, and nutritional condition (Aguilar et al. 1999). This is particularly the case for animals that do not feed during the breeding season and adult females that can offload a large proportion of their contaminant burdens to their offspring (Debier et al. 2003).

The production of PCBs and DDTs has been limited or completely banned since 1970s in most developed countries (1981 for full PCBs ban in the UK). Nearly 97% of the historical use of PCBs was estimated to have occurred in the Northern Hemisphere (Breivik et al. 2007) and only 30% of the produced PCBs have dispersed in the environment (Tanabe et al., 1988). PCBs have an environmental half-life of 20–40 years but are declining only very slowly in most ecosystems globally (Erickson, 1986). Several factors including improper storage, accidental release, inadequate disposal and ongoing use in materials and products contribute to its continuing presence in the environment (Tanabe et al., 1994; Aguilar et al., 2002; Breivik et al., 2007). Predictions of global trends in PCBs suggest that PCB levels will not decline until around 2050 onwards (Breivik et al. 2007). The use of PCBs was banned progressively from open and closed uses in the UK, beginning in 1981.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) comprise three technical products, known as the penta-mix, octa-mix and deca-mix formulations, of different degrees of bromination. The 55

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 structure of PBDEs is similar to that of PCBs, and 209 congeners are possible in both cases. The penta- and octa-mix products were withdrawn from the European market prior to August 2004 and the deca-mix product was banned from use in electrical and electronic goods within the EU from July 2008. Newer POPs such as the polybrominated diethylethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) used as flame retardants are now found in the blubber of seals and cetaceans from UK and other waters raising concerns about their potential for toxic effects (Allchin et al. 1999). HBCD has been subject to an EU risk assessment of continued production and use, and currently no restrictions have been placed upon that compound. The deca-product mixture is still in use, whilst the penta and octa- mixtures containing the lower brominated compounds (de Wit 2002) have been banned in Europe.

UK contaminant exposure trends and health effects

Methods Analyses of chemical contaminants in blubber/liver samples from UK stranded cetaceans were conducted using internationally standardised methodologies (e.g. Law et al 2006c; Law et al 2010a; Law et al 2010b) The results of these temporal trend assessments have been published in the scientific literature (Law et al. 2008a; Law et al. 2010a; Law et al. 2010b). In studying possible time-trends for CBs, data were available for harbour porpoises (n=440) (Figure 1), bottlenose dolphins (n=15) (Figure 2) and killer whales (n=5) during 1991-2005. In this case, the same suite of 25 CB congeners (Σ25CBs) was determined throughout the study period, comprising CB18, CB28, CB31, CB44, CB47, CB49, CB52, CB66, CB101, CB105, CB110, CB118, CB128, CB138, CB141, CB149, CB151, CB153, CB156, CB158, CB170, CB180, CB183, CB187 and CB194 (Law 2006).

Results This study showed Σ25CBs concentrations in UK harbour porpoises are declining only slowly in the 1990s and levelled off in the 2000s as a result of a ban on the use of PCBs which began more than two decades ago (Law et al 2010a). This decline was much slower than that observed for organochlorine (OC) pesticides (such as DDTs and dieldrin). There are also regional differences in PCBs and OC pesticide levels within UK waters (lower levels in Scotland, Figure 32), possibly reflecting differences in diffuse inputs and transfer between regions, e.g. via the atmosphere.

A similar decline in PCB levels was found in a group of common dolphins that mass stranded in the UK in 2008, as compared to levels of stranded common dolphins in the same geographic region from the early 1990s (Jepson and Deaville 2009). The reason for the slow decline in PCB levels is likely due to both continuing diffuse inputs (e.g. from PCB-containing materials in storage and in landfills where these were disposed of prior to the more stringent requirements for such sites being enacted) and to the substantial reservoir of PCBs already in the marine environment. Further efforts to limit or eliminate PCB discharges to the marine environment are still needed.

PCB exposure data also exist for UK-stranded bottlenose dolphins (n=15) and killer whales (n=5) for the same period (1991-2005). The mean level for PCBs in UK-stranded bottlenose dolphins was almost 100,000ng/g lipid weight (Jepson et al 2008) and 225,000ng/g lipid weight for the killer whales (Law 2006c; CEFAS unpublished data). Although these data are from stranded animals, they show that PCB exposures are similar or greater than levels in biopsied bottlenose dolphins in the SW Atlantic such as Indian River Lagoon (Florida, US), Sarasota Bay 56

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(Florida, US) and Charleston (North Carolina, US) (Schwacke et al 2002; Wells et al 2005; Hall et al 2006b; Fair et al 2010). PCB blubber levels in UK-stranded killer whales are also similar to the very highest PCB levels recorded in adult transient male killer whales blubber in British Columbia, Canada (Ross et al 2000; McHugh et al. 2007).

Figure 32 Sum 25 PCB congeners in UK stranded harbour porpoises (1989-2005, Kernel smoothed density gradient)

One particular flame retardant, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was found at relative high levels in the blubber of harbour porpoise stranded along the Irish Sea coast, where levels were an order of magnitude higher (~3 µg g-1 lipid) than elsewhere except the north-west coast of Scotland where levels were ~5 µg/g lipid (Zegers et al. 2005). In the period 1994-2003, a sharp increase in concentrations of HBCD in porpoise blubber from about 2001 onwards was also reported in UK- stranded harbour porpoises (Law et al. 2006a). The maximum HBCD concentrations observed was 21.4 mgkg-1 lipid wt in a porpoise which died in 2003. A further study of UK-stranded harbour porpoises (n=223) showed a statistically significant decrease in HBCD levels between 2003 and 2004 that continued to 2006 (Law et al. 2008a). Possible contributory factors to the observed decrease include the closure in 2003 of an HBCD manufacturing plant in NE England which had considerable emissions up to 2003, and the closure in 2002 of a plant in NW England using HBCD in the manufacture of expanded polystyrene. Two voluntary schemes intended to reduce emissions of HBCD to the environment from industry may also have had some impact, though they did not, however, formally begin until 2006.

For the investigation of PBDE time-trends, data were available for 415 porpoises necropsied between 1992 and 2008. Nine congeners were determined throughout and the sum of the concentrations of these was used for the time-trend assessment. The congeners were: BDE28, BDE47, BDE66, BDE85, BDE99, BDE100, BDE138, BDE153 and BDE154. The maximum summed PBDE concentration observed was 15.7 mgkg-1 lipid wt in an animal which died in 1993. The analysis indicates that the median concentrations peaked around 1998, and have 57

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 reduced by between 55% and 76% in 2008. The best point estimate is 66% (p < 0.001). This finding was not confounded by a range of other factors which were also considered (area, season, nutritional status, by-caught/stranded and age class) (Law et al 2010b). The PBDE congeners found in UK marine mammals arise primarily from the penta-mix PBDE product, which was banned in the EU in 2004, but this ban was widely foreseen and it is likely that removal of the product from the market and a switch to alternatives had begun before that date.

Perfluorinated organochemicals Perfluorinated organic compounds are widely used in the manufacture of plastics, electronics, textile and construction materials in the garment, leather and upholstery industries. Recent studies have also found perfluorinated organochemicals (FOCs) in the tissues of marine mammals. In UK waters, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) concentrations from <16 to 2420 ng/g wet weight were detected in harbour porpoise livers but perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels were not detected (Law et al. 2008b)

Figure 33. Ln Σ25CB (the natural logarithm of the sum of 25 PCB congeners determined) concentrations on a lipid basis by year for 440 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in the UK from 1991-2005 (based on Law et al. 2010a).

Conclusions Potential effects of PCBs in individual harbour porpoises in European waters have been identified including immunosuppression (Beineke et al 2005) and mortality due to infectious disease (Jepson et al 2005; Hall et al 2006a). Similar or even higher PCB levels have been recorded in stranded bottlenose dolphins and killer whales in UK waters (Jepson et al 2008, ICES 2010). These PCB levels greatly exceed those associated with infectious disease mortality in case-control studies on UK-stranded harbour porpoises (Jepson et al 2005; Hall et al 2006a). It is difficult to obtain sufficient samples sizes to conduct case-control studies in bottlenose dolphins or killer whales, partly because stranding rates of both these species are low. There are only a few north-east Atlantic regions where bottlenose dolphin or killer whale

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 population estimates are sufficiently robust to detect small population level changes that might be attributed to contaminants or other drivers.

Although there is a scarcity of data on PCB levels from stranded or biopsied killer whales, the few studies that have been conducted show extremely high levels in killer whales in North-east Atlantic, Arctic waters (Law 2006c, McHugh et al. 2007, Wolkers et al. 2007) and British Columbia, Canada (Ross et al. 2000), which typically exceed proposed thresholds for PCB toxicity (Kannan et al 2000; Jepson et al 2005). Most killer whale populations that have been assessed for abundance and population trends (mainly in the Pacific) are stable or declining (e.g. COSEWIC 2008). PCB levels in killer whales in North-east Atlantic are likely to exceed levels in conspecifics in the Pacific (ICES 2010) and any population level declines in killer whales in the NE Atlantic region are unlikely to be detected by current abundance survey efforts.

160 n=15 140

120

100

60 n=182

40 n=276

20 mean summed 25CBs (mg/kg 25CBs lipid summed mean wt) 0 Trauma Inf. Disease Bottlenose dolphin 25Harbour porpoise 90 2

Figure 34. Comparison of mean summed 25CBs concentrations in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (trauma and infectious disease cases) and bottlenose dolphins (1991-2005). Bars=2SE. Taken from 2010 annual report for ICES Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (ICES 2010).

Given the concerns about high PCB levels, ASCOBANS funded IoZ to co-ordinate a project to assess PCB exposure in stranded bottlenose dolphins in European waters (Project ref: SSFA/ASCOBANS/2010/3). The final report to the ASCOBANS Secretariat on this project is due in July 2012.

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8. 2 Gas and fat embolic lesions (1990-2010)

In the UK, 14/2897 stranded or by-caught cetaceans necropsied between 1990 and 2010 had acute or acute and chronic gas embolic lesions comprising 5/553 short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), 5/36 Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), 2/1812 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), 1/23 Sowerby’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon bidens) and 1/1 Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). Some of these cases have been published previously (Jepson et al 2003; Jepson et al 2005). The most striking lesions in these cases were gas-filled fibrous cavitary lesions (0.2-6.0 cm diameter) in the liver in common dolphins (n=5), Risso’s dolphins (n=5), harbour porpoises (n=2) and the Blainville’s beaked whale and massive gas distension of the spleen in Risso’s dolphin (n=1, Plates 6). Histopathological examination showed acute lesions such as haemorrhage, fibrin thrombi and acute coagulative necrosis associated with intra-vascular gas bubbles (typically 50-750 μm diameter) and chronic lesions such as variable degrees of peri-cavitary fibrosis.

Multiple mass stranding events (MSEs) predominantly involving beaked whales have been linked to naval exercises (using high-intensity mid-frequency sonars) (Frantzis 1998; Jepson et al 2003; Cox et al 2006; Tyack et al 2011). In the Canary Islands, Spain in 2002 a beaked whale MSE linked to mid-frequency naval sonar had acute micro-haemorrhages in widely disseminated lipid-rich tissues and appearance of gas and fat emboli (Jepson et al 2003; Fernandez et al 2005). Fat emboli were also determined in both UK and Spanish cases by Oil- Red-O and osmium post-fixation techniques (Jepson et al 2003; Fernandez et al 2005). A type of cetacean decompression sickness has been proposed as the most likely pathogenetic mechanism for gas and fat emboli formation, possibly involving acoustically-induced behavioural changes to dive profiles causing excessive nitrogen supersaturation in tissues on ascent (Jepson et al 2003; Fernandez et al 2005; Jepson et al 2005). Acute and chronic gas and fat embolic lesions likely represent different stages of the same pathogenetic mechanism and may share similar causal or contributory factors. Further research is ongoing to improve detection of gas and fat emboli in stranded cetaceans and to investigate the gaseous constituents of bubbles.

8.3 Summary of additional (peer reviewed) research activity 2005-2011

Collaborative research activity has resulted in a range of additional peer-reviewed scientific publications between 2005 and 2010 (listed in Section 9.1). Some of these publications are summarised here.

Anatomy Teeth samples from the CSIP archive have enabled studies of the dentine in cetacean teeth (used for age determination of animals) (Luque et al 2009a; Luque et al 2009b). Cetacean samples from CSIP have also contributed to studies on the evolution of asymmetry in cetacean skulls (MacLeod et al 2007) and genetic research on the evolutionary development of the cetacean flipper (Wang et al 2009).

Distribution, Abundance and Population Structure Data and tissue samples from the UK CSIP were utilized in two studies of stable isotopes in sperm whale teeth and correlated with spatial distribution and sex (Mendes et al 2007a) and trophic level (Mendes et al 2007b). A study of killer whales including samples from the UK

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 highlighted genetic variation between NE Atlantic killer whale populations (Foote et al 2010). A second study showed ecological, morphological and genetic divergence of sympatric North Atlantic killer whale populations (Foote et al 2009). In common dolphins in NE Atlantic, taxonomic status and geographical cranial variation were investigated (Murphy et al 2006) together with a range of biological parameters for assessing the current status the short-beaked common dolphin (Murphy et al 2009). Over a longer (evolutionary) timescale, the influence of glacial epochs and habitat dependence were investigated on the diversity and phylogeography of a coastal dolphin species (the white-beaked dolphin) (Banguera-Hinestroza et al 2010).

Dietary Studies As in previous years, a range of dietary studies have been conducted at Aberdeen University using samples collected from cetaceans stranded in Scotland. Analyses and identification of prey species from the stomachs of stranded white-beaked dolphins (Canning et al 2008), toothed whales (MacLeod et al 2006), pygmy sperm whales (Santos et al 2006) and striped dolphins (Santos et al 2008). Sandeel abundance in waters around Scotland has also been tentatively linked to starvation cases in stranded harbour porpoises and to the potential effects of climate change, albeit with a very small sample size (MacLeod et al 2007, Thompson et al 2007).

Microbiology Several studies have been conducted on marine mammal Brucellae utilising UK samples and data including a study of Brucella ceti sp. nov. and Brucella pinnipedialis sp. nov. strains that have cetaceans and seals as their preferred hosts (Foster et al 2007). A further study of 295 marine mammal Brucella isolates from different animal and geographic origins identified seven major groups within Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis (Maquart et al 2009). High exposure to, and infection with, Brucella ceti has been shown in eight bottlenose dolphins in South-west England (Davison et al, in press). Brucellosis case reports have also been published for a bottlenose dolphin (Dawson et al 2006), an Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Dagleish et al 2007), a striped dolphin (Davison et al 2009) and a harbour porpoise (Dagleish et al 2008).

A review of monophasic Salmonella group B in cetaceans stranded between 1990-2002 in England and Wales was conducted (Valderrama et al 2008). The organism was only found in harbour porpoises and appeared to be highly host-adapted. The prevalence of a similar host- adapted group B Salmonella enterica was also studied in harbour porpoises from the south- west coast of England (Davison et al 2010). The epidemiological relationship Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) of various origins of the North Sea in the period from 1988 to 2005 (Akineden et al 2007).

Finally, three UK-stranded aspergillosis case reports were reported. These included a fatal mycotic encephalitis in a northern bottlenose whale caused by Aspergillus fumigatus (Dagleish et al 2008), an intracranial granuloma caused by asporogenic Aspergillus fumigatus in a harbour porpoise (Dagleish et al 2006) and aspergillosis in the middle ear of a harbour porpoise (Prahl et al 2010).

Pathology Data and samples from UK stranded cetaceans have contributed to a global review of emerging infectious diseases and the potential influence of environmental stressors (Van Bressem et al 2009a). More specifically, UK strandings and pathology data contributed to a global review of 61

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“tattoo-disease” caused by cetacean pox virus. Within the UK, traumatic injuries consistent with fatal attack from bottlenose dolphins have been reported for harbour porpoises (Ross and Wilson 1996, Jepson and Baker 1998) and as infanticide within bottlenose dolphins in Scotland (Patterson et al 1998). More recently, injuries consistent with potentially lethal attack from bottlenose dolphins have been found in other dolphin species including the striped dolphin, common dolphin and Risso’s dolphin that stranded in southwest England (Barnett et al 2009). A harbour porpoise case report provided the first evidence of true hermaphroditism (ovotestis) in cetacean (Murphy et al 2010a). Following the inclusion of the recording and examination of basking shark strandings within the UK CSIP remit in 2007, a case report describing a pyogranulomatous meningoencephalitis in a Scottish stranded basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) has now been published (Dagleish et al 2010).

Potential impacts of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans The discovery of acute and chronic gas and fat embolic pathology in cetaceans, including in a mass stranding of beaked whales in the Canary Islands in 2002 linked to a military exercise using mid-frequency active sonar, has challenged the conventional wisdom about adaptations of some deep-diving species of marine mammals, including the avoidance of hyperbaric conditions like decompression sickness (DCS) or “the bends” (Jepson et al. 2003; Fernandez et al. 2005). The findings also suggest a potential new mechanism for the phenomenon of mass cetacean strandings (mainly involving beaked whales) that potentially involves an acoustically- induced behavioural change to dive profiles causing excessive tissue nitrogen supersaturation leading to a DCS-like condition (Jepson et al. 2003; Fernandez et al. 2005). The single-stranded cases of acute and chronic gas and fat embolism in UK-stranded cetaceans provide definitive evidence of gas embolic pathology in cetaceans and are described elsewhere in this report (see also Jepson et al. 2005b). The potential mechanistic role of gas and fat embolism in beaked whale mass strandings has gained additional scientific support (Cox et al 2006; Rommel et al. 2006) but further research is needed to understand the behavioural, anatomical, physiological, environmental and gas kinetic factors that may underpin the development and persistence of gas emboli in cetaceans.

Theoretical Biology In UK waters harbour porpoises are killed but not eaten by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Using UK strandings data, one study showed that in regions where high levels of bottlenose dolphin attacks on harbour porpoises occur (east coast of Scotland), the porpoises carry significantly less energy reserves than would otherwise be expected. This was estimated to reduce (by approx. 37%) the length of time that a porpoise could survive without feeding. These results provide the first statistical correlation potentially in support of a “mass-dependent starvation–predation risk” trade-off may be a general ecological principle applying to widely different animal types and not just small birds (MacLeod et al 2007).

Toxicology Trends in exposure to some persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been described earlier in this report (Section 8.1). However, additional studies have shown high or very high blubber PCB levels associated with Brucella ceti infection in stranded bottlenose dolphins in south-west England (Davison et al, in press). Statistical associations between high PCB exposure and high parasite burdens have also been found in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (Bull et al 2006). These studies support earlier links between high PCBs and infectious disease mortality in large sample of UK-stranded harbour porpoises (Jepson et al 2005a; Hall et al 2006a).

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Samples from UK-stranded cetaceans have also contributed to pan-European studies of persistent organic pollutant bioaccumulation in female common dolphins and harbour porpoises from western European seas in relation to geographical trends, causal factors and effects on reproduction and mortality (Pierce et al 2008). Samples have also supported the investigation of the biological and ecological factors related to trace element levels in harbour porpoises from European waters (Lahaye et al 2007) and to an assessment of the effect of persistent organic pollutants on reproductive parameters in small cetaceans in the eastern North Atlantic (Murphy et al 2010b). Finally, a pan-European study investigated potential links between thyroid histopathology and environmental factors including chemical pollutants in stranded harbour porpoises (Schnitzler et al 2008).

9 Collaborations and outputs

9.1 Peer-reviewed Scientific Publications (2005 - 2010)

The following 69 publications in peer-reviewed scientific journals have been generated using data or tissue samples derived from the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme between 2005 and 2010. A full list of all publications produced between 1990 and 2010 can be found at http://ukstrandings.org/CSIP_publications.pdf .

