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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010

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CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 Final Report for the period 1st January 2005 – 31st December 2010 (Covering contract numbers CR0346 and CR0364) Compiled by R. Deaville and P.D. Jepson (ZSL) Contributing Authors- A. Brownlow and R. J. Reid (SAC) B. Smith, E. L. Duffell & R.C. Sabin (NHM) R. Penrose (MEM) M. Perkins (ZSL) This report results from work conducted by the collaborative UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme. Partner organisations are Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London (ZSL), the Scottish Agricultural College, Inverness (SAC), the Natural History Museum (NHM)and Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM). Funding bodies Contract manager Partner organisations UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme Information on the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme can also be found at www.ukstrandings.org Data summarised in this report was collected in the UK under contract to Defra and the Devolved Administrations between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010. Data was collected partially under contract CR0346 (2005-2006), but primarily under contract number CR0364 (2006-2011). Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London (ZSL) – Current contractor1 Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY Tel: 020 7449 6672 Fax: 020 7586 1457 Web: www.zsl.org/science/ Scottish Agricultural College, Inverness (SAC) - Subcontractor Wildlife Unit Drummondhill Stratherrick Road Inverness IV2 4JZ Tel: 01463 243030 Fax: 01463 711103 Web: www.sac.ac.uk/ The Natural History Museum (NHM) - Subcontractor Cromwell Road South Kensington London SW7 5BD Tel: 020 7942 5155 Fax: 020 7942 5572 Web: www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/strandings/ Marine Environmental Monitoring (MEM) - Subcontractor Penwalk, Llechryd Cardigan Ceredigion West Wales SA43 2PS Tel: 01239 682405 Web: www.strandings.com 1 From 1st January 2005 to 31st March 2006, the contracting organisation was the Natural History Museum. From 1st April 2006 onwards, the Institute of Zoology was the contracting organisation. 2 www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 Executive summary Between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2010, the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme (CSIP) received reports of 3430 cetaceans, 76 marine turtles and 27 basking sharks. The largest number of cetacean reports was received in England (n=1650), with smaller numbers in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709), Northern Ireland (n=46), the Isle of Man (n=20) and the Channel Islands (n=9). The total number of cetacean strandings reported to the CSIP during 2006-2010 declined by approximately 22%, relative to the preceding five year period (2001-2005). This decline was largely driven by a reduction in reported strandings of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in most regions of the UK and also of reported strandings of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in south-west UK. During this period, 752 post-mortem examinations of 15 cetacean species (mainly harbour porpoises and common dolphins) were conducted. The principal causes of death in 478 UK-stranded harbour porpoises examined at post mortem between 2005 and 2010 were infectious disease (n=120, largely pneumonias due to combinations of parasitic, bacterial and fungal infections), starvation (n=117, 32 of which were starved neonates), attack from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (n=79), and entanglement in fishing gear (by-catch) (n=71). The principal causes of death in 129 common dolphins examined at post-mortem during the same period were by-catch (n=46) and live stranding (n=37, largely consequential to a mass stranding event in 2008). In addition, 22 post-mortem examinations of UK stranded marine turtles and three post-mortem examinations of UK stranded basking sharks were also conducted by the CSIP in 2005-2010. An analysis of post-mortem examinations conducted between 1991 and 2010, showed a slight decline in the proportion of by-catch in UK stranded harbour porpoises and short beaked common dolphins and a relative increase in the proportion of infectious disease and starvation in harbour porpoises. On 9th June 2008 the UK’s largest ever common dolphin mass stranding event (MSE) occurred in Falmouth Bay, Cornwall. Twenty-six dolphins died and a similar or greater number were refloated back to sea. A detailed investigation was conducted under a variation to the existing contract with Defra and a range of potential causes were considered. The investigation findings were most consistent with one or more flight/panic responses in an otherwise healthy group of dolphins seen close to shore in or near Falmouth Bay for several days prior to the MSE. In