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7 Landscape and Visual
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 This chapter assesses the potential impacts of the energy recovery facility (ERF) facility at Four Ashes on the landscape resource and visual amenity. It addresses the following issues:
• Impacts on the landscape resource; • Impacts on the perception of the landscape; and • Impacts on visual amenity.
7.1.2 Landscape impacts are changes in the landscape resource and perception of the landscape, and differ from visual impacts, which relate to the appearance of these changes and the resulting impact on visual amenity. The landscape and visual assessment is organised into the following main sections:
• Introduction; • Relevant legislation and policy – this takes into consideration the planning context of the site; • Methodology of the assessment – an assessment of how the assessment has been carried out, with reference to the widely published methodologies and guidelines; • Context of the development – introduction to the study area in general • Project description and mitigation – describing the aspects of the development with the potential to cause an impact on landscape and visual amenity in the study area, and mitigation which has been incorporated into the design. • Assessment of the impacts - including an assessment of impacts on landscape features, perception of the landscape and visual amenity. The potential cumulative impacts associated with other developments are also considered; and • Additional mitigation – addressing any adverse impacts which have been observed through the assessment process which might be further improved by additional mitigation. • Residual effects and conclusion - an overview of the landscape and visual impacts arising from the proposed development.
7.1.3 Consultation with the Natural Environmental Group (Andy Goode, Natural Environmental Group Leader for Staffordshire County Council) has been undertaken, with regards to locations of landscape photomontages. The Natural Environment Group noted that the consented scheme included “the revised Landscape Proposals plan dated July 2008, and the Revised Landscaping Proposals statement dated August 2008, submitted by Enviros. [These] provided an enhanced scheme that formed the basis for achieving an acceptable level of mitigation” . These have therefore been taken into consideration regarding proposed mitigation and additional mitigation in this Chapter and the Landscape Proposals.
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7.2 Relevant Legislation and Policy Landscape Designations
7.2.1 The application site at Four Ashes does not occupy any areas of national landscape designation. However, some parts of the study area (5km radius from the centre of the application site, see paragraph 7.3.4) are subject to designation at the national and local level. National landscape designations are included on Figure 7.1, with conservation areas identified on Figure 7.2.
7.2.2 The site is allocated for employment use in the South Staffordshire Local Plan. A large proportion of the study area, including the mitigation land to the south of the site, is designated as Greenbelt in the Local Plan. However, it should be noted that the site on which the ERF will be constructed is excluded from this designation.
Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)
7.2.3 A small part of Cannock Chase AONB (refer to Figure 7.1) lies more than 4km to the northeast of the application site. It is the second smallest AONB in the country; however, it attracts over 1 million people per year, as estimated in the Cannock Chase AONB Visitor Survey (2000).
7.2.4 The area was once the expansive sweep of a great medieval royal hunting forest. Today it is a surprisingly remote area of high sandstone heather and bracken heathland with birch woodland and extensive pine plantations. The heaths are the largest surviving area of heathland in the Midlands and are valuable habitats for various plants and animals.
AONB Local Planning Policy
7.2.5 Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Structure Plan - Policy NC3 Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty states that:
“The landscape quality of the Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and its setting will be conserved and enhanced, and its nature conservation and recreational value protected and extended…. The acceptability of development proposals outside the AONB boundary will be assessed with regard to the extent of any adverse impact on the landscape, nature conservation or recreation interest of the AONB.”
7.2.6 South Staffordshire Local Plan – Policy LS12 Cannock Chase AONB – Landscape Conservation and Development Proposals states that:
“The District Council will continue to conserve and enhance the landscape and nature conservation interests of the Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and its setting within South Staffordshire.”
Registered Parks and Gardens and Historic Landscape Areas
7.2.7 Chillington, a Registered Park and Garden is located with in the study area, 2.4km from the application site to the southwest. The house was designed and built in the 1760’s. The eighteenth century grounds, designed by Capability Brown, consist of an oak avenue, a serpentine lake and three follies Refer to Figure 7.1.
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7.2.8 The study area also includes several Historic Landscape Areas, designated in the South Staffordshire Local Plan. All or part of the following Historic Landscape Areas are included in the study area (refer to Figure 7.3):
• Somerford Park (approximately 1km to the west) (also considered in Chapter 15: Archaeology); • Hilton Park (approximately 3.4km to the south east); • Chillington (approximately 2.4 - 8km to the west); • Stretton Park (approximately 3.9km to the north west); and • Hatherton Hall (approximately 3.9km to the north east).
Relevant Local Planning Policy
7.2.9 Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Structure Plan - Policy NC17A Historic Parks and Gardens: Protection states that:
“Historic parks and gardens and their settings will be protected from development which would cause harm to their character or appearance. In order to assist in the protection of the character and appearance of recorded sites:
(a) an historic landscape appraisal report may be required where development affecting an historic park or garden or its setting is proposed;
(b) historic parks and gardens of particular historic design or aesthetic significance may be designated as Conservation Areas to help protect their character and appearance.”
7.2.10 South Staffordshire Local Plan – Policy LS11 Historic Landscapes - Protection of Character and Setting states that:
“In considering development proposals within the Historic Landscape Areas defined on the Proposals Map, the District Council will have special regard to the desirability of conserving the historic landscape character and setting of the HLA and of protecting it from unsympathetic sub- division. Development proposals should aim to conserve the landscape character of historic landscapes.”
Relevant Local Planning Policy
7.2.11 South Staffordshire Local Plan – Policy LS10 Landscape Improvement Areas - Development Proposals
“In considering development proposals within the Landscape Improvement Areas the District Council will seek to ensure that existing landscape features and wildlife habitats are conserved and that new planting of locally native species is provided as part of the development.”
Conservation Areas
7.2.12 Part of the village of Brewood (4km away to the west) is designated as a conservation area in the South Staffordshire Local Plan (Adopted 1996). In addition the northern edge of the conservation area that surrounds part of Bushberry Hill in Wolverhampton (refer to Figure 7.3) is designated in the Wolverhampton Unitary Development Plan (adopted 2006).
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7.2.13 The study area also includes sections of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and the Shropshire Union Canal, both of which are designated as Canal Conservation Areas in the South Staffordshire Local Plan. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal lies in close proximity to the site, meandering through the central part of the study area for the assessment, at its closest point this canal lies approximately 130m to the north of the site of the proposed development. The Shropshire Union Canal lies in the western part of the study area, with the closest point lying approximately 3.4 km from the proposed development.
7.2.14 Conservation Areas within 1km of the site are also considered in Chapter 15: Archaeology.
Relevant Local Planning Policy
7.2.15 Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Structure Plan - NC19: Conservation Areas states that:
“Areas of architectural or historic interest will be designated as Conservation Areas. There will be a presumption in favour of retaining and enhancing buildings, groups of buildings, or other features, including open spaces and views through, into or out of the areas which contribute to their special character, appearance or interest. New development within or adjacent to Conservation Areas should respect, protect and enhance their character and appearance with respect to its height, scale, intensity and materials, and only generate levels of activity which will support their preservation and economic viability. Proposals which would result in overdevelopment, undue disturbance and traffic movement detrimental to the character of the Conservation Area will not be permitted.”
7.2.16 South Staffordshire Local Plan - Policies BE6 to BE13 are specifically concerned with the protection of conservation areas (please note: BE6, 8, 10, 11 and 13 are deleted in the saved policies version of the SSLP). However, it should be noted that the content of these policies are focussed towards development taking place within a conservation area.
Community Forests
7.2.17 The site is within the Forest of Mercia, part of a national programme of Community Forests in England. These areas aim to enable people living within towns and cities to have improved facilities and access in relation to the natural environment. The Forest of Mercia covers 92 square miles of South Staffordshire and adjoining parts of the West Midlands and lies between Penkridge in the west, Lichfield in the east, Walsall and Wolverhampton in the south and Cannock Chase in the north.
7.2.18 Rather than being continuous woodland, the Forest of Mercia is a network of woodlands, hedgerows, heathlands, farmlands, wetlands, lakes and grasslands.
Relevant General Policy
National Planning Policy
7.2.19 At a national level the key policy documents that are of direct relevance to this assessment are Planning Policy Statements 1 and 7, which relate to delivering sustainable development and sustainable development in rural areas respectively. PPS1 states that “ all development in rural areas should be well designed and inclusive, in keeping and scale with its location, and sensitive to the character of the countryside and local distinctiveness ”. PPS7 goes on to provide more detailed guidance regarding development in rural areas, with particular reference to national landscape designations.
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Regional Planning Policy
7.2.20 In July 2010 the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government informed councils and the Planning Inspectorate that the regional planning regime for England no longer forms part of the development plan for the purposes of the determination of planning applications. Guidance issued with the announcement advised that evidence that informed the preparation of the revoked Regional Strategies may still be a material consideration in planning decisions.
Local Planning Policy
Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Structure Plan 1996–2011
7.2.21 Several general policies within the Structure Plan are of relevance to this assessment. These include:
7.2.22 Policy D2 The Design and Environmental Quality of Development
“Development should generally conserve and, where possible, improve the quality of life and the environment and should:
(b) be designed to relate to its surrounding context while not excluding innovative and creative designs;
South Staffordshire Local Plan
7.2.23 Several general policies within the Local Plan are of relevance to the proposal. These include:
7.2.24 Policy BE25 Location of New Buildings
“New buildings shall be located so as to avoid, or at least keep to the minimum…
g) any unnecessary exposure on the skyline so as to materially change the character of the area;”
7.2.25 Policy BE26 New Development – Design Criteria
“New development should:
a) Be sympathetic with the appearance and character of the surrounding area and be appropriate in scale, mass, design, materials, layout and siting, both in itself and in relation to adjoining buildings and spaces;
d) Include provision for landscaping appropriate to the character of the surroundings;
e) Retain any important open area, gap in a frontage or natural or built features, such as trees, hedges, walls, fences and banks;
g) Avoid any adverse affect on the architectural or historic character and setting of a listed building.”
7.2.26 Policy LS1 Landscape Character – Protection and Enhancement
“Permission will not normally be granted for development which would destroy or damage the landscape character of the District. Proposals which would improve or enhance the quality of the
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landscape and restore landscape features will be encouraged by the District Council where such developments conform to the other policies and proposals of the plan.”
7.3 Methodology General Approach
7.3.1 The landscape and visual assessment (including elements relating to lighting), has been based on guidelines provided in the following publications:
• Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment, 2nd Edition, 2002); • Landscape Character Assessment: Guidance for England and Scotland (The Countryside Agency and SNH, 2002); • LG6: The Outdoor Environment, CIBSE Lighting Guide 1992; • Lighting in the Countryside: towards Good Practice, 1997, Department of the Environment and Countryside Commission; and • Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light (The Institution of Lighting Engineers, 2005).
7.3.2 The general approach to the landscape and visual assessment (LVA) includes the following key tasks:
• Desk study and preliminary site survey; • Baseline landscape and visual assessment (consisting of desk study, field survey and reporting); and • Assessment of construction and operational landscape and visual impacts.
7.3.3 This methodology is consistent with Enviros 2008 Environmental Statement which supported the consented scheme.
Baseline Assessment
7.3.4 The first stage of the assessment reviewed the existing landscape and visual resource of the study area in terms of its character, quality (i.e. condition) and sensitivity. The baseline assessment forms the basis against which the magnitude and significance of the predicted landscape and visual impacts arising from the proposals are assessed. The assessment is focussed on a 5km radius study area, centred on the proposed development. This approach and the size of the study area has been discussed and agreed with landscape officers at Staffordshire County Council. The size of the study area has been also been based on the scale, context and likely visibility of the ERF.
7.3.5 The baseline assessment has three elements as follows:
• Description – the process of collecting and presenting information about landscape and visual resources in a systematic manner;
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• Classification – analytical activity whereby landscape resources, in particular, are refined into units of distinct and recognisable character; and • Evaluation – the process of attributing a sensitivity to a given landscape or visual resource, by reference to specified criteria.
7.3.6 The baseline assessment process comprises three stages: desk study, field survey and analysis.
Desk Study
7.3.7 As part of the desk study, the baseline landscape and visual resource was defined within a 5km radius study area and the main users of the area, key viewpoints and key features were identified. Due to the location of the AONB beyond the study area, additional information is assessed regarding some areas beyond this study area. Existing map and written data about the application site and its environs within the study area were reviewed, including:
• Planning for Landscape Change: Supplementary Planning Guidance to the Staffordshire and Stoke on Trent Structure Plan 1996 – 2011; • Countryside Character, Volume 5: West Midlands (The Countryside Agency 1999); • Ordnance Survey map data; • Detailed survey data for the application site; and • Plans and elevations of the proposed development.
7.3.8 The desk study also identified and classified potential visual receptors according to their associated land use (settlements, footpaths, roads etc.) The aim of the baseline visual assessment was to ensure that a representative range of viewpoints were included in the visual assessment. The potential extent of visibility of the proposed development was identified by reference to Ordnance Survey map data and observations made in the field. Following this, potential visual receptors likely to be affected by the proposed development were identified and a preliminary selection of viewpoints was made to ensure that the viewpoint assessment included a representative range in relation to the following criteria:
• Type of receptor – based on the above, and including different landscape character types; • Elevation; • Distance of receptor from proposed development; and • Direction of the receptor from the proposed development, with the aim of achieving a distribution from different compass points around the application site.