• Akineden, Ö. Alber, J., Lämmler, C., Weiss, R., Siebert, U., Foster, G., Tougaard, S., Brasseur, S.M.J.M. and Reijnders, P.J.H. (2007) Epidemiological relationship of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus strains isolated from harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) of various origins of the North Sea in the period from 1988 to 2005. Veterinary Microbiology 121:158-162. • Banguera-Hinestroza, E., Bjorge, A., Reid, R.J., Jepson, P. and Hoelzel, A.R. (2010) The influence of glacial epochs and habitat dependence on the diversity and phylogeography of a coastal dolphin species: Lagenorhynchus albirostris. Conservation Genetics 11: 1823-1836. DOI: 10.1007/s10592-010-0075-y • Barley, J., Foster, G., Reid, R., Dagleish, M., and Howie, F. (2007) Encephalitis in a northern bottlenose whale. Veterinary Record 160:452 (letter). • Barnett, J., Davison, N., Deaville, R, Monies, R., Loveridge, J., Tregenza, N. & Jepson, P.D. (2009) Post mortem evidence of interactions of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) with other dolphin species in south-west England. Veterinary Record 165, 441-444. • Boyd, I., Brownell, B., Cato, D., Clarke, C., Costa, D., Evans, P., Gedanke, J., Gentry, R., Gisiner, B., Gordon, J., Jepson, P., Miller, P., Rendell, L., Tasker, M., Tyack, P., Vos, E., Whitehead, H., Wartzok, D. and Zimmer, W. (2008) The effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals. A draft research strategy. European Science Foundation. Position Paper 13. (http://www.esf.org/index.php?eID=tx_ccdamdl_file&p[file]=19340&p[dl]=1&p[pid]=1437&p[site]=European%20Science%20 Foundation&p[t]=1238082970&hash=9a7b6b4d017d4808ef46cad1edd7ad9b&l=en) • Bull, J.C., Jepson, P.D., Ssuna, R.K., Deaville, R. & Fenton, A. (2006) The relationship between Polychlorinated Biphenyls in blubber and levels of nematode infestations in harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena. Parasitology (doi:10.1017/S003118200500942X) • Canning, S.J., Begona Santos, M., Reid, R.J., Evans, P.G.H., Sabin, R.C., Bailey, N., Pierce, G.J. (2008) Seasonal distribution of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) in UK waters with new information on diet and habitat use. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 2008, 88(6), 1159-1166. • Cox, T.M., T.J. Ragen, A.J. Read, E. Vos, R.W. Baird, K. Balcomb, J. Barlow, J. Caldwell, T. Cranford, L. Crum, A. D’Amico, G. D’Spain, A. Fernández, J. Finneran, R. Gentry, W. Gerth, F. Gulland, J. Hildebrand, D. Houser, T. Hullar, P.D. Jepson, D. Ketten, C.D. MacLeod, P. Miller, S. Moore, D. Mountain, D. Palka, P. Ponganis, S. Rommel, T. Rowles, B. Taylor, P. Tyack, D. Wartzok, R. Gisiner, J. Mead, L. Benner. (2006) Understanding the impacts of anthropogenic sound on beaked whales. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management (7: 177-187). • Dagleish, M. P., Patterson, I. A. P., Foster, G., Reid, R. J., Linton, C. and Buxton, D. (2006) Intracranial granuloma caused by asporogenic Aspergillus fumigatus in a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Veterinary Record 159:458-460. • Dagleish, M., Barley, J., Howie, F.E., Reid, R.J., Herman, J. and Foster, G., (2007) Isolation of Brucella species from a diseased atlanto-occipital joint of an Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyncus acutus). Veterinary Record 160:876-877. • Dagleish, M., Barley, J., Finlayson, J., Reid, R. J. and Foster, G. (2008) Brucella ceti associated pathology in the testicle of a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Comparative Pathology 139:54-59

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• Dagleish, M., Foster, G., Howie, F. E., Reid, R. J. and Barley, J (2008) Fatal mycotic encephalitis in a Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Veterinary Record 163:602-604 • Dagleish, M.P., Baily, J.L., Reid, R.J. and Barley, J. (2010) The first report of disease in a basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus). J. Comp. Path. 143, 284-288 • Davison, N.J., Cranwell, M.P., Perrett, L.L., Dawson, C.E., Deaville, R., Stubberfield, E.J., Jarvis, D.S. and Jepson, P.D. (2009) Meningoencephalitis associated with Brucella species in a live-stranded striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in south-west England. Veterinary Record 165, 86-89. • Davison, N.J., Simpson, V.R., Chappell, S., Monies, R.J., Stubberfield, E.J., Koylass, M., Quinney, S., Deaville, R., Whatmore, A.M. and Jepson, P.D. (2010) Prevalence of a host-adapted group B Salmonella enterica in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the south-west coast of England. Veterinary Record 167, 173-176 • Dawson C.E., Perrett L.L., Young E.J., Davison N.J., Monies R.J. (2006) Isolation of Brucella from a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Veterinary Record 158:831-832 • Dawson, C.E., Perrett, L.L., Stubberfield, E.J., Stack, J.A., Farrelly, S.S.J., Cooley, W.A., Davison, N.J. and Quinney, S. (2008) Isolation and characterisation of Brucella from the lungworms of a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Wildlife Disease 44(2): 237-246 • Dawson, C.E., Stubberfield, E.J., Perrett, L.L., King, A.C., Whatmore, A.M., Bashiruddin, J.B., Stack, J.A., and MacMillan, A.P. (2008) Phenotypic and molecular characterisation of Brucella isolates from marine mammals. BMC Microbiology 2008, 8:224 • Dolman, Sarah J., Eunice Pinn, Robert J. Reid, Jason P. Barley, Rob Deaville, Paul D. Jepson, Mick O’Connell, Simon Berrow, Rod S. Penrose, Peter T. Stevick, Susannah Calderan, Kevin P. Robinson, Robert L. Brownell, Jr and Mark P. Simmonds (2010) A note on the unprecedented strandings of 56 deep-diving whales along the UK and Irish coast. Marine Biodiversity Records, 3: 1-8. doi:10.1017/S175526720999114X; Vol. 3; e16. • Foote, A.D., Newton, J., Piertny, S.B., Willerslev, E. and Gilbert, M.T.P. (2009) Ecological, morphological and genetic divergence of sympatric North Atlantic killer whale populations. Molecular Ecology 18(24):5207-5217. • Foote, A.D., Vilstrup, J.T., de Stepahnis, R., Verborgh, P., Abel Nielsen, S.C., Deaville, R., Kleivane, L., Martín, V., Miller, P.J.O., Øien, N., Perez-Gil, M., Rasmussen, M., Reid, R.J., Robertson, K.M., Rogan, E., Similä, T., Tejedor, M.L., Vester, H., Víkingsson, G.A., Willerslev, E., Gilbert, M.T.P. and Piertney, S.B. (2010) Genetic differentiation among North Atlantic killer whale populations. Molecular Ecology doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04957.x • Foster, G., Osterman, B.S., Godfroid, J., Jacques, I. & Cloeckaert, A. (2007) Brucella ceti sp. nov. and Brucella pinnipedialis sp. nov. for Brucella strains with cetaceans and seals as their preferred hosts. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57:2688-2693. • Hall, A.J., Hugunin, K., Deaville, R., Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., Jepson, P.D. (2006) The risk of infection from polychlorinated biphenyl exposure in harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) – A case-control approach. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 704-711 • Härkönen, T., Dietz, R., Reijnders, P., Teilmann, J., Thompson, P., Harding, K., Hall, A., Brasseur, S., Siebert, U., Goodman, S., Jepson, P.D. and Dau Rasmussen , T. (2006) Review of the seal epizootics in Europe. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 68: 115-130 • ICES. 2010. Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME), 12-15 April 2010, Horta, The Azores. ICES CM 2010/ACOM:24. 212 pp. (www.ices.dk/reports/ACOM/2010/WGMME/wgmme_final_2010) • Jepson, P.D., Bennett, P.M., Deaville, R., Allchin, C.R., Baker J.R. & Law, R.J. (2005) Relationships between PCBs and health status in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 238– 248 • Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.R., Pocknell, Ross, H.M., Baker, J.R., Howie, F.E., Reid, R.J., Colloff, A. and Cunningham, A.A. (2005) Acute and chronic gas bubble lesions in cetaceans stranded in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Pathology 42: 291-305 • Jepson, P.D., Tregenza, N. and Simmonds, M.P. (2008) Disappearing bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) – is there a link to chemical pollution? (submitted to the 2008 Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission) • Kuiken, T., Kennedy, S., Barrett, T., van de Bildt, M.W.G., Borgsteede, F.H., Brew, S.D., Codd, G.A., Duck, C., Deaville, R., Eybatov, T., Forsyth, M.A., Foster, G., Jepson, P.D., Kydyrmanov, A., Mitrofanov, I., Ward, C.J., Wilson, S., and Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. (2006) The 2000 canine distemper epidemic in Caspian seals (Phoca caspica): Pathology and analysis of contributory factors. Veterinary Pathology 43: 321–338 • Lahaye, V., Bustamante, P., Law, R.J., Learmonth, J.A., Santos, M.B., Boon, J.P., Rogan, E., Dabin, W., Addink, M.J., López, A., Zuur, A.F., Pierce, G.J. & Caurant, F., (2007). Biological and ecological factors related to trace element levels in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from European waters. Marine Environmental Research 64, 247-266. • Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R. and Mead, L.K. (2005). Brominated diphenyl ethers in twelve species of marine mammals stranded in the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 356-359. • Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Barry, J., Wilford, B.H., Allchin, C.R. and Jepson, P.D. (2008) A significant downturn in levels of hexabromocyclododecane in the blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or bycaught in the UK: an update to 2006. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 9105-9109 • Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Mead, L.K. and Jepson, P.D. (2008) PFOS and PFOA in the livers of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or bycaught around the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 56: 770-797 • Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Barry, J., Deaville, R., Reid, R.J., Jepson, P.D. (2010a) Chlorobiphenyls in the blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the UK: levels and trends 1991-2005. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60, 470-473.

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

• Law, R.J., Barry, J., Bersuder, P., Barber, J., Deaville, R., Reid, R.J. and Jepson, P.D. (2010b) Levels and trends of BDEs in blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the UK, 1992 – 2008 Environmental Science & Technology 44, 4447-4451 • Lawson, P. A., Foster, G., Falsen, E. and Collins, M. D. (2005) Streptococcus marimammalium sp. nov., isolated from seals. International Journal of Systematic and Applied Microbiology 55:271-274. • Lawson, P. A., Collins, M. D., Falsen and Foster, G. (2006) Catellicoccus marimammalium gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel Gram-positive, catalase-negative coccus-shaped bacterium from porpoise and grey seal. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56:429-432. • Luque, P.L., Pierce, G.J., Learmonth, J.A., Santos, M.B., Ieno, E., Lopez, A., Reid, R.J., Rogan, E., Gonzalez, A.F., Boon, J., Law, R.J. and Lockyer, C.H. (2009) Dentinal anomalies in teeth of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Scottish waters: Are they linked to sexual maturation and environmental events? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 89(5):893-902. 2009 • Luque, P.L., Learmonth, J.A., Santos, M.B., Ieno, E. & Pierce, G.J., (2009). Comparison of two histological techniques for age determination in small cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 25, 902-919. • MacLeod, C.D., Bannon, S.M., Pierce, G.J., Schweder, C., Learmonth, J.A., Herman, J.S. and Reid, R.J. (2005) Climate Change and the Cetacean Community of North-West Scotland. Biological Conservation 124: 477-483 • MacLeod, C.D., Santos, M.B., López, A. & Pierce, G.J., (2006). Relative prey size consumption in toothed whales: implications for prey selection and level of specialisation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 326, 295-307. • MacLeod, R., MacLeod, C.D., Learmonth, J.A., Jepson, P.D., Reid, R.J., Deaville, R., Pierce, G.J. (2007) Is too much fat fatal? Mass-dependent predation risk and lethal dolphin-porpoise interactions. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0786 • MacLeod, C.D., Pierce, G.J. & Santos, M.B., (2007). Starvation and sandeel consumption in harbour porpoises in the Scottish North Sea. Biology Letters 3, 535-536. • MacLeod, C.D., Reidenberg, J.S., Weller, M., Santos, M.B., Herman, J., Goold, J. & Pierce, G.J., (2007). Breaking symmetry: the marine environment, prey size and the evolution of asymmetry in cetacean skulls. Anatomical Record 290, 539-545. • MacLeod, C.D., Santos, M.B., Reid, R.J., Scott, B. & Pierce, G.J., (2007). Linking sandeel consumption and the likelihood of starvation in harbour porpoises in the Scottish North Sea: could climate change mean more starving porpoises? Biology Letters 3, 185-188. • Maquart, M., Le Fleche, P., Foster, G., Tryland, M., Ramisse, F., Djonne, B., Al Dahouk, S., Jacques, I., Neubauer, H., Walravens, K., Godfroid, J., Cloeckaert, A. and Vergnaud, G. (2009) MLVA-16 typing of 295 marine mammal Brucella isolates from different animal and geographic origins identifies 7 major groups within Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis. BMC Microbiology 9:145 • Mendes, S., Newton, J., Reid, R.J., Frantzis, A. & Pierce, G.J., (2007). Stable isotope profiles in sperm whale teeth: variations between areas and sexes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, 621-627. • Mendes, S., Newton, J., Reid, R.J., Zuur, A.F. & Pierce, G.J., (2007). δ13C and δ15N profiling of sperm whale teeth reveals ontogenetic movements and trophic ecology. Oecologia 151, 605-615. • Murphy, S., Herman, J., Pierce, G.J., Rogan, E. & Kitchener, A., (2006). Taxonomic status and geographical cranial variation of common dolphins (Delphinus) in the eastern north Atlantic. Marine Mammal Science 22, 573-599. • Murphy, S., Winship, A., Dabin, W., Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Reid, B., Spurrier, C., Rogan, E., López, A., González, A., Read, F., Addink, M., Silva, M., Ridoux, V., Learmonth, J.A., Pierce, G.J. and Northridge, S. (2009) Importance of biological parameters in assessing the current status the short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis in the eastern North Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series 388:273-291. • Murphy, S., G.J. Pierce, R.J. Law, P. Bersuder, P.D. Jepson, J.A. Learmonth, M. Addink, W. Dabin, M.B. Santos, R. Deaville, A.F. Zuur, B.N. Zegers, A. Mets, E. Rogan, V. Ridoux, R.J. Reid, C. Smeenk, T. Jauniaux, A. López, J.M. Alonso Farré, A.F. González, A. Guerra, M. García-Hartmann, S.P. Northridge, C. Lockyer & J.P. Boon (2010) Assessing the effect of persistent organic pollutants on reproductive parameters in small cetaceans in the eastern North Atlantic. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci., 42: 153–173 • Murphy, S., Deaville, R., Monies, R.J., Davison, N. and Jepson, P.D. (2010) True hermaphroditism: First evidence of an ovotestis in a cetacean species. Journal of Comparative Pathology doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.06.001 • Pierce, G.J., Santos, M.B. & Cerviño, S., (2007). Assessing sources of variation underlying estimates of cetacean diet composition: a simulation study on analysis of harbour porpoise diet in Scottish (UK) waters. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 87, 213-221. • Pierce. G.J., Santos, M.B., Smeenk, C., Saveliev, A. & Zuur, A.F., (2007). Historical trends in the incidence of strandings of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) on North Sea coasts: an association with positive temperature anomalies. Fisheries Research 87, 219-228. • Pierce, G.J., Santos, M.B., Murphy, S., Learmonth, J.A., Zuur, A.F., Rogan, E., Bustamante, P., Caurant, F., Lahaye, V., Ridoux, V., Zegers, B.N., Mets, A., Addink, M., Smeenk, C., Jauniaux, T., Law, R.J., Dabin, W., López, A., Alonso Farré, J.M., González, A.F., Guerra, A., García-Hartmann, M., Reid, R.J., Moffat, C.F., Lockyer, C. & Boon, J.P., (2008). Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in female common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from western European seas: geographical trends, causal factors and effects on reproduction and mortality. Environmental Pollution 153, 401-415. • Prahl, S., Jepson, P.D., Sanchez-Hanke, M., Deaville, R. and Siebert, U. (2010) Aspergillosis in the middle ear of a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): report of a case. Mycoses doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01863.x

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

• Rommel, S.A., Costidis, A.M., Fernandez, A., Jepson, P.D., Pabst, A., McLellan, W., Houser, D.S., Cranford, T., van Helden, A., Allen, D. and Barrows, N. (2006) Elements of Beaked Whale Anatomy and Diving Physiology, and Some Hypothetical Causes of Sonar-related Stranding. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 7: 189-209 • Santos, M.B. & Pierce, G.J., (2005). A note on niche overlap in teuthophagous whales in the Northeast Atlantic. Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin 66, 291-298. • Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., López, A., Reid, R.J., Ridoux, V. & Mente, E., (2006). Pygmy sperm whales Kogia breviceps in the NE Atlantic: new information on stomach contents and strandings. Marine Mammal Science 22, 600-616. • Santos, M.B., Pierce, G.J., Learmonth, J.A., Reid, R.J., Patterson, I.A.P. & Ross, H.M., (2008). Strandings of striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba in Scottish waters (1992–2003) with notes on the diet of this species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, 1175-1183. • Schnitzler, J.G.G., Siebert, U., Jepson, P.D., Beineke, A., Jauniaux, T., Bouquegneau, J-M., Das, K. (2008) Harbour porpoise thyroids: Histological investigations and potential interactions with environmental factors. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44, 888-901. • Valderrama, C.A., Macgregor, S.K., Rowcliffe, M and Jepson, P.D. (2008) Review of monophasic strain of Salmonella group B isolated from cetaceans in England and Wales between 1990 and 2002. Environmental Microbiology 10(9), 2462- 2468. • Van Bressem, M.-F., Raga, J.A., di Guardo, G., Jepson, P.D., Duignan, P., Siebert, U., Barrett, T., Oliveira Santos, M.C. de, Moreno, I., Siciliano, S., Aguilar A. and Van Waerebeek, K. (2009) Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 86:143-157. • Van Bressem, M.-F., Van Waerebeek, K., Aznar, F.J., Raga, J.A. Jepson, P,D. Duignan, P., Deaville, R., Flach, L., Viddi, F., Baker, J.R., Di Beneditto, A.P., Echegaray, M., Genov, T., Reyes, J., Felix, F., Gaspar, R., Ramos, R., Peddemors, V., Sanino, G.P.,and Siebert, U. (2009) Epidemiology pattern of tattoo skin disease: a potential general health indicator for cetaceans? Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 85:225-237. • Wang, Z., Yuan, L., Rossiter, S.J., Zuo, X., Ru, B., Zhong, H., Han, N., Jones, G., Jepson, P.D. and Zhang, S. (2009) Adaptive evolution of 5’ HoxD genes in the origin and diversification of the cetacean flipper. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26(3): 613-622 • Winship, A.J., Deaville, R., Jepson, P.D. Learmonth, J.A., Northridge S.P. and Hammond, P.S. (2007) Framework for estimating the growth rate of harbour porpoise populations in the North Sea and European Atlantic using a population model and data on abundance, life history and bycatch (submitted to the IWC Scientific Committee: Small Cetaceans Sub- committee) • Winship, A.., Deaville, R., Jepson, P.D., Murphy, S., Rogan, E. and Hammond, P. (2009) Preliminary assessment and bycatch limits for northeast Atlantic common dolphins. (submitted to the 2009 Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission) • Yang, Wei-Cheng, Chou, Lien-Siang, Jepson, P.D., Brownell, R.L. Jr., Cowan, D., Chang, Pen-Heng, Chiou, Huey-Ing, Yao, Chiuo-Ju, Yamada, Tadasu K., Chiu, Jung-To, Chin, Shih-Chien, Wang, Pao-Jung and Fernández. A. (2008) Unusual cetacean mortality event in Taiwan: caused by naval activities? Veterinary Record 162, 184-186. • Zegers, B.N., Mets, A., Van Bommel, R., Minkenberg, C., Hamers, T., Kamstra, J.H., Pierce, G.J. & Boon, J.P., (2005). Levels of hexabromocyclododecane in harbor porpoises and common dolphins from Western European seas, with evidence for stereoisomer-specific biotransformation by cytochrome P450. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 2095-2100.

