2658 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. JULY 6,_
SENATE. REP-ORTS OF COMMITI'EES. Mr. WARREN. I run directed by the Committee on Appro THURSDAY, July 6, 1911,. priations, to which was referred the bill (H. R. 12109) to sup The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m. ply a deficiency in the appTopriations for contingent expenses Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Ulysses G. B. Pierce, D. D. of the House of Representati'ves for the fiscal year 1911, and The Secretary proceeded to read the Journal of yesterday·s for other purposes, to report it with amendments, and I submit proceedings. a report (No. 93) thereon. I give notice that I shall call up Mr. SMOOT. I ask that the further reading of the Journal the bill for consideration later in the day or to-morrow. be dispensed with. · The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will be placed on the The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator from Utah asks unani calendar. mous consent that the further reading of the Journal be dis Mr. WARREN, from the Committee on Appropriations, to pensed with. which was referred the amendment submitted by Mr. LoDGE on l\fr. BORAH. I suggest the absence of a quorum. .May 11, 1911, proposing to appropriate $46,491.95 in settlement The VIOEJ PRESIDENT. Is there any objection to dispensing of the accounts of Paymaster John W. Morse, United States with the reading of the Journal? No objection is heard. The Navy, etc., intended to be proposed to the general deficiency Journal, without objection, stands appro-ved. The Secretary appropriation bill, asked that the committee be discharged from will call the roll. its further consideration and that it be referred to the Com· The Secretary called the roll, and the following Senators an mittee on C1aims, which was agreed to. swered to their names : Mr. SHIVELY, from the Oon;imittee on the Census, to whicU'. Bacon Cullom Mccumber Shively was referred the bill (H. R. 2983) for the apportionment of Borah Cummins Martin, Va. Smith, S.
'1911.- CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SEN.ATE. 2659
By Mr. PENROSE: Mr. BACON. Mr. President, it is utterly impossible for us to A bill (S. 2953) to grant an honorable discharge to George P. gather what is going on. The Chair asked if there was objec ()handler; to the Committee on Military Affairs. tion, but we do not know what the request is. A bill ( S. 2954) granting an increase of pension to Sarah The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator from Idaho asked Belcher; to the Committee on Pensions. unanimous consent to recommit to the Committee on the Philip By Mr. RAYNER: pines Senate bill 2761, which has heretofore been reported and A bill (S. 2955) granting an increase of pension to Barbara is now upon the calendar. Is there objection? The Chair E. Brown (with accompanying paper); to the Committee on hears none, and the bill is recommitted to the Committee on the Pensions. Philippi.nes. NEW STATES .A.ND CONSTITUTIONS. CONSTITUTIONS OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. Mr. SUTHERLAND. I have an address delivered before the Mr. SUTHERLA.ND. I desire to give notice that on Tues law school of Th.le University on Monday, June 19, 1911, by day next, immediately after the conclusion .of the routine morn Hon. George W. Wickersham, Attorney General of the United ing business, with the permission of the Senate, I will submit States. on the subject of new States and constitutions. I move some observations on the New l\Ie::tico and Arizona constitutions, that the address be printed as a Senate document. (S. Doc. with special reference to the initiative, referendum, and recall. ?fo. 62.) (H. J. Res. 14.) The motion wa9 agreed to. l\Ir. BRISTOW. Mr. President, the notice given by the Sen ELECTION OF SENATORS BY DIRECT VOTE. ator from Utah leads me to inquire of the senior Senator from .Mr. BORAH. I ask for a print of House joint resolution Minnesota [Mr. NELSON] if he knows when the report of the '(H. J. Res. 39) proposing an amendment to the Constitution Committee on Territories is likely to be filed. The chairman of providing that Senators shall be elected by the people of the the committee being absent and the senior Senator :(rom .Min several &tates as passed by the Senate showing the Senate nesota being the ranking member, I make the inquiry of him. amendment Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, I have no information on that The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, the order for a point. As the Senator from Kansas knows, I dissented from the report of the majority of the committee. There were three of print of House joint resolution 39 as passed by the Senate is us who were opposed to the report of the majority of the com entered. mittee, and I stated to the chairman tha.t I would orally state AFFAIRS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. my objections at the time he reported the bill; but I do not Mr. HEYBURN. I call attention to Order of Business 67, know when he is going to report the bill In that matter I do Senate bill 2761, reported from the Committee on the Philippines not represent the majority of the committee; I represent simply with amendments, Report No. 83. I ask that it be referred a minority. back: to the committee. Mr. STONE. I desire to ask some Senator on the Committee The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator from Idaho asks on Territories, as the chairman of the committee does not seem unanimons consent that the following bill be recommitted to to be present, whether the bill admitting New Mexico and Ari the Committee on the Philippines. zona has been acted on by the committee and when it is likely The SECRETARY. A bill (S. 2761) to amend an act approved to be reported to the Senate? February 6, 1905, entitled "An act to amend an act approved Mr. SHIVELY. Mr. President, in answer to the Senator from July l, 1902, entitled 'An act temporarily to provide for the ad Missouri I desire to say that the Committee on Territories ministration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine two weeks ago last Saturday instructed the chairman to report Isln.nds, and for other purposes,' and to amend an act approved favorably the bill admitting these Territories. As stated u March 8, 1902, entitled 'An act temporarily to provide revenue moment ago by the Senator from Minnesota [Mr. NELSON], for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes,' and to there were three members of the committee who expressed amend an act approved March 2, 1903, entitled 'An act to es themselves against the views of the majority. Why the report tablish a standard of \alue and to provide for a coinage system has not yet been submitted I do not know. in the Philippine Islands,' and to provide for the more efficient The VICE PRESIDENT. The morning business is closed. administration of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." RECIPROCITY WITH CAN .A.DA. The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? Mr. PENROSE. I move that the Senate proceed to the con Mr. SMOOT. I should like to ask the Senator from Idaho if sideration of ·the reciprocity bill. there is any objection on the part of the Senator from Massa The motion was agreed to, and the Senate, as 1n Committee chusetts [Mr. LonGE] to the reference of the bill again to the of the Whole, resumed the consideration of the bill (H. R. 4412) committee? to promote reciprocal trade relations with the Dominion of Mr. HEYBURN. The committee has considered this matter. Canada, and for other purposes. There is no occasion for making special notice of the fact that Mr. WORKS. Mr. President, I desire to submit some re -the bill was reported by the Senator from Massachusetts. The marks upon the bill (S. 1) to estn.blish a department of health, committee have agreed that it should go back to the committee. and for other purposes. I am very sorry to interrupt the di~ I see some members present. cussion upon the pending measure providing for reciprocity l\fr. BRISTOW. May I inquire, being a member of that com with Canada, to which Senators have given such great atten mittee, as I had not heard anything about this reference, what tion and in which they seem to be so deeply and profoundly is the purpose of it? interested. I am moved, however, to speak upon this subject Mr. HEYBURN. The committee reported a measure for regu at the present time by some remarks that were made by the lating the financing of the construction of railroads and public distinguished Senator from Oklahoma [.Mr. OWEN] a few days works in the Philippine Islands. After the report was made ago on the same subject. What the Senator himself said was it was discovered that it was impossible to procure the consid very brief and called for no reply. He took that occasion, how eration of the financial agenCies at all. We will reconsider it, ever, to read into the records of the Senate articles that had when they Ehall appear before the committee, a.s the committee been published in Collier's Weekly and in the J onrnal of the may have time. But the request comes from the department in Medical Association that do call for prompt answer. In order charge of the Philippine affairs. I think the Senator, being a that the views of the Senator from Oklahoma may be under member of the committee, understands the matter. stood, I desire to quote briefly from the speech that he mad-eon l\fr. BRISTOW. I understand the amendments suggested, of that occasion. He said: course. I was very much in favor of those amendments, which Great and organized opposition to the establishment of a department of health has been carried on by a so-called League for Medical Free I understand the financiers object to. dom. This league has many good people in it who are mlsled-ChrfS Mr. HEYBURN. They do. They will not even consider the tian Scientists who deny disease, a.nd some good citizens who have been proposition. The committee will have to hear them and recon falsely led to believe their liberty will be invaded-some people who do not think, and some people who have an evil purpose, a sinister com sider the matter. mercial purpose, who are engaged in promoting patent medicine. :Mr. BRISTOW. I suppose the bill will have to go back to the committee, probably, and be fought out there, and, perhaps, Again, he said: ' Mr. President, I opened my remarks by saying that there were many afterwards on the floor of the Senate. most excellent people who were members of the League for Medical Mr. HEYBURN. We could make no headway bere at all. Freedom, so ca.lied, many of whom are Christian Scientists, who are We had just as well send the bill back to the committee. osteopaths, who are homeopaths, people for whom I have the hi~~ t>s t respect. but this description of this league and its officers by Collier's The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection to the request of deals directly with the individuals at the head of this organization and the Senator from Idaho? points out who those directors are. Mr. SMOOT. The only reason I brought the question up was· Still further he said: on account of the absence of the Senator from Massachusetts. Mr. President, the membership of this so-called league, in my judg· I have no objection to the recommittal of the bill. ment, have been deliberately misled by sinister interests, and the mem· 2660 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY o, bership which has, been thus added to these alleged rolls of membership has no means of expressing itself. The expression comes through its :My wife, who had been an inra.lid for 15 years or more, at officers. Those ofilcers are described by Collier's, and I think it would my earnest solicitation commenced to take the treatment at be well for the membership of that organization to look to the direclor:'.! the same time that I did. She had been told-something that and see who they are and understand what is at the bottom of this movement. That is the purpose of my reading into the REcono the his is nowadays almost inevitable in cases like that-she had been tory of this so-called organization. told that the only thing which could relieve her from her con I desire also .to read very briefly from the editorial read into dition was the surgeon's knife. She was healed of that con the RECORD by the Senator from Oklahoma. This is not from dition in three treatments by Christian Science, and from that Collier's, it will be understood, but from the Journal of the time until now, almost nine years, she has been a comparatively American l\fedical Association: healthy woman. I want to say right here that in my State half-page advertisements But the one thing that seemed to appeal to us more than in huge lettel's were spread all over that State by this so-called League anything else, in our experience, was the fact that our son was for Medical Freedom, practically denouncing the medical profession of healed of the drink habit that had fastened upon him after he this country as being .a " medical trust," desirous of depriving citizens of their rights to employ any physician they pleased, to use any medi had arrived at manhood and had completely taken possession of cine they pleased, and giving it to be understood that the purpose of a him, so that we took him into our home and nursed him like a depa1·tment of health was the invasion of the private home of the cit child. After our experience in Christian Science, naturally we izen and the invasion of the constitutional rights of the State. The members of the so-called League for Medical Freedom have been grossly undertook to induce him to resort to the same remedy, but, like impcsed upon and have been grossly misrepresented as to what they thousands of others, he was not willing to accept it; he was not truly stand for. I know what many of their members stand for per willing even to give it a trial until almost a year after we bad fectly well, and I am in accord with them cordially and sincerely. I know what the Christian Scientists stand for, and I sympathize with had our experience. When he was just recovering from the them; I understand what the osteopaths stand for, too, and I think effects of one of the prolonged spells of drinking to which he they serve a good and useful purpose. They have been misled by the was addicted, he said one morning to his mother: "I know what agents o:f the patent-medicine association in this country, that are actively engaged in promoting the drug habit in our citizens, and this Christian Science has done for you and father; I have always declaration on the part of the so-called League for Medical Freedom believed that I could overcome this habit of my own will, but against the American Medical Association is not only unjust and unfair, now I give it up. If you desire, you may call a Christian but it is disgraceful and utterly untrustwo1·thy. Science practitioner." WHO A.RE OPPOSING THE BILL. We called a Christian ~cience practitioner that day, and he Mr. President, it will be seen that complaint is made that the has not taken a drink of liquor from that time until now, League for Medical Freedom is not acting in good faith, but almost seven years; and, best of all, while he had struggled that it is being used for sinister and mercenary purposes by against the habit, while he had at one time overcome it for the manufacturers and dealers in patent medicines. I am quite length of 11 months, yet the desire for it, the torture of the sure from the well-known views of the Senator from Oklahoma appetite, was with him every day. But when he had taken the that he would not for a moment justify any act of oppression treatment that desire for drink was completely and absolutely such as is attempted in this case through the columns of Col destroyed, and has never returned. l\Ir. President, that is the ex lier's, knowing as I do that he stands the champion of the rjghts perience of one family in Christian Science. It is the experience .of the people and civil liberty. Therefore in what I expect to say in greater or less degree of hundreds of families in this country. with respect to these publications and their utterances I am not I fancy I hear Senators saying to themseh·es it is all a delu treating them as the utterances of the Senator from Oklaho,ma. sion; but I want to say to Senators that if it is, I hope that Mr. President, this is an important subject. It is one that delnsion will not be dispelled. . It has brought health and hap calls for the utmost frankness in dealing with it. I know how piness and contentment into hundreds of families in this coun much the Senator from Oklahoma has at heart the measure that try. It is doing that sort of work every day, day by day, heal he is pressing for consideration before the Senate, and I desire ing the sick, saving men and women from suffering ancl sin, and to say that I respect his views in regard to that matter, but I in thousands of instances has saved them from the surgeon's differ from him wholly. knife, the resort to which is so common at the present time. I am going to discuss this question from the standpoint of a Mr. President, Christian Scientists do not claim to be perfect Christian Scientist, and in order that the Senate may better in their work of healing disease-not by any means. Tbere has understand and appreciate that point of view I am going to give been but one perfect Healer on earth. Even His own disciples you in just a few words my own personal experience with failed sometimes and met with the rebuke from Him, " Oh, ye of Christian Science healing. little faith." Ten years ago I was a scoffer at Christian Science; I derided I want to say to Senators that Christian Scientists are in no and ridiculed the claim of the Christian Scientists to heal sense hostile to the medical profession, as is Yery generally disease; but the time was to come, and that very soon, when I believed. You have never found them in any single instance was to put those pretensions and claims to the test. I had been opposing any sort of legislation that tends to increase the effi an invalid and a great sufferer from a complication of dis cie:q.cy of the medical profession, of whatever school it may be. eases for many years. During the last year before I came to We recognize the fa.ct that there is work for all of us to do. Christian Science for help those diseases took on an acute form We recognize the fact that the medical profession in their and I suffered intensely night and day. In that space of time different schools are doing a great work in alleviating human I lost 30 pounds in flesh and had become correspondingly weak. suffering and healing disease. Therefore it is no part of the I was unable to do my day's work. I felt that the time had work of a Christian Scientist to interfere in any way whatever just about come when I should be compelled to give up my work with the work of the medical profession. and that death was near at hand. I had tried all schools of I want to add that in whatever I may say in criticism of medical physicians; I had gone to what is known as the old what has taken place on the part of the American .Medical school or the regular school of physicians; I had tried the Association I am not criticising individuals. I reckon among homeopathic physicians. I finally went for relief to the oste my very best friends, and men for whom I have the highest opaths, who conceived the idea that my sufferings and the possible respect, some of the men who are in the medicul pro headaches which I had endured all that time were the result of fession in this country, and I appreciate the work they are now the displacement of one of the vertebrre that pressed upon the doing in ameliot·ating human suffering. spinal cord and caused all of my troubles. I obtained no relief Mr. President, the first thing to which I desire to address from any of these sources. I am not here for the purpose of myself is the claim made in the articles that have been read criticizing the work that was done by the physicians. They in the RECORD by the Senator from Oklahoma [Mr. OWEN],
I have read these merely to give a general idea of the breadth of this There are now a little over 200,000 members: of the National League movement and of the alacrUl with which the people are sending in for Medical Freedom, and I should say that from one-third to one-halC their names for the purpose o joining the league. of them are Christian Scientists. The purpose of this organization, as stated in its prospectus, is "the I should say, however, that 25 per cent more were sympathizers with maintenance of the rights of the American people against unnecessary, the right of the Christian Scientists to practice, even if they were r..ot unjust, oppressive, fraternal, and un-American laws, ostensibly Telated adherents, so that I should say that 60 to 75 per cent of the member to the subject of health. * * * It seeks throu~h publicity and ship of the league was secured from the Christian Science influence. education to unmask and oppose any legislation which endeavors to There are 10,000 physicians of all schools, being probably more put into power any one system of healing and use the Government osteopaths than any others; next to that eclectics, then homeopaths, prestige, money, and machinery to enforce its theories and opinions and then chiropractics, with a very good sprinkling of allopathic phy upon citizens who believe in other forms of healing." sicians, who belong to the league as a protest against the political It is as essential to liberty of the individual to have medical free methods of the American Medical As1>ociation. dom as it is to have political or reli&"ious freedom. In fact, medical freedom comes possibly closer to his mterest, to his material welfare The greater number of Christian Scientists in the League for than either of the others. It affects life itself. Medical Freedom calls for explanation. The Christian Sci This organization, that in a few days has secured 50,000 members entists as a.. body have taken no part whatever in this move and that is confidently expected will have 100,000 members within two weeks, is made up ·largely of those who have been for years in ment. They are not represented as a body in the League for dividually interested in defending that freedom for the maintenance of l\!edical Freedom. Every Christian Scientist who becomes a which they have now organized. It is a popular movement. Ten member of the league becomes such individually and upon his thousand applied for membership yesterday alone. It is the only popular movement here represented. own volition. No effort has ever been made to induce or coerce It has become almost as regular as the sessions of the legislatures any Christian Scientist to take any part in a movement of this themselves for attempts to be made in each f;jtate in the Union to pass kind, and the reason why there are a greater number of them legislation that will either restrict the practice of medicine to those who have pursued certain courses or that indirectly seek to gain the is simply this: The individuals are acting, so far as the Chris same object by prohibiting pay for services and similar devices. The tian Scientists are concerned, but in the case of medical schools people whom I represent believe that every man has a right to select that are interested in this matter, they are represented not by his own physician and to seek remedy and relief wherever he can find it. They know that the . attempts to restrict the practice of healing, individuals; thousands of those who believe in those schools of oi· of medicine, to certain schools of medicine has been largely the re medicine are represented by the physicians who belong to cer sult of the efforts and endeavors of the members of those schools of tain organizations, and while the Christian Scientists appear medicine who would be benefited by such legislation. Among other States where such attempts have been made, and are for that reason to be stronger, they are not so in fact, because being repeatedly made, I will mention New York Washington, Okla the physicians and the heads of these medical organizations are homa, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire, Nebraska, Colorado, Iowa, Ken tucky, Tennessee, Maine, Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri, Michigan, Cali in fact representing thousands and thou anus of people who are fornia, Utah, Montana, North Carolina, New Jersey, Minnesota, Wis standing out against this sort of legislation, but whose names cnnsin, .Arizona, and Connecticut, and my own State, Massachusetts. do not appear as members. ln all these States such efforts have been defeated. In Maryland, I in Ohio, Virginia, •rexas, and Delaware such efforts have been partially There is another thing that should say this connection, successful. It is not surprising that the people who have made the as I am speaking from the standpoint of the Christian Scientist, contests against this restrictive legislation for years in these various in justice to the members of the different medical organiza States look with suspicion upon the efforts of the American Medical Society, to pass the legislation now proposed, particularly in view of tions who are acting with us in this matter. It does not fol the fact that admittedly for 20 years this society has been endeavoring low by any means because members, for example, of the homeo to obtain just such legislation. while during that -period through its pathic school of medicine are uniting with the Christian Scien various members it has been endeavoring to obtain restrictive legislation tists in opposing this bill .that they are in sympathy with or in the States. believe in Christian Science-not by any. means. Ur. President, I have some personal knowledge of the efforts J ust so with all of the other medical professions. It does that have been made in my own State to bring about just such not follow that because they are making common cause in a legislation as this. We have been compelled to meet it at every fight of this kind that each one of them belie-res in the method session of the legislature in our State for years past. It has of healing that is resorted to by the other, nncl therefore I not stopped at the effort to elevate and make more efficient the think it is only just for me to say that because members of the medical profession to which no one has ever objected. It has medical profession are joining with us in this effort to pre gone further than that and attempted by legislation to exciude vent this sort of legislation it is not because of any sympathies everybody else from practicing at all. For a long time it was they have for the Christian Scientists as such, but because they directed at the Homeopathic School of Medicine, until that themselves are interested in preventing the passage of the bill school became so strong that it was useless to attempt longer· I want to say to Senators here that this mo-rement in opposi anything of that 8ort. Then it followed in the case of others tion to this bill is not confined to members of any profession or and finally came down to the Christian Scientists, and for -the any school of medicine or healing. There are thousands of inde past 8 or 10 years the effort of the American Medical Associa pendent American citizens in this country who object to such tion has been to secure· s0me sort of legislation that would legislation, without respect to the effect it is going to ha--re upon absolutely bar the Christian Scientists from all opportunity to their interests or upon their schools of medicine. They object exercise their right of healing disease. to it because it is unjust and un-.A.merican. Four years ago, in my own State, a bill having that object I have here a letter from 1\Ir. B. 0. Flower, the president of was introduced into tlle legislature. I happened to know the mem the League for Medical Freedom. I am not going to take up ber who introduced it. I telegraphed him my desire to be heard the time of the Senate in reading it. It explains of what the with respect to it before the bill was passed. He examined the league is composed. But I ask leave to print it as a part of my bill and let me know that he did not understand the full scope remarks. and effect of it, and that he himself would not support it until The VICE PRESIDIDN'".r. Without objection, permission is Christian Scientists were relieved and excepted from its effects. granted. We have had to keep vigilant watch constantly in my State. The letter -referred to is as follows: I know it is just as true with respect to other States; and back BOSTO~, MASS., July 1, 1911. of all this effort to keep everybody else out of the practice of Hon. JOHN D. WORKS, healing disease has been the American Medical Association, United States Senate Ohambe1·, Washington, D. 0. not always openly, sometimes they pushed somebody else to MY DEAR SEXATOR: I have just returned from two days i:;pent at our New York office. Much of the time while there was spent in gettin~ the front, but you will always find behind it the force and into shape the data to be sent to you. I requested our people to get power 'of the American 1\Iedical Association. a complete list of the executive officers of the league--a list that would inclmle not only the officers and advisory board of the national league, That is just exactly the condition that exists with respect to but also the executive officers of the State branches. 'rhis amounts to the bill now before the Senate. You hear a great deal said about 500 names in all; and I requested them to indicate the strong about the committee of 100 having been before the committees men and their position. For example, the chairman of the Virginia League, Dr. Crutcher tells me, is probably the most prominent homeo that have investigated this matter, and one would suppose by pathic ph;ysician in Virginia, a man of influence in llichmond, and of · reading the report of the investigation that it was the com great ability. mittee of 100 that was urging upon the Senate, upon Congress, 'rhe chairman of our league in Florida is probably the most promi nent homeopathic physician in that State. .As you know, the officers the enactment of laws of this kind. of the San ll"'rancisco league are men prominent in public life. In our • But I want to say to the Senators here that behind the com Massachusetts league Dr. Maurice Worcester Turner was last year president of the International Ilahnemann Society. He was for sev mittee of 100 is the American Medical Association. Not only so, eral years instructor in the Boston University School of Medicine, and but practically one-third of the members of the committee of is one of the prominent homeopathic physicians of the land. The sec 100 are doctors belonging to the regular school of medicine, and retary of our league is the proprietor of one of the large and beautiful one of them is the man who has been most active in pushing family hotels of Cambridge, and a man who has been on the governor's council in the past, and is quite prominent in Repu15Iican politics of this kind of legislation, Dr. McCormick, who, in a sense, is the the State as well as a prominent business man. The treasurer and walking delegate of the American Medical Association, and who assistant treasurer are men of prominence, one a retired capitalist and the other a banker. Dr. Wilham Leonard, who writes in the June absolutely controls and dominates not only that association, but number of the magazine against restrictive medical lel;?islation, is a the committee of 100. member of-our advisory board, and has worked for us rrom the first. I desire also to read very briefly from a letter of Mr. H. ID. He was for 19 years professor of materia medica in the University of Minnesota, and is one of the prominent homeopathic physicians of Les:m to myself, giving an account of the elements which com the country. Dr. A. JJ,, Stephens, of St. Louis, another member of our pose the League for Medical Freedom : advisory board, ls one of the most prominent medical authors, edu- ,
1911. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2663