7.3.9 The desk study provided the basis for subsequent field survey work. It enabled the delineation of draft landscape character types within the study area, analysis of the potential zone of visibility, and identification of the principal viewpoints and receptors, which were subsequently confirmed during the field survey.
Field Survey
7.3.10 Field survey was undertaken during March, May and June 2010 to verify the landscape character types identified within the study area and gain a full appreciation of the relationship between the proposed development and the receiving landscape. The landscape assessment was undertaken
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for each character type, which record dominant land cover, landscape elements and aesthetic factors.
7.3.11 Field survey work also verified the appropriateness of the proposed assessment viewpoints. This involved checking the initial viewpoint selection on the ground, to ensure that there would be views of the proposed development from these locations. In some instances, this can be remedied by slight adjustments to the location, although this has to remain relevant to the particular receptor(s) for which the viewpoint was selected. It is also important to ensure that the selected viewpoints are a representative view, and demonstrate the maximum potential visibility of the proposed development for the selected location. The fieldwork was supported by analysis of Ordnance Survey maps, and observations were supported with photographs (included in Figures 7.7.1-7.7.17).
Analysis and Reporting
7.3.12 Analysis and reporting of the baseline assessment took place after completion of the desk and field surveys. The baseline landscape assessment provided a description, classification and evaluation of the landscape of the study area, from which to assess the potential landscape impacts of the proposed development. The baseline visual assessment provided an initial list of locations for the viewpoint assessment, with details regarding grid references, distance from the proposed development, receptor types and rationale for selection, from which to assess the potential visual impacts of the proposals. The baseline assessment is supported by Figures 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5, which illustrate the landscape context and relevant designations for the application site and study area.
7.3.13 The baseline assessment, as a whole, therefore provides a robust description of the landscape and visual resource. This provides a basis from which to assess the landscape and visual impacts of the proposed development and advice, in landscape and visual terms, on the development's acceptability in principle. It also informs the preferred layout and design of the proposed development. The baseline assessment contributed to influencing the project design and the development of mitigation measures.
Assessment of Residual Landscape and Visual Impacts
7.3.14 The impact assessment aims to:
• Identify systematically all the potential landscape and visual impacts of the proposed development taking account of the proposed mitigation measures; • Predict and estimate their magnitude as accurately as possible; and • Assess their significance in a logical and well–reasoned fashion.
7.3.15 The assessment describes the changes in the character and quality of the landscape and visual resources that are expected to result from the proposed development. It covers both landscape impacts, i.e. changes in the fabric, character and key defining characteristics of the landscape; and visual impacts, i.e. changes in available views of the landscape and the significance of those changes on people.
7.3.16 In assessing landscape impacts, the potential direct impacts on the fabric of the landscape are considered, together with the potential impacts on the perception of landscape character. The latter depends on a number of factors:
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• The nature of the landscape character type, including factors such as the nature of views and sense of enclosure; • The extent of the potential visibility of the proposed development (e.g. the number and extent for visual receptors of the development seen); • The proportion of the character type with potential visibility; and • The distance to the proposed development.
7.3.17 The baseline landscape character assessment together with an assessment of the potential impacts on each character type, along with consideration of the extent of potential significant impacts on the landscape, is included in the assessment.
7.3.18 A visibility assessment has been carried out using Ordnance Survey data and field observations to ascertain the general extent of visibility of the proposed development within the study area. The visibility assessment has concentrated mainly on publicly accessible areas such as the road network, public footpaths, residential and outdoor recreational areas.
7.3.19 A viewpoint analysis has been carried out to identify and evaluate the potential impacts on, and visual amenity arising from, the proposed development at specific representative locations in the study area. The viewpoints selected are considered to be representative of the spectrum of receptors in the study area, located at different distances, directions and elevations relative to the proposed development.
Assessment Criteria
7.3.20 The aim of the environmental assessment is to identify, predict and evaluate potential key impacts arising from the proposed development. Identified impacts are quantified wherever possible; however, the nature of landscape and visual assessment requires an element of interpretation using professional judgement. In order to provide a level of consistency to the assessment, the prediction of magnitude and assessment of significance of the residual landscape and visual impacts have been based on pre–defined criteria.
7.3.21 The sensitivity of the landscape is not absolute and varies according to the nature of existing landscape, the nature of the proposed development and the type of change being considered. The determination of the sensitivity of the landscape resource to changes associated with the proposed development is defined as high, medium, low or negligible and is based on professional interpretation of a combination of parameters, as follows:
• Landscape value – as reflected by local, regional or national landscape designations; • Landscape scale – which is the relative size of the main landscape elements and components; and • The nature of views – whether open, closed, long or short distance, simple or diverse.
7.3.22 Landscape sensitivity is defined as high, medium or low. The sensitivity of visual receptors is based on an interpretation of a combination of parameters as follows:
• The location of the viewpoint; • The context of the view; • The activity of the receptor; and
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• Frequency and duration of the view.
7.3.23 Visual receptor sensitivity is defined as high, medium, low or negligible as follows:
Table 7.1 Definition of visual receptor sensitivity
Visual receptor Definition sensitivity High Users of outdoor recreational facilities including strategic footpaths, cycle routes or rights of way, whose attention may be focused on the landscape; important landscape features with physical, cultural or historic attributes; the principal views from residential buildings; beauty spots and picnic areas. Medium Other footpaths; secondary views from residential buildings; people travelling through or past the landscape on roads, train lines or other transport routes. Low People engaged in outdoor sports or recreation (other than appreciation of the landscape), commercial buildings or commercially engaged pedestrians, whose attention may be focussed on their work or activity rather than the wider landscape. Negligible Views from heavily industrialised areas.
7.3.24 The magnitude of change arising from the proposed development at any particular viewpoint is described as substantial, moderate, slight or negligible based on the interpretation of a combination of largely quantifiable parameters, as follows:
• Distance of the viewpoint from the development; • Duration of impact; • Angle of view in relation to main receptor activity; • Proportion of the field of view occupied by the development; • Background to the development; and • Extent of other built development visible, particularly vertical elements.
7.3.25 Definitions of magnitude are given within Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (2nd Edition 2002) and within the Scottish 1 Natural Heritage Handbook on Environmental Impact Assessment (2002). Table 7.3 below provides the definitions of magnitude used for the purposes of this assessment.
Table 7.2 Definitions of magnitude
Level of Definition of magnitude magnitude Substantial Total loss or major alteration to key elements / features / characteristics of the baseline (pre–development) conditions such that post development character/composition of baseline would be fundamentally changed. Moderate Partial loss or alteration to one or more key elements / features /
1 Although Scottish guidelines, they are widely applied in landscape and visual impact assessments in England.
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Level of Definition of magnitude magnitude characteristics of the baseline (pre–development) conditions such that post development character/ composition/ attributes of baseline would be partially changed. Slight Minor loss of or alteration to one or more key elements / features/ characteristics of the baseline (pre–development) conditions. Change arising from the loss / alteration would be discernible but underlying character / composition of the baseline condition would be similar to pre development circumstances / patterns. Negligible Very minor loss or alteration to one or more key elements/ features / characteristics of the baseline (pre–development) conditions. Change barely distinguishable, approximating to the “no change” situation.
7.3.26 The significance of the effect of any identified landscape or visual impact has been assessed as major, moderate, minor or no impact. These categories have been determined by consideration of the landscape or visual sensitivity and the predicted magnitude of change as described above, with the following matrix (Table 7.4) used as a guide to correlating sensitivity and magnitude to determine significance of effects of impacts.
Table 7.3 Correlation of sensitivity and magnitude of impact to determine the significance of effect
Landscape and Magnitude of change visual Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible sensitivity High Major Major / moderate Moderate Moderate / minor Medium Major / moderate Moderate Moderate / minor Minor Low Moderate Moderate / minor Minor Minor / none Negligible Moderate / minor Minor Minor / none None
7.3.27 Where the effects of the landscape or visual impacts have been classified as major or major/moderate, this is considered to be a significant impact in terms of the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999. It should be noted that significant impacts need not be unacceptable or necessarily negative and may be reversible. The potential impacts associated with the proposed development are referred to as adverse, neutral or positive where applicable.
7.3.28 The matrix is not used as a prescriptive tool, and the methodology and analysis of potential impacts at any particular location must make allowance for the exercise of professional judgement. Thus, in some instances a particular parameter may be considered as having a determining impact on the analysis.
Limitations of the Assessment
7.3.29 Given the degree of subjectivity inherent in landscape and visual assessment there are no methods to quantify effects. As such, the following assessment relies on professional judgement and our extensive experience of assessing such matters.
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7.3.30 A computer generated visual envelope has not been prepared for this assessment due to the scale of the proposed development and the nature of the surrounding landform.
7.4 Baseline Conditions
7.4.1 This section provides a description of the landscape and visual context of the application site and the study area (refer to 7.4.5 below).
The Application Site and Immediate Surroundings
7.4.2 The proposed site for development is located adjacent to Four Ashes Industrial Estate on Enterprise Drive. The site lies adjacent to the south-eastern edge of the industrial estate, and is surrounded by industrial activities to the north and west, fields set to pasture and equestrian uses to the south and by vacant farmland to the east. The site benefits from a planning permission granted for a similar proposal in 2009. The site is made up of two areas; the northern section is currently vacant open land and lies within a former sand and gravel workings which have been infilled to the level of the adjacent land. The southern section of the site comprises long grassland with a narrow swathe of woodland (refer to Chapter 10: Ecology). Views of the site itself are frequently constrained by intervening hedgerow and tree belt vegetation and the built development to the west and north.
7.4.3 There are few residential properties within 1km of the site (mostly on Station Road to the west and northeast along with Deepmore Farm and barn conversion (Deepmore Barn) and cottages to the east) the closest of which are approximately 220m distant. There are several villages within 5km study area radius including: Calf Heath to the east, Brewood and Coven to the west, Featherstone, the edges of Wolverhampton and Cross Green to the South, the edges of Cannock, Shareshill, Saredon and Cheslyn Hay to the east and the edge of Penkridge to the North (refer to Figure 7.6)
7.4.4 The site will be accessed from the A5, Watling Street, located to the northeast, via Vicarage Road, Station Road and Enterprise Drive. Additional access is possible via the A449, Stafford Road to the west, however, a low railway bridge at Station Drive, Four Ashes makes access by HGVs from this direction unsuitable and will be restricted by a Legal Agreement. These routes both link in to the national motorway network via the M6 and M54.
The Study Area
7.4.5 The study area for the landscape and visual assessment comprises a 5km radius circle centred on the application site, as shown in the accompanying figures (e.g. Figures 7.1 -7.6). The study area is predominately rural, but also includes several urban areas and a limited number of industrial locations, including land adjacent and to the north of the development site as well as a major chemical works (The SI Group) approximately 1km to the north of the development site which features a number of exhaust stacks of approximately 50m in height.
Topographical Features
7.4.6 The application site and much of the western section of the study area is set within the flat lowland Staffordshire Plain, an area of Triassic sandstones overlain by glacial deposits largely consisting of boulder clay with local deposits of silt, peat, sand and gravel.
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7.4.7 To the east of the study area the land rises to the rounded high plateau of Cannock Chase where underlying Triassic red sandstones and sand cemented pebbles known as Bunter Pebble Beds have weathered to a landscape of flat summits, convex slopes and small incised valleys. Most of the Cannock Chase summits lie above 150m, and rise up to 250m at Castle Ring, near Cannock Wood, these are both beyond the study area.
Drainage
7.4.8 Streams drain from the high ground around Cannock. Across the study area they drain to the River Penk (located to the west of the application site), which lies within the Staffordshire Plain in the River Trent catchment.
7.4.9 A ditch runs along the eastern boundary of the site and another runs along the southern boundary; the mitigation land to the south is prone to being waterlogged. However, these are ephemeral features and can dry out in certain weather conditions. Saredon Brook runs along the southern boundary of the mitigation land and is a permanent waterway.
Land Use
7.4.10 Beyond the development site and adjacent industrial areas, land use is variable, with land to the west and north of the study area dominated by agriculture and equestrian land uses, primarily set to pasture. To the east and south the land is more developed, comprising urban or urban fringe areas. The agricultural land is frequently broken by tree belts and patches of woodland, this woodland cover increases on Cannock Chase, with large areas of coniferous and broadleaved woodland.
Settlements
7.4.11 There are several settlements within the study area, ranging from villages to larger urban centres. Nearby villages include Four Ashes, Calf Heath, Coven, Brewood, Shareshill, Featherstone and Penkridge. Larger urban areas include the northern edge of Wolverhampton and the western edge of Cannock. There are also a number of dispersed farmsteads and individual dwellings within the study area.
Infrastructure
7.4.12 The primary road network within the study area comprises the M6 motorway which runs in a north-south direction to the east of the site, the northern section of M6 Toll which joins the M6 at a substantial junction located to the southeast of the study area and the M54 motorway which runs east-west to the south of the site. In addition, several other major roads are routed throughout the study area, including the Roman Road, Watling Street, now the A5, the A449 and the A460 which all link to the nearby motorways.