9.2 Reports to government and other national reports (2005-2010)

• Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (compilers) (2010) UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme annual report, 2009 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_9167_ANN.pdf) • Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (compilers) (2009) UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme annual report, 2008 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_8030_ANN.pdf) • Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (compilers) (2008). UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme annual report, 2007 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_7291_ANN.pdf) • Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (compilers) (2007). UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme annual report, 2006 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC04022_5279_GEN.pdf) • Jepson, P.D. and Deaville, R. (compilers) (2009). Investigation of the common dolphin mass stranding event in Cornwall, 9th June 2008 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_8031_TRP.pdf) • Jepson, P.D. et al (2006) Cetaceans strandings investigation and coordination in the UK: Final Report to Defra for the period 1st January 2000-31st December 2004 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WP01011_8244_FRP.pdf) • Jepson, P.D. Prahl, S., Deaville, R. and Siebert, U. (2006) Postmortem Research Feasibility Study on Cetacean Ears. Final Report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 16pp. (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC04008_4190_FRP.pdf) • Penrose, R.S. (2010). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2009 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2009%20Marine%20Mammal%20Strandings%20Annual%20Report.pdf) • Penrose, R.S. & Gander, L.R. (2010). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2009 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2009%20Turtle%20Annual%20Strandings%20Report.pdf)

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

• Penrose, R.S. (2009). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2008 (www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2008%20Marine%20Mammal%20Strandings%20Annual%20Report.pdf) • Penrose, R.S. & Gander, L.R. (2009). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2008 (www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2008%20Turtle%20Strandings%20Report.pdf) • Penrose, R.S. (2008). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2007 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2007%20Marine%20Mammal%20Strandings%20Annual%20Report.pdf) • Penrose, R. S. & Gander, L. R. (2008). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2007 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2007%20Turtle%20Strandings%20Report.pdf) • Penrose, R.S. (2007). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2006 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2006%20Turtle%20Strandings%20Report.pdf) • Penrose, R. S. & Gander, L. R. (2007). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2006 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2006%20Marine%20Mammal%20Strandings.pdf) • Penrose, R.S. (2006). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2005 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2005%20Mammal%20Strandings.pdf) • Penrose, R. S. & Gander, L. R. (2006). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2005 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2005%20Turtle%20Strandings.pdf) • Penrose, R.S. (2005). Marine Mammal & Marine Turtle Strandings (Welsh Coast) Annual Report 2004 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2004%20Annual%20Report.pdf) • Penrose, R. S. (2005). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2004 (http://www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2004%20Turtle%20Stranding.pdf) • Pinn, E. (2007) Formal Review of Research and Development of Contract CRO 364 – Cetacean Strandings around the UK Coast (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_7415_GEN.pdf) • Sabin, R.C. et al (2006). Trends in Cetacean Strandings around the UK coastline, cetacean and marine turtle post-mortem investigations, 2005 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WP01011_3986_ANN.pdf) • Sabin, R.C. et al (2005). Trends in cetacean strandings around the UK coastline and cetacean and marine turtle post- mortem investigations, 2004 (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WP01011_3389_ANN.pdf) • Watts & Crane Associates (2006) A Review of the Requirements and Funding Arrangements for Research into Cetacean Strandings.(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC04017_4106_FRP.pdf)

9.3 Conference abstracts (2005-2010)

• Deaville, R., Baker, J.R., Penrose, R.S., Jepson, P.D. (2005) Increasing incidence of stranded harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) killed by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in England and Wales - a bio-indicator of habitat degradation? Proceedings of the 19th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, La Rochelle, France, 2-7 April 2005. • Jepson, P.D., Houser, D.S., Crum, L.A., Tyack, P.L. & Fernández, A. Beaked whales, sonar and the “bubble hypothesis”. (2005) Proceedings of the nineteenth Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society, La Rochelle, France, 4-7 April 2005 • Jepson, P.D., Houser, D.S., Crum, L.A., Tyack, P.L. & Fernández, A. Beaked whales, sonar and the “bubble hypothesis”. (2005) Proceedings of the sixteenth Biennial Conference of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, San Diego, USA, 12-16 December 2005 • Deaville, R.C. et al (2006). Trends in causes of mortality in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in UK waters (1990-2004). Proceedings of the 20th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Gdynia, Poland, 2-6 April 2006. • Barley, J., Dalgleish, M.P., Reid, R. and Foster, G. (2007) Brucella associated pathology in the testicle of a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 23-26 April 2007. • Dalgleish, M.P., Barley, J., Howie, F., Reid, R., Herman, J. and Foster, G. (2007) Isolation of Brucella species from a diseased atlanto-occipital joint of an Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhyncus acutus). Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 23-26 April 2007. • Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Baker, J.R., Ross, H.R, Simpson, V.R., Monies, R, Reid, R., Penrose, R., Sabin, R.C., Muir, A., Perkins, M., Turk, S., Cunningham, A.A. and Jepson, P.D. (2007). Trends in infectious disease in UK stranded cetacea (1990-2005). Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 23-26 April 2007. • Godhino, A., Jaber, J.R., Castro, P., Mendez, M., Jepson, P. and Fernández, A. (2007) Ultrastructural findings of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic globules in hepatocytes of stranded cetaceans. Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 23-26 April 2007. • Prahl, Susanne, Jepson, Paul D., Beineke, Andreas, Deaville, Rob and Siebert, Ursula (2007) Mycotic otitis media in a harbour porpoise off British waters: a case study. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 22-25 April 2007 • Reid, R., Barley, J., Dalgleish, M., Foster, G., Howie, F. and Patterson, T. (2007) Causes of death in harbour porpoises, stranded on the coast of Scotland, 2000 to 2005. Proceedings of the 21st annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, San Sebastian, Spain, 23-26 April 2007.

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• Brown, D. J., Haase, J., Foster, G., Wain, J., Coia, J. E., Mather, H. Characterisation of a monophasic group B salmonella isolated from harbour porpoises. Proceedings of 8th International Meeting on Microbial epidemiological Markers, Zakopane, Poland, 14-17 May 2008. • Bull, J.C., Fontaine, M.C., Fenton, A., Deaville, R., Jepson, P.D., Goodman, S.J. Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) population structure from UK stranding toxicological records. Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008. • Davison, N.J., Cranwell, M.P., Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Perrett, L.L., Dawson, C.E., Stubberfield, E.J. and Jarvis, D. Chronic non-suppurative meningoencephalitis associated with Brucella sp. Infection in a live-stranded striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in Cornwall UK. Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008. • Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. Post-mortem investigations in UK stranded cetaceans (1990-2006): criteria for establishing causes of death. Necropsy workshop: protocols and interpretation of necropsy data. Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008. • Eckhart, L., Fischer, H., Ghannadan, M., Buchberger, M., Wallis, M., Deaville, R., Okwee-Acai, J., Okello, J.B. and Tschachler, E. (2008) Caspase-14: Natural gene knockout during the land to water transition of the evolutionary ancestor of dolphins and whales. Proceedings • Foster, G. Oceans of Brucella - an overview of marine mammal brucellosis. Proceedings of Brucellosis 2008, London 10-13 September, 2008. • Foster, G. Seal finger. Scottish Microbiology Association Autumn Meeting, Falkirk, 15 November 2008. • Godfroid, J., Lefleche, P., Foster, G., Cloeckaert, A., Tryland, M., Neubauer, H., Jacques, I., Walravens, K., Vergnaud, G. Molecular characterisation by MLVA of Brucella ceti isolated from marine mammals. Proceedings of Brucellosis 2008, London 10-13 September, 2008. • Godinho, A., Espinosa de los Monteros, A., Esperon, F., Jepson, P.D., Belliere, N., Fernandez, A. Immunohistochemistry study of cytochrome p450 in livers of stranded cetaceans. Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008. • Jepson, P.D. , Deaville, R., Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., Baker, J.R., Patterson, I.A.P., Reid, R.J., Northridge, S., Learmonth, J.A., Davison, N., Penrose, R., Perkins, M. W., Bennett, P.M. PCB levels are associated with thymic involution and infectious disease mortality in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (1989-2006). Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008. • Perkins, M.W., Deaville, R., Ferandez, A., Lawson, B., Rabelo, M., Penrose, R., Kerr, M.G., Macgregor, S.K., John, S.K., Jepson, P.D.. The postmortem findings of the ‘Thames whale‘ January 2006. Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Egmond aan Zee, 10th-12th March 2008. • Barnett, J., Davison, N.J., Deaville, R., Monies, R., Loveridge, J. and Jepson, P. (2009) Post-mortem evidence for bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) interactions with other dolphin species in SW England. Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Istanbul, 2nd-4th March 2009. • Brownlow, A.C., Reid, R.J., Lewis, F., Penrose, R., Chimonides, J., Deaville, R. and Jepson, P.D. (2009) Analysis of UK cetacean strandings data 1989-2008: Bayesian inference methods for disease prevalence estimations. (2009) Proceedings of the 18th biennial conference of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, Quebec, 12th-16th October 2009. • Dalgleish, M.P., Foster, G., Howie, F.E., Reid, R.J. and Barley, J.P. (2009) Fatal mycotic encephalitis in a northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Istanbul, 2nd-4th March 2009. • Davison, N.J., Cranwell, M.P., Deaville, R., Perrett, L.L., Dawson, C.E., Stubberfield, E.J., Jarvis, D. and Jepson, P. (2009) Chronic non-suppurative meningoencephalitis assocoaited with Brucella sp. infection in a live stranded striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in Cornwall, UK. Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Istanbul, 2nd-4th March 2009. • Murphy, S., Law, R.J., Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Bersuder, P., and Pierce, G.J. (2009) Assessing the effect of contaminants on reproductive activity in small cetaceans, and the occurrence of reproductive abnormalities Proceedings of the 18th biennial conference of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, Quebec, 12th-16th October 2009. • Deaville, R., Baker, J., Barnett, J., Brownlow, A., Chimonides, J., Davison, N., Loveridge, J. Patterson, T., Penrose, R., Perkins, M., Reid, R., Ross, H., Simpson. V. and Jepson, P. (2010) A review of live stranded cetaceans in the UK between 1990 and 2008. Proceedings of the 24th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Stralsund, Germany, 22nd- 24th March 2010. • Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Acevedo-Whitehouse, A., Barnett, J., Brownell, R.L., Clare, F.C., Davison, N., Law, R.J., Loveridge, J., Macgregor, S.K., Morris, S., Penrose, R., Perkins, M., Pinn, E., Simpson, V., Tasker, M., Tregenza, N., Cunningham, A.A. and Fernandez, A. (2010) What caused the UK’s largest common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) mass stranding event? Proceedings of the 24th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Stralsund, Germany, 22nd- 24th March 2010. • Monteiro, S., Ferreira, M., Vingada, J.V., Lopez, A., Llavona, A., Martinez-Cedeira, J.A., Reid, R., Santos, M.B. and Pierce, G.J. (2010) Stomach content analysis from pilot whales () stranded on the Portuguese, Galician and Scottish coasts. Proceedings of the 24th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Stralsund, Germany, 22nd-24th March 2010. • Perkins, M., Deaville, R., Baker, J., Barley, J., Barnett, J., Brownlow, A., Chimonides, J., Fernandez, A., Lawson, B., Macleod, C. D., Penrose, R., Reid, R., Weeks, T. and Jepson, P. (2010) A review of northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) strandings in the UK between 1990 and 2008. Proceedings of the 24th annual conference of the European Cetacean Society, Stralsund, Germany, 22nd-24th March 2010.

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9.4 CSIP 20th Anniversary Symposium

During 2010, the CSIP marked the 20th anniversary of the inception of the project in 1990 by holding a one day conference in the ZSL meeting rooms in London on Thursday 25th November. Over 140 people attended the symposium, including representatives from Defra, the Scottish and Welsh Devolved Administrations, Natural England, Scottish National Heritage, Countryside Council for Wales, the Environment Agency, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Royal Navy (Fleet HQ), several NGO’s including the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, British Divers Marine Life Rescue and the Wildlife Trusts, as well as numerous collaborating organisations from around the world and a number of stranding volunteers from throughout the UK. Presentations were given by CSIP staff and colleagues (both past and present) and covered some of the major outcomes of the last 20 years, including research on by-catch, aggressive inter-specific cetacean interactions, marine contaminants and toxic effects in cetaceans and the recent discovery of a condition in cetaceans which is analogous to decompression sickness in humans. A more detailed overview of the meeting will be made available on the CSIP website during 2011/12.

Plate 13 Attendees at the 20th anniversary CSIP symposium at ZSL, London, 25th November 2010 (credit Matt Perkins, CSIP/ZSL)

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10 Discussion

Cetaceans have been recorded stranded around the UK coastline for hundreds of years, but the reasons for their stranding were often poorly understood. Following an epizootic of phocine distemper in European seal populations in 1988, the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme was set up in 1990 by the then UK Department of Environment to quantify mortality in UK stranded marine mammals and determine what relationship anthropogenic factors may have to this mortality.

Between the six year period 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010 (covering contract numbers CR0346 and CR0364), the CSIP received reports of 3430 cetaceans, 76 marine turtles and 27 basking sharks. As in previous years, the most commonly reported stranded species was the harbour porpoise (n=1922), followed by the short-beaked common dolphin (n=519). The largest number of cetacean reports was received in England (n=1650), with smaller numbers in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709), Northern Ireland (n=46), the Isle of Man (n=20) and the Channel Islands (n=nine). The total number of cetacean strandings reported to the CSIP during 2006-2010 declined by approximately 22%, relative to the preceding five year period (2001-2005). This decline was largely driven by a reduction in reported strandings of harbour porpoises in most regions of the UK and also of reported strandings of short-beaked common dolphins in south-west UK. Comparison of 2005-2010 UK strandings data with data collected by stranding networks in adjacent European countries indicated some comparable trends in certain species, but further integration and analysis of additional data would be needed to determine the presence and extent of any trans-boundary trends. To that end, it is hoped that a feasibility study into the creation of a centralised point of access for selected data collected by stranding networks within the ASCOBANS region, recently funded by the ASCOBANS Secretariat, will be a first step towards the creation of a central database on strandings and necropsies.

During the 2005-2010 period, 752 post-mortem examinations of 15 cetacean species (mainly harbour porpoises and common dolphins) were conducted. The principal causes of death in 478 UK-stranded harbour porpoises examined at post mortem between 2005 and 2010 were infectious disease (n=120, largely pneumonias due to combinations of parasitic, bacterial and fungal infections), starvation (n=117, 32 of which were starved neonates), attack from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (n=79), and entanglement in fishing gear (by-catch) (n=71). The principal causes of death in 129 common dolphins examined at post-mortem during the same period were by-catch (n=46) and live stranding (n=37, largely consequential to a mass stranding event in 2008). In addition, 22 post-mortem examinations of UK stranded marine turtles and three post-mortem examinations of UK stranded basking sharks were also conducted by the CSIP in 2005-2010. An analysis of post-mortem examinations conducted between 1991 and 2010, showed a slight decline in the proportion of by-catch in UK stranded harbour porpoises and short beaked common dolphins and a relative increase in the proportion of infectious disease and starvation in harbour porpoises.

On 9th June 2008 the UK’s largest ever common dolphin mass stranding event (MSE) occurred in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall. Twenty-six dolphins died and a similar or greater number were refloated back to sea. A detailed investigation was conducted under a variation to the existing contract with Defra and a range of potential causes were considered, including disease, trauma, feeding lose to shore, predation risk and acoustic activity. The investigation findings were most consistent with one or more flight/panic responses in an otherwise healthy group of dolphins seen close to shore in or near Falmouth Bay for several days prior to the MSE. The onset of 70

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 the MSE most probably occurred between 06.30am and 08.21am on 9th June. The close proximity of a naval exercise was considered a probable causal factor, in the absence of disease, toxin exposure or any other known major source of disturbance. Gas embolism cases are rare in the UK strandings dataset but remain potentially linked mechanistically to high- intensity acoustic sources such as naval sonars.

In close collaboration with the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), the CSIP has helped generate one of the worlds largest time-series datasets on chemical pollutants in a marine mammal species (the harbour porpoise). This dataset shows that some organochlorine pesticide and trace metal contaminants have gradually declined over time since 1990. However, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels have been stable since 1997 in UK-stranded harbour porpoises and still occur at much higher concentrations that any other marine contaminants tested. Levels of PCBs are significantly lower in Scottish stranded porpoises, compared to those found stranded in England and Wales. Despite being banned for two-three decades, PCB levels in many individuals still exceed proposed toxicity thresholds for marine mammals (e.g. Kannan et al 2000; Jepson et al 2005) and are strongly linked statistically to susceptibility to fatal infectious diseases using relatively large sample sizes. PCB levels in UK-stranded bottlenose dolphins and killer whales are high or extremely high. Given their high exposure levels in marine mammals, resistance to environmental degradation and relative toxicity, PCBs undoubtedly continue to pose the greatest toxicological and conservation threat to some marine mammal species within European waters (ICES 2010).

Implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in the UK has led to much recent attention on the issue of litter in the marine environment (indicator 10). Appendix 2 summarises data obtained from post-mortem reports on stranded animals examined at post-mortem during the period of this report and indicates that there has been a very low prevalence of ingestion of marine litter and also of entanglement. None of the cases of litter ingestion resulted in any significant pathological impact on the animal and all were considered to be incidental findings. Ingestion appeared to be more prevalent in deep diving species like members of the Ziphiidae family, along with UK-stranded marine turtles, perhaps reflecting the relative risk of litter ingestion as a result of specific feeding strategies.

A web accessed CSIP database was created in 2008 (http://data.ukstrandings.org/), following a variation to contract CR0364. This fully integrated for the first time both strandings data and data collected during post-mortem examinations in the UK. Periodic export of relevant data from this database to the NBN gateway (www.nbn.org.uk/) now takes place, enabling access to strandings and post-mortem data by a much wider audience than has been the case in the past. A project website was also set up in 2008, following consultation and discussion with the project steering group and CSIP consortium (www.ukstrandings.org). Both the website and the web- accessed database should continue to be developed further over the course of any future contract/s, to enable more efficient capture and dissemination of strandings data in the UK.

Since 1990, over 10200 dead cetaceans have been recorded stranded on UK shores or in territorial waters. Nearly 3000 cetaceans have been investigated at post-mortem by the CSIP in this time, helping to produce one of the largest datasets on cetacean pathology in Europe, if not the world. Between 2005 and 2010, 69 peer-reviewed scientific papers covering a range of research themes (including toxicology, pathology, theoretical biology, anatomy and dietary studies as well as the potential impacts of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans) were published using data generated by the CSIP and samples held in the national tissue archive. Since the inception of the CSIP in 1990, over 150 peer reviewed publications have been produced. The 71

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 data and samples collected as a result of this Defra funded research programme have helped to address numerous scientific research questions, improved our knowledge of cetaceans and informed the public about cetaceans and the reasons for their stranding. Finally, the research conducted by the collaborative Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme helps to inform and shape policy decisions at a national and international level, which should ultimately help to improve the overall conservation status of cetaceans.

11 Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

Acute Rapid onset Aetiology The cause of the disease BDMLR British Divers Marine Life Rescue By-catch Incidental catch of non-target species during fishing activity Chronic Refers to a persistent or lasting disease, or one that has developed slowly. CCW Countryside Council for Wales Cold stunned When marine turtles (hard shell species only) become lethargic or comatose as a result of being exposed to a drop in water temperature CSIP UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme CWTMSN Cornish Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network Defra The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Devolved Administrations The devolved administrations in Scotland and Wales (Scottish Government and Welsh Government) Dystocia Difficulty encountered during the act or process of giving birth Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain. Often viral in origin Enteropathy Disease or abnormality of the intestinal tract Epizootic A rapidly spreading disease which affects a large number of animals in a particular region at the same time Gastropathy Disease or abnormality of the stomach/s Histology The study of tissue sectioned as a thin slice Histopathology The microscopic study of diseased tissue. IoZ Institute of Zoology JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee Mass stranding When two or more cetaceans (excluding mother-calf pairs) of the same species strand at the same time and location MEM Marine Environmental Monitoring Meningitis Inflammation of the meninges, the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord Meningoencephalitis Infection/inflammation of the meninges and/or brain Morphometric The measurement of shapes or forms MSE Mass stranding event Neoplasia The formation of a tumour NHM Natural History Museum OCs Organochlorine pesticides (e.g. DDT’s, dieldrin etc) Pathology The science or study of the origin, nature and course of disease 72

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PBDEs Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a class of compounds used predominantly as flame retardants PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls (organochlorine pollutants) PMEs Post-mortem examinations SAC Scottish Agricultural College (Inverness) SG Scottish Government SMRU Sea Mammal Research Unit Sympatric Occupying the same or overlapping geographic areas without interbreeding Toxicology The science or study of poisons UME Unusual Mortality Event. Defined within the US Marine Mammal Protection Act as “A stranding that is unexpected; involves a significant die-off of any marine mammal population; and demands immediate response”. VLA Veterinary Laboratories Agency (following recent merger, this has become the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency) WG Welsh Government Zoonosis An infectious disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans

12 Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the continued support and funding of the CSIP by Defra, Welsh Government, Scottish Government and Countryside Council for Wales. We would also like to thank the members of the CSIP Steering Group, particularly the contract managers within Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Eunice Pinn and Mark Tasker) and Defra (Carole Kelly and Jo Myers) for their comments, advice and support during the period of this report.