cators, and physicians in the eclectic school. I sent you a few days consider and determine all matters and policies relating to national ago Dr. Munk's strong indorsement of the league's work as president health legislation, and may invite the cooperation and cooperate with of the National Eclectic Association. I mention these physicians for other organizations having the same purpose in view. the reason that a persistent attempt has been made by Senator OWE~ and the advocates of State medicine to convey the idea that the homeo So we see that at that particular time the American Medical pathic and eclectic schools of medicine are not in sympathy with our Association was quite active in bringing about this legislation. fight, and a persistent attempt has been made to alienate the physicians Nothing was heard at that time about the committee of 100 that of these schools from us, and inasmuch as Collier's and Senator OwFJN, through readiJ:ig Collier's article and thus indorsing it, have tried to was supposed to be acting disinterestedly. convey the impression that the managem,ent of the league is discredit I desire also to read briefly from a letter of the president of able, it seemed to me that if 25 or 35 very prominent business, profes sional, literary, and educational names should be mentioned as officials the committee of 100 to show what sort of action was being of tile league and as representative of those constituting the executive taken by the committee, engineered, as I believe and as I assert branch of the league and its State branches, it would most effectively here, by the American Medical Association, with Dr. .McCormack silence this attempt to discredit the league. After one year's search Collier's have not been able to find 10 persons at its head. They have been complaining of the League for connected with the league against whom they dared to make charges, Medical Freedom that it had been expending large sums of and even in these instances a large number of the statements made money in sending telegrams to Members of Congress and in were deliberate misrepresentations, and other statements were made for the purpose of trying to convey a false impression to the public mind. various other ways. This letter shows that the committee of Cordially, yours, 100 has not been free from that same weakness. · B. 0. FLOWER. Prof. Irving Fisher, a very distinguished and estimable· gen WHO IS SUPPORTING TllE BILL. tleman, against whom I have nothing whatever to say, acting, I Mr. WORKS. Now, after having discussed thus briefly and have not the slightest doubt, with perfect sincerity in this imperfectly the opposition to the bill, I desire to say something matter, in the belief that he was doing something of benefit to about who it is that is undertaking to bring about the enact the American people, said in this letter : n1ent of this bill. Our legislative subcommittee and executive subcommittee ha.ve hPld In the first place, I desire to read very briefly from a report frequent meetings. We believe that it is not possible to overcome tile of J. N. ::UcCormack, :M. D., chairman of the committee on opposition unless a. campaign fund of from $20,000 to $25,000 can be raised at once. This will lrn used for printing, stationery, telegrams, organization of the American Medical Association. etc., the effect of which will be that Congressmen, especially pivotai Senators will bear in inind that the impression has gone Congressmen, will not dare to displease their constituents by opposing fortlJ that this legislation is being pressed by the committee of President Taft's program. It will also be used to reach our American Health League-which contains many thousand health enthusiasts-to 100, composed of people who are entirely disinterested, and my start up .our Authors' League of 1,000 health writers, to stimulate <1esire is to show, as I said a while ago, that while that ap our press council of 100 leading editors, and to supply them and tbe pears to be so. as a matter of fact it is being pressed by the members generally with ammunition in the way of literature ; also to reach the labor organizations and the Grange and all our allies. • * • .American Medical Association practically and alone. Dr. :Mc I am writing to you among tbe first, knowing that you keenly appre Cormack says : ciate the importance of overcoming the selfish opposition to a project Accounts of my itineraries in New England and the Northwest were which, once started, will surely expand within a decade so that mil gi1en such publicity in American Medical Association and State jour lions upon millions of Government money will be put into this most nals at the time that I shall confine this report to the subject of na needed form of national defense. tional health legislation. which was put so prominently before the pro There is no selfishness about that, I presume. Nobody is to fession by the action of this House two years ago and has been kept constantly before it by the indefatigable labors of your legislative commit be benefited by the expenditure of these millions and millions tee since in an effort to secure a national department of health, the of dollars that were to be expended by the department that is aspiration and hope of this association for half a. century. proposed to be organized. . • • • • • • • Letters Teceived from Congressmen in response to our effort to poll Sent on to Washington by your legislative committee, after the great them on this question show that many of them, and especially those Rpeech of Senator Ow1rn bad impressed this country, as Gladstone who control procedure, need something more tl:J.an the President·s had done England a few decades before, " that care for the public health message to urge them to action; in short, that they must have letters is the first and highest duty of the statesman," I found many leading men of both Houses outspoken in support of the principles of his bill, and telegrams from their constituents. and a numher of our most experienced friends believed that there was In order to show something about the estimation in which an excellent chance to perfect and pass it at the present session of the Congress. After looking over the ground and conferring with Drs. the American Medical Association is held in so far as it is at Sower, Wiley, Kober, Woodward, Owen, and others-and I have never tempting to control legislation of this kind, I want to read an seen men more devoted and earnest in a cause-the hearings were ar extract from the testimony of Henry R. Strong, which was ranged, and it is believed that few measures ·of such a nature were ever given before the House committee on this subject; and right more ably suppo:cted. in this connection I want to make a distinction in the criticism I am inclined to agree with that, 1\fr. President. I do not that I make against the American .Medical Association be think there has ever been a measure before the Congress of the tween what I regard as its legitimate business, the building United States which has been more earnestly supported by any up of the efficiency of its own body, the effort that it is making body of people than this legislation has been supported by the to bring about better conditions in its own profession, and its American Medical Association. attempt at legislation of this kind that shall give it an undue More important was an opposition due to a conflict of interest be tween the bureaus and divisions directly affected by the proposed trans advuntage over others who are undertaking to do the same fer to the new health department, about which there might well be hon kind of work. I have no criticism to make of the American est difference of opinion. This occasioned much anxiety to the friends Medical Association so long as it is following out the purposes of the legislation, and the ablest men in the profession came on to Wash ington and took part in the negotiations to meet the difficulty. These and objects I have indicated. ,. negotiations were continued here, and I am happy to inform you that, l\Ir. OWEN. Mr. President-- under the sagacious leadership of Drs. Welch and Gorgas, great enough to The VICE PRESIDENT. Will the Senator from California give proper considerntion to every interest, an agreement has been reached. yield to the Senator from Oklahoma? Dr. Welch was at that time, as I remember it, president of Mr. WORKS. Certainly. the American l\fedical Association; if not> he was so later, and .Mr. OWEN. If it would not interrupt the Senator from I believe he has just retired from that position at an election California, I should like to call his attention to section 3 of which has been held at the city of Los Angeles, my home. the proposed bill, which expressly forbids discrimination in It will be seen that there was a conflict between the authors favor of or against any school or system of medicine. of tl1e American l\ledical Association and the constituted medi .Mr. WORKS. I am coming to that, if the Senator will allow cal authorities of the Government then existing, including the me, and when I reach that point I shall be glad to submit to Public Health and National Quarantine Service. It is per any question which the Senator may desire to ask. At this time fectly evident that some sort of a bargain was made between it would be inappropriate. the representatives of the Government in that bureau and the Mr. OWEN. Very well; I will wait. American Medical Association which was entirely satisfactory :Mr. WORKS. I will then be glad to submit to any sugges to the a!"sodation. tion which the Senator has to make in that connection. The We are to have a health department commensurate with the powers statement of Mr. Strong is as follows: and resources of our Government, and in time our country is to be put in the front rank in the field of preventive medicine. In accordance The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Henry R. Strong. Ten minutes have been allotted with that agreement and by authority I now offer the following- to you, Mr. Strong. Mr. STRONG. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, with all ! think Senators would like very much to know what sort of due respect to those who have appeared before this committee, I desiJ.'e an agreement that was. I know I would, and I think the people to say that I am in sympathy with neither the homeopaths, the eclectics, the osteopaths, the Christian Scientists, nor any nor either of the so of this country have a right to know what sort of a bargain called sects, if I may so call them, that I suppose are behind this league. was made by the medical bureau of this Government and the My sympathies as are my interests, are with and bound up with the American Medical Association which brought about this com so-called schoof of regular physicians, but I believe that if this bill is passed it will accomplish a state establishment of medicine in this promise. Here is the resolution that was offered by Dr. Mc- country, and I believe such was the purpose of those with whom this · Cormack- movement" originated some six or eight years ago. Resolved, That the president be, and is hereby, authorized to appoint I refer, Mr. Chairman, to a clique of political doctors who have a committee of seven members, which shall be charged with the duty of captured the control of the organization of the American Medical Asso framing a bill· for a national department of health, to be presented to ciation, who are falsely pretending to represent the regular physicians the next session of Congress in December, and that this committee shall of this country. The fact of the matter is that the American Medical 2664 CONGRESSIONAL ~ECORD-SENATE. JULY 6,
:Association itseTI'. does not have -80,000 lJllembers, as 1:lle gentlemen who to offensive 1.'egulations by Government inspectors. The proposed bill have -addressed -·you -stated it had. It has only 30,000 or 40,000, would change the name of the existing Public Health and Marine although by coercive methods the membership ls rapidly ·gl.'O.wing. Hospitnl Service and dele~te to the new body powers that are in U'herefore, as I say, the clique in .control of rthe association does not violation of the rights cf citizenship. All that an inspector would have fairly represent the association, nor does the association represent the to do in order to interfere in a case of illness in any home would 'be to profession as a whole. decide in his own mind that the disease might interfere with interstate HOW 'IHE 'EFFORTS OF THE AMERICA..~ MEDICAL ASSOCIATION TO SECURE commerce. Then be is clothed with ·almost absolute power to take charge of the case, establish rules and regulations and call in what LEGISLATION IS 'VIEW.ED BY OTHERS. ever physician he desired, despite frunily protests. ' 1\Ir. Presiuent, in order to bring to the attention of Senators nack of this bill there is a .school of physicians that thus expects to be recognized officially and thus be empowered to force upon the public the position that is taken by others besides Christian Scientists its own theories for the causes of diseases and its own methods for with respect to this matter, I desire to .call attention to resolu cures to the exclusion of all other schools and their remedies nnd plans tions which were adopted by the Eclectic .Medical Society of the of treatment. Under the action of the Mann l:l1ll a man's home would cease to be State of California., at "Redlands, Cal., on June 2, 1911: his castle, and he would be at the mercy of an inspector who would ECLECTIC MEDICAL SOCIETY have a defense for any act he might commit on the ground that he OF THE STATE OF CALIFORXIA, feared the disease might become a public menace. Redlands.. Oal., June 2, 1911. DE.ill Sui : The following resolution was unanimously passed at the There wa.s also -at its annual meeting, May 10 and 17, 1.911, u meeting of the California State Eclectic Medical Society, held in San resolution on this subject passed by the ·Indiana Institute of Francisco, May 23 to 25 : Homeopathy. It is a.s follows: "\"Vhereas there has been introduced at the present extra session of Congress the .so-called Owen bill, which is designed to eventually estab Resolutions passed by the Indiana Institute of Homeopathy at its lish a State medicine ; and forty-fifth annual session held in Indianapolis, Ind., May 16-17, l911. Whereas a State medicine is, equally with a State religion, contrary Whereas the National League for Medical Freedom is an organization to a republican form of -government and obnoxious ,to its people : whose purpose is to serve and perpetuate the personal liberty of the Cl'llorefore be it . people of the United States as pertains to the choice of medical at Resoll;e(l, '!'hat the Eclectic Medical Society of the State of Cali tendants; .and fornia, in its thirty-eighth annual session, and representing 300 regis Whereas this liberty has been and is still threatened by i·eason of an tered physicians, is unalterably opposed to Federal or State compul effort by the American Medical Association to have enacted a bill sory medical laws unless such acts preserve the absolute independence creating a national health board, with power and authority to interfere of the phy ician and citizen to use and employ the system of treat with the rights and powers of the individual States to control their ment most consistent with their choice or belief, in the same manner internal affairs : Therefore be it as the rights and privileges of all citizens are now guaranteed with Resolved 'by "the Indiana Institute of Homeopath11l That we hereby respect to politics and religion. indorse the purpose of the National League for Medical Freedom, and Resolved, That the secretary be instructed to mail a. copy of this we do hereby most earnestly protest against the creation of a national resolution to President Taft and to each of the Senators and "Repre llealth board with power and authority superior to that invested in the sentatives in Congress; also to Gov. Johnson and to each of the health boards of the individual States ; and be it further senators and assemblymen of the .State of California. Resolved, That we ~xtend our mutual support to Dr. Louis Crutcher 0. C. WELBOURN. as the homeopathic representative on the directorate of the National ALBERT J. ATKI.NS. League for Medical Freedom, and commend his work to all lovers of GEO. G. GERE. ·personal liberty. . ORAN NEWTON. L. A.. PERCE. I should say in this connection that at one ti.me the National E. R. HARVEY. Grange was induced to indorse legislation of this kind, but it As indicating what the feeling of outside people, if I may evidently found that it had made a .mistake, and subsequent to so call them, is with respect to this sort of legislation which· is that time the resolutions I am about to read were adopted by going on in the States as well as in Congress, I desire now to the grange: Tead an editorial which appeared in the Los .Angeles ·Express PUBLIC HEALTH BUREAU. only a short ti.me ago bearing upon legislation that was at That there be 'llO ambiguity or misunderstanding to our action and tempte_d to be pa·ssed in the Legislature of California at the meaning of our position on public health bureau, we add: " Whereas the resolutions adopted at the forty-third annual session session of the legislature just closed. of the National Grange, favoring the consolidation of the various Fed DOCTORS, .TA.KE WAIL"lll"ING. eral health bureaus, have been used by the committee of 100 on national Los Angeles ls opposed to the system of medical· tyranny over the health as an lndorsement of the proposal to create a new Federal public schools designed to be established by senate bill No. 733 i.nd de~artment to be called ·the department of public health ; and assembly bill No. 964. The fathers and mothers of this city will not ' Whereas the attitude of the National Grange in this matter has deliver their children over to the Doctors' Trust those measures would been misrepresented by the advocates of a public health department; create. If the price of education at the public schools ls to be the and · surrender of all attending scholars to the arbitrary authority of State " Whereas the creation of such a department would involve the ap physicians who will presci:lbe in bigoted obedience to the requirements pointment of thousands of unnecessary officeholders and the expenditure of a would-be medical monopoly, Los Angeles will not pay that price. of millions of dollars, which could be better devoted to establishing As the parents uf --southern California would resist to the uttermost pa.reels post, aiding the States in their work of road improvement, and the introduction into the schools of a ..group of sectarians who should other reforms in which the Grange is interested: Therefore exercise exclusive control over the religious teaching of their children. "Resolved, That the National Grange has not and does not indorse a -so will they resist the proposed surrender of their children to a Medical department of public health, and sees no good reason why the farmers Trust. As the public schools, attended by children of all religious of the country should favor the creation of such a department, or any creeds, must be kept free from the dominating influence of any single legislation that might be construed as a s~ep in that direction." creed, so must they be kept free from the dominating influence of any The above resolution was passed by the National Grange at its forty. filngle school of medicine. fourth annual session at Atlantic City in 1910. We are of the race that ouring these .centuries has won liberty of c. M. FREEMAN, conscience and freedom of belief. As _no State would now dare direct Bccretar11 National Grange. how the children In its schools should worship God, so should no State dare attempt to compel such children to submission to the tenets of I desire also to read briefly from a letter of C. W. Miller, ad some particular school of medicine. If, in opposition to the beliefs and convictions of parents, their children are to be treated and prescribed dressed to myself, in which he says : for by State practitioners exercising arbitrary authority In aid of the WASHINGTON, D. c., June so, 1911. establishment of a medical monopoly, it will not be long before State For the past 11 years Dr. McCormack bas been the walking delegate • clergymen1 representing some State creed, will be given exclusive con- of the Doctors' Trust, traveling from State to State for the purpose of trol ov.er tneir religious beliefs. ' .gathel"ing the physicians of every county visited into the orgamzation. Let the le~i~lature make no mistake in its judgment of public senti His afternoon stunt in each place he visits is to preach " medical eco ment as to this proposal. All else that it bas done, important as its nomics" (bow to get more money) to the physicians, and In the work has been, sinks into insignificance beside this act that i-s pro· evening address a public gathering on the great need of a health posed. If the legislature aids the Doctors' Trust to this attempted department and the near-divine attributes of the profession that is seizure of the public schools it wlll become infamous. If It attempts seeking to lay upon the altar of the public weal the prospects of its to compel the boys mid girls of California to submit themselves to the own business. arbitrary control of monopolistic medical arrogance it will become The fee schedule promulgated by Dr. McCormack first appeared In the odious and hateful. No legislation of this character should receive an Journal of the Medical Association on November 28, 1908, afterwards instant's consideration. It were suitable to the period in which men being reprinted In various State medical journals, and it very accu were burned at the stake because they chose to worship God in ac rately indicated what the character of his 11 years' work among phy cordance with their consciences, but it has no place in this century of sicians has been. freedom and enlightenment. Further evidence in this regard and of the flattering results of his The Express attacks no school of medicine, but no school of medicine work may be found in the report of his stewardship, which he, as shall attack the liberties of the people. California is free from medical chairman of the committee on oq~anization, made to the annual meeting .:tyranny. Let it remain so. It has no State religion. Let it not estab of the American Medical Association in Chicago on June 2-5, 1908. lish a State system of medicine. Should physicians of any school be Therein he says : given power to examine and prescribe for children because they are " For eight years 1 have been almost a stranger In my home and scholars, presently they would be given authority to examine and pre family that I might serve you. My constant regret has been that my scribe for men and women because they are citizens. The schools now ca_p,acity for service has not been greater. are free and they must be kept free. Neither sectarianism nor medical 'As a business proposition, on a very conservative estimate, I am slavery shall be allowed to overwhelm and destroy them. convinced that my work has added indirectly hundreds of thousands I also desire to include in my remarks a short editorial from of dollars to your revenues, but this is the smallest part of It, as will one day be known. At least two carefully ~elected II}en should be put the Los Angeles Herald, entitled "Menaced by a Doctors' Trust." in the field, and others should be added from year to year until the bene It is as follows : factions of this work are felt not only by every doctor but at every l\IEN.ACED BY A DOCTOR TBUST. hearthstone in this great country-that is, until the profession is really The attempt by the Mann bill to turn over the public health affairs organized." · · of the Gowrnment to a Doctors' Trust ls a most pernicious attempt to Respectfully submitted. legislate in favor of one school of medicine and to lay every home open C. W. MILLH.R. ' 1911. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. 2665
Mr. President, I also submit the following address by parents who refused to let their children be subjected to such exami· nation. Particular objection was made to the method in which the Dr. Munk at the meeting of the National Eclectic Association examinations have been conducted. Gii·ls from 10 to 14 years old havei in June, 1911 : been taken in groups from classrooms and compelled to remove their clothing in one another's presence. This has met with opposition from We, as eclectics, are a separate and independent school of medicine, many of the pupils. - but we are not the only one. It is as necessary and beneficial to have a variety of schools of medicine as it is to have parties in politics or I also submit a communication in the Milwaukee Free Press, sects in religion. Each school, party, or sect permits the citizen to have as follows: a choice, to select what he wants, and gives him the opportunity to act with those of his own way of thinking. This is his constitutional LETTERS TO THE FREE PRESS-PROTESTS AGAlNST SCHOOL-INSPECTIOY right under our system of free government of which we are all so BILL. proud. Attempts have been made to invade and annul this inalienable MILWAUKEE, A.p1'il ~. right. l'he same spirit of monopoly which pervades the commercial To the Editor: world is also found in medicine. To establish one school of medicine On April 14 the assembly voted indefinitely to postpone action on the to the exclusion of all others would create State medicine, which is so-called school-inspection (doctor's) bill. This was the result of the just as obnoxious and dangerous as is State religion. A variety of vigorous protest set up by members of our league, who gave the joint schools. parties, or sects is an advantage, as it causes a friendly rivalry committee of the senate and assembly facts that could end the matter by each one striving to excel the other and a healthy competition in no other way. that benefits the majority, which is as it1 should be, especially in a This class of legislation (the most paternalistic) was supposed to be Government like ours, where majorities rule. This coveted power has dead; but now I am informed that representatives of the American been sought after for many years by the political ring in the American Medical .Association and a local medical society branch have drawn an Medical Association, which it hopes to obtain eventually through State other om and sent it to the doctors who are members of the legislature. and national legislation. This bill is also a compulsion measure, although it is written in a All of the minor schools of medicine, known as the Allies, are op way intended to pull the wool over the eyes of the opponents of this posed to such action, on the ground that it is class legislation and un kind of law. constitutional ; but neither one of the Allies is strong enough to engage When the bill is up for hearing or a vote every county in Wisconsin the enemy single handed. It also does not seem to be convenient for will be beard from against it. them to unite their several interests in one counter organization. In Any bill, no matter what the wording, which adds to the authority this crisis a new and welcome friend has appeared upon the scene to of the so-called Medical Trust over the liberties of the people of Wis lend a helping hand. The National League for Medical Freedom was consin will meet with vigorous opposition of this league, which is or organized one short year ago as a lay movement in opposition to the ganized in every county of the State. offensive activity of the American Medical Association to force the Owen As long as doctors are in politics, just so long will this league exist. bill through Congress and establish a puolic bureau of health. Owing The doctors' organization bas a membership of 82,000. The league's to the league's timely and energetic protest the blll failed to pass, but it strength is 200,000, a large share of which is contributing funds to pay iR up again in a modified, but no less objectionable form, to be acted on the campaign expenses. Thus you have the two forces-the first named during the present extra session of Congress. That the bill will be again old and seasoned and with professional interest involved, while the lat· defeated goes without saying, now that the people have been warned of ter i but a year old, with personal and to some extent religious liberty their danger. If such a bill ever becomes law it will be a serious men behind it. ace to liberty and freedom in the United States and will be the entering The political doctors sometimes argue that their intentions are purely wedge for other objectionable and harmful legislation of a like character. philanthropic. Let us look at Chicago. In 1908 the Cook County The scope of the league is nation wide and has branch offices in Medical Society offered, and the city accepted, a plan for the inspec nearly every large city of the Union. Its function is to expose and tion-almost free-of public-school cl}.ildren. The Chicago newspapers oppose the evil designs of the Medical Trust in its endeavors to fasten fell into the trap and boosted it along. A few days after the first in itself upon the States and Nation; to give publicity to every point of spection was only partly ruade thesfl newspa8ers spread the result all interest and teach the people the right and wrong of everythmg that over their first p!lges, announcmg1 that " 60,0 0 school children require pertains to the subject. 'It is pledged to oppose every attempt to legis medical attendance." Nearly all of tllese boys and girls were sent home, late against the interests of the people or to rob the citizen of his lib often to distracted parents, with letters detailing the awful diseases erty and right to choose his own medical advisor. The objects of the that the youngsters had. You can guess bow many of the 60,000 were league meet exactly our wants, and it behooves us to " pool our issues " hurried to a doctor's office! Some were operated upon for adenoids, at and " hitch our wagon to a star " that will carry us safely and surely all tlle way from $10 to $75 per operation; others were fitted with on to victory. spectacles, and others were given prescriptions. J. A. MUNK. Is there any doubt about the sordid high finance end of this thing? Or in sounding these frequent alarms about disease are the alarmists Also, resolutions passed at the thirty-second meeting of the " zealously working," as Henry M. Hyde says in the Saturday Evening International Hahnemann Association, at Asbury Park, N. J., Post, " to the destruction of the prospects of their own business "? In the Chicago case it looks as if the "political doctors " sounded an June 23, 1911, as follows: alarm that resulted in a shower of prescriptions, medical calls, opera Whereas there is a persistent effort upon the part of the American tions--business. Medical Association to establish a national department of health and l\f~d~cal practice, generall~ speaking (excepting always a great many thereby to infringe upon the liberties of the people in the free choice of physicians who are in a high, proud class by themselves), ls firmly a medical adviser and of the school of medicine by which they shall be established by the American Medical Association on a commercial basis treated; and with a department devoted to alarms with which the magazines and Whereas there now exist several schools of medical practice, well newspapns are being victimized because most of the editors are not patronized by the people of the United States, none of which is to be giving the subject the thought it deserves, and are publishing the recognized by the projected department of health; and alarms and creating the business for the political doctors, who of all Whereas several of the large insurance companies have taken upon m~n have and express t~e greatest aversion for the press-this latter themselves to give medical advice to their pohcy holders and thus to berng a part of the ethics of so-called " regular " practice-except in further the po1icy of state medicine and the selfish and unpah·iotic times when an " alarm " is necessary, and then it must be sounded by aims of the dominant school of medicine : Therefore be it the press " free gratis for nothing." To advertise is one of the wicked Resolved, That the International Hahnemann Association in session eEt and most unforgivable things a "re~ular" (allopath) can do but assembled does hereby utterly condemn and protest against the passage there is no rule in any medical association that I know of which' pre of Senate bill No. 1, known as the Owen bill, and House bill No. 11035, vents a member from }lending a " personal " to a city editor announcing known as the Dyer bill, and all bills of similar import ; and be it that lie-the doctor-is going out of town on a vacation, so bis patients further · will understand that he hasn't quit business. Resoked, That the International Hahnemann Association resents the Every good citizen has the welfare of the school children at heart impudent meddling on the part of commercial insurance companies with and the interest shown by the political doctors is all right until we dig the medical treatment o.f private individuals and the practice of the around and find out what is back of it. family physician. NA'HO~A.L LEAGUE FOR MEDICAL FREEDOM. J. B. S. K:rxo, Secretary. WILLlllU F. HOOKEll, Secretary Wisco11sin Di-,;ision. HOW THE POWER OF THE DOCTORS IS EXERCISED. WHAT THE DOCTORS SAY A.BOOT IT. I come now to a very brief consideration of the manner in which the power that is obtained by the American Medical As Now; ~fr. President, I desire to call attention to some of the sociation by means of legislation of this kind in the States is things that ha-rn been said by doctors themselves with resnect exercised and the way in which rt is received by the people to this matter, not only in regard to the character of the effo1(l.l who are cognizn.nt of its exercise by that authority. I call that are being made, but what they expect to accomplish by the attention first to a Yery brief article appearing in the Chicago efforts that they are making to secure the passage of this bill. (Ill.) Journal, as follows : _ One of the prominent members of the American l\Iedical Asso ciation, Prof. G. Frank Lydston, M. D .. of the faculty of the VACCINATION IS EXFORCED--PITTSBORG CHILDREN MUST SHOW MARKS OR medical department of the Uni"versity of Illinois, in an address SUBMIT TO INOCULATION IN PITTSBURG CAMPAIG~. before the Ohio -Valley l\fedicul Association, November 10 1909 PITTSBOUG, January 12. said: ' ' 'l'be bureau of health of Pittsburg has ordered the immediate vac cination of all school children who can not prove by ocular demonstra Under the present political regime the American :Medical Association tion that they have been vaccinated. Heall:b Supt. E. L. Walter has has developed into a medicopolitical and commercial trust, which is the discovered that many of the vaccination certificates furnished by pupils direct antithesis of what the machine which runs it promised it have been "faked," and he has instructed bis assistants to accept should be. neither assertion nor certificates unless vaccination marks can be shown. At least 200 children are now being vaccinated daily and the Dr. Welch, president of the American Medical Association doctors, working in squads of six, are goiug through each school from said to Senator SMOOT: ' cellar to garret. I would simply like to throw out the suggestion that it may be that the Federal Government can exercise larger powers in this matter than I also read very briefly from an article in the New York is generally supposed to be the case. Press of March 28 : NEWARK, March 21. Dr. Henry 0. Marcy, former president of the American Med There were further protests to-day by physicians and citizens against ical Association, in an interview in the Boston Traveler on the order of Dr. George J. Holmes, chief medical inspe