7.4.13 The Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford railway line runs roughly parallel to the route of the A449 through the study area and is located approximately 500m to the west of the application site.
Tourism and Recreation
7.4.14 The Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) lies partly within the study area, the closest part of this designation is positioned approximately 4km to the north-east of the application site. This area of open heathland and forestry contains several visitor centres and provides facilities for fishing, mountain biking walking and horse riding.
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7.4.15 Chillington Hall is a Georgian Country House with eighteenth century landscaped parkland designed by Capability Brown. The grounds are also a Registered Park and Garden. The Hall and grounds are both open to the public at certain times of year. The closest part of the Registered Park and Garden lies approximately 2.4km to the west of the application site, although Chillington Hall itself lies at a distance of approximately 6km.
7.4.16 Moseley Old Hall is a listed Elizabethan House famous for its association with Charles II. The property is located approximately 3.8km to the south of the application site. It has visitor facilities and recreated seventeenth century grounds including a knot garden and nut walk and is run by the National Trust.
7.4.17 There are two long distance footpaths routed through the study area. The Staffordshire Way is a 148km long-distance path which runs from the Peak District to Kinver Edge and passes to the west of the study area through Brewood. The Monarch’s Way crosses the study area twice to the west and south and is Britain’s second longest signed walking trail at 984km. It runs from Worcestershire to Kent following the route of Charles II’s escape from Cromwell. The Staffordshire Way and Monarch’s Way are both located in the western part of the study area, with the closest sections of these long distance routes located approximately 3.9km and 3.8km respectively from the application site. There are also many other minor Public Right of Way footpaths and bridleways within the study area.
7.4.18 A stretch of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal is located within the study area, passing approximately 130m to the north of the site. In addition, a section of The Shropshire Union Canal is also located within the study area, with the closest point positioned approximately 3.4km to the west of the application site.
7.4.19 Gailey Reservoirs, located approximately 1.5 – 2km to the north/north east are run by British Waterways and have a number of recreational facilities including sailing, canoeing, angling and bird watching. Other recreational facilities in the area include the Three Hammers Golf Complex at Cross Green and various local sporting facilities. Laches Wood, an outdoor education facility run by Staffordshire County Council, is located approximately 1.1km to the south of the proposed site.
Night-time Context of the Site
7.4.20 The site is located at the urban / rural fringe on the edge of an industrial estate, and, as a result, the number of light sources within the area is limited. Sources of light are primarily associated with the Four Ashes Industrial Estate, the primary road network (e.g. the A449, A5 and motorways), settlements and dispersed residential properties. The chemical works within the Four Ashes Industrial Estate site is comprehensively lit at night and forms a prominent element.
Landscape Character
Regional
7.4.21 At a regional level, the site is located near the border of three countryside character areas: the Shropshire, Cheshire and the Staffordshire Plain contains the site, however the Mid Severn Sandstone Plateau and Cannock Chase Cankwood (The Countryside Agency, Countryside Character, Volume 5: West Midlands) lie in close proximity. These countryside character areas are illustrated in Figure 7.3.
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• Shropshire, Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain: The Shropshire, Cheshire and Staffordshire Plain character area encompasses the application site and extends west and north over the study area. The area is characterised by a landscape of a gently rolling plain interrupted by sandstone ridges and has the general appearance of a well-managed farm landscape. The land cover is predominately Grade III agricultural land consisting mainly of dairy farming and some stock rearing pasture with a low percentage of small broadleaved or mixed woodlands. Landscape scale is increasing as a result of conversion to arable cropping. This is compounded by a decline in hedgerows and irregularly patterned hedged fields, however, small scale landscapes often occur in the flat river valleys. • Mid Severn Sandstone Plateau A large part of this landscape character area is greatly influenced by proximity to urban conurbations in the east, the road network and settlement expansion. • Cannock Chase and Cankwood This regional character area covers the eastern part of the study area. Over 90% of this landscape character zone comprises Grade III or better farmland, with a diverse agricultural pattern of horticulture, more demanding crops such as sugar beet and potatoes and dairy or other livestock pasture. The east of this zone is extensively industrialised, influenced by the historical presence of mining industries. Nearer the application site, the land drops down to river valleys with a medium to large scale open agricultural landscape and a regular pattern of large hedged fields. Near the western boundary of the regional character area there is an urban fringe influence characterised by deteriorating hedges, enlargement of scale, and decline in the condition of the landscape. Local
7.4.22 The local assessment of landscape character types has concentrated on the 5km study area, centred on the application site. The study area is covered by the Planning for Landscape Change: Supplementary Planning Guidance to the Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Structure Plan 1996-2011. This document provides an assessment of the landscape character of a large proportion of the study area, the only exception to this being the edge of Wolverhampton, which lies within the southern part of the study area.
7.4.23 It considers the likely pressures and opportunities for change in the landscape, assesses the sensitivity of the landscape to change and includes guidelines indicating how landscape character may be conserved, enhanced, restored or regenerated, as appropriate. The landscape character assessment of the study area has been based on these assessments. A field survey was carried out within the study area to verify the character types identified in this Supplementary Planning Guidance. The study area is divided into the following local character areas of types illustrated in Figure 7.4:
• Settled Heathlands; • Ancient Clay Farmlands; • Settled Plateau Farmland Slopes; and
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• Sandstone Hills and Heaths;
7.4.24 The key landscape characteristics and sensitivity of these areas is described in the following sections, providing a baseline against which the potential impact of the proposed development at Four Ashes, on the perception of landscape character, can be judged.
Settled Heathlands
7.4.25 This landscape character type makes up the central part of the study area and includes the application site.
• Key Characteristics
This landscape type is associated with areas of glacial drift. Many areas are quite well wooded, although there may be few hedgerow trees. However the fabric of the landscape is breaking down under increasing pressure from adjacent urban areas. The area type includes the application site, Calf Heath and Featherstone. Other characteristics include mixed arable and pasture farming on a flat to gently rolling landform; hedged fields with regular and irregular hedgerows consisting mainly of oak and birch hedgerow trees; and straight and winding roads, wooded stream valleys, bracken and broadleaved woodlands.
• Features
ASSESSMENT Planning for Landscape Change: Supplementary Planning Guidance to the Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Structure Plan 1996-2011 (2001) GEOLOGY Glacial drift LANDFORM Gently rolling lowland WATER Streams and canal LAND COVER Bracken and birch in the woodlands and hedgerows, broadleaved woodlands, a regular pattern of small and large hedged fields LAND USE Mixed arable and pasture farming, busy main roads, housing and industry, numerous individual houses and small farms SETTLEMENT The settlement pattern is dispersed, but urbanised in places. OTHER FEATURES The landscape has a strongly 'wooded' character resulting from the numerous hedgerow trees, but in reality it contains little woodland. Low-lying wetter pasture areas and waterside tree species. Intensively farmed estateland. VIEWS Gently sloping landform results in the whole landscape being very visible and enables views through woodland spaces. SCALE Large scale open areas near urban areas, more medium scale away from urban areas. KEY VISUAL Canal users, residents, road users, farmers. RECEPTORS LANDSCAPE QUALITY Low to medium SENSITIVITY TO Medium
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CHANGE
Ancient Clay Farmlands (Including Farmlands and Parklands)
7.4.26 This landscape character type extends over the Staffordshire Plain and comprises the north western part of the study area.
• Key Characteristics This landscape is characterised by the irregular pattern of hedged fields with ancient hedgerows and oak trees, by subtle evidence of former heathland, and by a dispersed settlement pattern with small rural towns. There are estateland and parkland variants, but the major visual distinction between landscapes, from relatively well wooded to very open, appears only on further subdivision on the basis of landscape quality. The area also consists of mixed arable and pastoral farmland, the character of which is strongly influenced by existing land use and farming practices. Trees are predominantly mature or becoming overmature and stag headed. This landscape has a very rural feel, with the small winding country lanes, large red brick farms and numerous old villages. • Features ASSESSMENT Planning for Landscape Change: Supplementary Planning Guidance to the Staffordshire and Stoke-on- Trent Structure Plan 1996-2011 (2001) GEOLOGY Stagnogley soils derived from boulder clay which covers Triassic mudstones. LANDFORM Rolling lowland plain. WATER Reservoir, ponds, rivers, streams and canals. LAND COVER Mature hedgerow oaks and strong hedgerow patterns, small broadleaved and conifer woodlands, marl pits and field ponds, meres and mosses, LAND USE Localised industrial and commuter development, pastoral farming, busy main roads and motorway. SETTLEMENT The settlement pattern is dispersed but urbanised in places. OTHER FEATURES Equestrian land uses, urban edge, improved and new commuter dwellings. VIEWS The gently rolling landform, with occasional high points, allows long distance views through the landscape to show the landcover elements. Major road corridors have a significant localised effect and result in some areas being particularly well viewed. SCALE The varying tree and hedgerow density and landform give changing scales from medium to large. KEY VISUAL Canal users, residents, road users, farmers RECEPTORS LANDSCAPE QUALITY Medium SENSITIVITY TO Medium CHANGE
Settled Plateau Farmland Slopes
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7.4.27 This character type relates to land towards the eastern part of the study area; comprising the edges of the plateau further west.
• Key Characteristics
Landscape of slopes on the edges of rolling plateaux, on which boulder clay overlies Triassic mudstones. Supports dairying with some mixed farming in a semi-regular pattern of hedged fields, with scattered woods, often of ancient origin, and areas of remnant heath. The land cover pattern is no longer sufficiently strong to control views, for the most part consisting of a deteriorating irregular pattern of hedged fields with sparse, regularly spaced stag-headed hedgerow oaks and occasional ash. Proximity to the urban edge, although some areas retain a peaceful, strongly rural character of clustered farmsteads and roadside cottages.
• Features ASSESSMENT Planning for Landscape Change: Supplementary Planning Guidance to the Staffordshire and Stoke-on- Trent Structure Plan 1996-2011 (2001) GEOLOGY Boulder clay overlying Triassic mudstones. LANDFORM Gently rolling landform with more pronounced slopes and undulations in places. WATER Small streams, ponds, flooded former sand and gravel workings. LAND COVER Deteriorating irregular pattern of hedged fields, stagheaded hedgerow oaks and occasional ash, narrow broadleaved belts, ancient woodlands and estate plantations. LAND USE Dairying with some mixed farming, hamlets and villages, housing and industry. SETTLEMENT Dispersed settlement pattern of hamlets and farmsteads, with urban influences in places. OTHER FEATURES Railways, quarries, equestrian land uses, busy main roads and motorways. VIEWS Medium and long distance views across to urban edges or surrounding landscapes. SCALE Medium to large KEY VISUAL Road users, residents RECEPTORS LANDSCAPE QUALITY Low to medium SENSITIVITY TO Medium CHANGE
Sandstone Hills and Heaths
7.4.28 A very small proportion of this landscape character type lies on the north-eastern edge of the study area.
• Key Characteristics This landscape type varies from pastoral farmland characterised by an irregular, largely intact pattern of small-scale fields, to areas where intensive arable farming is associated with gappy hedges with declining hedgerow trees. The undulating landform is deeply cut by stream
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valleys and this results in both short to medium distance views, as well as long views across to neighbouring landscapes. Significant parts of the areas falling within this landscape type are also within the boundary of the Cannock Chase AONB.
• Features
ASSESSMENT Planning for Landscape Change: Supplementary Planning Guidance to the Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Structure Plan 1996-2011 (2001) GEOLOGY Triassic sandstones LANDFORM Landform is more pronounced, comprising hills and dissected plateaux. WATER None
LAND COVER Original heathland vegetation and established coniferous forests; over mature stunted oaks in pastoral areas. LAND USE Farmland stock rearing is the predominant land use SETTLEMENT The settlement pattern is generally dispersed, with expanded hamlets. OTHER FEATURES Urban edge, equestrian land uses, and agricultural set- aside. VIEWS Short to medium length, as well as long views, across to neighbouring landscapes. SCALE Varies from small scale to open. KEY VISUAL Walkers, residents, road users RECEPTORS LANDSCAPE QUALITY Medium to high SENSITIVITY TO High CHANGE
7.5 Baseline Visual Amenity
7.5.1 To assess the visual amenity of the baseline conditions, 17 viewpoints have been selected to give a broad representation of the visibility of the site within the study area. Viewpoint locations are shown on Figure 7.6 with the views depicted in Figures 7.7.1-7.7.17 respectively.
Viewpoint 1: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes
7.5.2 This viewpoint is located on the towpath of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal approximately 150m to the north of the application site. It has been chosen to represent the view seen by canal users.
7.5.3 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.1a, showing close distance views into the Four Ashes site. The immediate foreground comprises a hedgerow bordering an arable field, beyond which a line of poplar trees along the eastern border of the site can be seen. The buildings of the cement works are visible through the trees, on the west side of the site border. From this viewpoint there are clear direct views into the southern section of the site and filtered views through the trees to the northern section of the site.
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Viewpoint 2: Deepmore Lane
7.5.4 This viewpoint is located on Deepmore Lane, approximately 280m to the southeast of the site. This viewpoint is adjacent to Deepmore Farm, on a public footpath and in close proximity to the bridge over Saredon Brook. It has been chosen as there is a break in the tall dense line of vegetation along the road/path at this point.