The success of the CSIP relies heavily upon the efforts of a countless number of individuals and organisations. We would like to acknowledge and thank the Receiver of Wreck Alison Kentuck and her deputy Rebecca Tye, along with staff of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency for their continued help and assistance with strandings over the period of the last contract. Within England, Jan and Jeff Loveridge and other members of the Cornwall Wildlife Trust have given endless and unstinting help with the coordination and reporting of cetacean strandings in Cornwall for many years, along with support from Dr. Nick Tregenza. Given the high density of cetacean strandings in SW England, their individual and collective contributions have been of paramount importance. In Devon, the staff of Devon Wildlife Trust and Lindy Hingley, have been equally helpful in the reporting of a large number of strandings and the collection of carcasses for post-mortem examination. We would also like to acknowledge the ongoing efforts of the Durlston Marine Project and Hampshire Wildlife Trust for assistance with strandings in Dorset and Hampshire. In Wales, Dr. Mandy McMath (CCW) and Robin Pratt have given enormous support to strandings research along with Jemma and Ray Lerwill, Paul Newman, Lin Gander, Nia Jones, Sal Shipley, Gerry Jones and Dr. Havard Prosser (WG). We would also like to thank and acknowledge; Northern Ireland Environment Agency and the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group for providing information on strandings in Northern Ireland; Laura Hanley and Fiona Gell from the Department of the Environment, Food and Agriculture (Isle of Man Government) for 73

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 providing information on strandings in the Isle of Man; the Environment Department (States of Jersey) for strandings in the Channel Islands; and Martin Garside and the other staff at the Port of London Authority for their invaluable assistance with strandings in the Thames over the years, including that of the ‘Thames whale’ in 2006.

Pathologists contributing significantly to the research in the UK include James Barnett and Adrian Colloff (AHVLA Truro) and Dr. John Baker and Dr. Julian Chantrey (University of Liverpool). Nick Davison (AHVLA Truro) has also been a great asset to cetacean research in Cornwall and together with James Barnett, has been responsible for a large amount of research output in recent years. Within IoZ, Dr Andrew Cunningham, Shaheed Macgregor, Shinto John and Professors Tim Blackburn, Georgina Mace and Bill Holt have given considerable support to the development of research on UK strandings. Robin Law and colleagues at the CEFAS Lowestoft Laboratory have conducted extensive toxicological analyses of UK strandings, leading to the production of one of the world’s largest datasets on marine contaminants in cetaceans. In Scotland, Geoff Foster has given invaluable support to the CSIP at SAC Inverness and Dr. Mark Dagleish at the Moredun Research Institute has conducted neurohistopathological studies on cetacean tissues from Scottish cetaceans for many years. Professor Graham Pierce at Aberdeen University continues to support research on Scottish stranded cetaceans by conducting examination of stomach contents, teeth (for ageing) and gonads. Staff at the National Museums of Scotland also provide assistance, with identification of species using voucher material. We would also like to acknowledge the following colleagues for their ongoing collaboration on research into cetacean gas embolism: Antonio Fernandez (ULPGC), Dorian Houser (Biomimetica), Sam Ridgway (SPAWAR), Michael Moore and Peter Tyack (WHOI).

Finally, many individuals and organisations have assisted with the reporting and collection of stranded carcasses for post-mortem examination including staff of coastal local government authorities as well as members of the public. A number of non Governmental organisations including the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, British Diver’s Marine Life Rescue, RSPCA, Seawatch Foundation, WWF-UK and Marine Connection are also acknowledged and thanked for their continued support of the research conducted by the CSIP.

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13 References

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• Law, R.J. (1994). (Compiler). Collaborative UK marine mammal project: summary of data produced 1988-1992. Fisheries Research Technical Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft, (97), 42 pp. • Law, RJ, Bersuder, P., Allchin, C.R., and Barry, J. 2006a. Levels of the Flame Retardants Hexabromocyclododecane and Tetrabromobisphenol A in the Blubber of Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Stranded or Bycaught in the U.K., with Evidence for an Increase in HBCD Concentrations in Recent Years. Environmental Science & Technology 40 (7): 2177-2183. • Law, RJ, Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J., and de Wit, C.A. 2006b Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64 (2): 187-208 • Law, R.J., Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R., Reid, R.J., Patterson, I.A.P., Allchin, C.R. and Jones, B.R., 2006c. Collaborative UK Marine Mammals Strandings Project: summary of contaminant data for the period 1993-2001. Sci. Ser. Tech Rep., Cefas Lowestoft, 131: 72pp. • Law RJ, Bersuder P, Barry J, Wilford BH, Allchin CR, Jepson PD (2008a) A significant downturn in levels of hexabromocyclododecane in the blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or bycaught in the UK: An update to 2006. Environmental Science & Technology 42: 9104-9109 • Law RJ, Bersuder P, Mead LK, Jepson PD (2008b) PFOS and PFOA in the livers of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or bycaught around the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56 :792-797 • Law, RJ, Bersuder, P., Barry, J., Deaville, R., Reid, R.J., and Jepson, P.D. 2010a. Chlorobiphenyls in the blubber of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the UK: Levels and trends 1991-2005. Marine Pollution Bulletin 60: 470-473. • Law, RJ, Jon Barry, Philippe Bersuder, Jon Barber, Rob Deaville, Robert J. Reid RJ and Jepson PD. (2010b). Levels and trends of BDEs in blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the UK, 1992 – 2008. Environmental Science and Technology 44, 4447–4451. • McHugh, B., Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., Rogan, E., Murphy, S., Foley, M.B., Glynn, D., and McGovern, E. (2007). Bioaccumulation and enantiomeric profiling of organochlorine pesticides and persistent organic pollutants in the killer whale (Orcinus orca) from British and Irish waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54 (11): 1724-1731. • Patterson, I.A.P., Reid, R.J., Wilson, B., Grellier, K., Ross, H.M. and Thompson, P.M. (1998). Evidence for infanticide in bottlenose dolphins: an explanation for violent interactions with harbour porpoises. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 1167-1170 • Penrose, R.S. & Gander, L.R. (2009). UK & Republic of Ireland Marine Turtle Strandings & Sightings Annual Report 2008 (www.strandings.com/Graphics%20active/2008%20Turtle%20Strandings%20Report.pdf) • Pinn, E. (2007) Formal Review of Research and Development of Contract CRO 364 – Cetacean Strandings around the UK Coast (http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC0601_7415_GEN.pdf) • Ross, H.M. and Wilson, B. (1996) Violent interactions between bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 263:283-286. • Ross, P.S., Ellis, G.M., Ikonomou, M.G., Barrett-Lennard, L.G., and Addison, R.F. 2000. High PCB Concentrations in Free-Ranging Pacific Killer Whales, Orcinus orca: Effects of age, sex and dietary preference. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40 (6): 504-515. • Schwacke, L.H., Voit, E.O., Hansen, L.J., Wells, R.S., Mitchum, G.B., Hohn, A.A., and Fair, P.A. 2002. Probabilistic risk assessment of reproductive effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Southeast United States coast. Environmental Toxicological Chemistry 21: 2752 2764. • Tanabe, S., Iwata, H., and Tatsukawa, R. 1994. Global contaminants by persistent organochlorines and their ecological impacts on marine mammals. Science of the Total Environment 154: 163-177. • Tanabe, S., Watanabe, S., Kan, H., and Tatsukawa, R. 1988. Capacity and mode of PCB metabolism in small cetaceans. Mar Mammal Sci 4:103–24. • Thompson, P. Ingram, S., Lonergan, M., Northridge, S., Hall, A. And Wilson, B. (2007) Climate change and starvation in harbour porpoises? Biology Letters 3, 533-534 • Tyack, P.L. et al. Beaked whales respond to simulated and actual navy sonar. PloS ONE 6, e17009 (2011) • Watts & Crane Associates (2006) A Review of the Requirements and Funding Arrangements for Research into Cetacean Strandings.(http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=WC04017_4106_FRP.pdf) • Wells, R.S., Tornero, V., Borrell, A., Aguilar, A., Rowles, T.K., Rhinehart, H.L., Hofmann, S., Jarman, W.M., Hohn, A.A., and Sweeney, J.C. 2005. Integrating life-history and reproductive success data to examine potential relationships with organochlorine compounds for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida. Science of the Total Environment 349(1-3): 106- 119. • Wolkers, H., Corkeron, P.J., Van Parijs, S.M., Similä, T., and Van Bavel, B. 2007. Accumulation and transfer of contaminants in killer whales (Orcinus orca) from Norway: Indications for contaminant metabolism. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26 (8): 1582- 1590 • Work, T.M. (2000) Sea turtle necropsy manual for biologist in remote refuges. USGS national Wildlife Health Centre Necropsy manuals. (www.nwhc.usgs.gov/publications/necropsy_manuals/Sea_Turtle_Necropsy_Manual-English.pdf) • Wyneken, J. (2001) The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470 (http://courses.science.fau.edu/~jwyneken/sta/SeaTurtleAnatomy.pdf) • Zegers, B.N., Mets, A., van Bommel, R., Minkenberg, C., Hamers, T., Kamstra, J.H., Pierce, G.J., and Boon, J.P. 2005. Levels of Hexabromocyclododecane in harbor porpoises and common dolphins from western European Seas, with evidence for stereoisomer- specific biotransformation by cytochrome P450. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 (7): 2095-2100.

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14 Appendix 1 Selected species found stranded in the UK

Image from forthcoming leaflet campaign in the UK. Additional information on the CSIP, including details on how to report strandings, can be found at www.ukstrandings.org 77

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15 Appendix 2 Marine litter ingestion and/or entanglement

Table 13 summarises evidence of marine litter ingestion or entanglement in cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks which were examined at post-mortem in the UK between 2005 and 2010.

Table 13 Marine litter ingestion or entanglement in cetacean, marine turtle and basking shark strandings examined at post-mortem in the UK 2005-2010

Species PMEs Marine litter Marine litter ingestion entanglement Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 459 10 0 Short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) 128 3 0 Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) 11 0 1 Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) 6 0 0 White beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) 22 0 0 Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) 18 1 0 Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) 22 0 0 Northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) 11 1 0 Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) 25 0 0 Long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) 5 0 0 Sperm whale (Physeter catodon) 3 0 0 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 2 0 0 Sowerby’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens) 7 1 0

Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) 18 1 0 Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 3 3 0 Kemp’s ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) 1 0 0

Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) 2 0 0

Total 719 20 1

NB PMEs- post-mortem examinations Some PME reports not available for inclusion in this table at the time of report authoring Stomach contents not examined in; three harbour porpoises; two minke whales; two white beaked dolphins; two bottlenose dolphins; two sperm whales; one long-finned pilot whale

Implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in the UK (http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/marine/msfd/) has led to much recent attention on the issue of litter in the marine environment (indicator 10). Consequently, the project steering group requested that the CSIP summarise findings of marine litter ingestion and/or entanglement in UK stranded animals which were subjected to post-mortem examination, to determine whether this may be an issue of concern. Table 13 summarises data obtained from post-mortem reports on stranded animals examined at post-mortem during the period of this report and indicates that there has been a very low prevalence of ingestion of marine litter and also of entanglement. None of the 20 cases where evidence of plastic/litter ingestion was found resulted in any significant pathological impact on the animal and had no relationship to the cause of death (i.e. was an incidental finding). In addition, it was thought that in many cases the ingestion of marine litter may have happened in the tide line as the animal live stranded- at least 7/16 cetaceans with evidence of litter ingestion were known or diagnosed to have live stranded.

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From the data displayed in Table 13, there is a suggestion that ingestion of marine litter may be more prevalent in deep diving species like members of the Ziphiidae family (2/18 examined cases or 11%), perhaps reflecting the relative risk of litter ingestion as a result of specific feeding strategies for target prey species. However, both the numbers of PME’s and recorded cases of litter ingestion in Ziphiidae are relatively low and this may be a confounding factor.

So it appears that at least in UK stranded cetaceans examined in this period, ingestion and/or entanglement in marine litter does not appear to be a significant issue. However, higher recorded incidences of litter ingestion were found in UK-stranded marine turtles (100% of leatherback turtles examined in this period) and previous evidence of direct mortality through ingestion of marine litter has also been recorded (a stranded green turtle (Chelonia mydas) examined in 2001, CSIP database). Again, the relatively small sample sizes may be a confounding factor and as always, there is the usual caveat that strandings do not necessarily reflect what is occurring at the population level. Monitoring for evidence of litter ingestion in UK stranded cetaceans should continue during future contracts, to establish whether any increase in incidence is recorded and also to feed into any future EU/worldwide analyses/comparisons of litter ingestion data that may take place.

Plate 14 Plastic fragments found in harbour Plate 15 Plastic fragments found in common porpoise cardiac stomach (SW2006/48A) dolphin fundic stomach (SW2005/5)

Plate 16 Plastic and netting found in northern Plate 17 Plastic string found in leatherback Bottlenose whale stomach (SW2006/236.2) turtle stomach (T2005/9)

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16 Appendix 3 Causes of death of UK-stranded cetaceans, marine turtles and basking sharks examined at post-mortem 2005-2010

National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2005/1d M001/05 Phocoena phocoena F 118 02/01/05 nr Portavadie Argyll and Bute Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2005/1 XT043/05 Delphinus delphis F 207 07/01/05 Langdon Beach Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/2 XT040/05 Delphinus delphis F 195 09/01/05 Crownhill Beach Devon South-west live stranding (old age) SW2005/4 M49/1/05 Delphinus delphis M 223 09/01/05 Nanjizal Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/5 XT067/05 Delphinus delphis M 125 12/01/05 Chesil Cove Dorset Channel physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/6 XT061/05 Delphinus delphis F 189 12/01/05 Chesil Cove Dorset Channel physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/11 S2119 Phocoena phocoena M 138 16/01/05 Rhoscolyn Anglesey West coast pneumonia, parasitic SW2005/15 XT075/05 Phocoena phocoena M 143 20/01/05 Gorlestone Norfolk East coast starvation (aged) SW2005/17 XT091/05 Phocoena phocoena M 148 20/01/05 Crownhill Beach Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/17a M010/05 Phocoena phocoena M 140 20/01/05 Ardersier Highland Scotland not established SW2005/19b M013/05 Stenella coeruleoalba M 165 23/01/05 Huna pier Highland Scotland (meningo) encephalitis (Brucella ) SW2005/19d M015/05 Phocoena phocoena M 155 23/01/05 Rigg Bay Dumfries and Galloway Scotland generalised bacterial and fungal infection (Salmonella sp. and Aspergillus sp.) SW2005/21a M145/01/05 Phocoena phocoena M 120 26/01/05 Harlyn Bay Cornwall South-west physical trauma SW2005/22 XT108/05 Phocoena phocoena M 150 27/01/05 Whitburn South Tyneside East coast parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2005/23 XT117/05 Phocoena phocoena F 149 28/01/05 Sandwich Bay Kent East coast starvation SW2005/24a M019/05 Delphinus delphis M 229 30/01/05 Duntulm Highland Scotland (meningo) encephalitis SW2005/25 S2120 Delphinus delphis M 171 31/01/05 Dinas Dinlle Gwynedd West coast live stranding SW2005/26 S2121 Phocoena phocoena M 119 31/01/05 Formby Point Sefton West coast haemorrhage, pulmonary (parasitic and acute) SW2005/26b M022/05 Phocoena phocoena M 94 02/02/05 Burnfoot Dumfries and Galloway Scotland physical trauma, by-catch (known) SW2005/28 XT159/05 Phocoena phocoena F 119 06/02/05 Climping Beach West Sussex Channel generalised bacterial infection (Edwardsiella tarda and Shewanella putrefaciens) SW2005/28b M028/05 Globicephala melas M 264 07/02/05 Laggan Point Argyll and Bute Scotland live stranding SW2005/28c M029/05 Phocoena phocoena F 165 08/02/05 Philorth Aberdeenshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2005/32 M116/2/05 Phocoena phocoena M 181 14/02/05 Polzeath Cornwall South-west haemorrhage, pulmonary or gastric (parasitic) SW2005/32a M036/05 Phocoena phocoena F 100 15/02/05 Millport North Ayrshire Scotland live stranding SW2005/32b M035/05 Phocoena phocoena F 117 15/02/05 Queensferry City of Edinburgh Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Actinobacillus delphinicola) & parasitism, generalised (heavy) SW2005/32c M039/05 Delphinus delphis M 126 17/02/05 West Loch Tarbert Western Isles Scotland (meningo) encephalitis SW2005/34 S2122 Phocoena phocoena M 113 18/02/05 Criccieth Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2005/34b M040/05 Phocoena phocoena F 106 19/02/05 Dunoon Argyll and Bute Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/35 XT243/05 Delphinus delphis M 201 21/02/05 Bantham Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/35a M042/05 Delphinus delphis M 204 21/02/05 Camas Mor Highland Scotland (meningo) encephalitis SW2005/35b M043/05 Phocoena phocoena M 158 21/02/05 Boyndie Bay Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/36 XT732/05 Delphinus delphis F 191 22/02/05 English Channel At sea South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/38 XT242/05 Stenella coeruleoalba F 153 23/02/05 Llanelli Carmarthenshire West coast live stranding SW2005/42 XT252/05 Phocoena phocoena M 94 23/02/05 Whitley Bay North Tyneside East coast starvation SW2005/42a M047/05 Phocoena phocoena F 127 25/02/05 Cramond City of Edinburgh Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2005/45b M048/05 Phocoena phocoena M 97 27/02/05 Little Clett Highland Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2005/47b M050/05 Phocoena phocoena F 93 28/02/05 off Oronsay Highland Scotland physical trauma SW2005/49a XT1301/05 Delphinus delphis M 215 08/03/05 English Channel At sea South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/54 M86/3/05 Phocoena phocoena F 156 10/03/05 Gwithian Cornwall South-west pneumonia, parasitic SW2005/56f XT324/05 Phocoena phocoena F 104 11/03/05 Spurn Head East Riding of Yorkshire East coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/56g XT323/05 Phocoena phocoena F 160 11/03/05 Spurn Head East Riding of Yorkshire East coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/59 M96/3/05 Phocoena phocoena M 161 12/03/05 Porthmeor Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/59a M055/05 Phocoena phocoena F 170 12/03/05 Dunrobin Highland Scotland starvation SW2005/59c M057/05 Phocoena phocoena M 113 12/03/05 Fort William Highland Scotland starvation