Collier's manages to work itself into a spasm of horror over anyone Collier's may have better reasons than thus far given, but in this who hints that patent medicines may not be much worse than other instance I can not but feel it has made a sorry spectacle of itself in its medicines. Personally, I don't believe in patent medicines (as the term fight against freedom. is generally understood), but is it very much worse to defend a patent Sincerely, yours, med1cine than to sneer at a woman who disbelieves in the wanton tor EDMUND VANCE CooKIJ, ture of animals and of defenseless children? Even is it very much so Mayfield Road. worse to believe in a patent medicine which has its formula printed on the label, as some have, than to believe in a physician's prescription, MAY 15. being entirely ignorant of its contents, as most patients are? Is it? Mr. NORJUAN HA.PG-ODD, I have no doubt that there are members of the league who are in Bdi.tor Collier's Weekly, New York City, N. Y. it for ulterior purposes. That is true of any organization, but that DEA.R MR. HAPGOOD : I received in Pittsburg your letter of May 11 is not the question. The question is, What ls the league really trying asking for certain information concerning the National League for to do, and doing? Medical Freedom, and promptly wired you that the information re You don't get down to the question at ' all, except in some ranting quested would be furnished as soon as the data could be gotten to assertions. You sneer at Flower as the author of the pamphlet on gether, and that on my return to New York' I would give you every bubonic plague, but why don't you answer the argument contained in facility for further investigation. the pamphlet? You talk about a "notorious Colomdo quack," but If you are going into the subject as thoroughly as you say you ar~ who is the man and why is he a "quack"? You reach the limit and as thoroughly as I hope you will-let as many as possible of your of absurdity when you attribute an increase in the Chicago death important questions and our answers be put in writing. .Ask all the rate in 1910 over that of 1908 to the "large membership of the questions you want-verbally or otherwise-we will answer them league " In Chicago. frankly; but to avoid misunderstanding and the possibility of being Really, Mr. Lee, yon and Norm Hapgood and the rest of the bright misquoted, let us make written communications the foundation for any bunch on Collier's ought not to allow such a fool statement to appear. thing you print. It reflects so severely upon your known intelligence that one can not .About the " half dozen men who met at a New York h<)tel," the edl· discuss it with patience. The league is strong in Cleveland, too, and tor of the Digest says "they met one day." In reality they met on just at present the death rate is less than 10 per 1,000. Is that due several different days and at several different times and places. to the league? Not unless one argues as Collier's is arguing, which The persons who attended these conferences-'-the founders of the Heaven forbid ! National League for Medical Freedom-were those who are its present You accuse the league of "gopher methods." .Another sneer which directors, and arc a.s follows : means nothing. Your statements are prejudiced and intended to Mr. W. R. Brr rnl, of Indianapolis, Ind. ; Mr. B. 0. Flower, of Bos prejudice others. They are not fair, they are not honest. Collier's has ton, Mass. ; Mr. ~ harles W. Miller, of Waverly, Iowa ; Dr. Lewis Pink· published several editorials against the league and you say you have re erton Crutcher, of Kansas City, Mo. ; Dr. Harry Linden Chiles, of East ceived many protests. Have you published any of the arguments of the Orange, N. J.; 11Irs. Diana Belais, of New York; Mr. Frederick A. protests? I haven't seen any. Suppose, then, some member of the Bangs, of Chicago, Ill. ; Mr. Paul .A. Harsch, of Toledo, Ohio ; and league should refer to your methods as " pole-cat methods," because myself. you stir up such a stench to becloud the issue. That wouldn't be polite, The affiliations of these people are as follows: would it? .And I wouldn't make such a reference to a magazine which Mr. W. R. Brown is vice president of the Brown-Ketcham Iron I like (as a rule) as well a~ I do Collier's. Nor would I to :my other. Works, of Indianapolis, Ind., and Greensburg, Pa. He is a Christian I am merely showing you how cheap your methods are, and how un Scientist. p,leasant they would be, were one to retaliate in kind. What are the Mr. B. 0. Flower ls the ed1tor of the Twentieth Century Magazine, 'gopher methods " of the league? .As far as I know, they have been of Boston, Mass. He was the founder of the Arena and was its editor singularly open. They have relied upon the "right of petition" and for years. When sick he employs the services of an n.llopathic phy the weight of argument to defeat the establishment of a national sician, but for 20 years has been opposing the efforts of the allopathic board of health ( ?) . When accused of being a " patent-medicine or profession to establish a medical mono-:ic:y. Because of his writings in ganization," they offered to disclose the list of contributors to thelr favor of medical freedom and his excellent reputation for integrity and treasury to a properly authorized committee. Have you heard of any patriotism the position of temporary president of the league wn.s offered such offer by the league's opponents? Yet Collier's goes right on inti to him by a representative of Mr. W. R. Brown and myself, and he mating that it is controlled by patent medicine interests. accepted the offer, to be. later unanimously elected permanent president. But why not cease your bickering and get down to fundamentals? Last week he was unarumously reelected president for his second term. If you really think the league is a menace, why not state your real, Mr. Charles W. Miller was invited to attend the New York confer and vital, objections to it and devote a certain space to the subject, ences by Mr. Brown, Mr. Flower, and myself because of his vigorous pro and con? There would be something about an attitude like that opposition to medical arrogance in the Iowa Legislature, a subject which which one could respect. will be treated fully by Ur. Miller. Dr. Lewis Pinkerton Crutcher is one of the most prominent physicians What is the fundamental item at issue? The league disbelieves in in the homeopathic profession. He is a member of the faculty of the the establishment of State medicine, under the guise of a department Hahnemann Medical Institute in Kansas City, Mo., and has been for of health, or a bureau of health. yea.rs warning homeopaths in speeches and writings against the aggres Why does it so disbelieve? For reasons which ought certainly to sion of the allopathic mono-poly and opposing the trust and political appeal to Collier's. We have too much departmental rule in our Gov methods of the American Medical .Association. He was offered a director ernment now. Didn't :you have enough of an experience of the corrupt ship of the league and accepted it, and has been stanchly supported strength of departmental government in the Ballinger case? You know in the league by thousands of homeopathic practitioners and their lt was only by a fortunate fluke that Ballinger was prevented from patients. Morganheiming .Alaska. Why? Because he was a departmental head Dr. Harry Linden Chiles is secretary of the Nationnl Osteopathic Asso l! nd could interpret and execute laws both at the same time. The Post ciation. He accepted a directorship, and is also being supported by Office Department is another instance. Beneficent as it usually is, the thousands of osteopathic practitioners and their patients. Jost Office Department abrogates the Constitution of the United States, Mrs. Diana Belais was offered a directorship because of her courageous and does it with impunity, and there is no appeal to any court which efforts to secure a higher law in New York State than the doctors' cruel can prevent it. You know this, don't you? Departmental law and theories and professional arrogance. She is president of the New York departmental justice are apt to be amenable to nothing except public Antivivisection Society. opinion, and most of the time that isn't working as you know. Mr. Frederick .A. B!lngs ls an ex-president of the Hamilton Club, of i·ow, suppose you establish a department of medicine (no matter Chicago. He is a prominent attorney and a Christian Scientist. whether you call it a department or health or what), how long do you Mr. Paul .A. Harsch is secretary of the E. H. Close Realty Co., of suppcse it would be before the rights of all schoofs differing from it Toledo, Ohio, and removed to New York .to become secretary of the won'd be infringed? Just about long enough to get it into working order. league. He is a Christian Scientist. 'Would the American Medical .Association be satisfied to have a de I am a Christian Scientist. partment of medicine, or health, and allow a Christian Scientist, say, These persons joined the work at different times, but all within a to be at the head of it? They would not. Neither would you; neither few weeks. would I. The only person who was acting in any prominent way at first who Would Collier's be satisfied to have a department of health and have is not acting now is Joseph R-. Kathrens, at present Chicago office B. 0. Flower at the head of it? You would not. Neither would the manager of the Lesan Advertising .Agency. He was a director and American Medical .Association. Why? Why, because you don't want · secretary-treasurer during the first few weeks while Mr. Harsch was a department of health. You want a department of medicine. arranging to remo>e to New York from Totedo. He represented me. I am in favor of health legislation-when it is health legislation. I These people have run the league from its inception by meetings, the am in favor -0f pure-food laws, ,...nd I venture to say I would go further records of which you are at liberty to see if you desire. than Collier's iii defining what " pure food " really is. For example, I They have collected all moneys received and disbursed by popular do not consider cold-storage corpses, hog-fat shortened bakery goods, or subscriptions among their own affiliations and from no place else. insect-colored bottled fruits (all of which now exist, unlabeled) as pure The amount of money collected up to May 2, 1911, was $94,274.39. foods. The subscription books are open to you in detail for any investigation I run In favor of sanitation-public and private--and I do not con you want to make, and we will also be glad to tell you in detail what sider it sanitary to put disen.sed pus into healthy veins "to prevent the money was spent for. disease." Collier's evidently does. In the membership of approximately 200,000 at this tim~ there are I believe in the preservation of the purity of our water supplies, and registered 7,500 individual subscriptions, ranging from 25 cents to I decry the fatuousness of our present medicated sanitarians, who $10,000. Many of these sums, howe>er, have been made up from make no objections to the pollution of our water supplies by sewage, smaller sums secured by the person sending in the larger sum. It is but want to purify it afterwards by filtering or chemicalizing. likely, therefore, that fully 20,000 persons have subscribed. Where a I believe in health, in hygiene, and in humaneness, and in malting large sum has been sent us we can secure the names of the individuals medical laws I want all three to be considered. subscribing the a.,.gregate. I believe we should attain to pure-food cond1tions, sanitation, hygiene, In the membershlp there are nearly 10,000 physicians of all schools, health through separate enactments, so that our rights may be safe and at this time the me~bership of the league is growing faster among guarded in each case. (The initiative and referendum will help the physicians than among any other class of people. safeguarding.) I do not believe we should deliver ourselves into the These members, including physicians, have joined this league and . hands of a department of medicine as a salvation from our physical ills. subscribed their money from one motive and one motive only ; L e., to I have nothing against "regular physicians,"· except when they stop the dominant efforts of the allopathic medical oligarchy to estab attempt to arrogate to themselves all medical wisdom and authority. lish a system of State compulsory medicine in this country and to in Some of my best friends and my family physician are " regular " doc sure to themselves and to all other American citizens the right to em tors. .At· the same time I reserve the right to consult an osteopath, ploy the practitioner of his choice. homeopath, hydropath, or any other "path" or "nonpath." In other In regard to the questions you ask about Messrs. Flowerh Miller words, I belleve in that freedom which Collier's decries, and I believe the Carr, Englehart, and Huhn, I have forwarded a request to eac one or1 great majority of the members of the National League for Medical them for the information desired, and will give it to you as soon as it Freedom are of like mind. I do not mean that they all believe as I do, is received. except that they believe in letting the other fellow believe as he does, I will say, however, that I know now that some of the statements and they deny the right ()f a department to destroy that freedom. your questions imply are true, and I know that others are not true. 2668 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE. JULY 6,
You misunderstood me about Mr. Flower. I said he was not now MAY 22, 1911. associated with his brother in the patent-medicine business, but did not Mr. NORMAN HAPGOOD, say that be had not been so associated. I may even have been mis Collier's Weekly, Neio York City. taken in this ; Mr. Flower will answer that. DEAR MR. HAPGOOD: I wrote you the last of the week that not later Even if all the things implied in your letter were admitted, I fail than Monday we would put certain information in your hands, as per to see that anything bas been established which in the least proves your request. your sweeping statement that our membership is composed for the most We feel, however, that the situation, from our standpoint at least, part of people " bard hit by the pure food and drug act," or that we has been somewhat changed by your communication of May 19. are " gophers," or that our money is secured from patent medicine and If we understand your letter correctly it means that when we have adulternted food sources, or that it is expended for anything even re established that the thing3 you said in Collier's about the league were motely connected with this subject. untrue, that you then expect to justify your attack-or even to con In eve1·y movement in support of a principle there are likely to be tinue it-on the ground that an organization which protests against found three elements which may be made the subject of criticism. any of the methods of the so-called regular medical profession is inimi first, those who join the movement for selfish purposes ; second, those cal to the public welfare. who join out of resentment towa·rd those whom the movement opposes ; The directors of the league feel, in view of their frankness in placing and, third, those who may have at one time been associated with those all the information at your disposal-quite as much to save you em whom you oppose, but have changed their views. barrassment as to prove our own position-that they should not go In a membership of 200,000 it would be foolish for us to say posi any further in giving you an opportunity to learn the facts until they tively that not a sin~le one of the first two types has slipped in, and have some indication from you as to your intentions- any information of tnis kind you have will be gladly received. We First, in regard to correcting false statements in Collier's of May 6. welcome and defend those of the third tvpe. Second, as to your future intention toward the National League for But we know who and what practicaily all of our 200,000 members Medical Freedom. . are, and we know that they are in no way interested in the subject On receipt of satisfactory assurances that you mean to be fall' in which you state that they are there to defend. correcting the wrong done us on l\fay 6, and that you will not u e the Nor can we say that not a dollar has evei· been received from such information given you in confidence for the purpose of proving you are a source as that you claim, but we know that not a dollar has been wrong in one set of statements, to support your attack from another received from such a source known to any of the directors, and that direction, we will be glad to submit the information. money received from such sources has been returned, and help offered Without such assurances the directors feel that they should adopt by these sources has been declined. some other course of setting themselves right before the public. We also know that the method of securing the funds was such, and This is all said, however, without any intention of abridging your we are sufficiently familiar with the details of where this money came right to express your opinions as you choose, and with every confidence from to be able to prove that neither you nor any of your doctor on the part of all of us that your intentions are perfectly fair in regard friends can po sibly be more antagonistic to the interests you claim to statements of fact, and that you will so assure us. we received it from, and for whose interests you claim we expended it, Sincerely, yours,_ H. El. LESAN. than are those who subscribed 99 per cent of the money for the league's support. WASHINGTOX, D. C., May 16, 11J11. I hope this answers your letter of May 11 to the extent which it ca.Ii PAUL A. HARSCH, be answered at this time. You say you will ask us a great many help Secretary National Leagiie for Meaical F1·ee
innocently contracted by the taking of medicines about the composi and it wm be observed that Collier's very carefully refrains from giving tion of which he was ignorant. Mr. Miller's arguments. We venture to say that if they bad published " Will the political doctors, who have been so loudly clamoring for the address in full ninety-nine out of every hundred unbiased readers the protection of the people from proprietary medicines supposed to con of that publication would have unhesitatingly declared that the member tain minute proportions of some habit-forming 'drug, join us in de of the Iowa Legislature had thoroughiy maintained his contention. manding that the people be made acquainted with the presence of such 4. Next we come to Collier's attack on Mrs. Diana Belais. Per drugs in all preparations and in all prescriptions which go into their haps nothing in this whole discreditable and shameless exhibition of hands? the Collier brand of journalism is more characteristic or more calcu . "That in the great majority of cases where persons have contracted late.d to arouse the contempt of all right-minded people than the fol the drug habit they first acquired a taste for the poison from doctors' lowrng: prescriptions, will not, we imagine, be questioned. !.rhat the people have "11~rs. ~iana Belais, a director and also a founder, has appeared be a ri~~t to know of their peril before running the risk of coming under fore m .this paper as president of an antiexperiment society-a well the influence of opium and other subtle poisons is evident. Hence, if meaning, but ignorant, reckless, and muddle-headed agitator." the solicitations of our medical brethren for protection of the " dear Mrs. Belais is the president of the New York State Anti-Vivisection people" are sincere, they certainly will unite in this demand to afford Society. She is a clear-visioned, logical, and intellectually brilliant ger.uine protection without vicious class distinction. If they are honest woman, whose enlightened conscience revolts against the horrible suf in their pretensions and realize the magnitude of the curse, they will ferings imposed by the vivisectors on helpless dumb animals. With her join in urging that the chief source of this evil, no less than minor stand such distinctly great scientific physicians as Dr. Edward Berdce, sources, be brought under such legal provisions as will give the people M. R. C. S. (~~gland) and L. R. C. P . (Edinburgh), one of England's at least protective knowledge. If, on the other hand, the political greatest physicians, medical authors, and scientific investigators and doctors are merely bent on building up a great nation-wide Medical other physicians of international reputation. ' Trust or monopoly, and are using this plea as the advocates of special legislation among the physicians in the various States have been wont Mrs. Belais's offense in the eyes of Collier's is that she has dared to use similar pleas when seeking restrictive legislation, they will oppose to oppose what thousands of the most enlightened of our people hold this genuine attempt to protect the people. And we confess that we to be b~·utal, unnecessary, and dehumanizing cruelty practiced on have small hope of the aid of the drug-dispensing political doctors in dumb animals. The doctors wish a free band in their reckless experi this important crusade, and one thing th.at makes us doubt is their mentation, and Collier's, in lieu of arguments to oppose Mrs. Belais's action wllen an opportunity similar to the above was given them in the stropg ~d reason-compelling pleas, resorts to abusive epithets against State of Iowa. There a measure was introduced providing for the use a high-mmded, cultured, and thoroughly civilized woman glibly char of red labels on certain proprietary medicines. The second vice presi acteri~ing her a.s " ignorant, reckless and muddle-headed/' dent of the National League for Medical Freedom, Hon. Charles W. Last summer Mrs. Belais delivered an address before the Interstate Miller, a member of the legi.slature, while approving the legislation and ~~oreign Commerce Committee of the House of Uepresentatives in provided it be made general and not class in character, and provided it· Wa.shmgton that was strong, clearly reasoned, and logical-an address be so shaped as to afford real protection for the people, amended the which called forth a number of expressions of sincere admiration from proposed bill by providing that physicians who dispensed opium, chloral, !hose P!~sent, some of whom were no! ~ sympathy with the league in and similar drugs should write their prescriptions in plain English, in its position. But because Mrs. Bela.is mtelligently and ably oRposes red ink. This simple and thoroughly proper amendment created con cruel experimentation on helpless animals, she is denounced as igno sternation in the camp of the political doctors, and every effort was rant, reckless, and muddle-headed " by this modern champion of made to have the amendment stricken out. Failing in this, the bill monopoly-seeking doctors and twentieth century example of the chiv was defeated. alry of the press. "Clearly, if the protection of the people is the purpose of our law We confess we are surprised that W. R. Brown, first vice president of makers, and not tbe aggrandizement of a great privilege-seeking class. the league and manager of the Brown-Ketcham Co., one of the great the laws enacted must be so comprehensive as to include in their scope steel con.structing concerns of thi~ c;ountry, escaped criticism, for is it the class chiefly responsible for the evils against which the citizen is not possible that ~ome of the buildmgs erected by t~is company may to be warned, as in the case of habit-forming drugs. to-day house druggists who make or at least sell proprietary medicines? "Nothing is more vicious than class legislation or legislation that Then there is Dr. Lewis Pinkerton Crutcher, registrar and professor of gives special advantage to a class or classes. Indeed, now as never materia medica in the Hahnemann Medical College, of Kansas City, Mo., before is it vitally important to scrutinize all legislation proposed, to one of the ablest educators, authors, and physicians in the homeopathic see if there is not behind it some great special interest seeking power or school ; Dr. Harry C. Chiles, one of the leading osteopaths of the land. financial advantage as a result of the proposed laws or enactments. Both these men are representative and influential members in their Never bas there been a time when it was so imperatively necessary to scho.ol~ of practice and are acti"."e director.s in !he league, and, as carefully frame laws so as to prevent any class, profession, sect, or Colliers must know, would not actively associate with any organization group of people from gaining a position that might enable them to that was promoted by the proprietary medicine interests or those who infringe on the rights of the individual through legislative warrant or opposed pure-food legislatiQ!.l. Then there is Col. Frederick C. Bangs bureaucratic rulings." another active director, who is a prominent attorney in Chicago. Is it We venture the prediction that a• law passed for the genuine protec possible that Collier's sleuths have been unable to discover some instance tion of the people, such as J\Ir. Flower advocates above. would do more where Col. Bangs may have been consulted by a druggist or some person to protect the people from the danger of the drug habit and to defend who makes or sells proprietary medicines? · and protect them from being made the victims of deception on the 5. So much for the active officers of the league. Next Collier's attacks part of proprietary medicine_ manufacturers or doctors, than all the the personnel of the advisory board of the league. Out of 200 members class medical legislation that the monopoly-seeking doctors have secured of this board the editor of Collier's has been able to discover but 3 during the past 50 years, but such legislation would not promote the persons who either at some time were interested in pro\)rietary medi monopoly the political doctors are seeking, and would protect the peo cine interests or who have defended the proprietary medicine interests ple from dangerous prescriptions as well as questionable medicines that against the champions of the ethical remedies, many of which are deadly may be put upon the market. It would be important and genuine poisons, but which are approved by the American Medical Association. protective legislation in so far as the people are concerned, and it He finds that S. C. Carr, the editor of the Columbus Medical Journal would not be class legislation in the interest of the increased power was at one time interested in a proprietary medical concern; that and wealth for State-protected or privileged doctors. Hence such George P. Englehard, editor of the Medical Standard, has defended legislation would be opposed by the political doctors just as it was proprietary medicine interests; and that Charles Huhn, president of the opposed by them when offered by the Hon. Charles W. Miller in the National Association of Retail Druggists, is an officer in a cooperative Iowa Legislature. proprietary medical concern. After a year Collier's sleuths hnve 3. Next we come to notice the attack by insinuation on the Ilon. actually found 3 persons out of 200 who are or have been connected Charles W. Miller, secQnd vice president of the league. This attack is with proprietary medicine interests or who have had the temerity to as follows: say a good word for these medicines, and all this is advanced to prove "Charles W. Miller, seC'ond vice president of the league, was also one that the National League for Medical Freedom is, to use the elegant of the founders. In his newspaper, which publishes patent-medicine ad language of this journal of civilization, " a bad bunch," and that it is vertising, he has constantly fought the medical profession. Last year opposed to pure-food legislation and an upholder of proprietary medi one of his addresses against what he called 'a doctors' trust' was de cine interests. Collier's very wisely reframs from calling attention to livered to the Dairy Association of Baltimore. We may say in passin~ the advisory board of the league as a whole, as its list contains as that Collier's does not believe in freedom to sell tuberculosis milk :my notable a company of strong, fine, public-spirited men and women as we more than it does to sell tuberculosis meat." think have ever appeared on an advisory board of any organization. Mr. Miller has for years been the Democratic leader of the Iowa A few typical names on this list will show why Collier's does not care Legislature, and was formerly State chairman of the Democratic Party. to mention the personnel of the advisory board. Among the distin His position shows the confidence of his own neighbors and of his guished physicians are: Dr. William El Leonard, for 19 years professor party in his intelligence and uprightness. He owned until lately ~ of materia medica in the University of Minnesota; Dr. A. F. Stephens, • county newspaper, and it is probable that he published proprietary one of the leading physicians, educators, and authors of the eclectic roedkine advertisements in bis columns, as does almost every strug i;ochool of medicine; Dr. W. A. Dewey, editor of the Medical Century one gling county newspaper in the land. Mr. Miller has opposed the at of the largest homeopathic journals published ; Dr.• Toseph D. Harrigan, tempts of the doctors to blaC;klist other physicians in the interest of New York City, a prominent homeopathic physician; Dr. John Perrins the doctors' monopoly or union. He opposed the attempt to raise the vice president of the National Ecle::tic Medical Association ; Dr. George fee scale that would take vast sums from tbe pockets of the stru.,.gling w. Thompson, president of the faculty of the Eclectic College of New farmers and working men and women unfortunate enough to be0 sick York; Dr. Claude E. Laws, president of the Arkansas State Eclectic and be tried to secure legislation that would compel the doctors to Board of Medical Examiners; Edmund Vance Cook, author and lecturer; write their prescriptions which contained deadly poisons and habit Charles Major, the popular author; William Ordway Partridge, the forming drugs in plain English and in red ink, so that their patients eminent sculptor; Orison S. Marden, editor of Success ; Mrs. Clara might enjoy at least measurable protection against drugs that might Barton; Mrs. John Logan; Mrs. George T. Oliver; May Wright Sewall; easily enslave them or injure their constitutions. All these things ex-United States Senator William V. Allen ; William D. Baldwin. presi which right-minded people will heartily applaud, were doubtless griev: dent q;t the Otis Elevator Co., of New York City; Col. Robert C. Clowry, ous offenses in the eyes of Drs. Simmons, McCormack, and Reed. the ex-presidPnt of the Western Union Telegraph Co.; Benage S. Joselin, three master spirits in building up the politico-medical machine of the president of the Portland Railway, Light & Power Co. ; and Edwin T . American Medical Association, and also in the eyes of Collier's which Earl, publisher of the Los Angeles Express. These names are typical appears to hold a brief for this association. Again, it is doubtless representatives of the advisory board and the membership of the Na true, as Collier's points out, that Mr. Miller appeared before a dairy tional League for Medical Freedom-the league which Collier's would association, just as he has appeared before the congressional committee have its credulous readers believe is the enemy of the public weal. and has appeared before various other public bodies, to protest against Evidently fearing the loss of subscriptions from Christian Scientists the monopoly-seeking legislation of the American Medical .Association Collier's throws this sop to them : " Few mere observers rate the bene~ To point out the trust character of the legislation sought by the po: fits that Christian Science has brought the community more highly than Jitical doctors may be a serious offense in the eyes of Collier's but it we do." And yet the fact remains, and none know this fact better is not likely to impress any unbiased or fair-minded person a's being than Collier's, that the American Medical Association, whose program other than a perfectly proper proceeding, provided his position was is so enthusiastically indorsed by Collier's, through its State societies well taken and his argument convincing, and all persons who have bas been seeking and is seeking tirelessly to secure legislation that listened to Mr. Miller's arguments or read his addresses will we think would prevent Christian Scientists from practicing, and thus deprive be impressed with the fact that he has clearly established his claims; tens and hundreds of thousands of intelligent American people from the XLVII-168 2672 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE ..