7.5.5 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.2a, shows predominantly short views with a brief area of medium distance views toward the application site. The immediate foreground comprises a farm gate, hedgerow and large agricultural building which dominate the view, adjacent to a field set to pasture. Views beyond the fields are largely limited by hedgerow trees.
Viewpoint 3: Straight Mile adjacent to Stoney Brook
7.5.6 This viewpoint is located on the outskirts of Four Ashes approximately 390m to the north east of the site on Straight Mile Road, by the entrance to the private dwelling Stoney Brook. It has been chosen to represent typical views for local residents and road users.
7.5.7 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.3a, showing partially enclosed medium distance views with the foreground comprising the substantial hedgerow bordering Straight Mile Road which provides partial containment to the view. Through the hedgerow the adjacent pasture field is discernable during the winter months and beyond this, on the skyline, the line of poplar trees bordering the eastern boundary of the site and the woodland trees located close to the south eastern corner of the site are visible.
Viewpoint 4: Station Drive, Four Ashes
7.5.8 This viewpoint is located on Station Drive, Four Ashes, close to the railway bridge, approximately 620m to the west of the application site. This location is in close proximity to several residential properties. It has been chosen to represent typical views for local residents, pedestrians and road users. It must be noted that the local residences do not face in the direction of the development site and therefore these views under consideration are oblique and are considered secondary views.
7.5.9 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.4a, showing short distance views along Station Drive east towards the low railway bridge which crosses the road. Station Drive is enclosed by low brick walls bordering residential gardens to the left of the image and mature, deciduous and coniferous trees to the right. Views beyond the railway to Four Ashes Industrial Estate and the site are contained by the coniferous and deciduous trees to the right of the railway bridge.
Viewpoint 5: Hatherton Marina, Calf Heath
7.5.10 This viewpoint is located at Hatherton Marina in Calf Heath approximately 1km to the east of the application site. Hatherton Marina is situated on the western edge of Calf Heath at the junction of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and the disused Hatherton Canal. The viewpoint has been chosen to represent typical views for canal users and residents located on the edge of Calf Heath.
7.5.11 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.5a showing an open expansive view across flat ground to the Four Ashes site. In the foreground are the narrow boats and canal craft which moor at the Marina and beyond this the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, bordered by a hedge on the opposite bank. Beyond this is an area of treed scrubland, traversed parallel to the canal by
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electricity transmission lines and pylons. In the centre of the image on the skyline, the sewage sludge works building on Deepmore Lane is clearly visible.
Viewpoint 6: Stafford Road (A449)
7.5.12 This viewpoint is located along the east side of the A449 approximately 500m north of the Four Ashes Public House and approximately 1.1km to the northwest of the site. It has been chosen to represent typical views for road users.
7.5.13 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.6 showing open medium distance views across flat land towards the Four Ashes Industrial Estate and application site. The foreground comprises an arable field bounded by a hedgerow and enclosed by frequent hedgerow trees. Beyond the tree line on the horizon, the buildings, brick tower and stacks of the Four Ashes Chemical Works, north of Station Drive, are visible.
Viewpoint 7: Access Road to The Laches, Slade Heath
7.5.14 This viewpoint is located on the access road to The Laches, a residential farm and business 1.1km to the south of the Four Ashes site. The access road is also a public bridleway. This viewpoint also lies in close proximity to the Laches Wood Outdoor Education Centre, run by Staffordshire County Council. It has been chosen to represent typical views seen by residents and users of the bridleway.
7.5.15 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.7a showing an open, medium distance, view across flat agricultural land. The foreground comprises medium sized improved grassland fields bounded by post and wire fencing and intermittent beech hedging. In the middle distance the field pattern continues, with the addition of frequent hedgerow trees whilst the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal is just discernable running across the image. In the distance the landform rises slightly with the cement works and other industrial warehouse buildings at the Four Ashes Industrial Estate visible in the centre of the image set amongst the woodland surrounding Four Ashes.
Viewpoint 8: Stable Lane, Calf Heath
7.5.16 This viewpoint is located along Stable Lane, a minor rural road to the north of Calf Heath. Stable Lane lies close to the M6 and the viewpoint lies approximately 1.4km to the northeast of the application site. It has been chosen to represent the views seen by road users.
7.5.17 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.8 showing medium distance views across flat land with medium scale fields toward the application site. The foreground comprises a low hedgerow and a field set to pasture, enclosed by a hedgerow. Beyond this lie several belts of trees obscuring views to the site. To the right of the image the existing stacks within the Four Ashes Industrial Estate can be seen on the horizon.
Viewpoint 9: Public Footpaths near Shareshill
7.5.18 This viewpoint is located at the junction of two Public Rights of Way located adjacent to Shareshill Churchyard on the northern edge of Shareshill. The viewpoint lies approximately 2.5km to the southeast of the site. It has been chosen to represent typical views for local walkers.
7.5.19 This existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.9 showing open, long distance views from the elevated land around Shareshill. In the fore and mid-ground large scale arable fields are bounded
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by a mixture of post and wire fences, hedgerows and hedgerow trees and crossed by electricity power lines and pylons. To the right of the image is the footpath running from Shareshill to Latherford Lane. In the distance the stacks and buildings of the industrial development around Four Ashes are visible, set amongst the surrounding woodland. On the horizon the low wooded hills to the south of Penkridge can be seen.
Viewpoint 10: Eastern Edge of Coven
7.5.20 This viewpoint is located on a Public Footpath close to Coven Church on the eastern edge of Coven, 1.8km to the southwest of the site. It has been chosen to represent the view seen by walkers and residents.
7.5.21 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.10a showing medium distance views from the northern edge of Coven across flat agricultural land with a matrix of medium scale fields bounded by substantial hedgerows and some hedgerow trees. In the foreground the public footpath is visible to the left of the image. Intervening vegetation and landform restricts long distance views, however, several vertical elements are visible beyond the fields on the horizon including electricity transmission pylons and the existing stacks within the Four Ashes Industrial Estate.
Viewpoint 11: Saredon Hill
7.5.22 This elevated viewpoint is located on Saredon Road, a minor rural road which traverses Saredon Hill, to the north east of Little Saredon. The site is located 2.6km to the south east of the viewpoint. It has been chosen to represent typical views for road users.
7.5.23 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.11, showing long distance open views from the smooth west facing slopes of Saredon Hill towards the Staffordshire Plain. The image shows a large scale open field pattern on the hill which gently drops down to the medium scale fields of the Staffordshire Plain. The Four Ashes site is visible in the distance towards the centre of the photograph, backed by woodland and adjacent to the existing stacks and buildings within the Four Ashes Industrial Estate. Other vertical elements visible include the electricity transmission pylons crossing Saredon Hill to Coven.
Viewpoint 12: Four Ashes Road adjacent to Brewood Cricket Club, Brewood
7.5.24 This viewpoint is located on Four Ashes Road a residential road on the north eastern edge of Brewood. The viewpoint is adjacent to the entrance to Brewood Cricket Club and lies 3.7km to the west of the Four Ashes site. It has been chosen to represent typical views for residents, road users and members of/people visiting the Cricket Club.
7.5.25 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.12 showing medium distance views across gently rolling agricultural land. The immediate foreground shows two field gates leading to medium scale improved grassland fields bounded by post and wire fencing, incomplete hedgerows and hedgerow trees. In the distance the landform rises slightly with the existing stacks within the Four Ashes Industrial Estate and electricity transmission pylons visible as vertical elements on the horizon set amongst the tree line.
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Viewpoint 13: Chillington Hall and Monarch’s Way
7.5.26 This viewpoint is located 5.7km to the west of the application site on the Monarch’s Way Long Distance Footpath at Chillington Hall, where it crosses the Upper Avenue. It has been chosen to represent typical views for walkers using the Trail and residents of/visitors to Chillington Hall.
7.5.27 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.13, showing medium distance views along the Upper Avenue of Chillington Park. The immediate foreground comprises a gated fence beyond which the Upper Avenue, a lengthy formal avenue of mature trees, descends gradually over undulating grassland. Long distance views are curtailed by the vegetation.
Viewpoint 14: Littleton Leisure Park, Huntington (Shoal Hill)
7.5.28 This elevated viewpoint is located on the summit of the Pit Mound at Littleton Leisure Park, Huntington. Littleton Leisure Park is a reclaimed area of recreational woodland situated at the former Littleton Colliery. The viewpoint is located approximately 6.5km to the northeast of the application site. It has been chosen to represent typical views for visitors to this recreational resource.
7.5.29 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.14 showing panoramic long distance views towards the application site. The immediate foreground drops away sharply, showing the treetops of Littleton Leisure Park below, beyond which lie a disused gravel pit and a matrix of large scale agricultural fields interspersed with pockets of woodland. Views across the Staffordshire Plain are extensive, with the Four Ashes site and the existing stacks within the Four Ashes Industrial Estate are just perceptible in the centre of the image, behind the Gailey reservoirs and encircled by woodland.
Viewpoint 15: Badgers Hill, Cannock Chase AONB
7.5.30 This elevated viewpoint is located at the intersection of a bridleway and public footpath on the southern side of Badger’s Hill within Cannock Chase AONB. The viewpoint lies approximately 8.2km to the northeast of the application site. It has been chosen to represent the view seen by users of this bridleway on the edge of Cannock Chase AONB.
7.5.31 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.15 showing panoramic long distance views towards the application site. The immediate foreground comprises a post and wire fence delineating the boundary of the public footpath and a field set to pasture, beyond which lies further large scale fields, the wooded hills of Littleton Leisure Park and Huntington Belt and the rooftops of residential properties in Huntington. Beyond these are extensive distant views across the Staffordshire Plain including the Four Ashes Industrial Estate.
Viewpoint 16: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (Adjacent to the Dell development)
7.5.32 This viewpoint is located on the towpath of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal approximately 240m to the north of the application site. It has been chosen to represent the view seen by canal users as they pass the opening in the vegetation adjacent to the recently built Dell development in Four Ashes Industrial Park.
7.5.33 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.16, showing medium distance views into the Four Ashes site of large warehouses and storage yards. The built elements frame the development
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site and stored materials obscure views of the existing vegetation banking Saredon Brook is visible in the distance. These stored materials are temporary elements in the landscape.
Viewpoint 17: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (north of Station Road)
7.5.34 This viewpoint is located on the towpath of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, north of Station Road approximately 1.1km to the north-west of the application site. It has been chosen to represent the view seen by canal users at they approach the bridge over the waterway.
7.5.35 The existing view is illustrated in Figure 7.7.17, showing medium distance views of the canal and surrounding woodland. The foreground comprises the road bridge, beyond which a line of trees and hedgerow forms the view. The site lies beyond the distant horizon of vegetation above the bridge.
7.6 Project Description and Incorporated Mitigation
7.6.1 This section is to be read in conjunction with the development description in Chapter 4 and the landscape proposals of this ES presented at Figure 7.8 and Appendix 7.1.
7.6.2 Below is a summary of how the main aspects of the development may affect the landscape and visual amenity of the area, including elements which have been incorporated into the design of the development to minimise adverse landscape character and visual impacts.
Construction Phase
7.6.3 During the construction phase there would be a number of effects on the landscape resource and visual amenity. The construction of the development will invariably require building elements and tower cranes which are taller than the finished roof heights and exhaust stacks – albeit on a temporary basis. Construction traffic will also be required which will include large lorries, dump trucks and cranes. The entire facility is planned to be built under one construction phase and it is anticipated to last under three years, commencing in April 2011 and ready for opening in December 2013..
Completed Development
7.6.4 The full details of the completed ERF facility are contained in the project description chapter of this ES (Chapter 4 –Description of the Proposed Development) and Design and Access Statement (included as part of the planning submission). The proposed ERF would comprise a main building containing all aspects of the waste delivery, combustion, electricity generation and flue gas treatment processes. In addition to this there are other ancillary structures such as air cooled condensers, the gate house, weighbridge and sub-stations.
7.6.5 The design of the main building breaks the building down into component parts, the largest part being the boiler and steam generation hall. This has a gentle curved roof, finished as a living roof in the majority of areas (except above one section of the boiler hall), and largely vegetated with sedum. The building is orientated so that all ‘clean’ uses (administration buildings, parking etc.) face the entrance and the rural aspect of the site, while the more industrial activities (tipping hall, condensers etc) face the industrial estate and wooded boundary of the site.
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7.6.6 The design of the exhaust stack (chimney), will comprise two slimline flues to discharge cleaned flue gasses into the atmosphere. The discharge point is 80m above ground level, this is as much a feature of the architectural solution as the building, and its prominence (albeit reduced from that currently permitted) is a positive aspect of the design.
7.6.7 The height of the roofline will vary, up to a maximum of 40.5m. Car parking will be provided within the site for employees and visitors and sufficient space for manoeuvring will be provided for deliveries. All deliveries will be loaded/unloaded within the main building envelope including waste deliveries, delivery of material used in the flue gas cleaning process, and removal of bottom ash and flue gas treatment residue. External lighting would be required as an integral part of the proposed development to meet health and safety requirements. Details of the external and internal lighting are included in Appendix 4.2 – External Lighting Assessment. External lighting is designed to provide secure and safe working conditions in appropriate areas of the site, while minimising light pollution and visual impact at night.