National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2005/59d M058/05 Phocoena phocoena M 110 12/03/05 Erbisaig Highland Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/59e M061/05 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 240 12/03/05 Sand Voe Shetland Scotland live stranding SW2005/59g M063/05 Phocoena phocoena M 111 13/03/05 Loch Clash Highland Scotland physical trauma SW2005/61 XT344/05 Phocoena phocoena M 111 15/03/05 Fisherman's Walk Bournemouth Channel parasitism, pulmonary (heavy) SW2005/61b XT519/05 Delphinus delphis F 186 15/03/05 English Channel At sea South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/61c XT495/05 Delphinus delphis M 191 15/03/05 English Channel At sea South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/62 XT341/05 Phocoena phocoena M 134 16/03/05 Brighton Beach Brighton and Hove Channel generalised bacterial infection (Streptococcus group F) SW2005/62a XT492/05 Delphinus delphis M 211 17/03/05 English Channel At sea South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/62c M069/05 Phocoena phocoena M 104 17/03/05 Seamill North Ayrshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and epistaxis SW2005/62d M070/05 Phocoena phocoena F 160 17/03/05 Kilcreggan Argyll and Bute Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2005/65 XT334/05 Delphinus delphis F 196 21/03/05 Shoreham Beach West Sussex Channel parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2005/66 XT357/05 Phocoena phocoena F 121 21/03/05 Winterton Beach Norfolk East coast live stranding SW2005/66b M072/05 Phocoena phocoena F 132 21/03/05 Rosyth Naval Base Fife Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/67 M162/03/05 Phocoena phocoena F 142 22/03/05 Par Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/71 S2125 Phocoena phocoena F 118 24/03/05 Penrhyn Conwy West coast generalised bacterial infection (Salmonella typhimurium) SW2005/72a M077/05 Phocoena phocoena M 104 24/03/05 Craignure Argyll and Bute Scotland starvation SW2005/72b M073/05 Phocoena phocoena M 99 24/03/05 Ardpeaton Argyll and Bute Scotland not established SW2005/72c M074/05 Phocoena phocoena F 98 24/03/05 Roseisle Moray Scotland starvation SW2005/72d M075/05 Phocoena phocoena F 152 24/03/05 Ardbeg Argyll and Bute Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and epistaxis SW2005/74 S2123 Phocoena phocoena M 106 27/03/05 River Dee Flintshire West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2005/76f M078/05 Phocoena phocoena F 161 28/03/05 Petten Links Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma SW2005/78 XT362/05 Phocoena phocoena M 98 29/03/05 Stone Point Essex East coast live stranding SW2005/79 M178/03/05 Phocoena phocoena M 128 29/03/05 Lower Porthpean Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/79d M080/05 Phocoena phocoena M 104 29/03/05 Bunchrew Highland Scotland starvation SW2005/80 XT413/05 Phocoena phocoena F 121 30/03/05 Marine Parade Kent East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2005/85 S2124 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 203 03/04/05 Boggle Hole North Yorkshire East coast live stranding SW2005/87e M085/05 Delphinus delphis F 151 04/04/05 Aberdeen Beach City of Aberdeen Scotland starvation (spinal deformity) SW2005/90a M48/4/05 Delphinus delphis M 150 07/04/05 Gwithian Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/90b M49/4/05 Delphinus delphis F 171 07/04/05 Gunwalloe Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/92a M087/05 Phocoena phocoena F 140 09/04/05 Chanonry Ness Highland Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and mycotic SW2005/99 XT433/05 Phocoena phocoena M 146 12/04/05 Beadnell Northumberland East coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/100a M089/05A Phocoena phocoena M 110 12/04/05 Loch Melfort Argyll and Bute Scotland live stranding SW2005/101 XT434/05 Phocoena phocoena M 129 13/04/05 Dymchurch Kent East coast live stranding SW2005/101a M088/05 Phocoena phocoena M 95 13/04/05 Limekilns Fife Scotland starvation SW2005/107 S2127 Phocoena phocoena F 109 19/04/05 Tal-y-bont Gwynedd West coast emaciation/starvation (intestinal parasitism) SW2005/108 S2126 Phocoena phocoena M 107 19/04/05 Ynyslas Ceredigion West coast pneumonia, parasitic SW2005/114 XT481/05 Phocoena phocoena F 97 27/04/05 Greenhithe Kent East coast not established SW2005/114b M102/05 Phocoena phocoena M 146 27/04/05 Kilchattan Bay Argyll and Bute Scotland starvation SW2005/114c M104/05 Phocoena phocoena M 111 27/04/05 Rae Wick Shetland Scotland physical trauma, probable by-catch SW2005/115c M106/05 Phocoena phocoena F 116 01/05/05 Shandwick Bay Highland Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/115d M108/05 Phocoena phocoena F 118 01/05/05 Lunan Bay Angus Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/115e M107/05 Phocoena phocoena M 111 02/05/05 Rosemarkie Highland Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2005/117 S2128 Phocoena phocoena F 118 06/05/05 Birkdale Beach Sefton West coast pneumonia, parasitic and mycotic 81

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2005/117a M113/05 Phocoena phocoena M 115 06/05/05 St Andrews Bay Fife Scotland physical trauma, by-catch (known) SW2005/117b M115/05 Phocoena phocoena M 107 06/05/05 Freester Shetland Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2005/118 XT504/05 Phocoena phocoena F 104 08/05/05 Castell Bach Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/120 S2129 Phocoena phocoena M 105 10/05/05 Formby Point Sefton West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2005/123 S2130 Phocoena phocoena F 153 12/05/05 Aberdaron Gwynedd West coast pneumonia, parasitic SW2005/125a M120/05 Phocoena phocoena F 113 17/05/05 Roseisle Moray Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/126 S2132 Phocoena phocoena M 105 19/05/05 Pendine Carmarthenshire West coast physical trauma SW2005/127e M122/05 Delphinus delphis M 219 23/05/05 Rattray Bay Aberdeenshire Scotland generalised bacterial infection SW2005/132 S2133 Phocoena phocoena F 101 27/05/05 Ynyslas Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/133a M123/05 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 249 28/05/05 West Sands Fife Scotland live stranding SW2005/133b M124/05 Phocoena phocoena M 108 28/05/05 Rosemarkie Highland Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/133e M127/05 Phocoena phocoena M 104 30/05/05 Lunan Bay Angus Scotland not established SW2005/137 S2134 Phocoena phocoena M 71 02/06/05 Porth Lleuog Pembrokeshire West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2005/137a XT638/05 Stenella coeruleoalba M 186 02/06/05 White Cliff Bay Isle of Wight Channel starvation SW2005/138a M25/6/05 Stenella coeruleoalba M 203 03/06/05 Gwithian Cornwall South-west hydrocephalus SW2005/140 XT641/05 Delphinus delphis M 214 04/06/05 Llangennith Swansea West coast live stranding SW2005/142a M130/05 Phocoena phocoena F 144 04/06/05 off Peterhead At sea Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/145a M128/05 Phocoena phocoena F 75 05/06/05 Lossiemouth Moray Scotland neonatal death SW2005/148 S2135 Phocoena phocoena M 118 06/06/05 West Kirby Beach Wirral West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/150 S2136 Phocoena phocoena F 143 09/06/05 Pembrey Carmarthenshire West coast live stranding SW2005/151d M137/05 Phocoena phocoena M 152 10/06/05 Blackdog Aberdeenshire Scotland generalised bacterial infection SW2005/154 XT683/05 Phocoena phocoena F 79 13/06/05 Mwnt Ceredigion West coast live stranding SW2005/155 XT686/05 Phocoena phocoena M 132 13/06/05 Cei-bach Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/159d M145/05 Phocoena phocoena F 160 15/06/05 Lossiemouth Moray Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and mycotic SW2005/159f M147/05 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 241 18/06/05 Newton Ferry Western Isles Scotland live stranding SW2005/162 S2137 Phocoena phocoena F 156 22/06/05 Barmouth Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/163a M150/05 Phocoena phocoena M 135 23/06/05 Stevenson North Ayrshire Scotland live stranding SW2005/172 XT913/05 Phocoena phocoena M 109 01/07/05 Pwll Carmarthenshire West coast physical trauma SW2005/175 XT783/05 Phocoena phocoena F 83 03/07/05 Westward Ho! Devon South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/181 EXTERNAL Globicephala melas F 462 06/07/05 Porthlisky Pembrokeshire West coast old age SW2005/182 XT784/05 Phocoena phocoena F 86 07/07/05 Port Talbot Neath Port Talbot West coast not established SW2005/184 S2138 Phocoena phocoena F 163 09/07/05 Nefyn Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/184b M167/05 Phocoena phocoena M 150 09/07/05 Findochty Moray Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/193 RP2005/1 Tursiops truncatus F 310 20/07/05 Ynyslas Ceredigion West coast not established SW2005/195 XT935/05 Phocoena phocoena M 84 23/07/05 Borth Ceredigion West coast not established SW2005/197b M183/05 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 125 23/07/05 Thurso Beach Highland Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2005/198c M188/05 Phocoena phocoena F 84 26/07/05 Arbroath Angus Scotland starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2005/199 XT900/05 Phocoena phocoena M 78 27/07/05 Eastbourne East Sussex Channel starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2005/201b M193/05 Phocoena phocoena M 101 28/07/05 NW of Shuna Argyll and Bute Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/202b M197/05 Phocoena phocoena M 117 31/07/05 Yellowcraigs East Lothian Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and epistaxis SW2005/202c M198/05 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 135 31/07/05 Farr Bay Highland Scotland live stranding SW2005/203 XT924/05 Phocoena phocoena M 86 03/08/05 nr Bulldog Sand Norfolk East coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/204 05L-3355 Phocoena phocoena M 146 06/08/05 Porthcawl Bridgend West coast starvation SW2005/204e M203/05 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 258 07/08/05 Traigh Chuil Western Isles Scotland live stranding SW2005/205 M66/8/05 Phocoena phocoena F 116 10/08/05 St Ives Bay Cornwall South-west pyothorax 82

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2005/212 XT946/05 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 225 15/08/05 Stubborn Sand Norfolk East coast starvation SW2005/224 M126/8/05 Phocoena phocoena F 181 25/08/05 Perranporth Cornwall South-west pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2005/225b M234/05 Phocoena phocoena M 143 29/08/05 Westport Argyll and Bute Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2005/226b M235/05 Phocoena phocoena F 155 01/09/05 Arrochar Argyll and Bute Scotland not established SW2005/226e M236/05 Grampus griseus F 308 02/09/05 Lossiemouth Moray Scotland live stranding SW2005/226f M237/05 Phocoena phocoena F 146 02/09/05 Stevenston Beach North Ayrshire Scotland live stranding SW2005/233a M245/05 Phocoena phocoena M 153 16/09/05 Bunessan Argyll and Bute Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Brucella sp.) SW2005/235 M95/9/05 Phocoena phocoena F 118 18/09/05 Porthleven Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/236 05L-3354 Phocoena phocoena F 159 20/09/05 off New Quay Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/240 05L-3083 Phocoena phocoena F 158 27/09/05 Borth Ceredigion West coast physical trauma SW2005/241 05L-3084 Phocoena phocoena F 114 28/09/05 New Quay Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/242 05L-3085 Phocoena phocoena F 86 28/09/05 Borth Ceredigion West coast not established SW2005/243 XT1272/05 Phocoena phocoena M 140 29/09/05 Tresaith Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/243d M252/05 Grampus griseus M 141 29/09/05 Otterswick Shetland Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2005/245 XT1074/05 Phocoena phocoena M 129 03/10/05 Morecambe Lancashire West coast physical trauma SW2005/247a M41/10/05 Stenella coeruleoalba F 193 07/10/05 Porth Mear Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/251 XT1283/05 Phocoena phocoena M 138 11/10/05 Rhossili Swansea West coast physical trauma (possible by-catch) SW2005/253a M267/05 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 250 13/10/05 Burghead Moray Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Brucella ) SW2005/253b M268/05 Phocoena phocoena F 156 14/10/05 Kirkcolm Dumfries and Galloway Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2005/260 XT1269/05 Phocoena phocoena M 153 25/10/05 Barmouth Gwynedd West coast physical trauma SW2005/262a M181/10/05 Phocoena phocoena F 135 28/10/05 Longrock Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/265 XT1206/05 Phocoena phocoena F 125 31/10/05 Camber Sands East Sussex Channel physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/266 XT1215/05 Phocoena phocoena F 107 31/10/05 Camber Sands East Sussex Channel physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/267 M27/11/05 Phocoena phocoena F 189 03/11/05 Looe Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/271 M39/11/05 Tursiops truncatus M 320 08/11/05 Penzance Cornwall South-west parasitism, multiple sites (heavy), aged and Brucella infection SW2005/271b M295/05 Phocoena phocoena F 149 11/11/05 The Scar Dumfries and Galloway Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and fungal SW2005/275 M81/11/05 Phocoena phocoena F 177 13/11/05 Black Rock Cornwall South-west parasitism, gastric (heavy) and pneumonia SW2005/279b M300/05 Phocoena phocoena M 143 21/11/05 Prestwick Beach South Ayrshire Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Escherichia coli) SW2005/280 M140/11/05 Phocoena phocoena F 185 22/11/05 Porthminster Point Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2005/281 S2139 Phocoena phocoena M 134 27/11/05 Little Eye Wirral West coast generalised bacterial infection (Escherichia coli) SW2005/282c M303/05 Phocoena phocoena M 132 29/11/05 Sandend Beach Aberdeenshire Scotland live stranding SW2005/283a M305/05 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 239 02/12/05 Bay of Tuquoy Orkney Scotland live stranding SW2005/284 XT055/06 Delphinus delphis M 218 03/12/05 Wembury Beach Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/285 S2140 Phocoena phocoena F 131 04/12/05 Fishguard Pembrokeshire West coast pneumonia, parasitic SW2005/285a M20/12/05 Phocoena phocoena F 130 05/12/05 Crinnis Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch (known) SW2005/286 XT1411/05 Phocoena phocoena F 101 06/12/05 Sandwich Flats Kent East coast physical trauma, by-catch and pulmonary haemorrhage (parasitic) SW2005/286a M306/05 Phocoena phocoena M 144 06/12/05 Gullane Bay East Lothian Scotland live stranding SW2005/287c M310/05 Delphinus delphis M 191 10/12/05 Alness Bay Highland Scotland live stranding SW2005/287d M311/05 Balaenoptera acutorostrata F 553 11/12/05 South of Flotta Orkney Scotland physical trauma, entanglement (known) SW2005/288 M62/12/05 Phocoena phocoena M 171 12/12/05 Praa Sands Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2005/289 M61/12/05 Delphinus delphis F 191 12/12/05 Porthleven Cornwall South-west starvation (possible sequel to live bycatch) SW2005/290e 06L-2881 Phocoena phocoena F 166 21/12/05 Castletown Beach Isle of Man Isle of Man pneumonia, parasitic (heavy) SW2005/295 M151/12/05 Delphinus delphis F 200 30/12/05 Kennack Sands Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch 83

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2006/3 S2141 Phocoena phocoena F 84 03/01/06 Borth Ceredigion West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/3a XT042/06 Phocoena phocoena M 88 04/01/06 Grenham Bay Kent East coast acute interstitial pneumonia (aspiration?) SW2006/5 XT037/06 Phocoena phocoena F 164 06/01/06 Pegwell Bay Kent East coast parasitism, cardiac stomach (heavy) SW2006/5e M007/06 Phocoena phocoena F 121 08/01/06 Johnshaven Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/8 M72/1/06 Delphinus delphis F 212 12/01/06 Downderry Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch (known) SW2006/9 XT120/06 Phocoena phocoena F 131 13/01/06 Charmouth Dorset Channel starvation SW2006/10 M81/1/06 Delphinus delphis F 148 13/01/06 Carne Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/10a M012/06 Phocoena phocoena F 105 13/01/06 Balmedie Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/11 M90/1/06 Delphinus delphis F 214 14/01/06 Ready Money cove Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/18 XT131/06 Phocoena phocoena M 141 14/01/06 St Leonards East Sussex Channel physical trauma SW2006/30a M110/1/06 Delphinus delphis F 170 15/01/06 Talland Bay Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/30b M109/1/06 Phocoena phocoena M 151 15/01/06 Talland Bay Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/32 M205/01/06 Delphinus delphis M 217 16/01/06 Mount Wise City of Plymouth South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/33 M204/01/06 Delphinus delphis F 220 16/01/06 Devonport City of Plymouth South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/34 XT126/06 Phocoena phocoena M 108 17/01/06 Pegwell Bay Kent East coast parasitism, (multiple sites, heavy) (possible sequel to live bycatch) SW2006/34c M017/06 Phocoena phocoena M 131 17/01/06 Garlieston Dumfries and Galloway Scotland generalised bacterial infection SW2006/39 M277/01/06 Delphinus delphis M 219 20/01/06 Leas Foot Sand Devon South-west not established SW2006/40 EXTERNAL Hyperoodon ampullatus F 585 20/01/06 River Thames Greater London East coast live stranding, died during rescue SW2006/41 XT112/06 Phocoena phocoena F 100 21/01/06 River Thames Greater London East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/41d M023/06 Phocoena phocoena F 112 24/01/06 Ardentinny Argyll and Bute Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2006/41g 06L-2880 Phocoena phocoena M 136 26/01/06 Derbyhaven Isle of Man Isle of Man pneumonia, parasitic SW2006/48a XT164/06 Phocoena phocoena M 110 30/01/06 Broadstairs Kent East coast live stranding SW2006/51d M24/2/06 Phocoena phocoena F 163 02/02/06 Porthcurno Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/53a M68/2/06 Phocoena phocoena F 163 08/02/06 Hayle Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/54 XT224/06 Phocoena phocoena F 107 09/02/06 Cemaes Bay Anglesey West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/54b M033/06 Phocoena phocoena F 151 10/02/06 North Sands South Ayrshire Scotland live stranding SW2006/55 XT222/06 Phocoena phocoena F 107 11/02/06 New Quay Ceredigion West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/56 XT200/06 Phocoena phocoena M 139 12/02/06 Kessingland Beach Suffolk East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/57 XT217/06 Phocoena phocoena M 80 12/02/06 Aberystwyth Ceredigion West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2006/58c M99/2/06 Delphinus delphis F 191 14/02/06 Kynance Cove Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/59 EXTERNAL Physeter catodon M 1390 15/02/06 Skegness Lincolnshire East coast live stranding SW2006/66a XT219/06 Phocoena phocoena F 156 17/02/06 Ingoldmells Lincolnshire East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/67 XT215/06 Phocoena phocoena F 125 18/02/06 Swansea Swansea West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/68 XT202/06 Phocoena phocoena F 153 18/02/06 Swansea Swansea West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/68d M128/2/06 Delphinus delphis M 173 18/02/06 Pentreath Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma SW2006/68e M036/06 Phocoena phocoena F 110 18/02/06 Newburgh Aberdeenshire Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2006/68b XT221/06 Phocoena phocoena F 113 19/02/06 Winterton-on-Sea Norfolk East coast physical trauma (possible boat strike) SW2006/68f M037/06 Phocoena phocoena M 128 19/02/06 Portmahomack Highland Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and epistaxis SW2006/70a M136/2/06 Phocoena phocoena F 143 20/02/06 Carbis Bay Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/70b M038/06 Phocoena phocoena M 108 20/02/06 Stonehaven Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/71a M039/06 Phocoena phocoena M 119 22/02/06 Strathlene Moray Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2006/75a M043/06 Phocoena phocoena M 122 25/02/06 Scotstown Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/76 XT364/06 Phocoena phocoena M 139 25/02/06 Pakefield Beach Suffolk East coast parasitism (multiple sites, heavy) SW2006/77 M171/2/06 Phocoena phocoena F 188 26/02/06 Carbis Bay Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack 84

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2006/78 XT333/06 Phocoena phocoena M 142 28/02/06 South Swale Kent East coast parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2006/82 S2142 Phocoena phocoena F 164 05/03/06 Ainsdale Beach Sefton West coast pneumonia, parasitic SW2006/83b M049/06 Phocoena phocoena M 109 07/03/06 Whitehills Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/85 XT375/06 Delphinus delphis F 206 10/03/06 Bournemouth Bournemouth Channel starvation SW2006/87 S2143 Phocoena phocoena M 114 12/03/06 Borth Ceredigion West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/87a XT395/06 Phocoena phocoena F 110 12/03/06 Goxhill Bank North Lincolnshire East coast emaciation/starvation (intestinal parasitism) SW2006/88b M73/3/06 Delphinus delphis F N/A 13/03/06 Gyllyngvase Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/89c M83/3/06 Delphinus delphis M 262 14/03/06 Gyllyngvase Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/91d M053/06 Phocoena phocoena F 104 15/03/06 Gourdon Aberdeenshire Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2006/94g M066/06 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 225 21/03/06 Crovie Aberdeenshire Scotland live stranding SW2006/96 XT422/06 Phocoena phocoena M 112 22/03/06 Blyth Northumberland East coast parasitism, cardiac and pulmonary (heavy) SW2006/97 XT421/06 Phocoena phocoena M 147 22/03/06 Whitley Bay North Tyneside East coast parasitism (multiple sites, heavy) SW2006/97e M074/06 Phocoena phocoena M 106 25/03/06 Rosemarkie Highland Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/97f M075/06 Phocoena phocoena M 117 27/03/06 Cambo Sands Fife Scotland not established SW2006/98 06L-1341 Tursiops truncatus M 251 28/03/06 Black Rock Sands Gwynedd West coast not established SW2006/101 XT589/06 Phocoena phocoena M 127 29/03/06 River Thames Greater London East coast not established SW2006/102 M474/03/06 Delphinus delphis M 196 29/03/06 Bigbury Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/104f M077/06 Phocoena phocoena M 104 29/03/06 Aberdeen Beach City of Aberdeen Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2006/104g M078/06 Phocoena phocoena M 114 29/03/06 Aberdeen Beach City of Aberdeen Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2006/105 XT678/06 Phocoena phocoena M 115 31/03/06 Kessingland Beach Suffolk East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/108e M085/06 Phocoena phocoena F 126 03/04/06 Fairlie North Ayrshire Scotland live stranding SW2006/110 XT751/06 Phocoena phocoena M 118 05/04/06 Llandanwg Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/110b M088/06 Phocoena phocoena M 103 06/04/06 Aberdeen Beach City of Aberdeen Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2006/110d M090/06 Phocoena phocoena M 106 06/04/06 Whitelinks Bay Aberdeenshire Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2006/112 XT463/06 Phocoena phocoena F 149 09/04/06 Aberporth Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/114b M094/06 Phocoena phocoena M 138 11/04/06 Thorntonloch East Lothian Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/117 XT495/06 Phocoena phocoena M 139 13/04/06 River Thames Greater London East coast physical trauma (possible boat strike) SW2006/118 XT496/06 Phocoena phocoena M 153 13/04/06 River Thames Greater London East coast pneumonia, parasitic SW2006/120c M097/06 Phocoena phocoena F 117 13/04/06 Cambus Clackmannan Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/120d M099/06 Phocoena phocoena F 114 13/04/06 Cromarty Highland Scotland live stranding SW2006/122 XT500/06 Phocoena phocoena F 118 14/04/06 Allhallows-on-Sea Medway East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/122a M98/4/06 Delphinus delphis M 227 14/04/06 Marazion East Cornwall South-west starvation/old age SW2006/125 XT507/06 Stenella coeruleoalba F 159 16/04/06 Whitley Bay North Tyneside East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/126 XT511/06 Phocoena phocoena M 150 16/04/06 Cresswell Northumberland East coast parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2006/126c M97/4/06 Phocoena phocoena M 134 16/04/06 Towans Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/126d M105/06 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 212 16/04/06 Urafirth Shetland Scotland live stranding SW2006/128 S2144 Phocoena phocoena F 112 18/04/06 Porth Cwyfan Anglesey West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/130 M128/4/06 Tursiops truncatus F 341 21/04/06 Watermill Cove Isles of Scilly South-west not established SW2006/132 XT523/06 Phocoena phocoena F 106 21/04/06 Greenwich Greater London East coast physical trauma (possible boat strike) SW2006/135 XT1243/06 Phocoena phocoena M 122 24/04/06 Borth Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/138 XT759/06 Phocoena phocoena M 111 30/04/06 Tywyn Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/140a M117/06 Phocoena phocoena M 119 01/05/06 Montrose Bay Angus Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/143a M124/06 Phocoena phocoena M 126 06/05/06 Montrose Bay Angus Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/147 M126/06 Phocoena phocoena F 157 07/05/06 St Andrews Fife Scotland live stranding SW2006/158 M100/5/06 Phocoena phocoena M 89 15/05/06 Towan Head Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia (neonate) 85