enjoyment of this treatment wfien they desire Its administration. At it is a fact that should have great weight with thls committee ancI with the present time in the city in which Collier's magazine is published every Member of the National Congress in considering legislation of this the r'ew York Medical Society, a component part of the State society, kind, that the men in whose hands the powers delegated by this bill are which in turn is :m integral part of the American Medical Association, put all belong to one school of medicine. And it does not change the is trying through the courts to hn.rass Christian Science practitioners situation, nor does it weaken the effect of the argument in opposition under legislation which the doctors claimed when it was passed would to this bill, that this particular school of medicine is the one upon not interfere with such practice. which I call, or upon which you call, when we believe medical assistance 6. The league has consistently from the beginning addressed itself to to be necessary for ourselves or our families. appeals to the reason of the public by arguments and citations of facts Indeed I have no hesitancy in stating to this committee that the men to maintain its position. It has held that certain great vital issues who represent the Federal Government in its health activities are all are at stake, issues vital to the most sacred rights of the people, and from the school of medicine which I always employ when I feel the also to the cause of so1Jnd ..scientific advancement, and it bas chosen necessity of calling upon anyone because of the impaired health of my to advance arguments rather than to indulge in abush'"e epithets. It self or my family. But because of my relations with these men it does has refused to engage in a mud-slinging campaign, and has only asked not change the situation with reference to my attitude toward legisla that the issues involved be fairly met and freely discussed, but in tion of this kind. Indeed I might say to this committee that the very passing it may be pardoned for venturin~ an observation as a possible man who is my family physician and adviser ls one of the leading lights explanation for the activity of Collier's m its militant championing of in the organization which is back of and promptin"' all this sort of the American Medical Association and the political doctors. legislation, but I recognize the fact that in his activity he is only push Some years ago when Collier's wru; preparing to attack the proprie ing forward the interest of himself and those whom he represents, which tary medicines its canvassers were sent to the doctors with specia in interests are not such as should influence this committee or the Con ducements to subscribe. A well-known physician thus describes the gress of the United States in cn.rrying out their wishes. methods of the canvasser who approached him : After extolling Col The fact is, gentlemen of the committee, that if the public health lier's and showing a book premium that made the ma15azine practically service is given the power which this particular provision of this bill a free gift or the book n free gift if the doctor woula consent to take would confer upon it, this particular school of medicine, which fills Collier's-we do not remember now which way the matter was put by every position under the health activities of this Government, would be the canvasser-he next proceeded to enlarge on the fact that the enabled, through the power and money of the Federal Government, to American people were paying out millions of dollars every year for disseminate its views as to the causes of disease nnd as to the remedies proprietary medicines that ought to go into the pockets of the doctors. which should be adopted by the citizenship of this country, to the ex Now, he explained Collier's proposed to make a great campaign against clusion of all the other opinions and remedies of the many other schools the proprietary medicines, and this would naturally greatly increase of medicine in this country. the revenues of the doctors. Therefore the doctors should support Col In Ohio the advisory board, which acts for and represents the people lier's. This was the substance of the canvasser's song, and doubtless for whom I appear in this case, is composed of one of the most promi through this method Collier's received a great number of physicians as nent and influential homeopathic physicians in the city of Cincinnati ; subscribers. Naturally enough they desire to retain this elientele, and of the leader of the school of osteopathy in that city; of a lawyer, who, there is nothing discreditable about their desire to do so, even by opposing like myself, still follows and believes in the teachings of the sc.!lool of the league, provided that in ~oing so they e~ploy honorable methods of medicine which controls the activities of the health interests in the ~gument instead of resorting to a mud-slinging attack marked by ntuperations, abusive epithets, and unjustifiable inuendos. Had the Federal Government. These men are active in this movement not be league desired to turn aside from its campaign addressed to the reason cause they a.re op9osed to the protection of the health of the peop1 e, not lllld sense of fairness of the people and marked by arguments, historical because they are prejudiced against any particular school of medicine, facts. and legitimate conclusions to a criticism of the personnel of the but because they are opposed to the Federal Government plaeing ia the master spirits of the opposition, it could have easily dwelt at length hands of one particular school of medicine the fonds and the activities on the damaging and unrefuted charges thnt have been advanced of this Government, by which the ideas and the conclusions of that. pnr against a number of those who have been chiefly responsible for build ticular school may be disseminated and scattered broadcast among the ing up the political mach.ine of the American Medical Association, but people of this country at the expense of the Federal Government it has striven to hold to principles, and not cloud its issues by inject BA.SIS OF OB.TECTIO~. ing personalities into its campaign, feeling that its cause was just, righteous, and in the interests of the cause of sci.entific advance no less That is why, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee, the than of the people's rights. homeopath and the osteopath and the eclectic physicians all unite in this protest against this sort of legislation and call upon you to consider SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE BILL. their interests as well a.s the interests of those men who already control Mr. Presid~nt, I now come to a consideration of the scope of and fiU the various positions under the Federal Government which are the bill itself as it is presented. In order to show what the po created under the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. sition and understanding of the Senator from Oklahoma, the Now, I call attention to the provisions of the bill which seem author of the bill, is, I desire to read a few words from what to me to be important in this connection; and on the first Pflge, he sn.id before the Senate committee having a similar bill under commencing with line 5, is this clause: consideration : And the provisions of tltle 4 of the llevised Statutes, inclucHna all Senator OWE~. Mr. Chairman, may I b~ permitted to make a state amendments thereto, are hereby made applicable to said department. ment? The CHAIRllAN. Certainly. Now, that, on the face of it, is a very innocent reference. One Senator OWE~. I wish to say that the only important point in this would hardly realize, I think, all that it means. In order that bill is the coordination of the principal health agencies of the Govern Senators may understand just what is brought into this bill ment; the detail of it is a matter that is immaterial. The only que~ tion of importance is-and the only question upon which I personally by that reference I desire very briefly to call attention to title d.esire to have the evidence is-the desirability of a department with 4 of the Revised Statutes, made a part of the bill. a seat in the Cabinet. I do not care anything about the' details. It the committee determines on a department then the details could be Section 158, found on page 26 of the Revised Statutes, is as. arranged, bat the time is very short. follows: I also want in this connection to include in my remarks a The provisions of this title shall apply to the following executive short extract from an address of H. L. Gordon before the com depn.rtme:n.ts : mittee having the matter under consideration, setting out in a Then the departments are enumerated, and, of course, if thiB yery brief way the objections to the bill It is as follows: bill were adopted it would add one more to the number of de AT THE MERCY OF OFFICIALS. partments. Then follows this section : If you place in the hands of these men a power which has no limita Each head of a department is entitled to a salary of $10,000 a year, tions or re,strictions, as I have said before, and which does not attempt be paid monthly. • • • to designate where or when or how an investigation as to some par to ticular sickness or disease shall be made, if you give him the authority Also: which the language of this bill unquestionably gives him, to determine for himself the necessity of such an investigation, and to e.ct In accord SEC. 161. The head of each department is authoriz"ed to prescribe ance with that determination, even though the person affilcted with the regulations, not inconsistent with law, for the government of his de· dise:ise which is to be investigated may have not even a remote con partment, the conduct of its officers and clerks, the distribution and nection with interstate commerce, you place the citizenship of this performance of its business, and the custody, use, and preservation of country absolutely at the mercy of the men who are connected with the the records, papers, and property appertaining to it. Public Health Service. Of course, it might be sa1d that an individual under those circum Now, l\Ir. President, that provision brought into this bill by; stances could have relief by objecting to the authority of these people, referenc~ in that way gives the head of this department abso and bv resorting to the courts for an enforcement of his personal and what individual rights. But, gentlemen of the committee, it must not be lute and unlimited power to determine just shall be done forgotten that the great respect which the citizenship of this country by him in carrying out the purposes of the bill, unless it be in has for everything and everybody which bears the badge or acts with violation of law. Therefore I say that except as to the re the authority of the Federal Government would prevent and make im that official possible in most cases the questioning of the authority with which these straints of the law are llirown about every public men would be clothed under this bill. the power of the head of this department will be absolutely And It mast not be further forgotten that this bill provides n~ only unlimited. When we come to consider the bill itself we. find for the study and investigation of diseases of man, but it "authorizes the study and investigation of the conditions infiuencing the propaga that its provisions are equally broad and unlimited in their tion and spread thereof," and that therefore it is not putting the case terms. too strongly when we suggest that this not only authorizes the invasion Section 3 of the bill provide.s- of the homes of this country for the purpose of investigating some particular sickness or disease that may exist there, but it authorizes That it be the province and duty of the department of health to foste~ the Invasion of those homes for the further purpose of investigating and promote all matters pertaining to the conservation and improvemen~ the conditions that surround them, to enable the particular representa of the public health and to collect and disseminate information relating tive of the Public Health Service who may be making the investigation thereto. to determine from hls standpoint and according to the teachings of his school of' medicine what the cause of that disease might be. Language could hn.rdly be broader and more unlimited than A l\IO"N"OPOLY THE ADI. that. It gives him absolute power to control the situation~ But there ls one fact which, it seems to me, plays a very important Provided, That this act shall not be construed as attempting to au4 part in determining whether or not such a power as this should be thorize the department of health to exercise, or attempt to exercise, given ta' the Public Health Service. It is a fact, as I am informed, and without express invitation from the chief executive or other prop,e~ 0 1911. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE .. 2673
nnthority of the State, any function belon~ing exclusively to such State, It does not make any difference whether it is of the regular or to enter any premises in any State witnout the consent of the owner or occupant thereof. school or some other school. I have just as much objection to the domination of a Government organization of this kind by I desire to call the particular attention of the Senator from one school of medicine as another. I would have just as much Oklahoma to that language. It has been stated here that the objection, and it would be just as objectionable, however I may purpose was to prevent the entrance into any family or any home feel with respect to that matter, to have it dominated and con under the provisions of this bill. But the Senator from Okla trolled by Christian Scientists, ernn if I belie"Ved that that homa will see that this provision in the bill only applies to would be better for the people of this country, because I think residents of the States and does not limit the power in the it is unjust. But how we are going to have any legislation of slightest degree on the part of the head of this department or this kind without placing in the head of the department the of any of his office:i;s or employees to enter the borne of any control of all these things I am unable to see. family in territory under Federal jurisdiction-for example, in Now, if the Senator from Oklahoma is skillful enough to the District of Columbia-at his will. There is no restraint provide a law that will avoid any such thing as that, it would whate\er upon him. remove many of the objectionable features of the bill, I am I think you will find that right here in the city of Washing frank to say to him. ton there are hundreds of Christian Scientists who -do not be ALL BUT ONE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE EXCLUDED. lieve in the administr~tion of drugs as a remedy. They do not In order to verify what I have said with respect to the phy believe in the practice as it is carried on by. regular physicians, sicians and surgeons now in the employ of the Government, I and they would dislike exceedingly to have their homes entered desire to insert as a part of my remarks letters and memoranda for any such purpose as that; and yet under this bill as it is which I have received from the different departments of the drawn that power does exist, and there is no limitation of the Government having to do with the medical branch of the serv power. ice. First is a letter from the Superintendent of the Govern Now, I come to that clause in the bill that was referred to by ment Hospital for the Insane, in which be gives the number of the Senator from Oklahoma awhile ago with respect to the the medical employees, and in which he states in terms: attempt in the bill to prevent any interference with the prac I may say that all of the physicians in the hospital ai-e of the regular tice of healing on the part of any other than the regular schools school. of medicine. I think the Senator from Oklahoma has overesti The letter and accompanying memorandum are as follows: mated the effect of that clause in the bill. It does not provide DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, in terms or in any other way that there shall be no discrimina GOVERSMENT HOSPITAL FOR THE l:N"SA'.'.~, Washingto1i, D. O., May 8, 1911. tion between different schools of medicine or different methods Hon. JOHN D. WORKS, of healing. It simply provides that the department of health United States Senate, Washington, D. 0. shall recognize no so-cal1ed school or _system of medicine. I do MY DEAR Sm: I have your letter of the 6th instant making certain inquiries in regard to the number of people employed in this hospital in not know exactly what the Senator understands by the use of the care of the insane. In reply I inclose a tabulated statement which the word "recognized." According to that there could be no was gotten up in March, 1910, for the information of Senator OWEN, recognition of any school of medicine. But it does exclude who then had a bill before the Senate for the establishment of a depart ment of health, and who requested the dilierent departments to give this everybody else except those of schools of medicine, as the Sena sort of information. This table is approximately true at the present tor will see. Whether that was his intention or not, I do not time. I may say that all of the physicians in the hospital are of the know. But certainly it does, as in case of almost every piece regular school. I shajJ be very glad to give you any additional information you may of legislation that is attempted to be passe1 in Congress or desire. elsewhere, absolutely exclude Christian Scientists from any Respectfully, WM. A. WHITE, St1p erintendent. protection by the provisions of the bill. [In closure.] Does the Senator from Oklahoma desire now to ask any ques tions in respect to it? I declined to be interrupted before. I Employees of the Government Hospital for the I meant no discourtesy to the Senator, as I think he will under Insane. Male. Female. Total. stand. Mr. OWEN. Mr. President, I started to interrupt the Sen Physicians and medical employees ...... 20 4 24 a tor when he was making his argument, but, feeling that it Ward serviee (supArvisors, nurses, attendants, etc.) .. 236 96 332 The number of other exployees necessary to prop- · would, perhaps, interfere with the coherency of his presenta erly conduct the work of the institution, not tion, I did not do so. included in the above list. ········-···-··········· 270 160 430 The bill was .drawn deliberately and intentionally to prevent any discrimination against Christian Science, osteopnthy, or Grand total ...... •. ·-·--····-·············-·-···...... 786 any other school of medicine or of healing; and I thought the Sena.tor, when he was criticizing the bill as establishing a de I submit also the memorandum furnished me from the Sur partment of medicine in control of one school or another school, geon General of the Army showing the number of physicbns had possibly overlooked the language of section 3. For that rea and employees in the Medical Department of the Army, and also son I asked him whether or not he understood that the bill that all of them are of the regular school : intended to discriminate in favor of one school or another school WAR DEPARTi\HJ."T. OFFICE OF TH.E S URGEO:N GEXEIUI., or to recognize one school or another school. Wasllington, May 10, 1911. l\fr. WORKS. I may say to the Senator with respect to that Memorandum for the h011orablo tlrn Secretary of War. matter that I do not believe the bill was intended on its face, There are in the employ of the Medical Department of the .Army or does upon its face, discriminate in favor of any school of Regular medical officers------· ~--- 384 medicine. But I desire to show, and will now proceed to do so, Medical Reserve Corps officers------135 that such would be the effect of it, whether it is the intention Contract surgeons------14 of the Senator from Oklahoma in this bill to bring about that 533 result or not. For this simple reason : Taking the medical All of these are ·graduates of the regular school. GEO. H. TORNEY, bureaus as they exist at this time, you will be unable to find S twgeon General Uwitcd States Army. in any single one of them any medical practitioner who is not of the regular school of medicine. Then, from the Secretary of the Navy, who says: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, Mr. OWEN. I should like to ask the Senator, if it will not OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, interrupt him, whether or not this bill can be perfected by the Washington, May 9, 1911. use of any words whatever so as to accomplish the purpose of MY DEAR SENATOR: Your letter of the 6th instant reached me yester day and, in reply, I write to inform you that there are at present 304 safeguarding the public health without promoting any particu members of the regular Medical Corps of the Navy and 6 a cting as lar school of medicine or so as to avoid the objection he makes. sistant surgeons appointed for temporary service. I regret that it is .Mr. WORKS. Well, I think that is very doubtful. It might impmcticable to inform you as to the number of representatives from the various schools of medicines, as this is not a matter of record. be possible. The trouble about it is, I will say to the Senator Candidates for the Medical Corps are required to pass satisfactorily from Oklahoma, that you must have a head to an organization a practical examination in the usual branches of medicine and sur It gery, and they must also have a good, general preliminary education. of this sort. may be of the regular school ; it may be of Faithfully, yours, the homeopathic school; whatever the head of the bureau or GEO. VON L. MEYER. department ID{lY be, he is entitled to make such regulations as Hon. JOHN D. WORKS, he pleases with respect to the conduct of the bureau or depart United States Senate, Washington, D. o. ment. Now, if he makes such rules and regulations as will Mr. OWEN rose. exclude all but one school of medicine, what can be done by Mr. WORKS. Just one moment. While the letter does not legislation to prevent that result? disclose the fact, I think I can say with perfect assurance that 2674 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENA.TE. JULY 6,. all of the medical employees in that department are like the to the healing of disease say that this thing or that thing should others, of tli.e regular school <>f medicine. Does the Senator be excluded from the mails as fraudulent and in violation of from Oklahoma know of an.ything to the contrary2 law. .Mr. OWEN. I simply rose to ask the Senator whether he I am not saying this because I believe in the mode of healing thought those who are employed in the Army and Navy should that is carried on by magnetic healers, for I do not; but their not have taken such courses of instruction as are available in rights are just like those of any .American citizen so long as the country, and if it is to be regarded as a discredit that they they are not violating the law in any way; and the principle should haTe graduated in such schools of medicine as we have upon which the Supreme Court acted in that matter is quite in this country? important as bearing upon the powers tlutt might be gi"fen to Mr. WORKS. Not in the least. I am not <:riticizing them the head of this department. because they ha\e been graduated from any school of medi The Supreme Court say, on pages 103 to lOG of volume 187 cine. I am not criticizing in the least their competency or effi of the United States Supreme Court decisions: ciency in the sernce. It is not that. It may 'be) and I presume There ean be no doubt that the influence of the mind upon the physical it is, a fact that the surgeons and assistant surgeons · and condition of the body is very powerful, not only to alleviate but even to a.id very largely in the cure of nn illness from which the body may various medical employees are perfectly efficient in the service suft'er. And it is said that nature may itself frequently if not gen.: to which they belong. I am not intending to criticize them. I erally, heal the ills of the body without rec.ourse to medicme,1 and that it can not be doubted that in numerous cases nature, when left to itself., am simply calling attention to the fact that all of them are of does succeed in curing many bodily ills. How far these claims are a particular school of medicine, whether good or bad, and borne out by aetual experience mny be matter of opinion. Just ex:actly therefore the natural result of organizing a department of this to what e:rtent the mental condition affects the body no one can accu rately and definitely say. One person may believe it of far greater kind would be to bring about exactly the same result with re efficacy than another, but surely it can not be said that it ls a fraud spect to the employees under that department for one person to eontend that the mind ha.s an effect upon the body a.nd Mr. OWEN. I should like to ask the Senator if it is not a its physical condition greater than even a vast majority of intelligent people might be willing to admit or believe. Even intelligent people fuct that all of the employees of the Go-vernment at present may, and indeed do, differ among themselves as to the extent oi this engaged would come within the scope of his criticism? mental efiect. Been.use the .complainants might or did claim to be able Mr. WORKS. I desire to say, and I think I said awhile to effect cures by reason of working upon and affecting the mental powers of the individual and d.irecting them toward the accomplishment ago, and I do not think the Senator from Oklahoma could of a cure of the dli!ea.se under which he might be suil'erinl?, who can say ham misunderstood me, that my remarks are not intended in that it is a fraud or n false pretense or promise within the meaning ot any sense to be a criticism. these statutes? How can anyone lay down the limit and say beyond that there are fraud anil false pretenses? The cla.im of the abillty to cure Mr. OWEN. Well, then, subject to the re procured by false pretenses? nation were made by a board of examiners consisting alone of Again, there are many persons who do not believe in the home<> pa thlc school of medicine. and who think that such doctrine, if .prac regular physicians, I apprehend that nobody could pass the ex ticed precisely upon the lines set forth by its originator, ls absolutely. amination except one who could qua.lify as a regular physician. inefficacious in the treatment of diseases. Are homeopathic physicians :Mr. Sl\IOOT. That is what I was going to suggest. subject to be proceeded against under these statutes and liable at the diseretion of the Postmaster General, up-0n evidence satisfactory to Mr. WORKS. That I understoo'd to be the condition, but him, to be found guilty of obtaining money under false pretens s and when the Senator from Utah asks me whether I know that to their letters stamped as fraudulent and the money contained therein be so, I do not. as payment for their professional services sent back to the writers ot the letters? And, turning the question around, c:i.n physicin.ns of Mr. OWEN. I should like to suggest to the Senator from what is called the "old school" be thus proceeded against? Both of California that the character of the examination could be easily these different schools of medicine have their followers. and many who framed so that the examination is by number, without disclos believe in the -0ne will pronounce the other wholly devoid of merit. But there is no precise standard by which to measure the daims of ing the identity of the applicant at an; and that ought to be either, for people do recover who are treated according to the one or the rule in making the examinations. the other schooL And so, it is said, do people recover who are treated .l\fr. WORKS. I do not know that that would help the situa under this mental theory? By reason of it? Th.at can not be averred as matter of fact. Many think they do. Others are of the contrary tion., but I understand that is not so .at the present time. opinion. Is the Postmaster General to decide the question under these Mr. OWEN. I do not know whether it is true or not at the statutes? present time. Who does assert that it is not true? I ask, if that be true, if the head of this department can Mr. WORKS. I do not. I say I do not know that it is true determine that question in favor of one school of medicine to nt the present time. the exclusion of the other? .Mr. OWEN. Does anyone assert it is not true? l\Ir. OWEN. I did not quite catch the force of the decision, ~fr. WORKS~ No, sir. I do not profess to know anything It was to the effect that the Postmaster General could not dis~ about it. If I were asked my opinion .about it, I would say criminate against the magnetic healers. Would not that rule that my opinion is that nothing of that kind exists; but I do protect others from like discriminations-- not know it Mr. WORKS. Not at all. Mr. President, in closing I want to call attention to a deci Mr. OWEN. Who occupied a similar position? sion of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Mr. WORKS. It would so far as the use of the malls is con-c American School of Magnetic Healing against McAnnulty, in cerned, but if a department of health-- which the question rose as to the right of the Postmaster General Mr. OWEN. The spirit of the decision is tp protect tM to exclude from the mails certain advertisements by one who was indivioual in the practice of medicine. claiming to be a magnetic healer and adrnrtising his business. Mr. WORKS. Oertainly. I have said that if the head of tha The question arose whether the Postmaster General had any department goes so far as to violate the law he is subject to the right to determine that question, and whether he could on his law in that respect; but so long as he keeps himself within tM own belief of what was right or what was wrong with respect law there is absolutely no limit to his power. 191.1~ CONGRESSIONAL REGORD-SENATE.: 2075