Incorporated Mitigation
7.6.8 A number of measures are incorporated into the proposed development to reduce and minimise the potential effect on landscape character and visual amenity. These measures have been developed to find a balance between creating a landmark feature and reducing visual impact.
7.6.9 The site selection process is detailed in Chapter 3 section 3.3 and was influenced by the consented development of 2009.
7.6.10 The proposed solution, set out in Chapter 4: Description of the Proposed Development and the Design and Access Statement, has been designed taking cues from elements and forms in the surrounding landscape. The design focussed on minimising the scale and massing of the ERF building. The roof height of the proposed development has been kept to a minimum and represents a reduction from that approved in 2009, with significantly lower heights to the eaves. Twin slim-line exhaust stacks have been incorporated partly within the main building.
7.6.11 The building design has been produced to incorporate sustainable features which will enable it to integrate into the landscape to a greater degree. A key element of the design with regard to materials selection is the inclusion of a living roof. The living roof system will be principally composed of sedum mats which will greatly soften the appearance of the building. Additionally natural stone-filled gabions will be incorporated into the lower levels of the main building, which in time, will become encompassed by the climbing plants proposed in the planting scheme and may also be naturally colonised by a range of flora and fauna. A sympathetic selection of further materials has been made to complement the surrounding landscape; reflective materials and bright colours have been avoided wherever possible.
7.6.12 The proposed layout includes for the incorporation of landscape planting around the proposed ERF facility (see Figure 7.8). The proposed landscape strategy is designed to assimilate this important urban/rural fringe development within the adjacent landscape setting and incorporates trees towards the edge of the site, augmenting the existing tree cover, helping to create a degree of connectivity between habitats and reflecting the site’s location within the Forest of Mercia Community Forest. Tree and landscape planting around the proposed site entrance will help to form a soft backdrop to the perimeter fence and create a more interesting gateway to the development. The spaces between and around the internal site infrastructure would be planted with a species rich grassland, with more structured planting around the entrance and adjacent to the north-east of the building. The proposed attenuation ponds would be created with an
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irregular, organic shape and would be planted with suitable marginal emergent and aquatic plant species reflecting the fluctuating water levels likely to be experienced. Overall, this landscape strategy has been prepared to create an attractive setting for the proposals, with visual interest as well as softening the appearance of the development and enhancing the biodiversity of the site. The proposed landscape strategy was developed with reference to the original landscape scheme together with supplementary information and from detailed discussions with the County Ecologist and Landscape advisors.
7.6.13 An area for ecological mitigation, reflecting matters agreed as part of the current planning permission, lies to the south of the main development area. Various biodiversity measures are proposed for this area, including a wildlife corridor and the development of the site as a Great Crested Newt receptor site. Landscaping and ecological enhancement on the mitigation land do not form part of the proposed development but will be implemented by Veolia under a legal agreement attached to the planning permission for the ERF, should it be granted. This will predominantly be in the form of the construction of breeding pond and hibernacula. This area is proposed to have restricted visitor use for educational and wildlife purposes. Existing vegetation is to be retained and enhanced where required to compliment these uses. A timber boardwalk with dipping platforms for the proposed ponds has been designed to allow for a walk within the area with interpretation/education panels at strategic locations. Further information can be found in Figure 7.8 and Appendices 7.1 and 10.9.
7.6.14 Some off-site planting is proposed along the Straight Mile road on Highways land. This will take the form of roadside tree planting to filter views of the development site from residential dwellings.
7.6.15 Lighting associated with the development would be an important element of the site. In landscape and visual terms this has the potential to be a key issue due to the urban/rural fringe setting of the site. A sympathetic lighting strategy has been prepared for the site itself to minimise any potential adverse effects (see Appendix 4.2).
7.6.16 The exhaust stacks have been incorporated into the building structure thereby enabling a much slimmer profile to be achieved from that previously approved and assisting in reducing any visual impact associated with this essential element of the development.
7.6.17 The air cooled condensers which are located to the south-west of the main building are proposed to be surrounded on the southern side by earth mounding. This will provide an elevated platform for landscape planting to soften views from the south west. It should be recognised that this is supplemental to the substantial woodland belt that currently exists to the southern and south western boundaries of the development site.
7.7 Impact Assessment Landscape and Visual Impacts in Relation to Landscape Character
7.7.1 This section identifies the potential impacts on the landscape resource and visual amenity of the study area. It is subdivided into the following sections:
• Assessment of impacts on the landscape resource; and • Assessment of visual impacts.
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Assessment of Direct Impacts on the Landscape Resource
7.7.2 The site currently comprises vacant land, allocated for employment uses and with the benefit of planning permission for an EfW. It was formerly a sand and gravel quarry that has been infilled and used for storage of scrapped refrigerators. It is anticipated that the development of the proposed ERF would not result in the loss of any important landscape features. However, it is acknowledged that there would be a fundamental change in the land use and cover of the site as a result of the proposed development. The overall sensitivity of the site to direct changes resulting from new development is low.
7.7.3 The supplementary planning guidance, ‘Planning for Landscape Change’, published by Staffordshire County Council identifies landscape policy objectives for the area. It identifies that the site lies within an area for landscape restoration (Figure 7.5). While the proposals would lead to the development of the majority of the site, they also incorporate proposals to plant the areas surrounding the ERF with native species. Given the current condition of the site this will provide opportunities to enhance its biodiversity potential, making a positive contribution.
7.7.4 The magnitude of change associated with the potential direct impacts resulting from the development of the site would be slight, resulting in a minor impact on the landscape resource. Therefore, it is anticipated that the direct effects on the landscape associated with the development of the ERF itself would not be significant.
Landscape Character
7.7.5 As described above, the development would have a considerable impact on the character of the application site itself. However, the impacts on the defining characteristics of the character type within which the site is located and also to each of the adjacent character types would be more variable. Effects on landscape character will be experienced differently in the various landscape character types affected. This will be due to factors such as landform, distance and relative elevation, combined with the context of established landscape features and the degree to which the new elements are perceived to have been added.
7.7.6 The following sections describe the potential impacts on the perception of each landscape character type.
Settled Heathlands
7.7.7 The application site is located within this character type and, as such, the proposed development has the potential to significantly affect the perception of landscape character. However, the nature of this character type means the potential impact will vary. The relatively enclosed nature of the Four Ashes site restricts potential visibility. However, the proposed development will introduce a tall structure that will be seen above any intervening vegetation. It should also be noted that the proposed development lies on the edge of and forms part of an established industrial estate and the site is allocated for employment uses. The site also has planning permission for an EfW plant having a larger footprint, mass and height to that currently proposed.
7.7.8 The proposed ERF will be visible at many locations within the surrounding landscape. The scale and nature of the facility means this would be unavoidable. However, the nature of the surrounding landscape, particularly the enclosure provided by vegetation, would reduce the potential effect of the proposed ERF. In addition, it is important to recognise that the proposed development would be positioned in close proximity to an established industrial estate, and in many instances would be experienced in this context.
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7.7.9 Overall, the development would form a prominent element from certain locations within this character type. It would introduce a new and distinctive structure. Various aspects have been factored in to the final design solution to reduce its impact on surrounding landscape character. The magnitude of the change resulting from the main component of the development associated with the perception of landscape character within this landscape character type would vary from moderate to substantial, resulting in a moderate to major moderate effect on landscape character. Therefore the development would result in some significant adverse effects on landscape character. However, it should be noted that significant adverse effects will be localised and limited to locations in close proximity to the proposed ERF.
Ancient Clay Farmlands
7.7.10 The proposed development would be experienced from locations within this landscape character type. However, the views towards the proposed development from locations within this landscape character type would become increasingly intermittent with distance, resulting from local restrictions to visibility from landform and vegetation. Where more views would be obtained, these would be from a localised area, or would be short lived (in the case of people travelling through the landscape). Where visible, the development would typically be seen as part of a wide view over the surrounding landscape and, potentially, in the context of the existing industrial development at Four Ashes.
7.7.11 It is important to acknowledge that the proposed development would potentially form a prominent element at certain locations within this character type, especially when viewed from locations in medium distance e.g. from the A449. However, this prominence would reduce as the distance from the site increases. Overall it anticipated that the magnitude of change resulting from the introduction of the ERF would be negligible to moderate. This means that the potential effect on the perception of this character type would be moderate to minor, which in the context of this assessment would not constitute a significant effect.
Settled Plateau Farmland Slopes
7.7.12 The proposed development would be experienced from locations within this landscape character type. However, the views towards the proposed development from locations within this landscape character type would be intermittent, resulting from the local restrictions to visibility from landform and vegetation. Where more open views can be obtained (e.g. Saredon Hill) the development would be seen as part of a wide, open view over the surrounding landscape. In addition, the proposed ERF would be seen in the context of the existing industrial development at Four Ashes and would not be prominent on the skyline.
7.7.13 It is important to acknowledge that the proposed development would potentially form a prominent element at certain locations within this character type. Overall it is anticipated that the magnitude of change resulting from the introduction of the ERF would be negligible to moderate. This means that the potential effect on the perception of this character type would be moderate to minor, which in the context of this assessment would not constitute a significant effect.
Sandstone Hill and Heaths
7.7.14 The relative elevation of many parts of this landscape character type means that there would be the potential for the proposed development to form an element in views in a south-westerly direction despite being only barely within the 5km study area. In certain places, where the landscape is open, it is anticipated that the proposed ERF would be visible. However, in many
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instances, enclosure provided by woodland would restrict views towards the proposed development. In addition, it should be noted that, where visible, the ERF would be seen as a small component within a wide, long distance view. It would also be observed in the context of the other industrial development at Four Ashes.
7.7.15 Overall it anticipated that the magnitude of change resulting from the introduction of the ERF would be slight to negligible. This means that the potential effect on the perception of this character type would be moderate to moderate/minor, which in the context of this assessment would not constitute a significant effect.
Landscape and Visual Impacts in Relation to Landscape Character
Cannock Chase AONB
7.7.16 The relative elevation of many parts of Cannock Chase AONB means there would be the potential for the proposed development to form an element in views in a south westerly direction. In certain places, where the landscape is open, it is anticipated that the proposed development would be visible. Viewpoints 14 and 15 in the viewpoint analysis provide a more detailed description of such vantage points either within or very close to the AONB. However, it should be noted that in many instances, enclosure provided by woodland would restrict views towards the proposed development. In addition, where potentially visible, the ERF would be seen as a small component within a wide, long distance view and in the context of the other industrial development at Four Ashes, the site forms a miniscule element to this panorama.
7.7.17 Overall it anticipated that the magnitude of change on the AONB, resulting from the introduction of the ERF would be slight to negligible. This means that the potential effect on the perception of the AONB would be moderate to moderate/minor, which in the context of this assessment would not constitute a significant effect.
Chillington Registered Park and Garden
7.7.18 The closest part of Chillington Registered Park and Garden (also designated as a Conservation Area in the South Staffordshire Local Plan) is located approximately 2.4km to the west of the proposed development, refer to Viewpoint 13. However, it should be noted that this relates to a broad avenue extending from this Registered Park and Garden, and the main body of the designation lies approximately 4.2km from the site. It is anticipated that the separation distance from this designation, together with the screening effect of existing vegetation will mean any potential change to its setting will be extremely limited. It is anticipated that the magnitude of change would be negligible on this designation, which in the context of this assessment does not constitute a significant effect.
Conservation Areas
Brewood
7.7.19 The conservation area is focused on the historic core of this village and also extends to the south. It is located approximately 3.4km to the west of the Four Ashes site. It is anticipated that the potential visibility of the proposed ERF would be restricted or prevented by the intervening landform, vegetation and/or buildings. The separation distance between the proposed development and the Brewood Conservation Area, together with the limited potential visibility due to intervening vegetation and structures will mean any potential impacts on the setting of this
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designation will be extremely limited. Overall the predicted magnitude of change would be a negligible effect, which in the context of this assessment is not significant.
Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal
7.7.20 The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal passes in very close proximity to the site of the proposed development (approximately 130m to the north), which would allow close range views of the proposed ERF. However, it is anticipated that at many locations, the enclosure provided by hedgerows and other vegetation or landform will restrict potential visibility. A more detailed consideration of the potential visual impact on users of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal is included in the analysis of Viewpoints 1 (Figure 7.7.1a) and 17 (Figure 7.7.17a).
7.7.21 It is acknowledged that the proposed development would be located in close proximity to the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal. However, the views of the proposed development will be transient and experienced as part of a journey through the landscape. In addition, it should be noted that the canal is an industrial feature in the landscape, initially constructed to provide means of transporting goods and materials. Therefore, in some ways new industrial development can be seen as compatible with this feature in the landscape. Overall it is anticipated that the magnitude of change resulting from the introduction of the proposed development on the setting of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal would be slight resulting in a moderate effect, which in the context of this assessment does not constitute a significant effect.