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2006/160b M139/06 Phocoena phocoena M 141 17/05/06 Rosemarkie Beach Highland Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/163 XT1073/06 Phocoena phocoena F 173 20/05/06 Amroth Pembrokeshire West coast parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2006/163b M141/06 Phocoena phocoena F 152 20/05/06 Sound of Rhum Highland Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2006/165 S2146 Stenella coeruleoalba M 201 22/05/06 Freshwater East Pembrokeshire West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/166d M144/06 Phocoena phocoena M 114 25/05/06 Alturlie Highland Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2006/170c M12/6/06 Phocoena phocoena M 120 01/06/06 Widemouth Bay Cornwall South-west parasitism, pulmonary and cardiac (heavy) SW2006/172 XT702/06 Phocoena phocoena F 156 09/06/06 Aberporth Ceredigion West coast enteritis (necro-haemorrhagic), bacterial (Clostridium spp.) SW2006/172a M152/06 Phocoena phocoena M 78 11/06/06 Tayport Fife Scotland starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2006/173 XT709/06 Phocoena phocoena F 98 12/06/06 Wiseman's Bridge Pembrokeshire West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2006/177a M151/06 Phocoena phocoena M 150 16/06/06 Balmedie Aberdeenshire Scotland not established SW2006/180f M158/06 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 220 20/06/06 Dury Shetland Scotland live stranding SW2006/187c M163/06 Stenella coeruleoalba F 152 24/06/06 Corgrain Point Highland Scotland live stranding SW2006/188 XT743/06 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 178 26/06/06 Berwick-on-Tweed Northumberland East coast disseminate fungal ear infection SW2006/189 S2148 Phocoena phocoena F 76 29/06/06 Tenby Pembrokeshire West coast physical trauma SW2006/190 XT785/06 Phocoena phocoena M 135 05/07/06 Amble Northumberland East coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/200 XT845/06 Phocoena phocoena M 81 21/07/06 Hunstanton Norfolk East coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2006/204 XT1299/06 Phocoena phocoena F 156 26/07/06 Porthcawl Bridgend West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/205a M139/7/06 Phocoena phocoena F 108 29/07/06 Summerleaze Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/222 M177/08/06 Phocoena phocoena F 98 14/08/06 Combe Martin Devon South-west starvation SW2006/223 XT1019/06 Phocoena phocoena M 133 18/08/06 Dartmouth Harbour Devon South-west haemorrhage, pulmonary (parasitic and acute) SW2006/223a M218/06 Phocoena phocoena F 138 19/08/06 Pittenweem Fife Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/228 XT1196/06 Phocoena phocoena F 130 24/08/06 Folkestone Kent East coast physical trauma (possible by-catch) SW2006/230 06L-4208 Phocoena phocoena F 122 24/08/06 Castell Bach Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/231 XT042/07 Phocoena phocoena M 73 24/08/06 Tresaith Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/235 XT1133/06 Phocoena phocoena M 109 30/08/06 Southend-on-Sea Southend-on-Sea East coast possible polymicrobial generalised bacterial infection SW2006/236.1 EXTERNAL Hyperoodon ampullatus F 648 31/08/06 Gibraltar Point Lincolnshire East coast live stranding SW2006/236.2 EXTERNAL Hyperoodon ampullatus M 680 31/08/06 Gibraltar Point Lincolnshire East coast live stranding SW2006/237 EXTERNAL Balaenoptera acutorostrata F 340 31/08/06 Gravesend Kent East coast not established SW2006/240 06L-4209 Phocoena phocoena M 88 02/09/06 off Cardigan Island Ceredigion West coast physical trauma SW2006/242b M231/06 Phocoena phocoena F 157 06/09/06 Turnberry Beach South Ayrshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2006/245a XT1271/06 Phocoena phocoena M 103 10/09/06 Abersoch Gwynedd West coast physical trauma SW2006/248 XT073/07 Phocoena phocoena M 81 14/09/06 RAF Pembrey Carmarthenshire West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2006/252 XT1172/06 Phocoena phocoena F 150 18/09/06 River Thames Greater London East coast physical trauma (possible boat strike) SW2006/257 XT059/07 Phocoena phocoena F 115 30/09/06 Lydstep Pembrokeshire West coast not established SW2006/257a M9/10/06 Stenella coeruleoalba M 232 30/09/06 Marazion Cornwall South-west not established SW2006/258b M254/06 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 133 04/10/06 Airport Beach Western Isles Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and fungal SW2006/260 XT1241/06 Phocoena phocoena M 118 06/10/06 Bantham Devon South-west pneumonia, parasitic SW2006/262 XT1244/06 Phocoena phocoena F 158 09/10/06 Poole Poole Channel generalised mycotic infection (Aspergillus fumigatus) SW2006/267d M261/06 Hyperoodon ampullatus M 483 16/10/06 Craigton Highland Scotland encephalitis, fungal SW2006/273a M267/06 Delphinus delphis M 230 26/10/06 John O'Groats Highland Scotland live stranding SW2006/277 XT1360/06 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 240 08/11/06 Brancaster Beach Norfolk East coast live stranding SW2006/278a M281/06 Phocoena phocoena F 156 13/11/06 Seamill North Ayrshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic 86

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2006/284a M286/06 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 138 22/11/06 West Voe Shetland Scotland liver infection (Streptococcus equi) SW2006/285b M296/06 Phocoena phocoena F 145 25/11/06 Glenelg Bay Highland Scotland not established SW2006/286 XT1426/06 Delphinus delphis M 200 28/11/06 Bembridge Isle of Wight Channel physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/288 XT1469/06 Phocoena phocoena M 98 01/12/06 Criccieth Beach Gwynedd West coast physical trauma (possible bottlenose dolphin attack) SW2006/291 M16/12/06 Delphinus delphis M 193 03/12/06 Praa Sands Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/294b M304/06 Delphinus delphis M 215 07/12/06 Longniddry East Lothian Scotland live stranding SW2006/297 XT1487/06 Delphinus delphis M 117 08/12/06 Manorbier Pembrokeshire West coast live stranding SW2006/296 M305/06 Physeter catodon M 1320 10/12/06 Roseisle Moray Scotland live stranding SW2006/298a M64/12/06 Delphinus delphis F 191 11/12/06 Porthleven Cornwall South-west not established SW2006/300 XT1459/06 Tursiops truncatus F 260 12/12/06 Skinburness Cumbria West coast generalised bacterial infection (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) SW2006/305 M93/12/06 Delphinus delphis M 183 15/12/06 Peter's Point Cornwall South-west not established SW2006/307 M100/12/06 Tursiops truncatus M 288 18/12/06 Porthtowan Cornwall South-west not established (possible bycatch) SW2006/308a XT280/07 Phocoena phocoena M 116 23/12/06 Trearddur Bay Anglesey West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2006/310 M0309/12/06 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 237 24/12/06 Shoalstone Torbay South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2006/310a M309/06 Phocoena phocoena F 115 26/12/06 Balmacara Bay Highland Scotland not established SW2007/2 M17/1/07 Delphinus delphis F 206 02/01/07 Salcombe harbour Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/5 XT023/07 Phocoena phocoena M 147 07/01/07 Minnis Bay Kent East coast parasitism, pulmonary and cardiac (heavy) SW2007/9 XT081/07 Delphinus delphis F 197 13/01/07 Porthgain Pembrokeshire West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2007/9a M010/07 Delphinus delphis F 183 14/01/07 Ettrick Bay Argyll and Bute Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/10 XT100/07 Delphinus delphis M 197 16/01/07 Harlech Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/10c M012/07 Phocoena phocoena F 94 16/01/07 Aberlady Sands East Lothian Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2007/13 XT079/07 Phocoena phocoena M 134 18/01/07 Fairbourne Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/25b M015/07 Phocoena phocoena F 116 23/01/07 St Combs Aberdeenshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2007/26a M019/07 Phocoena phocoena M 105 25/01/07 off Kinneff Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/27b M018/07 Mesoplodon bidens F 492 26/01/07 Inverasdale Highland Scotland physical trauma SW2007/28 M149/1/07 Phocoena phocoena F 155 28/01/07 Trevone Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/28c M021/07 Phocoena phocoena M 118 29/01/07 Connel Argyll and Bute Scotland generalised fungal infection (Yersinia sp.) SW2007/30 M164/01/07 Phocoena phocoena F 122 29/01/07 Towan Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/30a M025/07 Phocoena phocoena F 99 04/02/07 Forth Bridge Fife Scotland parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2007/30e M031/07 Globicephala melas M 498 06/02/07 Morvich Beach Highland Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Edwardsiella tarda) SW2007/31 M45/2/07 Delphinus delphis M 186 07/02/07 Prisk Cove Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/33 M49/2/07 Delphinus delphis M 216 08/02/07 Rosevine Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/38 M0237/02/07 Delphinus delphis M 207 11/02/07 Challaborough Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/42 M67/2/07 Delphinus delphis M 210 13/02/07 Plaidy Beach Cornwall South-west not established SW2007/43a M042/07 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 233 14/02/07 nr Silverknowes City of Edinburgh Scotland live stranding SW2007/50 XT207/07 Delphinus delphis F 180 22/02/07 Sidmouth Beach Devon South-west generalised bacterial infection (polymicrobial), sequel to physical trauma SW2007/53g M050/07 Phocoena phocoena F 116 23/02/07 Millden Links Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/59a M052/07 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 225 25/02/07 Weisdale Voe Shetland Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Brucella cetacea) SW2007/59b M053/07 Phocoena phocoena F 115 26/02/07 West Sands Fife Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/60a M054/07 Phocoena phocoena F 154 27/02/07 Belhaven Bay East Lothian Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial 87

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2007/67 S2149 Balaenoptera acutorostrata F 365 06/03/07 Afon Wen Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2007/69a M056/07 Phocoena phocoena M 113 07/03/07 Stonehaven Bay Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/70c M057/07 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 222 08/03/07 West Wemyss Fife Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Brucella sp.) SW2007/81d M064/07 Phocoena phocoena M 99 22/03/07 Scourie Bay Highland Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2007/82c M068/07 Phocoena phocoena F 100 25/03/07 Allan Water Stirling Scotland parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2007/82d M069/07 Phocoena phocoena F 103 25/03/07 Embo Highland Scotland live stranding SW2007/82f M067/07 Phocoena phocoena M 107 25/03/07 Findhorn Moray Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2007/83 XT332/07 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 250 28/03/07 Leysdown Kent East coast non-suppurative meningitis (spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum) SW2007/84 M14/4/07 Tursiops truncatus M 297 31/03/07 Duporth Cornwall South-west parasitism (multiple sites, heavy) and brucellosis SW2007/85.1 XT346/07 Phocoena phocoena M 142 02/04/07 Spurn Head East Riding of Yorkshire East coast parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2007/85.2 XT635/07 Phocoena phocoena M 101 02/04/07 Spurn Head East Riding of Yorkshire East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2007/93b M83/07 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 221 16/04/07 Stilligarry Western Isles Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Brucella sp.) SW2007/94b M081/07 Phocoena phocoena F 161 21/04/07 Wemyss Bay Inverclyde Scotland physical trauma SW2007/100c M087/07 Delphinus delphis M 164 26/04/07 Fort George Highland Scotland live stranding SW2007/100f M091/07 Stenella coeruleoalba M 130 28/04/07 Uyeasound Shetland Scotland parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2007/102 M7/5/07 Phocoena phocoena M 123 30/04/07 Mousehole Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/108c M099/07 Phocoena phocoena M 116 15/05/07 Ardnish Highland Scotland starvation/hypothermia (Brucella sp. infection) SW2007/109 XT555/07 Phocoena phocoena F 160 18/05/07 Black Rock Sands Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia and physical trauma (possible boat strike) SW2007/111 XT526/07 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 260 19/05/07 Maryport Cumbria West coast live stranding SW2007/111b M100/07 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 245 20/05/07 Knock Argyll and Bute Scotland encephalitis, bacterial or viral SW2007/114 XT550/07 Phocoena phocoena F 116 26/05/07 Aberdovey Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/116 S2150 Phocoena phocoena M 84 28/05/07 Rhyl Denbighshire West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2007/122c M115/07 Phocoena phocoena M 72 15/06/07 Stonehaven Aberdeenshire Scotland neonatal death/maternal separation SW2007/124 XT620/07 Phocoena phocoena M 133 21/06/07 Warkworth Beach Northumberland East coast generalised bacterial infection (Vibrio vulnificus) SW2007/127 M426/06/07 Phocoena phocoena M 94 29/06/07 Combesgate Devon South-west starvation/hypothermia SW2007/128 XT1402/07 Phocoena phocoena F 153 30/06/07 Borth Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, dystocia SW2007/129 M17/7/07 Delphinus delphis M 187 02/07/07 Eastern Green Cornwall South-west not established SW2007/135a M59/7/07 Phocoena phocoena F 169 09/07/07 Trebarwith Strand Cornwall South-west pneumonia, parasitic SW2007/135b M126/07 Phocoena phocoena M 79 09/07/07 Speybay Moray Scotland starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2007/138 XT061/08 Phocoena phocoena F 80 10/07/07 Borth Ceredigion West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2007/145 XT1359/07 Delphinus delphis F 100 19/07/07 Broad Haven Pembrokeshire West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/146a.1 M133/07A Lagenorhynchus acutus M 255 21/07/07 Weisdale Voe Shetland Scotland live stranding SW2007/148a XT851/07 Phocoena phocoena M 138 26/07/07 off Bridlington East Riding of Yorkshire East coast physical trauma, by-catch (known) SW2007/157 07L-2680 Phocoena phocoena F 110 06/08/07 Lytham St Anne's Lancashire West coast pneumonia, parasitic SW2007/159f XT011/08 Phocoena phocoena M 139 12/08/07 Borth Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/164 XT1396/07 Phocoena phocoena M 75 14/08/07 Criccieth Gwynedd West coast live stranding, euthanased SW2007/166 XT1143/07 Phocoena phocoena M 134 16/08/07 Aberdovey Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/169 XT927/07 Tursiops truncatus F 290 19/08/07 Borth Ceredigion West coast generalised bacterial infection (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) SW2007/170c M171/07 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 237 26/08/07 Gillean Bay Highland Scotland generalised bacterial infection (possible brucellosis) SW2007/172 XT954/07 Phocoena phocoena F 149 28/08/07 Herne Bay Kent East coast physical trauma, by-catch 88

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2007/176a M175/07 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 222 31/08/07 nr Leffnoll Point Dumfries and Galloway Scotland non-suppurative meningitis (possible Brucella sp.) SW2007/180a M181/07 Phocoena phocoena F 155 06/09/07 Burghead Bay Moray Scotland aged/possible enteritis/peritonitis, acute SW2007/181a XT069/08 Phocoena phocoena M 143 09/09/07 Martins Haven Pembrokeshire West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/181b XT1360/07 Phocoena phocoena F 88 09/09/07 New Quay Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/182 M32/09/2007 Delphinus delphis F 197 09/09/07 Longrock Cornwall South-west starvation SW2007/184a XT1066/07 Phocoena phocoena M 142 12/09/07 off Ynys Lochtyn Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/188d M186/07 Phocoena phocoena F 123 17/09/07 Portessie Moray Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/193 07L-3556 Delphinus delphis M 214 25/09/07 Newport Pembrokeshire West coast generalised bacterial infection (Edwardsiella tarda) SW2007/193a M190/07 Hyperoodon ampullatus M 794 25/09/07 Garynahine Western Isles Scotland live stranding SW2007/195 XT1230/07 Phocoena phocoena F 157 28/09/07 Criccieth Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, acute (possible boat-strike or bottlenose dolphin attack) SW2007/196 XT1084/07 Phocoena phocoena F 93 29/09/07 Cromer Norfolk East coast live stranding (euthanized) SW2007/197 XT1184/07 Phocoena phocoena M 104 02/10/07 Caswell Bay Swansea West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/201 M40/10/07 Tursiops truncatus M N/A 10/10/07 St Ives harbour Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/202 XT1220/07 Phocoena phocoena M 108 13/10/07 off Cwmtydu Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/211 XT1345/07 Phocoena phocoena M 105 23/10/07 Mumbles Swansea West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/211b M207/07 Phocoena phocoena F 113 26/10/07 Cruden Bay Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/214a M209/07 Balaenoptera physalus F 1995 30/10/07 Raffin Highland Scotland physical trauma, entanglement (probable) SW2007/218 XT1339/07 Phocoena phocoena M 101 06/11/07 Traeth Gwyn Ceredigion West coast physical trauma (possible bottlenose dolphin attack) SW2007/219 XT1364/07 Phocoena phocoena M 149 06/11/07 Cwmtydu Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/225 XT1338/07 Phocoena phocoena M 104 08/11/07 Pembrey Carmarthenshire West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/224 XT1346/07 Phocoena phocoena F 114 15/11/07 Pembrey Carmarthenshire West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2007/226 M86/11/07 Delphinus delphis M 206 15/11/07 Peter's Point Cornwall South-west not established SW2007/226a M220/07 Phocoena phocoena F 103 17/11/07 Lossiemouth Moray Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2007/228b M222/07 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 257 19/11/07 Clachnaharry Highland Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Brucella ceti) SW2007/228d M115/11/07 Delphinus delphis M 218 19/11/07 Sydney Cove Cornwall South-west not established SW2007/229 XT1329/07 Phocoena phocoena M 101 20/11/07 Brighton Brighton and Hove Channel starvation/hypothermia SW2007/232e M231/07 Tursiops truncatus M 340 26/11/07 Sandhaven Aberdeenshire Scotland starvation/old age SW2007/232a XT1377/07 Phocoena phocoena F 83 02/12/07 Llantwit Major Vale of Glamorgan West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2007/235 M30/12/07 Tursiops truncatus F 313 06/12/07 Gunwalloe Cornwall South-west parasitism (multiple sites, heavy) SW2007/239 EXTERNAL Megaptera novaeangliae M 820 15/12/07 Port Talbot Neath Port Talbot West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/1 XT016/08 Delphinus delphis M 206 03/01/08 Lannacombe Devon South-west starvation (sequel to gastric impaction) and physical trauma (acute) SW2008/3 M59/1/08 Phocoena phocoena M 103 10/01/08 Boscastle Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/4 XT060/08 Delphinus delphis F 209 10/01/08 Milton Sands Devon South-west physical trauma, acute (boat propeller) SW2008/5f M012/08 Balaenoptera acutorostrata F 505 16/01/08 Grobust Orkney Scotland physical trauma, entanglement SW2008/6 XT076/08 Delphinus delphis M 165 20/01/08 Black Rock Brighton and Hove Channel physical trauma, by-catch SW2008/6a XT082/08 Delphinus delphis F 204 20/01/08 Lincombe Devon South-west starvation/hypothermia SW2008/7 XT079/08 Delphinus delphis M 221 21/01/08 Bournemouth Bournemouth Channel live stranding SW2008/8a M013/08 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 176 22/01/08 Collieston Aberdeenshire Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2008/8b M014/08 Mesoplodon bidens M 307 22/01/08 Chanonry Highland Scotland starvation/hypothermia (euthanased) SW2008/8c M015/08 Phocoena phocoena F 134 23/01/08 Scapa Beach Orkney Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial 89