Mr. President, I have said all that I desire to say on this Mr. WORKS. I did not controvert that in the least; I did subject. I have tried to discuss it with fairness and without not intend to do it. any hostility toward anybody of any school of medicine or heal l\Ir. OWEN. Does the Senator believe that under this bill ing. I have no animosity or antipathy toward any school of the officers of the Federal department proposed could invade medicine or anyone who is engaged in the practice of medicine. the private homes of citizens without the consent of the citi I recognize the fact that all schools of medicine are doing good zens? at the present time in this country, and their rights should be Mr. WORKS. Yes; except in the States. fully respected. On the other hand, the mode of healing in Mr. OWEN. Except in the States. That objection, then, which I believe is entitled to the same degree of justice as those might be easily obviated by inserting " the District of Columbia who are practicing other means of healing disease. and the Territories" in the face of Senate bill No. 1. Senators may not agree with me as to. the efficacy of that Mr. WORKS. That could be easily obviated. sort of treatment. I am quite sure many of them do not. But Mr. GRONNA. I wish to ask the Senator from California that is not the question. If I believe in it I have a perfect a question. I am impressed with his discussion of this subject. right under the laws of this country to secure for myself such Does the Senator believe that the law now upon the statute medical vi" other treatment as I desire, and it would be a book is adequate, or would he suggest some change in the law 'iomtion not only of my rights, generally speaking, but it would under which we have now a bureau known as the bureau of be a violation of the very spirit of the Constitution to forbid health? I merely wish the Senator's view on that point. me the right to resort to that sort of help that I believe to be Mr. WORKS. I believe everything that is desired to be ac most efficient in my own case. I would not have anyone denied complished through this bill, except the establishment of a the right which belongs to him in the use of drugs. That is department and the making of the head of that departmen~a his right, whether I believe in it or not; but I insist, on the member of the Cabinet, could be accomplished by legislation other hand, that those of us who believe in another and differ with respect to the medical bureau as it exists at the present ent sort of remedy for our ills have exactly the same right to time without the establishment of a department. resort to that remedy that the man has who believes in the use Mr. SMOOT. And at a great deal less expense. of drugs as a remedy. Mr. WORKS. And at a great deal less expense. Mr. OWEN. Before the Senator takes his seat, there are one Mr. OWEN. I should like to ask the Senator if it is not a or two questions I would like to ask him, if it would be agree fact that Great Britain, Germany, France, and other leading able to him. nations of the world have departments of health? Mr. WORKS. Certainly. Mr. WORKS. I am not informed, Mr. President, whether . Mr. OWEN. Does the Senator understand that a national they have or not, and I should not care whether they have or department of healtli would engage in the issuance of licenses not. They have not our ·Constitution or our form of govern to practitioners and deny licenses to Christian Science prac ment, which, I think, makes a great difference. titioners? .Mr. OWEN. I suggest to the Senator that the people who ?!Ir. WORKS. I do not know whether they would or not. inhabit those countries ha.ve the same kind of bodies and die They could make regulations under your bill. in the same kind of fashion, and may be protected. from ex· Mr. OWEN. That might be directly averted by forbidding it, posure in the same improved methods. but the practice of the United States, under the limitations of Mr. WORKS. Yes; and if permitted to do so, they would constitutional law, is that all licenses to practice u healing" or "medicine" are given by the State laws and not by the Fed probably desire the same freedom we receive for those bodies I eral Government. I think perhaps the Senator may have over and their treatment that am contending for. looked that. I do not think the Federal Government has any M:r. OWEN. I respond to that by saying that the people of right whatever to issue licenses within a State for the practice Australia and New Zealand have the same degree of freedom or medicine. . we have, and in those countries the death rate under a better Mr. WORKS. I agree with the Senator. administration of government is only nine and a half to the Mr. OWEN. I think there is no constitutional right to do it. thousand, whilst ours is sixteen and a half to the thousand. We Mr. WORKS. I agree with the Senator in respect to the lose over 600,000 people a year unnecessarily in this country by exercise of that power in the States. That matter I have not· preventable causes. discussed. I may discuss it at some future time if it becomes Mr. WORKS. Does the Senator attribute that to the health necessary. I have not undertaken to discuss the general prin department as it is there constituted? . ciples involved or the constitutionality of the bill. I agree to Mr. OWEN. I do; and to the care of the people by the laws what the Senator says, that the Federal department would have as administered in those countries. no right to interfere with the affairs of a State. But I have this Mr. WORKS. Then the Senator must intend to reflect on to say, that the indications are, from what is said by some of the department as we have it now, not only the Federal de these doctors, that they believe just that can be done, because partment but the boards of health in the several States. I think one of them, as I remember, distinctly referred to the fact that myself that they are fairly efficient. they might elevate the efficiency of the State boards of health Mr. OWEN. I do say that they are not everywhere as effi and various other things. That would be an interference with cient as they ought to be. They ought to be mgde more efficient, the constitutional rights of the States. and that is the purpose of this bill. Mr. OWEN. The Senator has spoken, Mr. President, of the Mr. WORKS. Then the Senator proposes to make State • value of Christian Science. I myself believe it has been very boards of health more efficient through the Federal department. efficacious in many instances. What the process is by which That is just the thing I object to. recovery is accomplished I do not think is thoroughly under Mr. OWEN. Only in so far as a good example and publicity stood. But I should like to ask the Senator, in view of his of ascertained fact might be of service. I will say that some confidence in its value, would it not be well to have the health of the States have departments which are excellently well con officials we now have in Nation and in State give a proper ducted that might well serve as an example and pattern for study to it, with a view to ascertaining its value and giving it the United States, that the good example of the one will serve to the public when they have found its value? a Taluable purpose in impressing the other, and that a reason Mr. WORKS. If the doctors, surgeons, and others who have able mutual emulation on the part of the departments of health charge of the medical bureaus of the Government would go _ in the various States and in the Federal Government would about an examination of a matter of that kind in a right spirit, serve a useful purpose in p:iromoting a knowledge of the laws of as I think the Senator from Oklahoma would, I believe it would health and protecting men against unnecessary death and from be a very excellent thing to do. If they should go about it in the inefficiency of unnecessary and avoidable disease, the annual the frame of mind which generally exists upon the part of present cost of which has been demonstrated to be about four medical practitioners, it would be useless. thousand millions of dollars. l\Ir. OWEN. Mr. President, I understood from the general dis cussion of the Senator from California that he was under the Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, I want to trespass for only a impression that Senate bill 6049 had been prepared by the few moments upon the time of the Senator from North Dakota American Medical Association. [Mr. GnoNNA], who has given notice that he will address the l\Ir. WORKS. No; I think the Senator got that impression Senate to-day. from something I read to the effect that their legislative com Yesterday, in a colloquy with the Senator from Ohio [Mr. mittee would frame a bill. I said nothing about it. I know BURTON], the attitude of the German Government with refer nothing about it. · ence to agriculture and the tariff was referred to. I was unable l\Ir. OWEN. The bill which was introduced to establish a at that time . to turn to some data which I had, but which I department of health at the last Congress was ·written by my now have before me, and desire to put into the RECORD .in con self alone. I dictated every word of it. nection with that statement. 2676 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-SENATE. - JULY 6,
In 1879 Mr. Bismarck said in debate in the Reichstag: Between 1870 and 1890 we raised as much corn in the Mis Is not the moment approaching when our agriculture will no longer sissippi Valley as had been produced in the United States up to be able to exist because corn is pressed down to a price at which it can 1870. Of wheat we produced one-half during that period of the not be remuneratively produced in Germany, taxation, the cost of living, and the cost of land being as they are? When that moment total amount which had been produecd up to 1870. comes, then not only agriculture but the Prussian State and the Ger From 1840 to 1870 our per capita production of the staple man Empire will go to ruin as well. cereals was 860 bushels-from 1870 to 1900, 1,450 bushels-not That marked the beginning of the change of policy of Mr. withstanding the fact that the agricultural population relative Bismarck with reference to duties upon farm products, and to the tot&,l population of the Nation was greater from 1840 to from that time he became an advocate of the protective policy in 1870 than it was from 1870 to 1900. Germany and applied it equally to farm products with other As a result these farm prices began to decline until they articles. went down about one-half below the point where they· had Now, I read from a statement of l\!r. James J. Hill, found in ranged before, the ·price of wheat falling fully one-half and his book on Highways of Progress. Among other things therein corn and oats even below. The farmer could not sell. He discussed is the question of reciprocity: burned his corn for fuel and his wheat rotted in the field. How to meet German competition ls to-day the stu'dy of every intelli Year after year the farmer's actual expenses exceeded the gent leader of industry and every cabinet on the Continent of Europe. price of his productions, but he could not close up like a manu It will be found that a large share of her world-wide success is due to symmetrical national development. Agricultural industry has not been facturing establishment. This was his home and he had to stay slighted. _Behold a contrast that throws light upon the idle host of with it. England's unemployed marching despondently through streets whose In this impoverished condition the usurer found a harvest, shop windows are crowded with wares of German make. Between 1875 and 1900 in Great Britain 2,{Wl,428 'acres which were under and every cent of profit, when there was any, was divided with cereals and 755,255 acres which were under green crops went out of the railroad, the money lender, and the manufacturer. The cultivation. In Germany. during the same period, the cultivated area farmer was ground to the earth for years in the great West, grew from 22,840,950 to 23,971,573 hectares, an increase of 5 per cent. as everyone knows and as the mortgage record during that I also read in this connection a statement from the English period discloses, which has only begun to be cleared up within tariff commission of ln06: the last 8 or 10 years. The causes of the decline in agriculture are world-wide in their oper The effect of all this was to drive the people from the farms ation, affecting all importing countries. The striking feature in the case of the United Kingdom is that agriculture has been more depressed into the cities and to discourage them from going to the farms than in any other country and more depressed than any other branch at all. The city population in 1850 was 121 per cent of the of economic activity. During the last 25 years the course of all agri- whole population of the United States; in 1900 it was nearly . cultura..I prices has been the same downward direction, with the result that agriculture has been subject to a great combination of causes, all 50 per cent of the whole population. tending toward its depression. In 1870 all towns and cities together contained a population of 11,750,000; in 1900 they contained a population of 35,840,000, The commission then proceeds : an increase in 30 years of 24,900,000, showing that as the in European countries generaliy have pursued n policy involv-ing import duties on agricultural produce, whereas in the United Kingdom agri crease of population during this period was 37,745,000 the cities culturists have been subject to the unrestricted importation of foreign got nearly two-thirds of it. In fact, from 1800 to 1900 nearly produce on terms not dissimilar, in many cases, from those experienced three-fourths of the population went to the cities and towns. by manufacturers who complain of dumping. From 1810 to 1900 our population increased 88 per cent, and In this connection I call attention to another list of figures during that time our city population increased two and one-half bearing upon that subject, it seems to me, if not directly, indi times. And as the cities grew and the great skyscrapers went rectly. In the great West, where the wheat acreage was once up in the centers of population there were more and more aban an average of 25 bushels per acre, it is now 14. The average doned farms all through New York, New Jersey, and Pennsyl wheat production of 40 different counties of northern Illinois vania, because they were driven from the farm lands, where is as follows: 1870, 10,476,011 bushels; in 1880, 7 ,122,963 bush they could not secure a competency, into this region where the els; in 1890, 5,073,070 bushels; in 1900, 637,450. effect of the tariff system was more beneficial and where they The average acreage in Indiana fell from 15.6 bushels to could secure a living and possibly educate their families. 14.4; Minnesota, 15.8 to 13; North Dakota, 14.4 to 10; the en Of all people engaged in gainful pursuits in 1870, 47.3G per tire Unit~d States, 15.3 to 14. cent were engaged in agriculture; in 1880, 44.3 per cent; in The last available statistics show that our average wheat 1890, 37.7 per cent; and in 1900, 35.7 per cent. yield per acre is 13.5; Austria, 17; France, 19.8; Germany, Farm values went down, and those prosperous agricultural 27.6; Great Britain, 32.2. Outs: United States, 30 bushels per regions of the East became the scene of abandoned farms. The acre; Germany, 46; Great Britain, 42. Barley: United States, farmer of the East skinned his farm and went West. 25; Germany, 33; Great Britain, 34.6. The increase in agricultural values during those years w'as I will not now trespass upon the time of the Senator from ~mall, but the increase in other >alues was exceedingly great, North Dakota to follow the statistics to show that the increase such as manufacturing establishments and city property. The of production per acre in those countries began with the period average acreage value of farm lands from 18.60 to 1900 only of time when the countries began to girn particular attention to increased $4. 70 per acre. their agricultural interests, either by way of increased duties In 1850 the wealth of the agricultural classes was estimated upon imports or otherwise, and that the increase in production at $3,987,000,000, of the town and city classes at $3,170,000,000, or • has steadily kept apace with the attention giYeII to the matter at $1,000,000,000 in favor of the agricultural classes. From 1870 by the Governments in different ways. to 1880 the city wealth was $9,402,000,000; the agricultural As I said yesterday, we have in this country one-half of our wealth, $3,000,000,000. From 1880 to 1890 tbe increase of city agricultural lands in private ownership not yet under cultiva wealth was $18,575,000,000; agricultural, $4,000.000,000. From tion. The last seven years· have marked a noted increase in 1890 to 1900 the increase of city wealth was $19,000,000,000 ; taking possession of the abandoned farms, the reclaiming of the agricultural, $4.500,000,000. In other words, from 1 60 to 1900 land which was skinned over and from which the parties the total increase of wealth in the city was $59,811,000,000; the passed on to richer lands of the West between 1870 and 1890. agricultural, $12,547.000,000. Not only have we the lands in pri\ate ownership, but we The multimillionaires are not from the agricultural fi elds of haye, as I before stated, some 75,000,000 acres of public land industry. - which are agricultural lands, not including some ten or twelve I have trespassed longer than I should have done on tbe Sen million acres of swamp lands and perhaps five or seven million ator's notice, but I wanted to put these figures into the REcono acres more of arid lands. in connection with what was said yesterday. About 1870 there began the great immigration for the settle Mr. SIMMONS. Mr. President, I desire to gh·e notice that ment of the agricultural lands of the West. Tile region was a on Monday next, immediately after the conclusion of tlJ.e morn vast one and easily reduced to cultivation. Transportation ing business, I will address the Senate upon the reciprocity bill, facilities were pushed in e>ery direction. and especially upon the amendments pending to that bill. From 1870 to 1000 we produced more agricultural products l\Ir. GRONNA . . Mr. President, on January 26, 1911, President from this region alone than in all our history theretofore. Taft transmitted' to the two Houses of Congress a special mes In 1860 there was under cultivation west of the Mississippi sage embodying the Canadian trade agreement which is now twenty-six and a half million acres; in 1900, 194,000,000 acres- before this body. I made some remarks on this measure on the a gain of 186,000,000. 28th of February, and expressed the opinion that it would work We are preparing to admit to the &'lme market and prac a great injury to the farmers of this country and would be of no tically under the same Government a region of territory equal benefit to the consumers in the cities, for the reason that they in extent and equal in richness and productiveness to the terri- do not buy the natural products direct from the farmers, but tory I ~m now referring to. · buy the manufactured articles and the secondary food products 1911.. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. ~ 2677i
on which the duties are retained. A further study of this ques treaties, but in this instance the President has ta.ken it upon tion has not changed my views in this respect, and I may say himself to make an agreement with a foreign nation, without that they are shared by the great majority of those most vitally consulting the Senate and without submitting the agreement interested in this matter-the farmers. to the Senate for ratification, as it was his duty to do under The farmers of this country are greatly concerned about the the Constitution, and has agreed as a part of the bargain with effects of this measure, and I venture to say that they are al that foreign country to use his utmost efforts to secure the most unanimous in their opposition to it. I know that that is passage of laws putting that agreement into effect. The ma the case in North Dakota and neighboring States. I believe jority of the membership of this body seem to view this action it is true, as has been stated by representative men from agri on the part of the President with equanimity, whether they do cultural districts, that never since the Civil War has the not realize its real nature or else rely on the President's good farmer been so aroused over any legislation as he is over this sense not to enter into any agreement with foreign powers agreement. In many of the Western States they have held which would result disastrously to our country. There is no comentions to protest against it. In North Dakota, the State essential difference, however, between entering into an agree which I have the honor in part to represent, a nonpartisan ment of this kind and pledging himself to use all his efforts to State convention was held which more than 700 farmers and secure the enactment of legislation carrying it into effect, and business men attended. The delegates to this convention were the entering into an agreement to aid some other power in the elected at conventions held in the different counties in the case of war and pledging himself to use his best efforts to State by the farmers of the -respective counties, and were ex secure the passage of bills appropriating the necessary moneys. pected to, and did, express tbe general view of the people of. I do not believe there is any danger that this will be done so their respective sections with regard. to this measure. This· long as the present inc1,UDbent of the presidential chair remains mo-vement was not financed by anyone. The farmers attending in the White House-notwithstanding the apprehensions of the county conventions paid their own expenses and the dele some people last spring-but if this precedent is established, if gates to the State convention paid their own expenses. At this this invasion of the prerogatives of the Senate is countenanced, comention the delegates, without regard to political party, were it will some time in the future return with evil results in its unanimous in denouncing this agreement, and a delegation was train, when some President whose penchant will be the exten selected to come to Washington and urge the manifest injustice sion of territorial dominion instead of the surrendering of the to the agricultural class of enacting such a measure as the one farmers' markets, will use the pow~r of making agreements pending. This convention was not held because it was thought with foreign nations, which the Senate appears to be about to necessary to influence the attitude of the Senators and Con surrender to the President, in such a way as to involve our gressmen from the State. They knew the position which country in serious difficulties with other nations. therr representatives had taken on this question. It was well The bill which we have under consideration here is a revenue known that the entire congressional delegation from the State bill, and as such should have originated in the House of Repre would oppose the measure. The action was taken in the hope sentatives. In having the bill framed, so far as its essentials that the Senate and the Finance Committee would listen with are concerned, and trying to force it through Congress, the open minds to the representations of the men whose market it President is exceeding his constitutional powers, and this viola was proposed to surrender to the Canadian farmers. They could tion assumes a decidedly serious aspect when we reflect that not bring themselves to belie\e that Congress would willingly the action is being taken in accordance with a pledge given to a enact a measure the only apparent result of which would be to foreign nation. The Members of both Houses of Congress, as deprive the farmers of this country of hundreds of millions of well as the people at large, have been in the habit of considering dollars, for the benefit of the Canadian farmers and some of the that the lawmaking power is lodged in Congress, and that the trusts in our own country, if they only correctly understood the President has merely the veto power. We have assumed that situation. Attempts have been made by part of, the press, and when the Constitution stated this in plain words it meant just others, to discredit the delegations of farmers that came to that. Now that this important measure is before us, however, a Washington to protest against this. measure and to create the majority of the Members of the two Houses of Congress cheer impression that they were sent here by the Lumber Trust and fully acquiesce in the assumption of the President that he is the other protected interests. I protest against these gratuitous real lawmaking as well as the treaty-making body, and that insults to the representatives of the most important "industry in the Congress has merely the veto power and that e-ven this veto this counh-y, the only explanation of which is a desire to dis power should not be exercised free ·from pressure by the admin credit all opposition to this measure, and I merely state a fact istration. The President, after having consulted representatives when I say that the unfairness which certain large papers of a foreign country, has decided what measures ought to be ha\e shown in the treatment of this question has resulted in passed by Congress, has had measures drafted, and is now under diminishing to a large extent the power and influence of the the pledge which he gave the Canadian Government, using all press as a whole. his power to secure the passage of the desired revenue legisla Some people have been able to delude themselves with the tion.· The President has apparently come to the conclusion that belief that this measure- is approved of by the country as a be represents the people of this country both as executive and whole, and that the farmers are indifferent to it. Nothing legislature, and that the two Houses of Congress are merely two could be further from the truth. Various commercial organiza bodies of men provided for by the Constitution, which he can tions, it is true, and in some few instances State legislatures, unfortunately not get rid of, but which are to be ignored and have passed resolutions favoring it, but as was shown before coerced whenever he deems it necessary or expedient. I am the Senate Finance Committee, it is also true that in many in not a lawyer and I shall not pursue this subject further-it has .stances, if not in most of them, these favorable resolutions been touched on before and will no doubt be fully discussed were adopted because they were pressed by some interested before the close of this debate-but I confess that I can. not person, and the majority of the other members had little idea. view with the equanimity that others evince the usurpation of of the real nature of the agreement. Sometimes they were legislative power by the President, and the ignoring of the Sen adopted without a single member of the body or organization ate in the making of agreements having the effect of treaties having seen a copy of the bill. The indifference of the farmer with foreign nations. is apparent only to those viewing his attitude with a preju One noticeable feature of this debate, which has been re diced eye, or else incapable of understanding how the farmer marked on by others, is the strange unwillingness of the sup records his opposition to measures. Because there have been no porters of this measure to explain what benefits the counh·y riots among the farmers in opposition to this measure, that is will derive from it and to defend it and the President's action not a sign that the farmers are indifferent. The farmer of in entering into the agreement on the floor of the Senate. The this country is not a rioting person. He has a ha.bit of record result is that while there are a large number of Senators point ing his approval or disapproval of the acts of his Congressman ing out the defects of this measure and urging injurious results and Senator in another way, and it is probable that some of as reasons for defeatlng it or radically changing it, they have those so busily engaged in discovering that the farmers are in to carry on the debate without any presentation by the great different to this matter will have occasion to change their views majority of the supporters of the bill why they or anyone when the ballots are next counted. should be in favor of its passage. The supporters of the meas Mr. President, this measure has come. to us as the result of what ure must surely have some reason for being in favor of it, and has been variously called a treaty and an agreement with Canada. ought not to be averse to enlightening those of us who do not If a treaty had been negotiated, it should have been submitted find that we can in good conscience support it. There have to the Senate for ratification, and a two-thirds vote would been no reasons presented to the Senate by the President or by bave been necessary to put it into effect. This measure is not those in charge of the bill why it should pass. It almost ap a treaty, however, but legislation designed to put into effect pears as though we are expected to accept the President's an agreement made by the President with the Government of advice and pass whatever measures he may be pleased to sub Canada. Such agreements are usually embodied in formal mit to us without opposition and with only perfunctory debate. . 2678 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE~ JULY 6,