Shropshire Union Canal
7.7.22 The Shropshire Union Canal is located at greater distance from the site (approximately 3.4km at its closest point). This separation distance, together with other restrictions to visibility such as vegetation and landform (particularly in the vicinity of Brewood) will limit any potential visual impacts. It is anticipated that magnitude of change resulting from the introduction of the proposed development would be negligible resulting in a moderate/minor effect, which in the context of this assessment is not significant.
Chillington
7.7.23 The potential effect on this Conservation Area has already been considered in the earlier analysis of Chillington Registered Park and Garden.
Historic Landscape Areas
7.7.24 There are a number of Historic Landscape Areas (refer to Figure 7.1) within the 5km study area, including:
• Somerford Hall; • Hilton Park; • Chillington (already considered in the earlier analysis of this Registered Park and Garden); • Stretton Park; and • Hatherton Hall.
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7.7.25 Somerford Hall is the closest of the Historic Landscape Areas, located approximately 1km to the west of the application site. However, the potential views in an easterly direction are restricted by the established woodland (Somerford Wood and Marsh Wood) together with other vegetation within Sommerford Park. The scale of the proposed development means that it may be possible to see upper sections of it (particularly the stack) from locations within this Historic Landscape Area. Overall it is anticipated that the magnitude of change resulting from the introduction of the proposed development would be slight, resulting in a moderate/minor effect on the setting of this Historic Landscape Area.
7.7.26 Hilton Park, Stretton Park and Hatherton Hall are all located at greater distances from the application site (3.4km to 3.9km). The separation distance between the Historic Landscape Areas and the proposed development, together with the screening effect of local landforms, vegetation and/or built development will mitigate the potential effect of the proposed ERF. It is anticipated that the magnitude of change resulting from the introduction of the proposed development would be negligible, resulting in a minor effect on the setting of these Historic Landscape Areas.
General Landscape Planning Policy Objectives
7.7.27 It is clear that local planning policy (particularly policy NC2 of the Staffordshire and Stoke-on- Trent Structure Plan 1996-2011) is not supportive of proposed development that would have adverse impacts on landscape character and visual amenity. It is also clear that any large scale waste management proposals present challenges for integrating such development with any given context. Whatever technological solution or site is selected, this type of development is difficult to integrate with a relatively rural county like Staffordshire. The proposals have been developed to provide a solution for the county that meets the waste strategy, while minimising the potential for adverse impacts on landscape character and visual amenity. With this in mind the design has also focussed on delivering environmental and operational benefits over the currently permitted facility and has incorporated a range of measures to further reduce the scale of any landscape and visual impacts arising.
7.7.28 However, it is acknowledged that some sensitive receptors, including residential properties are located at relatively close range. The nature of the surrounding landscape, i.e. the screen effect provided by woodland, hedgerows and hedgerow trees helps to reduce the potential visibility of the proposed development.
7.7.29 Architects have been involved in the preparation of proposals for the site from an early stage to ensure that certain design principles have been considered from the outset (in accordance with policies sited in 7.2.32). This has ensured that the architectural solution for the proposals respects character and context as best it can, while producing a high quality building that makes a positive architectural statement. The design of the building has sought to take cues from elements and forms in the surrounding landscape such as gabion walls planted with climbing vegetation and the curved sedum clad roof. The proposals for the site incorporate the planting of native species in a landscape strategy that will provide opportunities to improve biodiversity and provide suitable setting for the development
Assessment of Visual Impacts
Visibility Analysis
Overview
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7.7.30 The vertical scale of the proposed development, combined with the generally flat nature of the surrounding landscape means that a computer generated zone of theoretical visibility (ZTV) would not contribute in a meaningful way to the assessment. However, careful observations have been made during the fieldwork undertaken during the course of the assessment to understand the potential visibility of the proposed development. The 5km study area is representative of the ZTV and the selected viewpoints have been chosen to reflect this.
7.7.31 It is anticipated that the potential visibility of the proposed development throughout the study area would be variable. Much of the study area is relatively flat, meaning that in many instances the main determining factor over potential visibility relates to the presence of intervening features such as vegetation and built development. The blocks of woodland, hedgerows and hedgerow trees combine to greatly reduce the likely visibility of the proposed ERF.
7.7.32 At locations in close proximity to the site, e.g. along Straight Mile, the scale of the proposed development means it would be clearly seen above the intervening vegetation. However, as the separation distance between the viewer and the site greatly increases the screening effect of intervening elements increases (refer to viewpoint 9).
7.7.33 There are several parts of the study area that are relatively elevated compared with the surrounding landscape e.g. Cannock Chase (refer to viewpoint 15), the land to the west of Essington (south-east of the site) and Shoal Hill (refer to viewpoint 14). This change in landform allows more open views over the landscape and would result in potential visibility of the proposed ERF (refer to Figure 7.6 for locations).
7.7.34 However, all these elevated areas are distant from the site (>5km), therefore the proposed development would be seen as a relatively small component in the overall view and in the context of the existing Four Ashes Industrial Estate.
Settlements
Four Ashes
7.7.35 The proposed development is contiguous with the existing built form of Four Ashes Industrial Estate and will be separated from the main residential areas of the settlement (to the west) by the industrial and commercial buildings of the industrial estate. The upper sections of the ERF may be visible from certain residential properties, but it is anticipated that such properties will be limited to those in the vicinity of the railway bridge. The potential views from residential properties on Station Drive have been considered in more detail in the analysis of Viewpoint 4 (Figure 7.7.4).
Calf Heath
7.7.36 It is anticipated that upper sections of the proposed ERF would be seen from residential properties within Calf Heath. This will be particularly notable for certain properties on the south- western side of Kings Road; a more detailed analysis of this location is provided in the analysis of Viewpoint 5 (Figure 7.7.5). At other locations in Calf Heath it is anticipated that intervening vegetation or built development will restrict or prevent visibility of the proposed development.
Brewood
7.7.37 It is anticipated that upper sections of the proposed ERF would be seen from residential properties on the eastern side of Brewood. A more detailed analysis of the potential visibility from
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this village is provided in the analysis of Viewpoint 12 (Figure 7.7.12). Such visibility will be restricted to certain properties, with views from many dwellings restricted or prevented by intervening vegetation or built development.
Coven
7.7.38 It is anticipated that upper sections of the proposed ERF would be seen from residential properties on the eastern side of Coven. A more detailed analysis of the potential visibility from this village is provided in the analysis of Viewpoint 10 (Figure 7.7.10). Such visibility will be restricted to certain properties, with views from many dwellings restricted or prevented by intervening vegetation or built development.
Shareshill
7.7.39 There would be potential visibility of the proposed ERF from residential properties on the north- western edge of Shareshill. However, vegetation surrounding the settlement will restrict or prevent these potential views. A viewpoint has been included in the assessment (Viewpoint 9, Figure 7.7.9) to provide a more detailed analysis from this village, although it should be noted that this is taken from a public footpath to the north of the Shareshill, in close proximity to the Church of St Mary and St Luke.
Penkridge
7.7.40 There would be potential visibility of the proposed ERF from residential properties on the southern edge of Penkridge. However, it is anticipated that intervening built development on the southern edge of this settlement would greatly restrict or prevent this, especially when combined with the intervening distance of approximately 4.5km between the village and the proposed ERF.
Featherstone
7.7.41 There would be potential visibility of the proposed ERF from the residential properties on the northern and north-western edges of Featherstone. However, it is anticipated that in many instances this visibility would be restricted by intervening vegetation.
Wolverhampton (Bushbury/Fordhouses)
7.7.42 Potential visibility from residential properties on the northern edge of Wolverhampton would be restricted by intervening vegetation and built development. In addition, such properties are located between 4 and 5km from the proposed ERF, therefore any potential visual impact would be much reduced.
Dispersed Residential Properties
7.7.43 It is acknowledged that a number of dispersed residential properties and farmsteads are located throughout the area surrounding the site. It is anticipated that the proposed development will be seen at relatively close range (less than 1km) from a number of these, for example properties along Straight Mile (e.g. Stoney Brook), Deepmore Barn and Lower Laches Farm. A more detailed analysis of the potential effect on visual amenity for these residents is included in the viewpoint analysis: Viewpoint 2, (Figure 7.7.2), Viewpoint 3 (Figure 7.7.3) and Viewpoint 7 (Figure 7.7.7) respectively. It is likely that the proposed development would be seen from other dispersed properties in the study area, for example certain properties located on Bognop Road, to the west of Essington. However, such properties will typically be located at greater distances and, as this separation increases, the potential effect on visual amenity would decrease.
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Primary Roads and Railways
7.7.44 Due to the location of the proposed development, which includes some of the countries major transport corridors, many viewers of the landscape will be experiencing transitory views and the transition between different landscape character types. However, the potential visibility of the proposed development from the road network will, in the main, be limited.
7.7.45 Visibility of the proposed development from the M6 and M54 will generally be contained due to topography and vegetation cover. Distant views of the ERF would be obtained from short stretches of the M6, in particular from the northbound carriageway on the section of embankment directly north of Junction 11a M6/M6 Toll intersection and also on the southbound section of embankment where the motorway runs in parallel with the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal (north of Junction 12 and east of Rodbaston).
7.7.46 Views of the proposed ERF would also be obtained from the A449 which runs to the west of Four Ashes, close to the development site. This has been included in the viewpoint analysis (Viewpoint 6, Figure 7.7.6).
7.7.47 Views of the ERF will also be obtained from short stretches of the A5, in particular to the east of Gailey Wharf, where distant views of the proposed development will be seen on the horizon, above the intervening Calf Heath Wood (adjacent to Viewpoint 5).
7.7.48 The Birmingham-Stafford railway line runs through the study area approximately 500m from the application site, east of the A449 running roughly parallel to the road. The railway line is mostly bordered by trees and will therefore be contained from view by vegetation. Where the line runs on sections of embankment, views will be seen in the distance but will be limited and filtered by any intervening vegetation.
Public Rights of Way and Canals
7.7.49 Footpaths are used by both visitors and local residents. They provide opportunities to appreciate the landscape and the distances travelled on long distance routes can allow the transition between different landscape areas to be experienced. There are also several public rights of way which cross the countryside study area, from which there would be potential views of the proposed development.
7.7.50 Two long distance footpaths cross the study area; the Staffordshire Way and the Monarch’s Way. Both of these long distance routes are located towards the western edge of the study area, with the closest sections of the routes located at approximately 3.9km and 3.8km from the application site respectively. The separation distance between these footpaths and the proposed ERF, together with intervening elements such as landform and vegetation, means that potential visibility will be very limited. This is studied further in viewpoints 1, 16 and 17.
7.7.51 The Staffordshire and Worcestershire and Shropshire Union Canals form important recreational resources within the study area. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal passes in very close proximity to the Four Ashes site (approximately 130m to the north), which would allow close range views of the proposed development.
7.7.52 However, it is anticipated that at many locations, the enclosure provided by hedgerows and other vegetation or landform will restrict potential visibility. A more detailed consideration of the potential visual impact on users of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal is included in the analysis of Viewpoints 1, 16 and 17 (Figures 7.7.1, 7.7.16 and 7.7.17). The Shropshire Union
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Canal is located at greater distance from the site (approximately 3.4km at its closest point). This separation distance, together with other restrictions to visibility such as vegetation and landform (particularly in the vicinity of Brewood) will limit any potential visual impacts. Recent development of The Dell at Four Ashes Industrial Estate (north of the development site) have allowed a break in the vegetation to occur which allows clear views into the development site. These are short lived for users as they traverse the canal.
Viewpoint Assessment
7.7.53 Having identified key sensitive receptors in the study area, those likely to be affected by the proposed development were derived through the study of Ordnance Survey mapping information. In order to confirm the appropriateness of the viewpoint selection, field survey verification was carried out. This involved checking the viewpoint locations on the ground, to ensure that there would be views of the proposed ERF.
7.7.54 Following field verification of potential viewpoints and consultation with Staffordshire County Council, the viewpoint selection for the impact assessment was finalised. The final viewpoint selection includes 17 viewpoints which represent views from a range of representative landscape and visual receptors, distances from the proposed development, altitudes and directions, with the aim of achieving an even distribution at compass points around the site. These viewpoints are detailed in Table 7.4 and their locations illustrated on Figure 7.6 (Viewpoint location plan).
7.7.55 Table 7.4 presents a summary of the viewpoint assessment. For the purposes of assessing the effects on visual amenity the sensitivity of the receptors is as defined within the method of assessment (Table 7.1 ‘Definition of Visual Receptor Sensitivity’). Visual receptor sensitivity to change is defined as being high, medium, low or negligible depending upon the activity of the receptor. It should also be noted that the assessment of potential effects at any viewpoint cannot be extended to conclude the same effects on the whole of the landscape character type within which the viewpoint occurs.