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2008/9 M113/1/08 Stenella coeruleoalba M 225 25/01/08 Church Cove Cornwall South-west live stranding SW2008/10 XT157/08 Delphinus delphis M 218 25/01/08 Black Rock Brighton and Hove Channel physical trauma SW2008/13 XT120/08 Delphinus delphis F 195 29/01/08 Putsborough Sand Devon South-west live stranding SW2008/16c M024/08 Phocoena phocoena F 129 03/02/08 Girvan South Ayrshire Scotland physical trauma, by-catch (possible) SW2008/17b M025/08 Phocoena phocoena M 99 04/02/08 Menie Links Aberdeenshire Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2008/17c M026/08 Phocoena phocoena F 159 04/02/08 Burghead Bay Moray Scotland parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2008/17a EXTERNAL Globicephala melas F 415 06/02/08 Saundersfoot Pembrokeshire West coast live stranding SW2008/19 XT170/08 Delphinus delphis M 129 07/02/08 Whiteford Sands Swansea West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/23 XT151/08 Phocoena phocoena F 164 11/02/08 Red Water' Pembrokeshire West coast parasitism, gastric (heavy); pneumonia (bacterial and fungal); and Brucella sp. infection SW2008/25 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis M 222 11/02/08 Llangennith Swansea West coast not established SW2008/25a M035/08 Mesoplodon bidens M 358 11/02/08 Borve Western Isles Scotland (meningo)encephalitis, non-suppurative SW2008/26 M77/2/2008 Phocoena phocoena M 118 12/02/08 Mousehole Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2008/29 XT142/08 Phocoena phocoena M 118 14/02/08 Dungeness Kent East coast live stranded, euthanized SW2008/30 M86/2/08 Delphinus delphis M 193 14/02/08 Coverack Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2008/31a M039/08 Phocoena phocoena F 109 15/02/08 Burghead Moray Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/33a M042/08 Phocoena phocoena F 165 24/02/08 Irvine Beach North Ayrshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2008/34 M155/2/08 Phocoena phocoena M 129 26/02/08 Upton Towans Cornwall South-west osteomyelitis (mandible) and poor nutritive status and physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/37 XT191/08 Phocoena phocoena F 116 28/02/08 Dulas Bay Anglesey West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack (known) SW2008/38d M048/08 Phocoena phocoena F 160 01/03/08 Ayr South Ayrshire Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2008/38a XT324/08 Delphinus delphis F 181 02/03/08 Barmouth Gwynedd West coast live stranding SW2008/38e M046/08 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 202 02/03/08 Droman Highland Scotland laryngeal displacement (fish ingestion) SW2008/39a M25/3/08 Phocoena phocoena F 160 04/03/08 Fistral Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/40b M049/08 Phocoena phocoena F 112 05/03/08 Portobello City of Edinburgh Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2008/47b M055/08 Ziphius cavirostris M 550 14/03/08 Kintra Argyll and Bute Scotland not established SW2008/48d M069/08 Phocoena phocoena M 106 23/03/08 Thurso Beach Highland Scotland oesophageal impaction and parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2008/48e M068/08 Phocoena phocoena F 107 24/03/08 West Sands Fife Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2008/48g M071/08 Phocoena phocoena F 94 26/03/08 Portknockie Moray Scotland parasitism, multiple sites (heavy) SW2008/49 XT263/08 Phocoena phocoena F 117 26/03/08 Bridlington East Riding of Yorkshire East coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2008/49b M077/08 Phocoena phocoena M 115 29/03/08 Tighnabruiach Argyll and Bute Scotland live stranding SW2008/50 S2151 Phocoena phocoena F 108 30/03/08 Aberffraw Anglesey West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/52 XT249/08 Phocoena phocoena F 164 30/03/08 Fraisthorpe East Riding of Yorkshire East coast parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2008/53 M193/3/08 Phocoena phocoena F 168 30/03/08 Longrock Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/55b M080/08 Phocoena phocoena M 123 04/04/08 Arrochar Argyll and Bute Scotland live stranding SW2008/56 XT495/08 Phocoena phocoena M 117 05/04/08 Aberaeron Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/58 XT262/08 Phocoena phocoena F 109 05/04/08 Bridlington East Riding of Yorkshire East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/59 M082/08 Phocoena phocoena F 112 07/04/08 Boyndie Bay Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/59a M085/08 Phocoena phocoena M 115 07/04/08 Don Mouth City of Aberdeen Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2008/59b M088/08 Mesoplodon bidens F 483 09/04/08 Loch Geshader Western Isles Scotland live stranding SW2008/60 XT323/08 Phocoena phocoena F 158 10/04/08 Cleveleys Lancashire West coast haemorrhage, pulmonary (parasitic) 90

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2008/61 XT676/08 Phocoena phocoena M 103 10/04/08 Llanrhystud Ceredigion West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/63 XT281/08 Phocoena phocoena M 145 14/04/08 Seaton Carew Hartlepool East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/64 XT097/09 Phocoena phocoena M 122 15/04/08 off Brixham Devon South-west parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2008/65a M094/08 Phocoena phocoena M 95 20/04/08 River Don mouth City of Aberdeen Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2008/68 XT085/10 Phocoena phocoena M 118 22/04/08 Slapton Beach Devon South-west emaciation/starvation (intestinal parasitism) SW2008/73 XT449/08 Phocoena phocoena F 114 27/04/08 Tywyn Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, acute (suspected bottlenose dolphin attack) leading to subcutaneous abscessation SW2008/75c M106/08 Phocoena phocoena M 111 01/05/08 Stranraer Dumfries and Galloway Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2008/75a XT457/08 Phocoena phocoena F 96 02/05/08 Westward Ho! Devon South-west starvation/hypothermia SW2008/79 XT1068/08 Phocoena phocoena F 128 09/05/08 Pembrey Carmarthenshire West coast parasitism, pulmonary (heavy) SW2008/80 XT691/08 Phocoena phocoena M 104 09/05/08 Tywyn Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/81 M70/5/08 Phocoena phocoena M 85 14/05/08 Coverack Beach Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2008/82b M113/08 Phocoena phocoena M 115 15/05/08 Kirkcaldy Fife Scotland not established SW2008/84 XT424/08 Phocoena phocoena F 125 19/05/08 Tankerton Kent East coast generalised bacterial infection (Gemella morbillorum) SW2008/84c M119/08 Phocoena phocoena F 162 25/05/08 Newton Bay Argyll and Bute Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2008/85 S2152 Phocoena phocoena F 121 26/05/08 Rhyl Denbighshire West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/93a M126/08 Tursiops truncatus M 316 07/06/08 Shandwick Bay Highland Scotland not established SW2008/94.1 M50/6/08 Delphinus delphis M 158 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.2 M57/6/08 Delphinus delphis F 159 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.3 M51/6/08 Delphinus delphis F 163 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.4 M52/6/08 Delphinus delphis F 183 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.5 M56/6/08 Delphinus delphis F 202 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.6 M55/6/08 Delphinus delphis M 194 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.7 M53/6/08 Delphinus delphis F 212 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.8 M54/6/08 Delphinus delphis F 210 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.9 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis M 158 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.10 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis M 185 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.11 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis F 206 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.12 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis F 200 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.13 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis F 207 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.14 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis F 184 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.15 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis F 169 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.16 XT528/08 Delphinus delphis M 165 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.17 XT537/08 Delphinus delphis F 168 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.18 XT549/08 Delphinus delphis M 163 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.19 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis M 166 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.20 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis M 174 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.21 XT533/08 Delphinus delphis M 177 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.22 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis F 179 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.23 EXTERNAL Delphinus delphis M 181 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.24 XT542/08 Delphinus delphis M 168 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/94.25 XT538/08 Delphinus delphis M 186 09/06/08 Porth Creek Cornwall South-west live stranding (mass) SW2008/95 M58/6/08 Delphinus delphis M 165 09/06/08 Trelissick Cornwall South-west live stranding

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2008/98a M128/08 Phocoena phocoena M 145 12/06/08 Hopeman Moray Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/98b M129/08 Phocoena phocoena F 155 13/06/08 Balnakeil Beach Highland Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Edwardsiella tarda) sequel to foetal death SW2008/99 XT1043/08 Phocoena phocoena M 108 14/06/08 Barmouth Gwynedd West coast physical trauma SW2008/99c M130/08 Phocoena phocoena M 80 14/06/08 Lossiemouth Moray Scotland neonatal death SW2008/102a M136/08 Phocoena phocoena M 76 19/06/08 Irvine Beach North Ayrshire Scotland starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2008/104f M137/08 Phocoena phocoena M 101 24/06/08 off Arbroath Angus Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack (known) SW2008/104g M138/08 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 122 25/06/08 Elliot Angus Scotland aborted foetus SW2008/113c M140/08 Phocoena phocoena F 152 28/06/08 Seamill North Ayrshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2008/115a M142/08 Tursiops truncatus F 128 05/07/08 Traigh Eais Western Isles Scotland neonatal death SW2008/117b M147/08 Phocoena phocoena F 167 08/07/08 Cullen harbour Moray Scotland not established SW2008/118 XT606/08 Phocoena phocoena F 82 10/07/08 Threddlethorpe Lincolnshire East coast live stranding SW2008/120 XT045/09 Phocoena phocoena M 140 11/07/08 Aberystwyth Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/120c M151/08 Phocoena phocoena F 87 13/07/08 nr Cullen harbour Moray Scotland starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2008/123 M98/7/08 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 255 17/07/08 Upton Towans Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia SW2008/123b XT952/08 Phocoena phocoena F 119 18/07/08 Aberavon Neath Port Talbot West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2008/123d M155/08 Delphinus delphis F 195 19/07/08 North Kessock Highland Scotland parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2008/134 XT1124/08 Phocoena phocoena M 137 30/07/08 Abererch Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2008/137 EXTERNAL Hyperoodon ampullatus M 570 01/08/08 Hayling Island Hampshire Channel live stranding SW2008/138 M21/8/08 Delphinus delphis M 176 03/08/08 Marazion Cornwall South-west not established SW2008/143 XT714/08 Delphinus delphis M 178 05/08/08 Saunton Sands Devon South-west physical trauma SW2008/143c M165/08 Physeter catodon M 1393 05/08/08 Alturlie Point Highland Scotland live stranding SW2008/144 XT726/08 Phocoena phocoena F 170 06/08/08 Saunton Sands Devon South-west physical trauma, boat strike; pericarditis and pleuritis (heavy) and parasitism, cardiac SW2008/145 M42/8/08 Stenella coeruleoalba M 193 06/08/08 Daymer Bay Cornwall South-west meningitis, non-suppurative SW2008/149a M170/08 Phocoena phocoena M 147 09/08/08 Shandwick Bay Highland Scotland not established SW2008/151 XT863/08 Phocoena phocoena M 93 11/08/08 New Quay Ceredigion West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/152c M175/08 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 225 14/08/08 Lerwick marina Shetland Scotland live stranding SW2008/155 XT975/08 Phocoena phocoena M 86 17/08/08 Black Rock Sands Gwynedd West coast physical trauma SW2008/158a M177/08 Phocoena phocoena F 168 19/08/08 Carradale Argyll and Bute Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2008/159 M121/8/08 Grampus griseus F 207 20/08/08 Troytown Maze Isles of Scilly South-west starvation (bottlenose dolphin like rakemarks) SW2008/161 XT027/09 Phocoena phocoena M 132 22/08/08 Heacham harbour Norfolk East coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2008/170 EXTERNAL Mesoplodon bidens M 374 04/09/08 Silverdale Lancashire West coast live stranding SW2008/176 XT996/08 Phocoena phocoena M 107 10/09/08 Freshwater West Pembrokeshire West coast physical trauma, possible by-catch SW2008/179a M202/08 Phocoena phocoena M 146 24/09/08 Whiting Bay North Ayrshire Scotland pneumonia, bacterial SW2008/183a M205/08 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 217 03/10/08 Bay of Weyland Orkney Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Brucella sp.) SW2008/188 M47/10/08 Delphinus delphis F 166 10/10/08 Portreath Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia SW2008/189 M52/10/08 Delphinus delphis M 163 11/10/08 Rinsey Cove Cornwall South-west starvation and physical trauma (bottlenose dolphin attack) SW2008/190a M212/08 Hyperoodon ampullatus F 605 18/10/08 off Loch Eil Highland Scotland not established SW2008/198 M141/10/08 Phocoena phocoena F 125 29/10/08 Polzeath Cornwall South-west pneumonia, parasitic (heavy) SW2008/199 XT031/09 Delphinus delphis M 133 29/10/08 Whitesands Pembrokeshire West coast physical trauma (boat propeller) SW2008/200 08L-3362 Phocoena phocoena F 116 31/10/08 Moelfre Anglesey West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2008/201b M221/08 Phocoena phocoena F 96 02/11/08 Lossiemouth Moray Scotland starvation/hypothermia 92

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2008/202 XT1021/08 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 277 05/11/08 Long Sands North Tyneside East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2008/202a M225/08 Lagenorhynchus acutus F 143 05/11/08 Ullapool Highland Scotland live stranding SW2008/203 XT1004/08 Phocoena phocoena M 145 05/11/08 Margate Kent East coast pneumonia, mycotic SW2008/204b M228/08 Mesoplodon bidens F 394 10/11/08 The Gut Moray Scotland live stranding SW2008/213 XT1139/08 Phocoena phocoena F 159 10/12/08 Old Hunstanton Norfolk East coast parasitism, pulmonary and cardiac (heavy) SW2008/214 XT057/10 Phocoena phocoena M 100 15/12/08 Worthing West Sussex Channel starvation/hypothermia SW2009/1 M001/09 Phocoena phocoena M 118 05/01/09 River Don mouth Grampian Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2009/2 XT022/09 Phocoena phocoena F 145 07/01/09 Brixham Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/3 M002/09 Phocoena phocoena M 135 07/01/09 Aberdeen Beach Grampian Scotland live stranding SW2009/10 M87/01/2009 Phocoena phocoena F 126 13/01/09 Summerleaze Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/19 XT029/09 Phocoena phocoena M 151 20/01/09 Chetney Marshes Kent East coast parasitism, pulmonary and cardiac (heavy) SW2009/28 M004/09 Phocoena phocoena M 110 24/01/09 Ruby Bay Fife Scotland not established SW2009/37 M007/09 Phocoena phocoena F 106 02/02/09 West Sands Fife Scotland physical trauma (probable bottlenose dolphin attack) SW2009/44 M63/02/09 Phocoena phocoena F 164 07/02/09 Trevaunance Cove Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2009/46 S2153 Phocoena phocoena M 135 09/02/09 Cemaes Beach Anglesey West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/50 XT098/09 Phocoena phocoena M 143 11/02/09 Hayling Island Hampshire Channel starvation SW2009/59 M181/02/09 Phocoena phocoena F 130 24/02/09 Crackington Haven Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/61 M013/09 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 188 24/02/09 Chapel Point East Lothian Scotland live stranding SW2009/65 M017/09 Delphinus delphis F 127 27/02/09 Dundee City of Dundee Scotland starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2009/69 M021/09 Phocoena phocoena F 155 04/03/09 Menie Links Aberdeenshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2009/74 M85/3/09 Delphinus delphis F 193 10/03/09 Wanson Mouth Cornwall South-west not established SW2009/79 M025/09 Phocoena phocoena M 115 10/03/09 Cuthill Rocks East Lothian Scotland pneumona, parasitic SW2009/83 M027/09 Phocoena phocoena M 103 14/03/09 Sanday Sound Orkney Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2009/82 M026/09 Phocoena phocoena F 125 16/03/09 Menie Links Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2009/84 M028/09 Phocoena phocoena M 115 17/03/09 Broad sands East Lothian Scotland meningoencephalitis, fungal SW2009/93 M035/09 Phocoena phocoena M 107 21/03/09 South Queensferry City of Edinburgh Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2009/94 M182/03/09 Delphinus delphis F 200 25/03/09 Black Rock Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/97 XT676/09 Phocoena phocoena M 138 25/03/09 Tywyn Gwynedd West coast generalised bacterial infection (Enterococcus faecalis) SW2009/107 M037/09 Phocoena phocoena F 104 30/03/09 Foveran Links Aberdeenshire Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2009/110 XT445/09 Phocoena phocoena F 162 13/04/09 Oxwich Swansea West coast physical trauma, dystocia SW2009/124 M126/04/09 Delphinus delphis F 163 23/04/09 Porthleven Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/165 M044/09 Phocoena phocoena M 111 27/04/09 Broughty Ferry City of Dundee Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2009/135 XT514/09 Phocoena phocoena M 112 29/04/09 Arthog Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2009/172 M054/09 Phocoena phocoena F 101 30/04/09 off Methil Fife Scotland starvation/hypothermia SW2009/144 M36/5/09 Phocoena phocoena F 156 06/05/09 Perran Sands Cornwall South-west physical trauma, dystocia SW2009/145 M49/05/09 Phocoena phocoena F 83 06/05/09 Little Porth Askin Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2009/149 XT418/09 Stenella coeruleoalba M 210 09/05/09 Tenby Pembrokeshire West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2009/150 M97/5/09 Phocoena phocoena F 81 14/05/09 off Porthpean Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2009/170 M051/09 Balaenoptera acutorostrata M 720 20/05/09 Sanham Insir Highland Scotland physical trauma, boat strike SW2009/159.1 XT487/09 Stenella coeruleoalba M 158 28/05/09 Boston Lincolnshire East coast live stranding SW2009/159.2 XT478/09 Stenella coeruleoalba F 159 28/05/09 Boston Lincolnshire East coast live stranding 93

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2009/173 M055/09 Phocoena phocoena M 120 04/06/09 Spey Bay Moray Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2009/174 M056/09 Phocoena phocoena M 120 04/06/09 East Beach Moray Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2009/198 M060/09 Phocoena phocoena F 154 09/06/09 East Beach Highland Scotland coliform septicaemia sequential to physical trauma, dystocia SW2009/180 XT523/09 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 199 10/06/09 Crimdon Dene Durham East coast live stranding SW2009/199 M062/09 Phocoena phocoena M 82 10/06/09 Isle of May Fife Scotland starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2009/179 M78/6/09 Tursiops truncatus M 243 12/06/09 Boat Cove Cornwall South-west not established SW2009/184 XT1053/09 Phocoena phocoena F 77 15/06/09 Fishguard Harbour Pembrokeshire West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate), contraspecific rakemarks SW2009/187 XT809/09 Phocoena phocoena M 128 17/06/09 Pembrey Carmarthenshire West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/209 M074/09 Balaenoptera acutorostrata F 400 25/06/09 Hushinish Beach Western Isles Scotland not established SW2009/216 XT606/09 Phocoena phocoena F 83 05/07/09 Dovercourt Essex East coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2009/217 XT644/09 Phocoena phocoena M 73 05/07/09 Mablethorpe Lincolnshire East coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2009/226 XT1058/09 Phocoena phocoena F 69 13/07/09 Black Rock Sands Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2009/239 M086/09 Phocoena phocoena M 83 15/07/09 Weisdale Voe Shetland Scotland maternal separation/starvation SW2009/235 M0111/07/09 Stenella coeruleoalba M 220 20/07/09 Carne Beach Cornwall South-west starvation (aged) SW2009/237 XT724/09 Phocoena phocoena F 93 22/07/09 Westgate on Sea Kent East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2009/251 M094/09 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 230 27/07/09 West Garty Highland Scotland not established SW2009/255 M099/09 Phocoena phocoena M N/A 30/07/09 Sandyhills Bay Dumfries and Galloway Scotland maternal separation/starvation SW2009/256 M100/09 Phocoena phocoena F 160 31/07/09 Dunnet Bay Highland Scotland physical trauma, bycatch SW2009/257.1 M103/09A Hyperoodon ampullatus M 615 02/08/09 Near Cromarty Highland Scotland live stranding SW2009/247 XT810/09 Delphinus delphis F 217 04/08/09 south Beach Tenby Pembrokeshire West coast not established SW2009/249 M22/8/09 Stenella coeruleoalba F 169.5 05/08/09 Off Perran Sands Cornwall South-west (meningo)encephalitis (Brucella ) SW2009/261 XT839/09 Delphinus delphis F 94 10/08/09 Newgale Pembrokeshire West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/268 S2154 Phocoena phocoena M 154 17/08/09 National Trust Merseyside West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2009/272 XT041/10 Delphinus delphis M 112 20/08/09 Solva Pembrokeshire West coast physical trauma, acute (probable boat strike) SW2009/286 M127/09 Hyperoodon ampullatus M 599 24/08/09 Grange of Cree Dumfries and Galloway Scotland live stranding SW2009/293 EXTERNAL Globicephala melas M 420 07/09/09 Rustington West Sussex Channel not established SW2009/296 EXTERNAL Megaptera novaeangliae M 950 12/09/09 River Thames Greater London East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2009/297 XT907/09 Phocoena phocoena M 150.5 14/09/09 Brixham Devon South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2009/301 EXTERNAL Grampus griseus M 290 17/09/09 Cemlyn Anglesey West coast gas embolism SW2009/317 M137/09 Phocoena phocoena M 134 18/09/09 Strathlene Beach Moray Scotland not established SW2009/305 EXTERNAL Hyperoodon ampullatus F 625 21/09/09 Alum Chine Bournemouth Channel not established SW2009/322 M8/10/09 Phocoena phocoena M 139 01/10/09 Upton Towans Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2009/324 XT1032/09 Tursiops truncatus M 147 04/10/09 Borth Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, by-catch (possible) SW2009/346 M145/09 Hyperoodon ampullatus M 584 08/10/09 Corry Churrachan Highland Scotland live stranding SW2009/330 S2155 Hyperoodon ampullatus F 621 10/10/09 Prestatyn Denbighshire West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2009/331 M74/10/09 Delphinus delphis M 168 12/10/09 Carbis Bay Beach Cornwall South-west septic arthritis (Brucella sp.) SW2009/356 M151/09 Phocoena phocoena M 124 19/10/09 Findhorn Bay Moray Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2009/345 XT1057/09 Phocoena phocoena F 151 25/10/09 North Denes Norfolk East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2009/353 XT1152/09 Delphinus delphis F 205 01/11/09 Freshwater West Pembrokeshire West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/359 XT1101/09 Phocoena phocoena M 137 03/11/09 Black Rock Sands Gwynedd West coast physical trauma, acute (possible bottlenose dolphin attack) SW2009/360.1 M162/09a Lagenorhynchus acutus M 229 03/11/09 Uyeasound Shetland Scotland live stranding SW2009/360.2 M162/09b Lagenorhynchus acutus M 231 03/11/09 Uyeasound Shetland Scotland live stranding 94