The arguments advanced outside of this Chamber by friends on the raw material. If the price of wheat falls off 10 cents of this agreement are Yarious. It has been urged that it will a bushel because of this agreement it will not affect_the price tend to reduce the high cost of living, or at least prevent it of flour or of the bread made from the flour. If the price of from rising any higher; that it will benefit the farmer by giving fln.x is reduced 25 cents per bushel by the removal of the duty, him cheaper bran and shorts; that it will steady the wheat it will not affect the. price of linseed oil. Even ~f the price of market in this country by preventing violent fluctuations at oats tumbles on account of. the duty being taken off, the price Liverpool due to the dumping of Canadian wheat into the of rolled oats will remain the same so long as the duty is not Liverpool market, as this wheat will be absorbed by the storage removed from that. If the price of cattle is reduced the full facilities of the United States and more gradually shipped to amount of the present duty the price of beef will remain tl:re Lh·erpool; that it will extend our markets; that it will pro same so long as the Beef Trust is protected in its rntuket. mote commercial intercourse and increase our trade with Whatever reduction there may be in the price of wheat, of Canada; that it will give us cheaper print paper; that it is a oats, of barley, of flax, or of any of the other farm products step toward free trade; and that it is the inauguration of a and raw materials that this measure places on the free list, the policy .which will result in the annexation of Canada. Further, consumer will not get the benefit of lower prices on articles there is vague talk of the mutual benefits to be derived from manufactured from these. closer trade relations with our neighbor on the north, without Mr. STONE. Mr. President-- specifying what those benefits may be or showing' how this The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Da agreement is going to bring them about. kota yield to the Senator from Missouri? The most superficial examination of this measure can not fail Mr. GRONNA. Yes; with pleasure. to impress on one's mind three facts in regard to it: The ar Mr. STONE. The Senator from North Dakota has expressed ticles on which the duties are to be removed are practically all the view that if you remove the duty on wheat and retain the farm products or raw materials. The articles on which we re duty on flour the flour will not be reduced in price to the con- duce or remove the duties are the same ones on which Canada sumer. · reduces or removes her duties. The farm products and raw ma :.'.\Ir. GilONNA. That is my position. terials from which the duties are removed are such as Canada 1\Ir. STO~. And that if you remo\'e the duty on cattle and expects to sell to us and not such as we might hope to sell to let the duty on beef remain it will not reduce the cost of meat Canada. If we bear those facts in mind, it may aid us in de to the consumer. termining what the purpose of the entering into this agreement Mr. GU01\""NA. That is correct. was and what its probable effect will be. Mr. STONE. I wish now to ask whether the Senator thinks The purpose of this bill is usually given as the promotion of that the remornl of the duty on flour as well as the duty on commercial intercourse with Canada and the extension of our wheat would be helpful or hurtful to the wheat raiser; and also trade with that country. I do not believe anyone has as yet to ask him whether he thinks that if we take the duty off cattle shown how it will increase our trade with Canada in any other so that they may come in free from Canada or free from all the way than by increasing our imports of agricultural products. \YOrld, and then take the duty off meats so as to let meat come Three considerations force themselyes upon one in this connec in free, would the effect be to increase or decre..'lse the price of tion: (1) If the purpose is to secure cheaper raw materials, the lfre cattle? proper way is not to remove the duties only on Canadian prod .Mr. GRONNA. Mr. President, the Senator from Missouri ucts, but on the products of all countries. (2) If the purpose is asked me two questions. to reduce the price of the commodities which the average con l\Ir. STONE. Confine it to the last. sumer uses, the way to do this is to remove or greatly reduce l\Ir. GRONNA. I will attempt to answer both, briefly. The the duties on the manufactured articles. (3) If tlle purpose is first question is, If we take the duty off, we will say, the raw to extend our markets in Canada, the way to do this is not to material, the wheat, which is the product of the farmer, or secure the removal or the reduction of the Canadian duties on from cattle, and also remove the duty from the secondary such goods only as Canada expects to sell to us, but to secure products, will that reduce the price to the consumer? To that the removal of such duties on goods that we export to Canada I answer yes ; I believe it will. The second question, if I or might expect to export to Canada if the duties were removed. underi:;tand the Senator correctly, is, If we take the duty off the It appears to me that the truth of these statements ought to be raw material and retam it on the secondary products, will that _clearly endent to anyone who will attempt to view the measure reduce the price to the consumer? I say no; and I want to with unbiased eyes. If for some reason or other-if the pro cite one instance, 1\Ir. President, which is worth a great deal ducers of any product have formed a trust or combination so as more than my opinion. to unduly enhance prices, or if our production falls short of our During the Sixty-first Congress we can all remember the consumption, and the tariff on the product consequently results interest that was taken by the l\Iembers in both branches of in higher prices, and we wish to reduce these prices by remov Congress in the question of hides. When the duty was ta.ken off ing the tariff, it seams self-evident that the effective way to do hides green salted hides were worth in the Chicago market from this is to remoTe the tariff on the goods of all foreign countries 1Gt to 18 cents per pound. It had been said that taking the and not only on the goods of one. Otherwise, we simply give duty off hides would not affect the price of hides, and it is true the producer in the favored foreign country the benefit of our that it did not for a few months; it is true that during the protection-letting him share our home market-in short, gi"rn next fall hides sold, if anything, a little higher in the Chicago him a measure of protection against the producers in other market than they did before the duty was removed; but to-day foreign countries. If the wheat growers of this country have the price of hides is from 10 to 13 cents a pound, and there is formed a trust ·and raised the price of wheat beyond what it not a Senator on this fioor nor a consumer in this Capital but ought to be,-or if our production falls short of our consumption knows that the price of shoes has been advanced to the con so that the tariff on wheat results in increased prices, and we sumer. dteide to reduce the pl.·ice by admitting foreign wheat, the While I am not going to set up my own opinion, if I had proper way to do, if we have no other purpose in mind, is to time I could prove to the satisfaction of every Senator here remove the duty on wheat, no matter from what country or that the price on all grades of shoes has advanced on an aver part of the world it comes. If we admit wheat from one age about 10 per cent, and in some cases, on the higher grades, country and exclude that from other countries, we are giving it has advanced 12! per cent. Is that an answer to the Senator? protection to the producers of the first country. The same nec Mr. STONE. I fear I did not make myself understood by the e sa1ily holds true in the case of flax, of barley, of oats, of cattle, Senator. I will ask this direct question-- of pulp and paper, and of any other product. The only ground Mr. NELSON. 1\fr. President, if the Senator will yield to on which the admission of certain articles free from one country me, I am afraid that he does not appr~iate and understand and not from another can be defended is that by so doing we the effect of the statement that was made to him by the Sena.tor recei-re in return some advantage from· the former country from North Dakota. that we do not from the latter. If Canada has given us any · Mr. STONE. Ob, I think I do understand and appreciate it. such adrnntages in the pending agreement, no one seems willing As to the hide and shoe business, if the Senator will permit or al>le to point them out. me-- . If the purpose is to reduce the price of the articles that the Mr. GRONNA. Certainly, I am glad to yield to the Senator. average consumer uses, not only should the duties be removed Mr. STONE. I will say that during the consideration of the on articles from all countries instead of merely from one, but Payne-Aldrich bill I was opposed to putting hides on the free the duties to be removed or greatly reduced· should be those on list unless we also put shoes on the free list. the articles which the consumer buys-not the duties on the Mr. GRONNA. In that the Senator from Missouri showed uatural products, but the goods manufactured from them. his nsual good sense and judgment. So long as the duty remains on the manufactured article, it Mr. STONE. I advocated both; and if my distinguished makes no difference to 0the consumer whether there is a duty friend from Minnesota would consider it of sufficient interest, !
1911. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2679 which of course he will not and should not, to examine the a comparatively small expense to our ports and from thence RECORD of that time, he would find that I offered an amend- distributed, it does strike me that it would tend to decrease the rnent to put shoes on the- free list, and that I voted against price of beef to the consumer in the United States, and that in putting hides on the free list unless shoes were put on the free turn might reduce the price of cattle. list. I ne·rnr believed that putting hides on the free list would Mr. NELSON rose. re~u1t in cheapening shoes to the consumers. I agree with the Mr. STONE. If you decrease the price of beef in the United Senntor from North Dakota that it has not done so. I can States, it strikes me, as it does the Senator from Iowa, that it have no controversy with the Senator from North Dakota or might decrease the price of cattle in the feed lot. the Senator from Minnesota [Mr. NELSO:N"] about that. It was Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, will the Senator allow me? very easy for me to appreciate the statement made by the Mr. STONE. I was asking the Senator from North Dakota Senator from North Dakota, to which the Senator from Min- if he thinks as the Senator from Iowa thinks about this, and I nesota bas called my attention. wanted to know if he was in favor of putting beef on the free I wish to ask this direct question : Does the Senator from list? North Dakota favor putting meats on the free list? Mr. NELSON. I should like to know what remedy the Sena- 1\Ir. GRO:N"NA. l\Iost assuredly, if we place cattle on the tor from Missouri would prescribe. Has .he any specific that free list. If we allow the importation of cattle without any would cure such a situation as he describes? duty, I would certainly favor placing meats on the free list. Mr. CUMMINS. Mr. President-- Mr. STONE. If this reciprocity bill is agreed to by the Senate The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Da- ns it passed the House, would the Senator from North Dakota kota yield to the Senator from Iowa? vote to put meats on the free list for the whole world? Mr. GRONNA. With pleasure. Mr. GilONNA. I would be willing to do more than that. I Mr. CUMMINS. Before the Senator from North Dakota would be willing to pass the free-list bill first. as suggested by answers the very discriillinating inquiry propounded by the ruy distinguished friend and neighbor from Minnesota. Senator from Missouri, I should like him to take my position Mr. STO~E. But I want, if the Senator will consent-- from me rather than from the memory of our distinguished :Mr. GilONNA. And then pass the woolen bill and then-- friend, the Senator from Missouri, although he is not far wrong. :Mr. STONE. I am not asking about the free list. I am Notwithstanding this alliance between the free-trade Senator asking the Senator from North Dakota if he would vote to from .Missouri-- incorporate a provision in the law, in the event the reciprocity Mr. STONE. No; do not put it that way. bill is passed, to put meats on the free list? Mr. CUl\Il\HNS. I mean the tariff-for-revenue-only Senator Mr. GRONNA. l\fr. President, I am a new Senator-- from Missouri and the high protectionists of New England and Mr. STONE. But you are an old l\lember of Congress. Pennsylvania and New York; I am still a protectionist. I still .Mr. GRONNA (continuing). And I have not been in position believe in the soundness and universality, for that matter, of to get the information that perhaps other Senators have. I the general doctrine of protection. It is said, and it may be think it would be better to wait with all this kind of legisla- true-I am not disposed to controvert it at this time-that tion until we get a report from the Tariff Commission. Then there is no substantial difference between the cost of producing we would have full knowledge of conditions not only in our own cattle in Canada and in the United States. country but in all countries, especially Mexico, as the Senator If there is no such difference, then under the doctrine of pro· from California [l\Ir. PERKINS] suggests to me. tection there ought to be no duty on cattle imported from 1\lr. STONE. I understood the senior Senator from Iowa Canada into the United States. I am not saying whether there to argue the other day that it would be dangerous to put meat is or is not a difference, because we have not made the investi on the free list for the reason that if that were done the gation which is necessary to reach a certain conclusion upon grent packing establishments now operating in the United States the subject. But-- might transfer their operations in large measure to the Argen- Mr. STO:NE. But the Tariff Board has. tine, to Mexico, and other foreign cattle-raising countries, and Mr. CUM.MINS. I beg the Senator's pardon. The Tariff there purchase the cheaper range cattle raised on the plains of Board has reported some facts with regard to the business, but Argentina or Mexico, slaughter them there, employing cheaper has not made that complete return which we have a right to labor, and so on and so forth, along the usual line of argument; expect and which we can fairly expect in the near future. But and then he argued that they could ship that meat in here and if the cattle raised in Canada come in free to the United States dump it in our markets at a price below what meat made of it goes without saying-no one ought to contro-rnrt the propo American-raised cattle could be produced and sold for without sition-that the meat made from those cattle shall come into a lossi and that the effect of that would be to still further de- the United States free. The man who would deny th:;i.t propo press the price of our native cattle in the hands of our farmers sition has lost all his power of reasoning. and feeders. If that is true, if the view of the Senator from Now·, so far as South America is concerned, I want the Sena Iowa [Mr. CUMMINS], who is a wise Senator and one who has tor from Missouri to remember that the conditions of cattle delved deeply into the mysteries of these questions, is right, then raising in, say, the Argentine Republic are widely differeut is it not true, .as contended by the Senator from Iowa, that the · inevitable effect of permitting the introduction of free meat from the conditions of cattle raismg in the United States, and from the world at large would be to . cheapen the price of everyone who knows anything about that knows that it costs less to produce a steer in the Argentine than it does in the native cattle, for the price of cattle must in a great measure United States. depend upon the price of beef in our market places?. · Mr. :NELSON. Will the Senator yield to me? If we should open the markets of this country to either the 1\Ir. GRONNA. I will be glad to yield. cattle or the meat of the Argentine Republic and surrounding Mr. NELSON. I should like to ask the Senator from Mis- countries, we would only be intensifying and emphasizing the souri-- wrong that we are about to perpetrate upon the farmers of this Mr. STONE. I was asking the Senator from North Dakota country in the reciprocity measure, and so I do not want to b~ a. question. I did not purpose to take the witness stand. misunderstood at all. So far as I am concerned, I am opposed l\Ir. :NELSON. Allow me to make a suggestion. What effect to free meat from the Argentine Republic. I am opposed to it would all that the Senator from Missouri has described have because that policy would still further reduce the price of on tlie packers of Kansas City? I wish the Senator would give cattle in the United States. But I am in favor of free meat us some light on that subject. from Canada because we are apparently about to admit cattle l\Ir. STONE. It would have the same effect on the packers from Canada upon the hypothesis that it costs no more to pro of Kansas City that it would have upon the packers of any duce cattle here than it does there. And with that statement other city. of my position I turn the question and the subject over to the Mr. ~'ELSON. Well, what would be the effect? Senator from North Dakota. Mr. STONE. I was not undertaking to state effects. I was Mr. STONE. I think I fairly stated the position of the Sena.- undertaking, for the benefit of my friend from North Dakota tor from Iowa and substantially as he has stated it himself. [l\fr. GRONNA], who is insurging alongside of my friend the Now I again ask my friend the Senator from North Dakota Senator from Iowa [Mr. CUMMINS], to state the view, as I if he concurs in the view of the Senator from Iowa? understand it, of the Senator from Iowa, and to ascertain Mr. GRONNA. Mr. President, the distinguished Senator from whether they were agreed. l\!issouri puts to me a hypothetical question. I will ask tho Now, of course, if cattle bought on the plains of Argentina Senator from Missouri if he believes that the farmers of Mis· at a lower price than they can be brought from the ranges of the souri and the United Stutes are receiving- too high a price foll' United States or from the feed lots of the United States, and: Itheir cattle or for their meat? can be turned into beef down there at a lower price than the Mr. STONE. No; I do not think they are. I wish they were cattle here can be turned into beef, and can then be shipped at getting more. But that does not at all touch the question. 2680 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 6,
.Mr. GRONNA. Mr. President~ I shall not undertake to make platform declarations. It was part of the platform on which any answer for the distinguished Senator from Iowa. I wish Mr. Foss was elected governor of :Massachusetts, but that was Ji were us able to take care of myself as be is. I can not give not a Republican platform. Those who favor· it must proceed the Senator from Missouri a direct answe.r, because, as I said on the assumption that there is no difference in the cost of before, we have bad no report from the Tariff Commission that producing the raw material in the different countries and that would justify me 1n saying that I wcmld be in favor of letting its:. producer is so favorably situated that there is no need of in free meat from Mexico. I will say that I believe, as the considering what his requirements may be. The only alter Senator from Iowa has said, that it might be the means of re native is the less charitable assumption, although I will not ducing the price of cattle to the farmers of the United States. say less true in some cases, that those who are so ready to The result of this measure will be that for every bushel of remove the duties on the raw material while advocating the wheat imported the Government will lose the 25 cents which retention of the duties on manufactures-often far in excess of it would haye collected otherwise, and fo1· eve1-y bushel that the difference in cost of production at home and abroad-care the miller buys from the American farmer he will pay as nothing for any other industries so long as those in which they much less as the price is reduced by the- free importation of are especially interested are properly protected. The plea that Canadian wlleat. Jfor eyery bushel of barley imported the . the farmer has derived no direct benefit from the protectiye Government will lose the 3(}-cent duty, and that bushel will duties on his products in the past, and should therefore not aid the brewing interests in getting the barley of the Ameri complain if those duties are now removed when it is admitted can farmer for a less price. For every bushel of :flax im that he is deriving some benefit or will derive some in the ported the Government will fail to collect the present duty of 25 near future is neither a justification nor an excuse. It is cents per bushel, and the linseed oil trust will pay less to the merely an ~ttempt to find a plausible explanation of their American farmer for every bushel of flax that it buys from him. willingness to sacrifice the interests of the farmer and: pro Tlle trusts. are still protected in their markets; it is the farm ducer of raw ma teriais. ers who are to receive less for their products in order that this JI.Ir. l\fcCU1\IBER. Mr. President-- administration may have the glory of being the one to negotiate The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Da a trade agreement with Canada and force its ratification' by kota yield to his colleague? Congress~ l\Ir. GRO.r:ill.A. With pleasure. , As an illustration of what result may b~ expected from re Mr. McCUMBER. I think my colleague will agree with me moving the duties on raw materials while retaining them on that the use o:f the term "raw material" as applied to farm the prodncts munnfactnred from them, I wish to remind you products is rather a misnomer. We can scarcely say a product of what happened when the duty was removed from hides. that comes first from an investment of land at $50 to $100 an I touched up-0n that a moment ago. acre, the turning of that land over by the use of power, either Those of us who were in Congress at that time .remember the horsepower or otherwise, of harrowing it, of purchasing or rais plea of the shoe manufacturers and the tanners for free hides. ing the seed, of sowing it, of caring for that seed, of then har According to them, if free hides were gi "Ven them, the result vesting and shocking and thrashing, and finally cleaning and would be lower prices for shoes. Hides were after a struggle hauling to market is a raw material, and therefore it is the placed on the free list,. but the price of shoes went up and has farmers' manufactured material, entitled' to the same consid stayed up. It hus been stated that this was due to an increase eration as a.ny other manufactured procluct, and should be of the price of hides-in spite of the removal of the dnty considered the same in the matte1~ of the levying of our tariff. caused: by an increased demand for hides in other countries. Mr. GRONNA. My colleague is absolutely correct in that. The fact is, however, that the price of hides has dropped. I am cnly using the term "raw material" here in the usual, In June, 1009, the Chicago prices of hides ranged from 13! perhaps rather loose, way. The farmer's bushel of wheat is his to 17 cents per pound, on the various kinds of hides; in Octo finished product; the farmer'"s wool is his finished product; and ber of the same year they ranged from 14t to 18 cents, but since everything that is produced on his farm is as much his finished then there has been a steady decline, and in March of this year product as a pair of boots is the manufacturer's finished product. the prices ranged from 10to13 cents. The prices of hides have There is no question about that. decreased, but the prices of shoes have increased. Whether the Mr. WARREN. Mr. President-- benefit of the cheaper hides went to the tanners, the shoe man The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North ufacturers, or the trust controlling t)le machines used by shoe Dakota yield to the Senator from Wyoming? manufacturers, or whether they all shared in it, the fact can Mr. GRONNA. I do. not be disputed that the consumer-the person who buys the Mr. WARREN. The suggestion in my mind bas been given shoes-not only did not receive any benefit from the removal of voice by the senior Senator from North Dakota. I assume, and the duty on hides, but actually has to pa.y a higher price for his I think c.orrectly, that the junior Senator from North Dakota ·shoes than he did before. And the Government lost $2,000,oOo was using the term in the loose way it is often used. But when revenue, as the Senator from Idaho [Mr. BO&A.H] suggests. we undertake to trace a really true raw material I find it is a If the purpose of this agreement is to extend the commerce of good deal of a will-o'-the-wisp, because, taking the matter of the United States, or if that is one of the purposes, it would farmers' products, they are all the result of an investment of seem that it must have been entered into blindly on the part of time, labor, and capital. Take, for instance, wool. As stated, our Representatives. Almost without exception the goods on that is the finished product of the farmer. It goes to the which the duties have been removed are goods that Canada will spinner, and while wool is his raw material the yarn that ~e sell to us and that we can haye no hopes of selling to her. I turns out is his-the spinner's-finished product. It goes st11l do not see how anyone can maintain that there is any reciproc further to the weaver, the cloth men. The yarn is their raw ity in such an agreement. I do not assent to the proposition material in the same sense. The cloth is their m:inufactured that the mere mutual removal of duties by two coufitries con pro.duct. Again, it goes to the cutters and the makers of ga r stitutes reciprocity. Unless there are mutual benefits there is ments. The cloth itself is their i·aw material and the finished no reciprocity. It is beyond my comprehension how we can have clothing is their manufactured product. reciprocity with Canada unless Canada removes the duties from So it is hard to undertake to define anything along the lines goods that we expect to sell to her in return for our removing of that which is the produc.t of labor as raw material. I assume the duties on goods which she expects to sell to ns. that the Senator from North Dakota is using the term in the Mr. Pr,esident, never before would a measure of this kind have sense in which it is so often used or misused. . been seriously considered by a Republican President or n. Re- Mr. McCUMBER. If the Senator will allow me, I think we publican Senate. It is not a reciprocity agreement in the true can only justly apply the term raw material to the minerals in sense of the word, either in form or in nature. It is merely a the ground, which have been placed there by nature, and the cloak to hide the adoption of a new economic. and industrial trees that grow on tM mountains or along the rivers. Th~ policy-a policy that no one connected with the administration moment that human labor is applied to them even those articles has :is yet dared to ehumpion in the open, a policy that has never become the fixed product of the laborer. yet been accepted as a Republican policy by anyone authorized Mr.. GRONNA. Mr. President, I want to thank my colleague to sp-enk for the party and that has never yet found its way into and also the Senator from Wyoming for calling my attention to a Republican platform, a policy out of harmony with all the this po.int. I agree with both. What is one man's finished prerious declarations of the Republican Party and directly op product is another man's raw material,. and vice versa. As my posed to the tenets held by those who composed its galax:y oi colleague has said, raw material is that which has not been statesmen, a policy which will be repudiated by the rank and touched by the human hand. file ·or the party as soon as they ba-ve an opportunity to be The Republican platform of loo& declares : heard-the policy of placing food products and raw materials on the free list and retaining a protective duty on manufactures. In all tariff legislation the true principle of protection is. be~t main tained by th imp<>s ition of such duties us will equal tJ;le differene~ I feel called upon to protest against this false and per between cost of production at home and abroad, together with a reason nicious doctrine. It is not in accordance with Republican able profit to American industries.