Table 7.4 Viewpoint Details
No. Viewpoint Grid reference Approx. Bearing to Key receptors distance to site proposed site 1 The Staffordshire and 392440 308631 150 m 189° canal users Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes 2 Deepmore Lane 392770 308181 280 m 292° residents, walkers 3 Straight Mile, adjacent to 392449 308832 390 m 190° residents, road Stoney Brook users 4 Station Drive, Four Ashes 391610 308361 620 m 310° residents, road users 5 Hatherton Marina, Calf Heath 393438 308591 1.0 km 258° canal users, residents 6 Stafford Road (A449) 391263 308835 1.1 km 114° Road users 7 Access road to The Laches, 392482 307079 1.1 km 356° residents, bridleway Slade Heath users 8 Stable Lane, Calf Heath 393308 309449 1.4 km 220° road users
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No. Viewpoint Grid reference Approx. Bearing to Key receptors distance to site proposed site 9 Junction of two Public 394373 306699 2.5 km 310° walkers Footpaths, edge of Shareshill 10 Eastern edge of Coven 391106 306790 1.8 km 044° residents, walkers 11 Saredon Hill 394942 307513 2.6 km 286° Road users 12 Four Ashes Road adjacent to 388719 309394 3.7 km 108° residents, road Brewood Cricket Club, users, Members of Brewood the Cricket Club 13 Chillington Hall and Monarch’s 386701 306899 5.7 km 80° walkers, visitors to Way Chillington Hall, road users 14 View from the summit at 396945 313152 6.5 km 224° visitors to leisure Littleton Leisure Park, park Huntington (Shoal Hill) 15 View from Badgers Hill, 398227 314268 8.2 km 230° bridleway users Cannock Chase AONB 16 The Staffordshire and 392265 308584 240 m 170° canal users Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (adjacent to the Dell development) 17 The Staffordshire and 392000 308710 1.1 km 140° canal users Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (north of Station Road)
Effects During Construction
7.7.56 It can be assumed that the effects on visual impact during construction are likely to be adverse in comparison to the baseline. This is predominantly due to construction machinery, in particular cranes which will be required for a development of this nature. These impacts take into consideration that mitigation measures will not be completed and planting measures will not be established. However, it is important to note that these construction specific impacts are temporary.
Viewpoint 1: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes
7.7.57 During construction there will be clear visibility of the construction machinery from this viewpoint. The upper southern works and cranes will be visible above the existing hedge and line of poplar trees; this will be exaggerated in the winter months – as shown in Figure 7.7.1a.
7.7.58 The sensitivity of these receptors is high and the magnitude of change will be substantial due to the major alteration to the baseline conditions. This will have a major significance of effect.
Viewpoint 2: Deepmore Lane
7.7.59 During construction, cranes will be visible beyond the hedgerow in the medium distance, immediately to the right of the woodland trees and will be clearly visible as a major element within the landscape due to it’s proximity to these receptors and the narrow panorama of views at this viewpoint.
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7.7.60 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.2a) represents views obtained by residents and walkers who are considered to be of high and medium sensitivity to change respectively, and the magnitude of change will be substantial. This will have a major and major/moderate significance of effect, respectively, and in the context of this assessment, constitutes a significant effect.
Viewpoint 3: Straight Mile adjacent to Stoney Brook
7.7.61 During construction the building will be visible during the latter phases of development. Cranes and other tall machinery will also be evident on the horizon. The impact of the cranes will only be temporary. Proposed off site planting will make little or no difference during construction.
7.7.62 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.3a) represents views obtained by residents and road users who are considered to be respectively of high and medium sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change will be substantial. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will therefore be major and major/moderate respectively which, in the context of this assessment, constitutes a significant effect.
Viewpoint 4: Station Drive, Four Ashes
7.7.63 During construction the building will only be visible in the latter stages as only the upper areas of roof will be visible. Cranes will be clearly visible one the horizon when they are on the site and the building roof will be slightly prominent prior to the sedum planting on the roof being established.
7.7.64 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.4a) represents views obtained by residents (secondary views only) and road users who are considered to be of medium sensitivity. The magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be moderate at this time temporarily, which in the context of this assessment constitutes a moderate significant effect.
Viewpoint 5: Hatherton Marina, Calf Heath
7.7.65 During construction of the upper elements of the building there will be clear visibility on the horizon for these receptors. Cranes will also break the horizon.
7.7.66 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.5a) represents views obtained by canal users and residents who are considered to be of high sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change will be moderate at this stage. Therefore, the effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be major/moderate which, in the context of this assessment, constitutes a significant effect.
Viewpoint 6: Stafford Road (A449)
7.7.67 During construction the crane activity will be visible on the horizon. The impact of change will be lessened by the existing industrial context and the development will be seen as having a similar scale to the existing industrial structures at this viewpoint.
7.7.68 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.6) represents views obtained by road users who are considered to be of medium sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change will be slight given the existing industrial structures in the foreground. The effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be moderate/minor which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
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Viewpoint 7: Access Road to The Laches, Slade Heath
7.7.69 During construction the works will be clearly visible from this viewpoint, as a relatively large scale element in the middle distance, the cranes and upper sections of the building will break the horizon. Clear uninterrupted views will be limited by intervening vegetation.
7.7.70 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.7a) represents views obtained by residents, walkers, horse riders and road users who are considered to be of high and medium sensitivity respectively, to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change will be substantial and therefore, the significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be major and major/moderate respectively, which, in the context of this assessment, constitutes a significant effect.
Viewpoint 8: Stable Lane, Calf Heath
7.7.71 From this viewpoint the construction phase cranes will be visible above the tree line, these will be seen in conjunction with the other industrial structures which show on the horizon.
7.7.72 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.8) represents views obtained by road users who are considered to be of medium sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change will be slight due to the intervening vegetation and other existing industrial structures in the vicinity of the site. The effect on visual amenity caused by the ERF will be moderate/minor which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 9: Public Footpaths near Shareshill
7.7.73 During construction cranes will be discernable in the distance. These will be seen in context with the numerous electricity pylons and other industrial constructions on the horizon.
7.7.74 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.9) represents views obtained by local walkers who are considered to be of high sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be moderate. The significance of effect on visual amenity, is therefore major/moderate, which, in the context of this assessment constitutes a significant effect.
Viewpoint 10: Eastern Edge of Coven
7.7.75 During construction the cranes and upper elements of the building will be visible in the distance, although partially concealed by the intervening vegetation. Visibility will be exaggerated in winter months.
7.7.76 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.10a) represents views obtained by residents and walkers who are considered to be of high sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change will be moderate due to the existing structures and pylons on the horizon. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed ERF will be major/moderate which, in the context of this assessment, constitutes a significant effect.
Viewpoint 11: Saredon Hill
7.7.77 During construction the cranes and building work will be a very distant element in the panoramic views. Cranes will break the horizon but will be seen in context of other similar elements in the landscape, in particular existing electricity pylons.
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7.7.78 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.11) represents views obtained by road users who are considered to be of medium sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change will be slight and therefore the effect on visual amenity caused by the ERF will be moderate/minor which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 12: Four Ashes Road adjacent to Brewood Cricket Club, Brewood
7.7.79 During construction the cranes and upper elements of the building will be visible but only as minor distant elements of the panoramic landscape. The predominant feature of wooded vegetation in the foreground forms a strong horizon.
7.7.80 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.12) represents views obtained by residents and road users and members of/visitors to Brewood Cricket Club, who are considered to be of high and medium sensitivity respectively to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change caused during construction would be moderate for both category of receptor. The effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed ERF will be major/moderate and moderate respectively which, in the context of this assessment, constitutes a significant effect during this construction phase.
Viewpoint 13: Chillington Hall and Monarch’s Way
7.7.81 It is anticipated that the intervening vegetation will prevent views of the construction works from this location.
7.7.82 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.13) represents views obtained by walkers and residents of/visitors to Chillington Hall who are considered to be of high sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change would be none and therefore the significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the ERF will be none which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 14: Littleton Leisure Park, Huntington (Shoal Hill)
7.7.83 During construction there will be very distant views of cranes and upper elements of the building. These will sit in context of a very open panorama when viewed from this location. The intervening earthworks which is visible (more clearly in winter than summer) will also set context for a distant construction site and will only form a minor element of this landscape.
7.7.84 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.14) represents views obtained by recreational visitors who are considered to be of high sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change will therefore be slight and the effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed ERF will be moderate which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 15: Badgers Hill, Cannock Chase AONB
7.7.85 During construction the site would be visible from this viewpoint behind and to the right of the wooded mound of the Littleton Leisure Park. The ERF will be discernable from this viewpoint but only as a very minor element due to the distance to the application site. The development will also be seen in the context of the existing industrial structures at Four Ashes.
7.7.86 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.15) represents views obtained by users of the bridleway on the edge of Cannock Chase AONB, who are considered to be of high sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be negligible. The effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be moderate/minor which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
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Viewpoint 16: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (Adjacent to the Dell development)
7.7.87 During construction there will be clear visibility of the construction site from this viewpoint. The works and any cranes will be visible above the existing low hedge and intervening buildings. This exposure to construction works forms substantial element of the landscape even if experienced only briefly whilst users move along the canal.
7.7.88 This viewpoint (Figure 7.7.16) represents users of the canal. The sensitivity of these receptors is high and the magnitude of change will be substantial due to the major alteration to the baseline conditions. The magnitude of change is substantial and therefore, the significance of effect will be this will have a major significance of effect.
Viewpoint 17: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (north of Station Road)
7.7.89 During construction there will be visibility of the construction machinery from this viewpoint. The upper sections of the building will also be visible above the existing trees. This will be exaggerated in the winter months and will be seen in the context of the bridge in the foreground.
7.7.90 The sensitivity of these receptors is high and the magnitude of change will be moderate due to the alteration to the baseline conditions. This will have a major/moderate significance of effect.
Effects During Operation
7.7.91 The following paragraphs consider the visual impact of the proposed development once the site is completed and occupied. The impacts of development after planting has established (year 15) is also considered in this section, however in the majority of viewpoints there is only minimal change in the visual impact.
Viewpoint 1: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes
7.7.92 The predicted view of the completed development from this location is shown in the photomontage for this viewpoint (Figure 7.7.1b). From this viewpoint the proposed development will be clearly visible beyond and to the left of the line of trees bordering the application site. The ERF will appear as a prominent element within the view. Upper sections of the building elevation will be clearly visible above the intervening vegetation; however, lower sections will be filtered by the existing trees and proposed planting once established (year 15), particularly during the summer months.
7.7.93 This viewpoint represents views obtained by canal users who are considered to be of high sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be substantial, therefore the effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be major which, in the context of this assessment, will be a significant effect.
Viewpoint 2: Deepmore Lane
7.7.94 The predicted view of the completed development from this location is shown in the photomontage for this viewpoint (Figure 7.7.2b). The completed ERF will be visible beyond the hedgerow in the medium distance, immediately to the right of the woodland trees and will be clearly visible as a major element within the landscape due to it’s proximity to these receptors and the narrow panorama of views at this viewpoint.
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7.7.95 This viewpoint represents views obtained by residents and walkers who are considered to be of high and medium sensitivity to change respectively, and the magnitude of change will be substantial. This will have a major and major/moderate significance of effect, respectively, and in the context of this assessment, constitutes a significant effect.
Viewpoint 3: Straight Mile adjacent to Stoney Brook
7.7.96 The predicted view of the completed development from this location is shown in the photomontage for this viewpoint (Figure 7.7.3b). The proposed development from this viewpoint will be largely concealed by the proposed tree planting in the foreground. This will be to an even greater extent once established (year 15). This will ultimately greatly alter the currently middle distant views to near views of vegetation. Upon completion, glimpses of the building through the vegetation will be visible; however, views of lower sections will be restricted or filtered, particularly during the summer months.
7.7.97 This viewpoint represents high (residential dwellings) and medium (road users) sensitive receptors and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF and mitigation planting at this viewpoint will be slight. Therefore the significance of effect will be moderate and moderate/minor respectively, and in the context of this assessment constitutes a significant effect.
Viewpoint 4: Station Drive, Four Ashes
7.7.98 The predicted view of the completed development, from this location, is shown in the photomontage for this viewpoint (Figure 7.7.4b). From this viewpoint the lower section of the proposed ERF will be screened from view by existing development and the living roof will reduce the impact once it has established, this will enable the roof line to blend into the surrounding vegetation and the built form of the bridge in the foreground.
7.7.99 This viewpoint represents medium sensitive receptors and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be slight. Thus the significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be moderate/minor respectively which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 5: Hatherton Marina, Calf Heath
7.7.100 The predicted view from this location is shown in the photomontage for this viewpoint (Figure 7.7.5b). From this viewpoint the completed development would be discernable directly behind the sewage sludge works, the development being taller than the sewage sludge works structure. The ERF will appear as an additional element within the landscape but views will be a partially screened by the intervening vegetation and built structures. The curved line of the proposed roof also complements the intervening tree line from this viewpoint.
7.7.101 This viewpoint represents views obtained by canal users and residents who are considered to be of high sensitivity to change associated with the proposed ERF. The magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be slight. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be moderate which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
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Viewpoint 6: Stafford Road (A449)
7.7.102 From this viewpoint (Figure 7.7.6) the completed development would be visible as an additional built element on the horizon, however, as noted in the construction phase, the development will be seen as having a similar scale to the existing industrial structures at this viewpoint.