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2009/361 XT1071/09 Delphinus delphis F N/A 05/11/09 Hele Bay Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/362 XT1073/09 Phocoena phocoena M 157 06/11/09 Dinas Dinlle Gwynedd West coast live stranding SW2009/376 M167/09 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 249 07/11/09 West Sands Fife Scotland live stranding SW2009/368 M75/11/09 Delphinus delphis M 212 14/11/09 Newlyn Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/372 M76/11/09 Delphinus delphis F 170 15/11/09 Downderry Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/377 XT1098/09 Phocoena phocoena M 114 23/11/09 Broad Haven Pembrokeshire West coast live stranding SW2009/380 XT1104/09 Delphinus delphis M 170 25/11/09 South Milton Sands Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2009/397 M173/09 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 209 26/11/09 Dornoch Highland Scotland live stranding SW2009/383 XT095/10 Stenella coeruleoalba M 164 27/11/09 Ynyslas Ceredigion West coast live stranding SW2009/384 M175/11/09 Delphinus delphis M 256 28/11/09 Perranporth Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch (possible) SW2009/391 XT1129/09 Phocoena phocoena M 149 30/11/09 nr South Bents Sunderland East coast physical trauma, acute SW2009/392 M11/12/09 Delphinus delphis M 185 01/12/09 Carbis Bay Cornwall South-west possible (meningo)encephalitis (Brucella ) SW2009/432 Unknown Phocoena phocoena M N/A 03/12/09 White Rocks Antrim N. Ireland starvation/hypothermia SW2009/422 M187/09 Phocoena phocoena F 165 16/12/09 Whiting Bay North Ayrshire Scotland possible coliform endometritis SW2009/424 M189/09 Stenella coeruleoalba M 188 20/12/09 Ashaig Highland Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Photobacterium damselae) SW2009/421 XT020/10 Phocoena phocoena M 142 29/12/09 Botany Bay Kent East coast parasitism, gastric stomach (heavy) SW2009/427 M192/09 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 254 31/12/09 Dornoch Burn Highland Scotland live stranding SW2010/1 XT002/10 Phocoena phocoena F 157 02/01/10 Bridlington East Riding of Yorkshire East coast starvation/hypothermia SW2010/5 M003/10 Phocoena phocoena F 152 08/01/10 East Beach Moray Scotland generalised bacterial infection SW2010/24 M006/10 Phocoena phocoena M 142 11/01/10 Portabello Beach City of Edinburgh Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2010/26 M009/10 Phocoena phocoena F 157 12/01/10 Crail Beach Fife Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2010/27 M010/10 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 202 13/01/10 Boddam Shetland Scotland live stranding SW2010/29 M012/10 Phocoena phocoena M 163 13/01/10 Lunan Bay Angus Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2010/31 M014/10 Phocoena phocoena F 113 15/01/10 Littleeferry Highland Scotland non-suppurative encephalitis SW2010/10 M74/1/10 Delphinus delphis F 124 16/01/10 Kennack Sands Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/11 M73/1/10 Delphinus delphis F 165 16/01/10 Longrock Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/12 M72/01/10 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 243 16/01/10 St Mawes Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/121 2010-00806 Phocoena phocoena M 146 16/01/10 Port Davey Antrim N. Ireland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2010/15 M120/1/10 Phocoena phocoena F 159 19/01/10 Bigbury-on-Sea Devon South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/17 XT065/10 Phocoena phocoena M 121 20/01/10 Brixham Torbay South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/18 EXTERNAL Physeter catodon M 1280 25/01/10 Collith Hole Northumberland East coast starvation SW2010/49 M021/10 Phocoena phocoena F 103 26/01/10 Aberdeen Beach City of Aberdeen Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2010/39 XT083/10 Phocoena phocoena M 133 03/02/10 Kingsdown Kent East coast pneumonia, parasitic SW2010/51 M024/10 Phocoena phocoena F 122 03/02/10 West Sands Fife Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/52 M025/10 Phocoena phocoena M 153 04/02/10 Laide Highland Scotland starvation SW2010/53 M026/10 Phocoena phocoena F 115 09/02/10 Nairn Highland Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/54 M27/10 Phocoena phocoena M 140 09/02/10 Dunbar East Lothian Scotland parasitism, generalised (heavy) SW2010/42 XT094/10 Phocoena phocoena F 162 11/02/10 Cart Gap Beach Norfolk East coast parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2010/62 XT116/10 Phocoena phocoena M 137 20/02/10 Hemsby Gap Norfolk East coast physical trauma, possible by-catch SW2010/67 M036/10 Phocoena phocoena F 144 20/02/10 Whitelinks Bay Aberdeenshire Scotland dystokia/vaginal prolapse SW2010/68 M038/10 Phocoena phocoena M 103 25/02/10 Old Shandwick Highland Scotland physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2010/63 M1/3/10 Phocoena phocoena M 121 26/02/10 Porth Beach Cornwall South-west acute physical trauma (suspected bottlenose dolphin attack) SW2010/64 XT213/10 Phocoena phocoena F 120 27/02/10 Blyth Beach Northumberland East coast parasitism, gastric and pulmonary 95

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National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2010/66 XT130/10 Phocoena phocoena M 130 03/03/10 Brightlingsea Essex East coast live stranding SW2010/79 M044/10 Phocoena phocoena F 122 05/03/10 Helensburgh West Dunbartonshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2010/80 M045/10 Stenella coeruleoalba F 157 07/03/10 Drummore Dumfries and Galloway Scotland live stranding, maternal separation SW2010/93 M205/3/10 Phocoena phocoena M 125 25/03/10 Gyllyngvase Beach Cornwall South-west peri-oesophageal abscess SW2010/98 XT195/10 Phocoena phocoena F 122 26/03/10 Worthing West Sussex Channel physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/113 M056/10 Globicephala melas M 555 28/03/10 Barvas Western Isles Scotland live stranding SW2010/114 M057/10 Balaenoptera acutorostrata M 432 28/03/10 Sandwick Western Isles Scotland live stranding, maternal separation SW2010/116 M059/10 Balaenoptera acutorostrata M 472 31/03/10 Montrose Bay Tayside Scotland live stranding, maternal separation SW2010/120 M066/10 Phocoena phocoena F 120 03/04/10 Creetown Dumfries and Galloway Scotland physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/130 M077/10 Phocoena phocoena M 112 16/04/10 Nairn Beach Highland Scotland pneumonia, parasitic SW2010/131 XT257/10 Phocoena phocoena M 102 20/04/10 Waxham Norfolk East coast starvation (intestinal parasitism) SW2010/136 M078/10 Phocoena phocoena F 160 20/04/10 Ettrick Bay Argyll and Bute Scotland pneumonia (parasitic, bacterial and fungal) and pulmonary haemorrhage SW2010/133 XT289/10 Phocoena phocoena F 102 24/04/10 Abergele Conwy West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/157 M089/10 Delphinus delphis F 218 06/05/10 Glenbarr Argyll and Bute Scotland meningoencephalitis SW2010/152 XT459/10 Phocoena phocoena F 160 15/05/10 Rhyl Denbighshire West coast physical trauma, dystocia SW2010/159 M095/10 Tursiops truncatus M 163 18/05/10 Balgownie Links City of Aberdeen Scotland spinal abnormality SW2010/165 M96/10 Delphinus delphis M 165 26/05/10 Salen Argyll and Bute Scotland meningoencephalitis SW2010/167 M098/10 Phocoena phocoena M 156 27/05/10 Scarfskerry Highland Scotland generalised bacterial infection (Brucella ) SW2010/170 M105/10 Phocoena phocoena F 77 05/06/10 off East Haven Angus Scotland maternal separation SW2010/175 M106/10 Balaenoptera acutorostrata M 436 10/06/10 West Glen Argyll and Bute Scotland entanglement SW2010/176 M107/10 Phocoena phocoena F 142 11/06/10 Dalchalm Highland Scotland dystocia, bacterial infection SW2010/410 M112/10 Phocoena phocoena F 84 17/06/10 Whiting Bay Strathclyde Scotland maternal separation SW2010/178 M114/10 Lagenorhynchus albirostris F 217 19/06/10 Gullane Bay East Lothian Scotland meningoencephalitis SW2010/174 XT634/10 Lagenorhynchus albirostris M 122 20/06/10 Blackhall Rocks County Durham East coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2010/189 M118/10 Phocoena phocoena F 146 21/06/10 Scotstown Aberdeenshire Scotland physical trauma, by-catch (possible) SW2010/181 M159/6/10 Phocoena phocoena F 145.5 26/06/10 Praa Sands Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bycatch SW2010/192 M127/10 Phocoena phocoena F 143 29/06/10 Rosehearty Aberdeenshire Scotland generalised bacterial infection SW2010/201 M52/7/10 Phocoena phocoena M 81 07/07/10 Salthouse Cornwall South-west starvation (common/striped dolphin rakemarks) SW2010/220 M137/10 Phocoena phocoena F 88 13/07/10 Sandbank Argyll and Bute Scotland maternal separation SW2010/213 XT654/10 Grampus griseus M 131 17/07/10 Chesil Cove Dorset Channel starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2010/212 XT1014/10 Phocoena phocoena M 83 18/07/10 Caswell Bay Swansea West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2010/218 EXTERNAL Mesoplodon bidens M 446 22/07/10 The Oaze Kent East coast live stranding SW2010/225 M153/10 Phocoena phocoena F 154 24/07/10 Loch Goil Argyll and Bute Scotland peritonitis SW2010/227 XT860/10 Phocoena phocoena M 106 29/07/10 Fairbourne Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2010/228 XT745/10 Phocoena phocoena F 153 29/07/10 Ynyslas Ceredigion West coast not established SW2010/251 M157/10 Balaenoptera acutorostrata F 461 30/07/10 Horse Isles Bay Dumfries and Galloway Scotland live stranding SW2010/233 XT731/10 Phocoena phocoena M 82 01/08/10 Morecambe Beach Lancashire West coast starvation/hypothermia (neonate) SW2010/232 M17/08/10 Stenella coeruleoalba M 232 03/08/10 Perran Sands Cornwall South-west starvation SW2010/257 M162/10 Lagenorhynchus acutus M 241 03/08/10 Sumburgh Shetland Scotland meningoencephalitis SW2010/260 M169/10 Phocoena phocoena F 98 09/08/10 Scalloway Shetland Scotland maternal separation SW2010/244 XT894/10 Phocoena phocoena F 93 12/08/10 Tresaith Ceredigion West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2010/262 EXTERNAL Balaenoptera acutorostrata M 770 22/08/10 Pwllheli Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2010/289 M194/10 Phocoena phocoena M 151 29/08/10 West Beach Highland Scotland pneumonia, bacterial SW2010/272 XT1038/10 Phocoena phocoena F 145 30/08/10 New Quay Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack 96

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death SW2010/274 XT067/11 Phocoena phocoena M 87 31/08/10 Ynys Lochtyn Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2010/281 1022/10 Phocoena phocoena F 127 02/09/10 off Pwllheli Gwynedd West coast acute haemorrhagic enteritis (possible) SW2010/292 M207/10 Tursiops truncatus M 150 05/09/10 Port Uisken Argyll and Bute Scotland not established SW2010/283 M30/9/10 Phocoena phocoena F 116 06/09/10 Top Tieb Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/290 M202/10 Tursiops truncatus M 333 06/09/10 Balintore Highland Scotland not established SW2010/287 XT867/20 Delphinus delphis F 162 08/09/10 Zeta berth Devon South-west parasitism, cardiac stomach SW2010/293 M206/10 Grampus griseus M 276 08/09/10 Traigh Mhor Western Isles Scotland live stranding SW2010/295 M210/10 Phocoena phocoena F 122 12/09/10 Hillswick Shetland Scotland starvation SW2010/308 M213/10 Stenella coeruleoalba M 175 15/09/10 Thurso Beach Highland Scotland pneumonia, bacterial (Mycoplasma phocida) SW2010/318 M216/10 Phocoena phocoena M 155 21/09/10 Gairloch Beach Highland Scotland acute physical trauma (atypical/anthropogenic) SW2010/336 2010-18488 Stenella coeruleoalba M 179 25/09/10 Portstewart Derry N. Ireland live stranding SW2010/306 XT917/10 Phocoena phocoena F 165 26/09/10 Newport Pembrokeshire West coast starvation and physical trauma, acute SW2010/315 XT936/10 Phocoena phocoena F 145 28/09/10 Skinningrove Redcar and Cleveland East coast physical trauma, acute SW2010/322 M226/10 Lagenorhynchus acutus U 268 29/09/10 Coll Beach Western Isles Scotland live stranding SW2010/323 XT1028/10 Phocoena phocoena F N/A 30/09/10 Aberavon Neath Port Talbot West coast physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/338 XT994/10 Phocoena phocoena M 95 15/10/10 Anthorn Cumbria West coast starvation/hypothermia SW2010/340 XT109/11 Phocoena phocoena F 111.5 19/10/10 Mwnt Ceredigion West coast parasitism, pulmonary (heavy) and possible haemorrhage, pulmonary SW2010/342 M135/10/10 Phocoena phocoena F 147 19/10/10 Sennen Cove Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/352 M247/10 Grampus griseus F 301 21/10/10 Norby Beach Shetland Scotland dystocia SW2010/346 XT173/11 Grampus griseus F 155 24/10/10 Gwbert Ceredigion West coast physical trauma, acute (possible by-catch) SW2010/354 M3/11/10 Delphinus delphis M 204 29/10/10 Lamorna Cove Cornwall South-west physical trauma, by-catch SW2010/355 M2/11/10 Delphinus delphis M 177 31/10/10 Church Cove Cornwall South-west live stranding SW2010/365 M255/10 Phocoena phocoena F 156 05/11/10 Barassie Beach North Ayrshire Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and mycotic SW2010/369 M82/11/10 Phocoena phocoena F 129 12/11/10 Fistral Beach Cornwall South-west physical trauma, bottlenose dolphin attack SW2010/372 M272/10 Phocoena phocoena M 146 13/11/10 Barassie Beach North Ayrshire Scotland not established, awaiting histopathology SW2010/373 XT1083/10 Phocoena phocoena M 108 16/11/10 North Sands Beach Hartlepool East coast starvation SW2010/376 M276/10 Grampus griseus F 232 18/11/10 Hushinish Western Isles Scotland live stranding SW2010/384 M286/10 Phocoena phocoena M 108 21/11/10 Belhaven East Lothian Scotland parasitism, gastric (heavy) SW2010/397 M295/10 Phocoena phocoena F 126 02/12/10 East Beach East Lothian Scotland live stranding SW2010/387 M48/12/10 Phocoena phocoena F 155 06/12/10 Porthminster Cornwall South-west physical trauma, acute (suspected bottlenose dolphin attack) SW2010/398 M301/10 Phocoena phocoena M 148 09/12/10 Findhorn Moray Scotland generalised bacterial infection sequential to trauma SW2010/399 M308/10 Phocoena phocoena F 155 15/12/10 Coulport Argyll and Bute Scotland pneumonia, parasitic and bacterial SW2010/395 M126/12/10 Delphinus delphis F 195 16/12/10 Perranporth Cornwall South-west peritonitis and metritis (sequel to dystocia/uterine rupture) SW2010/396 XT090/11 Delphinus delphis M 219 17/12/10 Dale Pembrokeshire West coast parasitism, cardiac stomach (heavy)

www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

National Ref. PM No. Species Sex Length Date Location Local Authority Region Cause of Death T2005/1 M007/05 Dermochelys coriacea F 190 10/01/05 Port William Dumfries and Galloway Scotland not established T2005/9 M20/8/05 Dermochelys coriacea F 171 01/08/05 Botallack Cornwall South-west not established T2005/61 M29/12/05 Caretta caretta M 26 27/11/05 Harlyn Beach Cornwall South-west not established T2006/39 07-0316 Caretta caretta F 65 01/12/06 Pembrey Carmarthenshire West coast bilateral chronic pneumonia and tracheobronchitis T2006/44 XT018/07 Caretta caretta U 27 23/12/06 Southerndown Vale of Glamorgan West coast starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2007/2 M011/07 Caretta caretta F 29 14/01/07 Achmelvich Beach Highland Scotland starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2007/3 M79/01/07 Caretta caretta U 21 03/01/07 Crackington Haven Cornwall South-west not established T2007/6 XT757/07 Caretta caretta U 27 21/03/07 Tywyn Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/2 XT043/08 Lepidochelys kempii M 25 03/01/08 Porth Ceiriad Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/10 XT144/08 Caretta caretta M 33 22/02/08 Cae Du Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/13 XT161/08 Caretta caretta F 59 06/02/08 Black Rock Sands Gwynedd West coast starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/14 XT153/08 Caretta caretta F 24 06/02/08 Manorbier Pembrokeshire West coast starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/16 M033/08 Caretta caretta F 65 29/01/08 Killichronan Strathclyde Scotland starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/18 M84/02/08 Caretta caretta F 37 13/02/08 St Marys Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/19 N79/08 Dermochelys coriacea M N/A 15/02/08 Strangford Lough County Down N. Ireland physical trauma and meningoencephalitis T2008/22 XT168/11 Caretta caretta U N/A 08/03/08 Borth Ceredigion West coast possible generalized bacterial infection (Pasteurella sp.) T2008/23 M75/3/08 Caretta caretta F 65 12/03/08 Wanson Mouth Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/24 M145/03/08 Caretta caretta U 76 22/03/08 Chapel Porth Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/26 XT440/08 Caretta caretta F 57 14/03/08 Garrison Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/27 XT678/08 Caretta caretta M 35 02/04/08 Holywell Cornwall South-west starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned) T2008/30 XT169/11 Caretta caretta U 17 14/04/08 Fairbourne Gwynedd West coast not established T2008/46 M257/08 Caretta caretta U 101 18/12/08 Scapa Beach Orkney Scotland starvation/hypothermia (cold stunned)

SBS2007/5 M197/07 Cetorhinus maximus M 326 05/10/07 Musselburgh East Lothian Scotland pyogranulomatous meningitis SBS2009/3 M50/08/09 Cetorhinus maximus M 421 11/08/09 Sennen Cove Cornwall South-west generalised bacterial infection (Photobacterium damselae) SBS2009/7 M154/09 Cetorhinus maximus M 373 25/10/09 East Beach Moray Scotland live stranding