. 1911. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE: 2681
It does not confine it to manufactures, but to American indus that the free admission of Canadian wheat can have but one tries. effect, and that is to lower the price to the American farmer. This platform on which President Taft was elected does not Those who have to back their opinion with hard cash seem to mention reciprocity; neither does the Democratic platform of be satisfied that the effect o:( removing the duty will be to lower that year. If the principle above stated is to apply in the the price. The very day that the Minneapolis wheat traders malting of tariffs, the policy will have to be pursued as re received the news of the Canadian agreement there was a gards agriculture as well as manufacturing. If the manu break in the wheat prices at Minneapolis. In the market re facturer is to have a protective duty equal to the difference in po1·ts published by such papers as the Minneapolis .Tournal, cost of production, so must the farmer. The farmers have which supports this agreement, this break was ascribed to the loyally supported protection because they believed that it belief that the agreement would result in lower prices. Whether would result in building up the industries of the country, and that belief be correct or erroneous, there is no getting around although most of them realized that they were getting com the fact that the break in the market and the subsequent lower pura tively little in return for the burden they were bearing, prices for wheat were due to it. they bore the burden uncomplainingly, because they had suf There are those who, looking at our exports of wheat ev.ery ficient patriotism to suffer under temporary-as they be year, are unable to comprehend why the removal of the tariff lieved-disadvantages in order that the general welfare might on wheat should have any effect on the price. l\Iost people be promoted. They did expect, however, fair treatment. Be know that our consumption of wheat is gradually overtaking lieving that it would be wise statesmanship to have a pro our production, and that our exports are consequently decreas tectirn tariff sufficient to encourage home industries and pro ing. The exports for th~ fiscal years ending June 30, 1908, tect the home market from the effects Of industrial disturb 1909, and 1910, were 163,043,669 bushels, 114,268,468 bushels, ances and undue price fluctuations abroad; believing that a and 87,364,318 bushels, respectively. reasonable stability in prices is more advantageous both to the Mr. l\fcCUMBER. I should like to ask my colleague if that l1~'oducer and the consumer than violent fluctuations, and con does not include flour? sequentJy believing that our own markets should not be sub l\Ir. GRONNA. Yes; it includes flour. jected to the disturbances which would be inevitable if thrown Mr. McCUMBER. I wished to make it clear. open to the whole world so as to feel the combined effects of lHr. GRONNA. This includes the wheat flour, reduced to speculations, panics, misdirected efforts, industrial miscalcu bushels at the rate of 4! bushels to the barrel. The exports lations, and in general whatever may disturb production and for the calendar years 1908, 1909, and 1910 of wheat and wheat bring on industrial crises, they were willing to bear these bur flour were 151,338,124 bushels, 92,085,643 bushels, and 61,923,297 dens at a time when they derived little benefit from them, in bushels, respectively. The 1910 crop of wheat was 695,443,000 . the belief that when the time came when it would be a direct bushels. It will thus be seen that the export of wheat and flour benefit to the farmers to protect them from the flood of prod during the calendar year 1910 was somewhat less thMI 9 uce resulting from the opening of new and fertile lands, that per cent of the number of bushels raised that year. It would small favor would not be begrudged them. They now see with appear to many that this would be sufficient to have the effect bitter amazement the readiness with which they are now to be of reducing the price in our markets to the level of the Li\er sacrificed, not because of any undue benefits which they have pool market, less the cost of transporting the wheat to the been deriving from protection, not because of their having latter market. One difficulty with most people in considering formed trusts and combinations to raise the prices of their this question is that they do not distinguish between the dif products to exorbitant levels, but apparently because it has ferent kinds and grades of wheat, and do not appreciate the been decided that popular discontent with the indefensible different milling qualities of the various grades. Further, many duties on certain manufactures demands a victim to appease people are apt to pursue the inquiry as to where the wheat goes the popular discontent, and the agricultural interests have no further when they learn that it was exported, taking it for • been seized upon as the ones who will make the least resist granted that every bushel sold abroad has the same effect in ance. Consequently they are called upon to surrender the tending to reduce the price in our domestic market to the Liver duties on their products without receiving anything in return, pool price as if sold in Liverpool. and their protection is to be cut off without any examination During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, we exported in as to what the effect of such action will be, and so far as the all 46,679,876 bushels of wheat. Of this about 20,000,000 administration is concerned, without giving the farmers a single bushels went to England. Almost 6,000,000 bushels went to word in defense. How different the treatment of the woolen Belgium. Over 5,000,000 bushels went to Germany. Over interests, the duties on whose products the President has 3,000,000 bushels went to Mexico. During the same year we characterized as indefensible, but which, it is now given out, exported in all 9,04.0,987 barrels of flour. Of this, 1,895,397 must not be touched until the Tariff Board has made a thorough barrels went to England, 791,850 barrels to Cuba, almost im·estigation, lest a change based on deficient knowledge injure 740,000 barrels to the Netherlands, and almost 669,000 barrels the industry ! to Hongkong. The rest of the flour and the rest of the wheat I can not forbear to say at this point, 1\fr. President, that the was scattered among the other nations of the world. A little indifference of the administration to the interests and welfare reflection will convince anyone that with our wheat and flour of the farmer, the unkindly rebuffs he has met with when he has distributed in this manner we are more independent of the attempted to present his case to the President, and the jeers Liverpool market than we should be if all our surplus went to and innuendos of which he has been made the object by the that market, and the effect of the Liverpool price on our domes metropolitan press, especially that portion of it which is sup tic price consequently less marked. porting the present administration, will not result in any good There is another fact, however, which operates even more either for the country or the. administration. I do not presume strongly to make the Minneapolis and Duluth markets inde that there is a Senator here who does not know that the oppo pendent of the Liverpool market. The three States producing sition to this measure among the farmers is real, and that the the bulk of the hard spring wheat are Minnesota, North Da farmers who appeared before the Finance Committee of the kota, and South Dakota. The terminal markets for this wheat Senate in opposition to it were here in sincere earnestness be are Minneapolis and Duluth. The milling qualities of this wheat cause they were con"dnced of the injustice of the measure and are greatly superior to those of the winter varieties, and all, the destructive effects which it will have on agriculture. or practically all, of this wheat is ground into flour in this This bill places whate:·er the farmer produces on the free list, country. The wheat which is exported and which competes and the arguments for it ha-l'e largely been devoted to stating with the wheat of -other countries in the Liverpool and other that this will not injure the farmer in any way, that it will not foreign markets is either winter wheat or the other variety of affed the prices that he receh·es for his products. Especially wheat called durum, or macaroni wheat, of which varying in the case of wheat it has been industrio~sly reported that the quantities are grown in the three spring-wheat States. The price is made in Liverpool, and that, consequently, anything Secretary of Agriculture makes the following statement in his that we may do in this matter will have no effect on that price. 1909 report in regard to the production of durum or macaroni It is noticeable that those who are industriously making this wheat: statement are those who bave nothing more than an academic The annual production of durum wheat at present, though difficult to interest in the price of wheat or else have certain interests in determine before taking a census, appears to be at least 50,000,000 bushels, and probably comes nearer to 60,000,000. • • • The export the adoption of this measure. The farmer and the grain buyer now averages considerably over 20,000,000 bushels per annum. both seem to be convinced that it will affect the price, and that its effect will be to lower the price. Without exception, so far The export of all kinds of wheat for the fiscal year ending as I have noticed, all those who hase had to do with the han June 30, 1910-the crop of 1909-was, in round numbers, 47,000,- dling of grain, who e success or failure has often depended on 000 bushels. Subtracting the export of durum wheat and there their ability to judge the market and determine its probable would remain not more, ,and in. all probability considerably less, trenu, whether it be as buyer or seller, seem to be convinced than 27,?00,000 b.. ush els as our export of winter and hard spring 2882 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. · JULY 6,
wheat. The supply of durum wheat has not been an appreciable An attempt was made to show before the Finance Committee factor in fixing the price of the other kinds of wheat. It is a wheat that the difference was due to laws enacted in Canada, pro that is not now to any extent used for flour in this country. hibiting the trading in futures or hedging, and that this re Only a few years ago our millers refused absolutely to buy and striction on the grain trading at Winnipeg had resulted in de grind it. Its price has consequently always been below that of pressing the price below the Minneapolis level. The Winni hard spring wheat. A few years ago the difference was as much peg Grain Exchange, however, has denied that there is any law as 20 cents per bushel. .A.t present the difference is about 10 or preventing hedging, and has stated that country elevators sell - 11 cents. In considering the effect of the prices at Liverpool on daily purchases as hedge as regular thing, and that the ex our domestic price, therefore, we must deduct the export of change floor business at Winnipeg is practically the same as at durum wheat from our total wheat export, as this wheat has Minneapolis. I do not see there can ,be any escape from the in the past competed only indirectly with the other kinds of conclusion that the higher price for hard spring wheat in our wheat-in much the same manner, for inst.a.nee, that oats com markets is due to the fact that our marlrnts are independent of petes with barley. The remaining 27,000,000 bushels, consti the Lirnrpool market and the tariff on wheat prevents the im· tuting our total export of winter and spring wheat in 1910, was portation of wheat from Canada. Lest anyone should think practically all winter wheat. The statement was made before that perhaps the Canadian wheat is an inferior product, I will the Finance Committee, and so far as I know it has not been say that No. 1 northern wheat in Canada must weigh 60 dir.puted either before the committee or elsewhere, that not pounds to the bushel, while No. 1 northern wheat in the mar only do we not export any spring wheat, but that even kets in this country is not required to weigh more than 58 the best grades of northwestern flour never go to Europe. pounds to the bushel It consequently takes better wheat to Consequently, while the winter wheat, or part of it, is ex grade No. 1 northern in Canada than it does in the United ported to Europe and other countries, and there comes in States. competition with wheat from alLparts of the world, the hard In order to secure definite information as to what the differ spring wheat of Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota ence actually is between the price received by the American does not come into competition with the wheat produced in farmer for wheat and that received by the Canadian farmer, I other countries, and the world price of wheat does not deter wrote to Mr. George McLean, a grain dealer at Sarles, N. Dak. mine the Minneapolis or Duluth price. The price in the Liver Besides buying American wheat, Mr. McLean buys Canadian pool market has ap. indirect effect on the price at Minneapolis wheat in bond. In buying Canadian wheat he has the competi and Duluth, as it affects the price of our winter wheat, and the tion of the Canadian wheat buyers in the neighboring Canadian winter wheat will to some extent compete with our spring towns, and, of course, has to pay at least the full price that wheat. If the supply of spring wheat is short, or if its price the Canadian buyers do, and possibly a little more, as in all is very much higher than that of winter wheat, for instance, probability the Canadian farmer has to haul his grain a little the winter wheat will to some extent take the place of the farther in order to sell it to Mr. McLean than he has to in order. spring wheat in the manufacture of flour, although the fl.our to reach his Canadian markets: Sarles i located some 3 thus manufactured will not compare in quality with that made or 4 miles south of the Canadian boundary. North of the from spring wheat. It is merely a case of accepting the inferior boundary line are the towns of Cartwright, Clearwater, and article if the price of the better one is deemed too high. Crystal City-none of them more than 10 miles from the line. How nearly independent we are of the Liverpool market is These towns are situated in the Pro-vince of Manitoba, on a even better brought out if we take the exports of wheat and branch of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, within 100 miles of wheat flour for the calendar year- 1910. During that year we the great city of Winnipeg. I wish to insert here, and have exported, in round numbers, 24,000,000 bushels in the form of made a part of my remarks, Mr. McLean's reply, which gives wheat and 37,000,000 bushels in the form of fl.our. If the esti the prices paid for American and Canadian wheat at Sarles mate of the Secretary of Agriculture that our export of durum during the months of October and November last: · wheat is in excess of 20,000,000 bushels annually holds good, SkRLES, N. DAK., Ma11t:T,1911. and I see no reason for doubting it, it is apparent that even in Hon. A. J. GRON A, the case of spring wheat the effect of the world's market on its Washington, D. 0. MY DEAR MR. GRONNA : Replying to your letter of the 23d instant price is only indirect, due to the competition of the flour of regarding the prices paid for wheat in Sarles, I submit the following: other countries with our flour in the world's markets. How much of the flour exported was durum wheat flour I have not American Canadian been able to learn; but it seems probable that some of it may Dates. wheat. wheat in have been. Taking the lowest figures given by the Secretary bond. as to production and export of durum wheat, 50,000,000 bushels and 20,000,000 bushels, respectively, would leave 30,000,000 Oct. 3, 1910 .. ---. --• -··. -.. -.• -·---•• -· ..• --· ••••••••.•.••• ~.97 S0.85 bushels to be consumed and disposed of otherwise. The require Oct. 5, 1910 .•••••••••...••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••. .98 .84 ments for seed would not exceed four or five million bushels, Oct. 7, 1910 .••.•••••••. ··················-········---···-·· l.00 .85 Oct. 11, 1910 .•••••••.. -·--.••••. -·-· .••..•...••••.• ·---·-- 99 .85 which would leave some 25,000,000 bushels unaccounted for. Oct. 12, 1910 ..••....•.•....••.•...•...... ••••.....•..•..••• .98 .83 While all of this may not be ground into flour in this country, Oct.15, 1910 ••.•..••••••••• _•.•. -~·····-·················· .96 .83 a large part of it undoubtedly is, and making allowance for Oct.17, 1910 .•. ·--····-·······-······-··· .. ··············-· .95 .81 Oct. 20, 1910 ·-·--·· •••••• ·----· •.•••.••••••. ·--·-·-· ...•.•. .93 .81 the consumption of some of it in this country, it seems proba Oct. 25, 1910 •...• ·--· ·-··-· ...... ·---....••.•..••.•••.•.••• .91 .81 ble to believe that part of the 37,000,000 bushels exported in Oct. 29, 1910.·-·--·--·-···········-····-····-·············· .92 .79 the form of flour was durum wheat. Nov. l, 1910 ······-···-·········-·-·····-·················· .89 .77 The price of wheat in Canada, however, is dependent on the Nov. 2, 1910 ··--···-··--· .. -·····-··-·········---·-·---···· .90 .75 Nov. 3, 1910 ·-········-·-·--··· ·········-···-···-·········· .89 • 75 Liverpool price because of the large percentage of the crop Nov. 4, 1910 -·-·················-···················-······ .88 . 75 Nov. 8, 1910. ·····-·--····--······----·········-··-·--····· .89 .77 which they export The wheat which they raise in the Cana .88 .77 dian northwest is practically all hard spring wheat; and as Nov.12, 1910 ······-······-----···-··---··-······-········· Nov.14, 1910 ··-·--·--·-·----·----··------·---··----····--· .91 . 79 they consume only part of it, the remainder is exported to be Nov.16, 1910 --·---·-··--·-···--·······---·---··-----······ .93 .79 Nov. 20, 1910 ··---·····-····················· •••••••••••••. .92 .80 sold in competition with the wheat from other countries. The Nov. 26, 1910 ••••••••••.•••••.••••••..••••••••••••••••••.•• .91 .80 result is that the price of No. 1 northern in Winnipeg has Dec. 2, 1910 .••••••••••••.••.•••••••.••.•.••••••.••••••••••. .91 • 77 · been on the average some 11 cents less than the Minneapolis and Duluth price. The Winnipeg price is the price of Port Mr. Gronna, these are actual prices paid on the above dates and can Arthur, ready for export; it is the export price. It has been be verified if necessary. urged that the difference in price is due· to the difference in Yours, very respectfully, GEORGE McLEAN. freight charges, but it should be borne in mind that the dis Mr. McOUMBER. I wish to state to my colleague that the tance to Liverpool by the Canadian route is some 600 or 700 Canadian wheat is purchased and sold in bond, so that no miles shorter than by the American route. And as wheat can tariff has to be paid on it be shipped through the United States in bond without the pay Mr. GRONNA. Certainly; no tariff at all has to be paid. ment of duty, if the difference in price were due to the higher I shall touch upon that point in a few moments. freight charges in Canada, the Canadian wheat for export The difference in price at Sarles in favor of the American would naturally be shipped through the United States in the market ranges from 10 to 15 cents, and averages just a little manner indicated, the effect of which would be to raise the less than 13 cents during the two months for which the prices Winnipeg price. As shipping the wheat in bond does not have are given. Is it any wonder that the Canadian farmer is anx this effect on the Winnipeg market, and as the price received ious to enter the American markets with his wlieat when he by the Canadian farmer for wheat to be shipped in bond sees his neighbor right across the boundary line-only a few through the United States is from 10 to 15 cents less than miles distant, their fields perhaps touching-receive on the that received by the American farmer within 4 or 5 miles, or average 13 cents more for every bushel of wheat that he sells? sometimes less, of the same point, it is evident that the differ And is it any wonder that the American farmer is opposed to ence in price is not due to the difference in freight charges. an agreement which will permit the Canadians to sell their 1911.. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN.A.TE .. 2683
surplus in the markets of this country, .and which everyone 1st of July, 1910, I think, in favor of the United. States was expects will result in bringing the markets in the tw-0 countries $119,000,000, but to get that balance of trade the United St.ates to the same le\el? had to sell enough additional in Oanada to make up a. balance The free admission of Canadian wheat in competition with of trade against us in agricultural products; in other words, take our hard spring wheat can have no other effect thun bringing the articles whieh this bill advances t-0 the free list-and I use the markets for this kind -0f wheat ln the two countries to the tlie word '~ advances " advisably., for corn is already on the free same level. Whether the immediate result would be to reduce list .and of course we have a balance of trnde on corn. the American market to the present le"\"el of the Canadian :mar Mr. GRONNA. .And the Ea.me is true of -cotton. ket, or whether the Canadian price would be increased some .Mr. CLAPP. Yes; but take the articles which this bill ad what, I shall not undertl'lke to say. In TI.ew of the large sur vances to th~ free list, eonsi.sting principally of farm products, plus which Canada even now has, how&er, I am inelined to be- and in those rutleles f-0r that yea:r Canada had a bulance of • lie1e that the price of wheat would rise little in Canada, if at trade against us of $22,000,000. There is a eoncrete fact of more all. There would be a decided decline in the price on this side value, it seems to me, than all the ,disputes by the day as to of the line. Of the ultimate result there can be little doubt. whether a man gets $1.13 -OT $1.12 in one country .or the other. Cana.da has such vast possibilities before her as a wheat-raising In this balancing of competitive aTticles the balance was against country that only a very few years would be required until her us $22,000,()00., which shows beyond any eontro~ersy that we production of the hard varieties of wheat ~onld far exceed tb.e simply can not compete with Canada upon those articles, and combined consumption of the two counb·ies, and the price re yet those are the articles it is proposed to advance to the ceived for the surplus exported rum sold in the world's mar free list. kets would determine the price received by the American as Mr. GRONNA. Ur. President, the Senaoor is absolutely cor well as the Canadian farmers. rect in that statement, according to my view. The agreement Another effect which the free admission of Canadian wheat will not only be detrimental to the farmer in that it will de would have, distinct from that above noted, whkh may not be press his prices, but it will be detrimental to the co1mtry as a apparent to one who is not -conve:rsant with actual conditions, whole. is the effect of dumping a mge supply of wheat into the term'i Mr. OoUins, testifying before the Senate Finance Committee, nal markets in the fall. The Canadian Northwest is a new gi'res the cost of raising a bushel of wheat in Minnesota and country. In new wheat-growing countries the grain is sold the two Dakotas as 65 cents per bush~1, -and in Saskatchewun practically from the thrashing machine. The new settler needs as ~9 cents per bushel. Th.e cost, according to these Jigures, is money to pay the bills contracted during the year, which :are 26 cents less in Saskatchewan. Mr. Chamberlain, testifying payable as soon as he .has thrashed his wheat, and hurries his before the same committee, ar1i\es at a eost of 57 cents per grain to the market as soon a:s it reaches him frmn the spout bu.shel in the United states and 40 cents per bushel in Canada of the thrashing machine. The result is that most of the wheat a di1forenee of 17 cents per bushel in favor of the Oanadian is marketed at 1Jl'3.ctically the same time, and the markets are farmer. llr. Chamberlain does not seem to have taken into glutted. The unusually heavy receipts .inTari:lbly result in ·un aecount, however, the higher price of land in the United duly low prices, nnd the fal'mer who is compelled to sell in the States-as he takes $8 as the cost per aere of raising wheat in same market at that time receives less for his wh~t tl:lan it is both countries-which would operate to make the difference in actually worth. In sections that ha.Te been longer ·settled the cost per bushel greater than that given by him. Mr. Thoui-as R. grain is marketed more gradually and the prices are moTe Cooper, of the State University of Minnesota, submitted to the stable. If Canadian wheat is .admitted free there can be no Select Committee on Wages and Prices of Commodities a state doubt that the millions of bushels Canada is in danger of being misleading, so far us dairy prod- against our flour in favor of our wheat, would not that same nets are concerned. In the fiscal year 1910 we exported to cause operate as against grinding Canadian wheat, proceeding Canada dairy products to the value of $86,230, while we im- on the assumption that the President's premises are correct! ported dairy products to the value of $831,378. Our imports Arid further, if there are other reasons, not apparent, which of these products were almost ten times as great as olll' e."Xports. prevent the American mills from grinding their full capacity of These imports came into our country in spite of our duties of 6 American wheat, why do not those mills now grind Canadian cents a pound on butter and cheese, 2 cents a gallon on milk, wheat in bond or under the dl'awback prhilege! The mills can and 5 cents a gallon on cream. The removal of the duties on import Canadian wheat, under the present law, and grind it, these products will, of course, result in a greatly increased im- and if they export the flour and by-products they are refunded DOrtation, with the usual result on the prices received by our 99 per cent of the duty paid, in other words they are required dairy farmers. to pay a duty of only one-fourth cent per bushel. If it is not Now, I want my friend from New Jersey [Mr. MARTINE] profitable to do this and export the flour now, will it be profit to pay particular attention, inasmuch as he is a farmer. So able to grind Canadian wheat for export if the dnty is re fur as meat products are concerned the President is correct moved 1 And if, as seems the inevitable conclusion, that flour in the statement that we export to Canada far more than will not be exported, how can we escape from the conclusion we import from Canada, but the farmer does not export and tllut the flour made from Canadian wheat will displace an equal sell these products, and the duties on them have not been re- amount of flour made from American wheat? mornd. The Beef Trust sells the meat products, and it will The President continues in his enumeration of the benefits to still have the benefit of a high protective duty. be derived by the American farmer: The President says further: A very material benefit to all the farmers of the country, especia.lly · the stock and cattle raisers and the dairy farmers, will be the by- The only rea1 importat1 on of agricultura1 products that we may ex- products oi bran and shorts from the ftour mills likely to follow the pect from Canada of any considerable amount will consist of wheat h f c · barley, rye, and oats. The world price of these four cereals is fixed free export of w eat rom anada to those mills. These by-products abroad, where the surplus from the producing countries is disposed of, are now so scarce and so high priced that many farmers are unable to and is little affected by the place from which the supply is derived. procure them. Canadian wheat nets, perhaps, 10 cents less a bushel to the producer Will any Senator here tell me how the farmer is going to than what grows in the Dakotas or in Minnesota- buy his bran and shorts any cheaper with a duty of 12! cents Now, mark this. The President admits that the Canadian per hundred or $2.50 per ton? fnrmers receirn 10 cents a bushel less, and then he gives the Mr. CLAPP. Mr. President-- reason or attempts to do so- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from North due to the fact that exporting that wheat and warehousing it and Dakota yield to the Senator from Minnesota 1 transporting it to Iiiverpool is considerably greater than the cost to Mr. GRONNA. Yes. the Dakota farmer of disposing of his wheat to the mlllers of Minne- Mr. CLAPP. Of course he could not get it any cheaper, but apolis or sending it abroad. Besides the agricultural products mentioned by the President he could have some consolation possibly-that is, if he could Canada will also send us cattle, sheep, potatoes, hay, dairy follow some people's theory, t]J.e evident theory of the authors products, and flaxseed. Consul Frank Deedmeyer, Charlotte- of this bill-in the thought that the wheat which had· been town, Prince Edward Island, makes the following interesting made from it had been put on the free list. That would be report as to what that small island has now ~vailable for ex- about all the consolation he would get out of it port to the United States in the event of the passage of this Mr. GRONNA. That is correct. measure. If the price of bran and shorts is so high now that many, There ~re now available fn Prince Edward Island for shipment to , farm~rs are unable ~ procure them, as f;be President states, the United States if freed from tarifl'. duties 100 ooo bushels of · the s1mple and effective way to remedy this would be to place potatoes, 500,000 bushels of turnips and other ro~ts, 2',000,000 bushels these by-products on the free list. of oats, 100,000 bushels of seed oats, 150,000 tons of hay, 600,000 I believe my farmer friend the Senator from New Jersey pounds of cheese, 100,000 pounds of butter, 1,000,000 dozen eggs. [l\lr. MARTINE] will agree with me on that. The.President makes .the bald sta!ement that the difference in This measure retains a duty of 12~ cents per 100 pounds. If, the price of wheat receTred by the 1'.