7.7.103 These receptors are of medium sensitivity and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be slight. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be moderate/minor which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 7: Access road to The Laches, Slade Heath
7.7.104 The predicted view of the completed development, from this location, is shown in the photomontage for this viewpoint (Figure 7.7.7b). As for the construction phase, the proposed ERF will be clearly visible from this viewpoint, as a relatively large scale element in the middle distance, the upper sections of the building breaking the horizon. Clear uninterrupted views will be limited by intervening vegetation.
7.7.105 Receptors are of high (residential dwellings, walkers and bridleways) and medium (road users) sensitivity and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be substantial. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be major and major/moderate which, in the context of this assessment, constitutes a significant effect.
Viewpoint 8: Stable Lane, Calf Heath
7.7.106 Upon completion, the development will be only partially visible, discernable above the tree line on the horizon, with the highest elements of the ERF visible in the distance.
7.7.107 These receptors are of medium sensitivity and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be negligible. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the ERF will be minor which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 9: Public Footpaths near Shareshill
7.7.108 The completed development would be clearly discernable from this viewpoint, although it will be a distant view that is filtered by vegetation and set within the context of existing vertical structures and the industrial setting of Four Ashes (Figure 7.7.9).
7.7.109 The receptors are of high sensitivity and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be slight. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the EfW facility will be moderate which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 10: Eastern Edge of Coven
7.7.110 The predicted view from this location is shown in the photomontage for this viewpoint (Figure 7.7.10b). From this viewpoint the completed development would be discernable with the ERF visible in the distance. The ERF would be seen as an additional vertical element on the skyline.
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7.7.111 These receptors are of high sensitivity and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be negligible. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed ERF will be moderate/minor which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect for residents or walkers.
Viewpoint 11: Saredon Hill
7.7.112 From this viewpoint the proposed ERF will be barely discernable as a minor vertical element within the landscape. The development will seen in the context of existing vertical and industrial elements and once established, the proposed green roof of the ERF will help to unify the building with the surrounding woodland.
7.7.113 These receptors are of medium sensitivity and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed development at this viewpoint will be slight. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the completed ERF will be moderate/minor which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 12: Four Ashes Road adjacent to Brewood Cricket Club, Brewood
7.7.114 Upon completion the development from this viewpoint would barely be visible, due to the intervening vegetation, and would be indiscernible as a minor element, within a distant and filtered view, oblique to the prevailing landform.
7.7.115 These receptors are of high (residential dwellings) and medium (road users and club users) sensitivity and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be slight. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed ERF will be moderate to moderate/minor respectively which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 13: Chillington Hall and Monarch’s Way
7.7.116 In it anticipated that the intervening vegetation would prevent views of the completed development from this location.
7.7.117 The effect on visual amenity caused by the ERF will be none which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 14: Littleton Leisure Park, Huntington (Shoal Hill)
7.7.118 The proposed development will be discernable from this viewpoint but only as a minor element due to the distance of approximately 6.5km from the Four Ashes site from the viewpoint. The ERF will also be seen in the context of the existing industrial structures at Four Ashes.
7.7.119 These receptors are of high sensitivity and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be slight. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed ERF will be moderate which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 15: Badgers Hill, Cannock Chase AONB
7.7.120 As for the construction phase, the completed development would be barely visible from this viewpoint (Figure 7.7.15) behind and to the right of the wooded mound of the Littleton Leisure Park.
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7.7.121 These receptors are of high sensitivity and the magnitude of change caused by the proposed ERF at this viewpoint will be negligible. The significance of effect on visual amenity caused by the proposed development will be moderate/minor which, in the context of this assessment, does not constitute a significant effect.
Viewpoint 16: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (Adjacent to the Dell development)
7.7.122 Upon completion of the development the roof of the building will break the existing horizon. The impact of this will be softened by the sedum roof, once established and proposed planting along the boundary of the site in the foreground from this viewpoint. The building will also be seen in context with the existing industrial buildings in the foreground.
7.7.123 These receptors are of high sensitivity and the brief exposure to this visual element (Figure 7.7.16) will result in a moderate magnitude of change. The significance of effect given the landscape context and mitigation measures is therefore major/moderate.
Viewpoint 17: Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (north of Station Road)
7.7.124 Upon completion the development will be visible in the central distance for these receptors. The sedum green roof will be seen in context of the existing vegetation and during the summer this will greatly offset the visual impact, refer to Figure 7.7.17b. Upon completion, the roof of the building will form the distant central element to the landscape. Although localised and softened by the green roof of the building, there will be adverse impact for users of the canal.
7.7.125 These receptors are of high sensitivity and the magnitude of change will be slight due to the minor alteration to the baseline conditions. This will have a moderate significance of effect and constitute a significant effect.
Summary
7.7.126 A summary of the effects during both construction and operation is given in Table 7.5 overleaf.
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Table 7.5 Summary of impacts on visual amenity
No. Viewpoint Sensitivity Magnitude of impact Significance of effect Magnitude of impact Significance of effect during construction on Visual Amenity upon completion on Visual Amenity during construction upon completion 1 The Staffordshire and High Substantial Major Substantial Major Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes 2 Deepmore Lane -Residents High Substantial Major Substantial Major -Walkers Medium Major/Moderate Major/Moderate 3 Straight Mile, adjacent to Stoney Brook -Residents High Substantial Major Slight Moderate -Road users Medium Major/Moderate Moderate/Minor 4 Station Drive, Four Ashes -Residents (secondary views) Medium Moderate Moderate Slight Moderate/Minor -Road Users 5 Hatherton Marina, Calf Heath High Moderate Major/Moderate Slight Moderate 6 Stafford Road (A449) Medium Slight Moderate/Minor Slight Moderate/Minor 7 Access road to The Laches, Slade Heath -Residents, Walkers/Bridleway High Substantial Major Substantial Major -Road Users Medium Major/Moderate Major/Moderate 8 Stable Lane, Calf Heath Medium Slight Moderate/Minor Negligible Minor 9 Junction of two Public Footpaths, High Moderate Major/Moderate Slight Moderate edge of Shareshill 10 Eastern edge of Coven -Residents High Moderate Major/Moderate Negligible Moderate/Minor -Walkers
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No. Viewpoint Sensitivity Magnitude of impact Significance of effect Magnitude of impact Significance of effect during construction on Visual Amenity upon completion on Visual Amenity during construction upon completion 11 Saredon Hill Medium Slight Moderate/Minor Slight Moderate/Minor 12 Four Ashes Road adjacent to Brewood Cricket Club, Brewood -Residents High Moderate Major/Moderate Slight Moderate -Road Users/Cricket Club Users Medium Moderate Moderate/Minor 13 Chillington Hall and Monarch’s Way High None None None None 14 View from the summit at Littleton High Slight Moderate Slight Moderate Leisure Park, Huntington (Shoal Hill) 15 View from Badgers Hill, Cannock High Negligible Moderate/Minor Negligible Moderate/Minor Chase AONB 16 The Staffordshire and High Substantial Major Moderate Major/Moderate Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (adjacent to the Dell development) 17 The Staffordshire and High Moderate Major/Moderate Slight Moderate Worcestershire Canal, Four Ashes (north of Station Road)
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7.8 Residual Effects Vapour Plumes
7.8.1 There will, from time to time, be a white water vapour plume visible from the exhaust stacks. Air quality modelling of plume visibility has shown that the maximum plume length at such times would be approximately 100m, but for approximately 95% of the time the plume length would be less than 1m. This will not be significant in landscape and visual terms.
Night-time Lighting
7.8.2 The potential for the development to have an adverse effect on landscape character and visual amenity has been highlighted earlier in this chapter. The nature of the proposed ERF means that it is inevitable that light sources will be required to allow safe and effective activities within the site to take place and for aviation safety purposes. The assessment has identified that the site is located within a relatively dark, rural context with limited existing sources of light. However, the site is located on the edge of an existing industrial estate that incorporates a number of existing light sources.
7.8.3 Given that new light sources are required to ensure safety and security within the site, it is anticipated that the proposals for the development of the site would add to this baseline situation. However, based on the proposed lighting strategy (see Appendix 4.2) it is anticipated that the effect of this element of the proposed development would be slight resulting in a moderate/minor effect, which in the context of this assessment would not be significant. With regard to the potential effects on visual amenity, the key sensitive receptors are residents that live in the immediate vicinity of the site e.g. those located on Straight Mile, Vicarage Road and Deepmore Lane. Again, based on the proposed lighting strategy it is anticipated that the potential change attributed to this element of the proposed development would be slight resulting in moderate effect on visual amenity, which in the context of this assessment would not constitute a significant effect.
Tall Built Elements
7.8.4 It is acknowledged that the taller built elements of the proposal, including the exhaust stacks, are of a large scale and mitigation for their impact will always be limited. This is inevitable with a development of this nature and function. The proposals are designed with a small (2 m) diameter slimline profile in order to provide a visible yet sympathetic feature within the surrounding landscape.
7.9 Conclusion Existing Situation
7.9.1 The direct effects on the fabric of the landscape will be limited. The proposed development will occupy an allocated and permitted but unoccupied site previously the subject of sand and gravel workings and infilling. No important landscape features or elements will be lost as a direct consequence of the development. As the site lies at the edge of but within an established industrial area, the proposed development is considered compatible with the surrounding land uses.
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Impacts on the Landscape Resource
7.9.2 With regard to indirect effects and the perception of landscape character, it is anticipated that the proposed development will have some significant localised effects on the Settled Heathlands landscape character type. However, the wider effects on this and adjacent landscape character types will be more limited. It is acknowledged that the development will be seen from several locations within the surrounding landscape. However, the setting of the site in the context of the established Four Ashes Industrial Estate means that the overall effect on the perception of landscape character will change little. The setting of the site combined with the proposed mitigation measures will minimise the effect that this type of development could have on landscape character within Staffordshire.
Impacts on Visual Amenity
7.9.3 There will be some substantial effects on visual amenity as a result of the proposed development, as is inevitable with a development of this scale. However, as with the potential effect on landscape character, these will be mitigated by the setting of the site. Notwithstanding this the viewpoint analysis identifies that at some of the locations close to the site there will be a significant effect on visual amenity as a result of this development, particularly with regard to surrounding residential properties.
7.9.4 The incorporated mitigation measures will reduce some of these effects and the ERF has been designed to provide a high quality building that will make a positive statement.
7.9.5 The viewpoint analysis shows that at the other locations examined in the analysis there will not be a significant effect on visual amenity as a result of the ERF. This is largely attributed to a combination of increasing separation distance, the influence of intervening vegetation and the surrounding industrial context that the proposed ERF will be seen in the context of.
Conclusion
7.9.6 Overall, the landscape and visual assessment has established that the proposed ERF will change the baseline conditions in terms of both landscape character and visual amenity. It is almost inevitable that a development of this scale will have some effects on both landscape character and visual amenity. However, the measures factored into the site selection and design process will reduce or minimise any potential adverse effects. Therefore, on balance it is considered that the proposed ERF would be acceptable in this context with regard to the potential effects on landscape character and visual amenity.
7.10 Comparison of Predicted Environmental Effects of Proposed ERF with Consented EfW
7.10.1 The lower roof height of the ERF will reduce the visual impacts compared with the consented EfW facility.
7.10.2 The proposed off-site planting along Straight Mile, associated with the ERF, will reduce the visual impacts at Mile End Cottage, Stoney Brook and Oak Lea / Ash House compared with the consented EfW facility.
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7.10.3 The mounding and associated raised tree planting around the air cooled condensers associated with the ERF will soften the backdrop of this built element compared with the consented EfW facility.
7.10.4 The reduced footprint of internal roads and the omission of the ramp to the Tipping Hall at the ERF will allow a greater area for woodland planting in the south-western corner of the site compared with the consented EfW facility. The reduced footprint of the ERF Main Building will allow greater opportunity for formal planting at the entrance, creating a more pleasing aesthetic when viewing the building from the entrance and the Staffordshire and Worcestershire canal to the north of the site.
7.10.5 Of the 15 viewpoints assessed for both the consented EfW facility and the ERF now proposed the significance of impacts at the following seven viewpoints is considered to be reduced compared with the consented EfW facility:
• Viewpoint 3: Straight Mile, adjacent to Stoney Brook. • Viewpoint 4: Station Drive, Four Ashes. • Viewpoint 5: Hatherton Marina, Calf Heath. • Viewpoint 6: Stafford Road (A449). • Viewpoint 8: Stable Lane, Calf Heath. • Viewpoint 10: Eastern edge of Coven. • Viewpoint 11: Saredon Hill.
7.10.6 Four photomontages were submitted with the 2008 application for the EfW facility with a further three submitted post-application. Photomontages from these same locations have been prepared as part of the assessment of the ERF. In addition a further photomontage has been produced from Deepmore Lane, at the request of the Staffordshire County Council Natural Environment Group, since the 2008 EfW assessment assessed the impact at this location to be major to major/moderate.
7.11 References
Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Assessment, 2nd Edition, 2002);
Landscape Character Assessment: Guidance for England and Scotland (The Countryside Agency and SNH, 2002);
LG6: The Outdoor Environment, CIBSE Lighting Guide 1992;
Lighting in the Countryside: towards Good Practice, 1997, Department of the Environment and Countryside Commission; and
Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light (The Institution of Lighting Engineers, 2005).
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