the absence of disease, toxin exposure or any other known major source of disturbance, the close proximity of a naval exercise was considered a probable causal factor. In close collaboration with CEFAS, the CSIP has generated one of the worlds largest time- series datasets on chemical contaminants in a marine mammal species (the harbour porpoise). This dataset shows that some organochlorine pesticide and trace metal contaminants have gradually declined over time since 1990. However, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels have been stable since 1997 in UK-stranded harbour porpoises and still occur at much higher concentrations that any other marine contaminants tested. Many individuals still exceed proposed toxicity thresholds for marine mammals and are strongly linked statistically to susceptibility to fatal infectious diseases using relatively large sample sizes. PCB levels in UK- stranded bottlenose dolphins and killer whales are high or extremely high and probably pose a major but largely unquantified conservation threat to these marine top predators. Between 2005 and 2010, 69 peer-reviewed scientific papers covering a wide range of research themes were published using data generated by the CSIP and samples held in the national tissue archive. A web accessed CSIP database was created in 2008, following a variation to contract CR0364, fully integrating for the first time strandings data and data collected during post-mortem examinations in the UK. Periodic export of relevant data from this database to the NBN gateway 3 www.ukstrandings.org CSIP Final Report 2005-2010 (www.nbn.org.uk/) now takes place, enabling access to strandings and post-mortem data by a much wider audience than has been the case in the past. The research of the Defra and Devolved Administration funded CSIP has improved our knowledge of cetaceans, informed the public about cetaceans and the reasons for their stranding and informed and shaped policy decisions at a national and international level, which should ultimately help to improve the overall conservation status of cetaceans. Key events and milestones (2005-2010) • In the last six years 3430 cetaceans, 76 marine turtles and 27 basking sharks have been reported to the CSIP. Total cetacean stranding numbers reported to the CSIP since the project began in 1990 now exceed 10200 (as of May 2011). Seventeen species of cetacean were recorded stranded during the 2005-2010 period, with no new additions to the regions fauna list. • The largest number of cetacean reports was received in England (n=1650), with smaller numbers in Scotland (n=996), Wales (n=709), Northern Ireland (n=46), the Isle of Man (n=20) and the Channel Islands (n=nine). The total number of strandings reported during 2006-2010 declined by approximately 22%, relative to the preceding five year period (2001- 2005). • During the period of this report, 752 post-mortem examinations of 15 cetacean species (mainly harbour porpoises and common dolphins) were conducted. The principal causes of death in 478 UK-stranded harbour porpoises examined at post mortem between 2005 and 2010 were infectious disease (n=120, largely pneumonias due to combinations of parasitic, bacterial and fungal infections), starvation (n=117, 32 of which were starved neonates), attack from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (n=79), and entanglement in fishing gear (by-catch) (n=71). The principal causes of death in 129 common dolphins examined at post-mortem during the same period were by-catch (n=46) and live stranding (n=37, largely consequential to a mass stranding event in 2008). In addition, 22 post-mortem examinations of UK stranded marine turtles and three post-mortem examinations of UK stranded basking sharks were also conducted by the CSIP during 2005-2010. • An analysis of post-mortem examinations conducted between 1991 and 2010, showed a slight decline in the proportion of by-catch in UK stranded harbour porpoises and short beaked common dolphins and a relative increase in the proportion of infectious disease and starvation in harbour porpoises. • During this period, annual and quarterly reports have been submitted to the Department, acting as staged project milestones. Additional ad hoc reports have been submitted in response to specific direct requests for ministerial or departmental purposes and parliamentary questions. • A mass stranding event of short-beaked common dolphin occurred on June 9th 2008 in the Fal estuary in Cornwall. Defra funded a full investigation of the mass stranding event through a variation to the existing contract. • One of the highest profile stranding events ever seen in the UK occurred in London on 19th January 2006, when a northern bottlenose whale swam up the River Thames. Despite an extensive operation to rescue the stranded whale, involving members of British Divers Marine Life Rescue, Port of London Authority and a CSIP veterinary team, the whale died whilst being transported down
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