\orth Dakota farmer and that as there is reason to believe the free admission of wheat will received by the Canadian farmer is due to the greater cost of merely give the millers ch~aper wheat and permit them to "exporting that wheat and warehousing it and transporting grind Canadian wheat instead of Am~rican wheat, without it to Liverpool." I d~ not happen to have any figures at ~and materially increasing the amount of wheat ground, there will as to the transportation charges from Port Arthur to Liver- be no increase of the supply of bran and shorts and their price pool and from Duluth to Liverpool, but it was stated before the will not be lowered. The removal of the duty on the raw ma Finance Committee, and I am sure my colleague will bear me terial is not an effective way of reducing the price of either the out in the statement that they are the same. If the difference manufactured product or the by-product so long as the duties on in price were due to the greater cost of transporting the those remain. Canadian ~heat to Liverpool, th.e differer:ce in price ought to The President, after reiterating his belief that the adoption be, approXI.Il1ately, equal to the difference m cost of transporta- of this measure will not reduce the price of wheat and other tion. Now, even if the Canadian transportation system were so farm products "in any marked way" continues: much inferior to ours that it cost the Canadian exporter 10 It will, however, by enlarging the so~rce of supply, prevent undue cents more to ship a bushel of wheat to Liverpool than it costs fluctuations, and it will and ought to pre-vent an exorbitant increase the American exporter, as the President would have us believe, in the prices of farm products- the Canadian has the very simple alternative of shipping his I hope every farmer will pay marked attention to this. I still wheat in bond-of taking advantage of our superior trans- quote from the President's speech- · portation facilities and shipping his grain through the United which, as they have been for the last three or four years, have inured States without paying any duty. As he sells his grain for greatly to the profit of all engaged in agriculture. 10 cents less than his American cousin receives and does not Who is there here who will take and defend the utterances ship. ~s wheat in bond-:-or if he does does it not result in his made by a Republican President against the interests of all the rece1nng the. sa~e pnce-there surely must be some other .American producers of this great country? reason for this difference. .Mr. CLAPP. I do not see the Senator from Missomi [Mr. The President continues: STONE] present. If, now, the duty is t.o be take~ olr of. wheat and the Ca~ adian Mr. GRONNA. I like the Senator from Missouri. I wish he wheat can come to the millers of Uinneapohs and other places, it can h · h · f . littL hil nnd will be made into flour because the capacity of the American mills were here. He onored me wit lns presence or a · e '\\ e. is 33 per cent greater tbnn'is needed to mill the wheat of this country. I only hoped he would remain, and I believe that even the dis- . I am quoting from the President's speech- tU:guished Senator from Missouri wo.uld have learned some- Canadian wheat <;an be imported and ground into fl.our without ma- thing about w~eat and a few oth~r thmgs.. . terially reducing the demand for or price of American wheat, and the Reduced to its lowest terms, this expression of the President surplus will be sent abroad as fiour. The price of Canadian wheat will means that while the measure will not reduce the price of wheat doubtless be increased a few cents by access to the ~arket nearer at and other farm products below the present level it will and hand, but the access to the market nearer at hand will not reduce the . . . . '. .' . price of his wheat to the American farmer, for the reasons stated. the President hopes it will, prevent the price from mcreasmg m If, as the President says, the capacity of the American mills the future. . . . . is 33 per cent greater than the production of American wheat, . The o~y un~ue fluctuations that it will pre-vent will be the why is 1t that we every year export more wheat as wheat than mcrease m price due to short crop~. In other words, when in the form of flour? Why should not these American mills our farmer.s suffer from dr~ught, as ~d the. western farmers l~st find work 4.n the grinding of American wheat instead of Can- year, an~ it becomes a s~rious question with ~hem how to tide adian wheat? If the reason that more American wheat is not over until the next crop is haITested, the Premdent ~ould have exported as flour is that the European countrres discriminate· the Canadian wheat as a supply to fall back upon m order to 2686 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY G, prevent the farmer from getting a slightly higher price for his roads, and the land companies to promote immigration to that wheat because of the shortage. region, the opening up of the Canadian lands will proceed at a That is the statement made by my friend the Senator from much more rapid rate than did the opening up and settlement of Nebraska [1\fr. HITCHCOCK], if I remember correctly. our lands. The settling of North Dakota has been in progress The President enters a fiat denial of the statement that be for 30 years. cause of our higher tariffs the price of living is higher here Mr. HITCHCOCK. .l\Ir. President-- than in Canada, and in support of this denial points to two The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North facts: (1) We export to Canada $225,000,000 worth of goods Dakota yield to the Senator from Nebraska? of the widest variety of manufactures, while England, having l\Ir. GR01'~A. Yes. · a preference of 33! per cent in the matter of tariffs, exports l\lr. HITCHCOCK. As I recall it, the question which I ad goods to Canada worth only $93,000,000. (2) In negotiating dressed here upon the floor to a Senator who had been speak this agreement the President directed the American commis ing was something like this : He had quoted from some statisti . sioners "to secure as great a cut in the duties on manufac cal tables to show that the average value of farm lands in tures in Canada as they could," but they were unable to secUl'e North Dakota was some $40 or $45 per acre, whereas in Canada any more than appears in this treaty, for the reason that the land was worth $20 or $25 per acre, and he drew the con Canada would not expose her manufacturers to the competi clusion that if that $25 land in Canada was thrown into com tion of American manufacturers, which is a ver·y conclu ive petition with the $40 land in North Dakota the results would proof that the manufactured products that enter into the cost be disastrous to the North Dakota farmer. The question I put of living are higher in Canada than they are in the United to him was whether he argued from that that the competition States. With regard to the first fact, it might be suggested of the North Dakota farmer with the $40 land had been dis that most people would regard it as proof that our manu astrous to the farmers in Nebraska with their $100 land; and facturers can compete with the English manufacturers on I drew his attention to the fact that there is as much disparity even terms, at least in the Canadian markets, and presumably in the value of farm lands in the agricultural States of the in our markets, and that they consequently do not need pro United States as there is between the value of farm lands in tection. The same persons would not necessarily find the North Dakota and Canada, and that these lands nevertheless second proof conclusive, for the reason that it has often been competed with each other without any serious consequences. charged that the American manufacturers are in the habit of Mr. BORAH. Mr. President-- selling their goods cheaper in Canada than in the United The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North States, and that while the Canadian manufacturers may be Dakota yield to the Senator from Idaho? lieve that the American manufactmers can sell their goods Mr. GRONNA. Yes. cheaper than they themsehes can sell the same gocds, it is no Mr. BORAH. Does the Senator from Nebr·aska contencl that proof that the American manufacturers do sell those goods the e lands compete with each other without any serious conse cheaper in the American markets. quences? I want my di tinguished fri~nd again to pay attention to this, because I know he will be interested in what I am about Mr. HITCHCOCK. 1\Iy impression is that the prosperity of to say. I remember he asked some questions a couple of N braska was not seriously affected by the development of weeks ago why the opening up of the new Northwestern States North Dakota, and we in Nebraska have rejoiced to see the had not caused a decline in the lands in neighboring States. I neighboring States and Territories develop. We would rather am not quoting the Senator verbatim, but, I believe, in substance, see a State like North or South Dakota prosperous in its agri and I am going to show him-at least I shall attempt to show culture than to see it a desert wa te; and so it seems to me how it works. the people of the United States would rather see a great prosper The President, to disprove the contention that the free admis ous agricultural empire in Canada than to see a rolling desert sion to our markets of the products of the cheaper Canadian of Sahara there. I beliern it i a better neighbor. Mr. BORAH. It might make some difference whether they lands will operate to lower the prices of farm lands in this are under our flag or under another man's flag. But does not country, cites the fact that the value of the lau Mi·. IDTCHCOCK. And 10 yeal'S ago they were as high as the wisest of our colleagues, the distinguished senior Senator recently. from ~finnesota [.Mr. NELSON], during the debate on the Payne- .Mr. BORAH. J:he Senator is about correct in his dates. It .Aldrich bill. At that time, when answering a question pro was just about 10 years ago that the price of farm products pounded to him by the Senator from Idaho [Mr. Bo:&A.H], the began to rise, and ever sinee that time there has been a no- Senator from Minnesota said that while he could not at the ticeable retardation of the movement from the farm to the city, moment tell how many bushels of wheat had been raised in a and the taking up of the abandoned farms and occupying them given year in Minnesota, he was prepared to state with the and rehabilitating them and recultivating them have been utmost confidence that the tariff had never benefited the farmers going on, and it has been by reason of the fact that the in- of Minnesota and had never added a farthing to the market crease in the price of farm products has warranted them in price of their wheat; that the market value of wheat was fixed doing so. in Liverpool, and so on and so forth. Mr. HITCHCOCK. Of course, I may say to my friend, the I am just suggesting that it would be most enlightening to Senator from Idaho, that there is also another reason why the the public in general and to the constituency of my friend, the farms of the East were abandoned besides that they had be- Senator from North Dakota, in particular, if he would include come exhausted. One reason is that the party to which the that among his quotations. Senator belongs for the last generation or more has been plac- Mr. NELSON and Mr. BORAH addressed the Chair. ing an enormous premium upon industrial occupations, has been The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North offering a great allurement to people to move into the cities Dakota yield, and to whom? and to abandon their farms, and has been placing upon agri- Mr. GRONNA. I yield to the Senator from Minnesota. culture a great burden which, up to this time, it has endured Mr. NELSON. I want to say to the Senator from Missouri for the benefit of those cities and towns which have been that I am very sorry to learn of the mental condition he is in growing while the country has been under a process of depopu- with respect to this question of wheat I am unwilling to take lation. up the time of the Senator from North Dakota to answer him Mr. BORAH. The charge that the Senator makes is, in a at this time. But later on in the discussion I shall take pains to measure, true. But until we secured the active agency and girn the Senator from Missouri some of the AB C's in respect to cooperation of the party to which the Senator belongs we have the prices of wheat,.and hope to have him converted. never been able to put the farmer upon a free-trade basis and Mr. STONE. I do not know just what my friend means by the manufacturer upon a highly protective basis, which the my mental condition-- Senator and his party are helping us to do now. Mr. NELSON. I refer to the question of wheat-- Mr. HITCHCOCK. I call the attention of the Senator from Mr. STONE. On the subject of wheat. I do not know just Idaho to the fact that the most distinguished Senator from what the Senator means. I know what I referred to, for I have New York [Mr. RooT], a prominent leader of the party to been quoting as nearly literally as I can from memory a very which the Senator belongs, and of which he is also a leader, wise expression, and a very correct one, delivered two years upon the floor of the Senate within 10 days made the statement ago on the floor of the Senate by my distinguished friend, the the tariffs which have been placed upon the products of the Senator from Minnesota, and I have suggested that the Senator farm in the past have, in his opinion, been of no benefit to the from North Dakota, while quoting from the Senator from New farmer. York, should embrace the other for the enlightenment of his Mr. BORAH. Until lately. constituents. Mr. HITCHCOCK. No; he made the statement that they · Mr. :NELSON. In the first place, I want to say to the Sena had been in the past of no benefit to the farmer, although they tor from Missouri he does not quote me entirely and fully and had been there for a generation, and although the Democratic correctly; and, in the next place, I shall endeavor to point out Party and the Democratic leaders had been arguing that those to· him that the conditions which were existing then are en tariffs placed upon agricultural products were put there for tirely different from the conditions which are existing now. the purpose of hoodwinking the farmer into the belief that he Mr.· STONE. Two years ago- had a share in the plunder of this protective tariff. Mr. NELSON. But I am unwilling to take up the time of Mr. BORAH. I appeal to the RECORD, that the Senator from the Senator from North Dakota. He has quite a bit of a speech New Yol'k used the exact language that until late the pro- yet to make and has been on his feet for nearly two hours; but tective tariff had not been of benefit to the farmer-that until later on I will try to satisfy the Senator from Missouri. late years he had not receirnd any benefit therefrom. .Mr. STONE. If it be possible that my friend has changed Ur. HITCHCOCK. The Senator is mistaken. I quoted the his opinion and his position, I am sorry to hear it. If he has exact language of the Senator from New York. changed, then the Senator from North Dakota need not quote Mr. :MARTINE of New Jersey. That has been reiterated a from him. I was supposing that the Senator from :Minnesota half a dozen times by the Senator from New York. was standing by his utterance of two years ago. Mr. WARREN. The Senator from New York distinctly stated I .Mr. GRONNA. Mr. President, I believe that the Senator from that if tlley would read all the language it would qualify what .l\linnesota is perfectly able to take care of himself, and the they had quoted. 1 Senate will undoubtedly do him the honor to give him sufficient l\fr. GROl\TNA. In ju tice to the Senator from New York, time to explain his position. I can onJy promise that I shall be who does not happen to be present just now, I will see that yery glad to be here to listen to the debate between the two that part of his remarks is inserted in my speech. distinguisl;led Senators. Mr. BAILEY. Right at this point-- Mr. HITCHCOCK. Before the Senator from North Dakota Mr. STONE. l\Iay I be permitted to interpose? resumes-- The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Da- Dakota yield to the Senator from .Missouri? kota yield to the Senator from Nebraska? l\!r. GRONNA. Yes. Mr. GRONNA. Yes; for a question. Mr. STONE. While the Senator is inserting the remarks of l\fr. HITCHCOCK. I should like to justify what I said-- the Senator from New York-- Mr. GRONNA. Certainly; I yield. Mr. GRONNA. I intended to quote the Senator from New Mr. HITCHCOCK. As to my accuracy in quoting the Sen- York, but I have so many things that I want to touch upon that ator from New York [Mr. RooT]. He used this language- ! eliminated what would have made many pages. Mr. GRONNA. Mr. President, the Senator from New York Mr. STONE. Well, it is a pity the Senator did that, if what said a great deal, and I certainly would do an injustice to the he destroyed was as good as that be has delivered. Senator from New York to incorporate his entire speech into Mr. GRONNA. I am glad to know the Senator from Missouri my remarks. Unless the Senator from Nebraska will read that appreciates it. particular portion of the speech of the Senator from New ·York Mr. STONE. Yes. I want to suggest to my friend the Sen- I hardly think it would be fair to read merely a part of hi~ ator from North Dakota that while he is inserting what the remarks on the subject. Senator from New York said, that which the Senator from l\fr. HITCHCOCK. The Senator from North Dakota will Nebraska has quoted-- remember that the Senator from Idaho questioned the accuracy Mr. W AnREN. In part. of my quotation, and in order to justify my quotation I should Mr. STONE. I suppose in part. He certainly did not quote like to read a few sentences. the entire speech. Mr. GRONNA. I said to the Senator from Nebraska that I Mr. GRONNA. I said upon that particular point, Mr. would agree to incorporate in IllY remarks the statement made President. by the Senator from New York touching upon wheat. l\Ir. s:rONE. I was going to suggest that it might be well The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator from North Dakota in a parallel column to insert a wise remark made by one of will advise the Chair whether he yields or does not yield. XLVII--169 I 2688 CONGRESSION .AL RECORD-SEN .ATE. JULY 6, l\!r. GRONNA. I yield to the Senator from Nebraska just we discourage the raising of grains in the States that can pro to incorporate that particular quotation. duce them to greater advantage than any other crops merely Mr. HITCHCOCK. I quote from the speech of the Senator because a foreign country would like to have our markets for from New York [l\Ir. ROOT], on page 2427: grains for her own products. I never have thought that the duties which were imposed upon farm There is no 'danger of our not producing enough wheat for products were of any real general benefit to the farmer. our own consumption if the farmer is assured of a fair price. Mr. GRONNA. The Senator from New York said more than If, however, the farmers are to be subjected to the competition that. of the Canadian wheat, which can be raised more cheaply, I Mr. HITCHCOCK. Yes; he said more than that. I will read have no doubt that we shall be importing wheat in a few years. the whole paragraph if the Senator desires. I have read only The Secretary of Agriculture in his report for the year 1909 that much to show that I was right in my statement that he discusses the probable future production of wheat in this used that language. country. He believes that with a more intensive agriculture Mr. BORAH. Mr. President; the quotation-- the yield per acre of wheat will be increased-- The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Mr. BORAH. Mr. President-- Dakota yield to the Senator from Idaho? The VICE PRESIDENT. Will the Senator from North Da Mr. GRONNA. I yield to the Senator from Idaho. kota yield to the Senator from Idaho? Mr. BORAH. The Senator from Nebraska. is not reading the Mr. GRONNA. Let me finish this sentence and then I will en tire statement. yield. l\Ir. BAILEY. He is reading another part. And also states that in the older States there has lately Mr. BORAH. That is what I supposed. I have just found been an increase in the acreage devoted to wheat. This has what the Senator has read, but the Senator will remember that operated to increase our production in addition to the increase we discussed a day or two afterwards that remark of the Sena due to new lands being brought under cultivation. He esti tor from New York and referred to the proposition that he said mates that by 1950 qur production may be between 3,750,000,000 " until lately," and it is so printed in the RECORD. and 4,750,000,000 bushels, while our consumption would not ex l\Ir. HITCHCOCK. In this whole paragraph the Senator ceed 1,400,000,000 bushels, even with a population of 200,000,000. from New York did not qualify his expression in that way. I Now I yield to the Senator from Idaho. will repeat what he said. It is a sentence, complete: Mr. BORAH. In order to save the Senator the trouble of I never have thought that the duties which were imposed upon farm looking up the quotation, I have the exact language here from products were of any real general benefit to the farmer. the speech of the Senator from New York, as published in the l\Ir. GRONNA. But, Mr. President, the Senator from New IlECOilD. York did qualify that statement. Mr. WARREN. On what page? Mr. BAILEY. Would the Senator- 1\Ir. BORAH. On page 2427. The Senator from New York Mr. NELSON. Will the Senator yield? said: The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Da I do not think that as a class in general up to this time or untti, kota yield, and to whom? ~rhaps, within a very short period, the protection upon food products · l\Ir. GRONNA. I yield to the Senator from Minnesota. bas been of any real advantage to the farmer. Mr. NELSON. I want to say, Mr. President, that the Sen Mr. GRONNA. I thank the Senator from Idaho for his quo ator from Nebi·aska and the other Senators of like mind ought tation. While I am inclined to believe that neither our popu to take into account that the Senator from New York is not a lation nor our production will be as large as indicated by the farmer. Secretary, I do believe that we shall be fully able to raise all Mr. GRONNA. I now yield to the Senator from Texas. the wheat that we require for our own consumption until 1950, l\Ir. BAILEY. Mr. President, the Senator from Nebraska ·is and later if we do not adopt a policy of deliberately discourag right as to one passage in the speech; the Senator from Idaho ing the production of wheat in this country-whether through is right as to another passage in the speech. If the Senator the free admission of Canadian wheat or otherwise, I am satis from Nebraska will turn back to the first column on page 2427 fied that the free admission of wheat from Canada will mean he will find that after making substantially the same statement the surrender of wheat growing to that country to a large extent there which the Senator from Nebraska has read from the sec for some years to come. ond column the Senator from New York then uses substantially In the competition of the production of crops the land that and practically the language attributed to him by the Senator produces more cheaply will pre·rnil. In the case of the Cana from Idaho, and it is thjs: dian lands, the difference in the cost of transporting the wheat But with the increase of our cities as compared with our farming to our markets-if any there be-will not be sufficient to over population and the using up of our waste lands and the fencing in of come the adnmtages which the Canadian farmer has. Some old cattle ranges and the reduction of the productive power of our land we have about come to the point where the continuance of those duties, time in the future, when the Canadian lands have been cropped instead of being a matter of inditierence to the people of the country, to the extent that ours ha-ve and require as much labor and would result in putting up the cost of food. c:ultirntion to produce a bushel of wheat as ours now do, we It is a little difficult for a man to make a speech on that may be able to compete on even terms in the production of side of the question without falling into these contradictions. wheat, but until that stage is reached the free admission of her The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator from North Dakota grain will mean that we must to a large extent go out of the wm proceed. business of raising wheat, the extent depending on the rapidity Mr. GRONNA. Ur. President, a decade is likely to see the with which her wheat Innd is brought under cultimtion. This prairies of Canada settled. The effect of the free admission does not necessarily mean that our production of wheat will of Canadian products will be comparable to the effect of the suddenly stop. Those lands that can produce wheat and other opening of the West on the agriculture of New England and grains, but which can not produce corn to advantage, will other Eastern States. It seems hardly necessary to call atten continue to produce wheat even while there is no profit in doing tion to the abandoned farms and depressed land prices and the so, and in most cases after it has become evident that every year's emigration from that section of the agricultural population operations are carried on at a loss. As was well pointed out by which resulted. the junior Senator from Texas [l\Ir. BAILEY], the farm differs The President also contends that the -natural change in farm from a factory in that it is a home. In the case of a factory, ing in this country is from the raising of wheat and other its operation will stop when the owner is convinced that the cereals for export to the raising of grain for farm consumption loss from its operation is greater than the loss that would and development of the secondary products in the form of cattle re ult from its remaining idle, but in the case of a farm the and hogs. He fails to take into consideration that there a.re owner will cling to it long after it has stopped returning any some sections of our country that can produce wheat and other profit, will curtail his expenses, both of operation and living, grains that can not produce corp. at an advantage. North Da whereTer possible, and will not lea.-ve it until he is in absolute kota is not u com-growing and hog-raising State, but it does danger of starvation. For this reason, it is to be presumed raise wheat and flux and other grains, and it certainly is not that in the e-vent of the passage of this measure we shall statesmanship to try to force the people of that section to dis continue to produce considerable wheat in competition with the continue the raising of crops. for which the State is best fitted Canadian wheat, even if it be produced at a loss. for the growing of crops for which it is less fitted and which it Mr. President, I do not know whether the Senator from may never be possible to produce extensively with profit It has Texas has any objection to my referring to him or not, but I appeared to me that in encouraging industries the Government want to say for myself that I appreciate that there is one should encourage those in each section for which that section Democrat, one man from the Southern States, who recognizes ha the best advantages. Now, howe1er, it is proposed that and values the honest toil of the farmer. 1911. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2689 One of those appearing before the Finance Committee 1:11 in that State for the years 1908 and 1909 are giYe'n as follows favor of the Canadian reciprocity agreement, urged that it by the Department of Agriculture: would be a benefit to North Dakota to abandon wheat growing, and gave the impression that he was in favor of forcing the Farm value in cents per North Dakota farmer to stop growing wheat and devote himself bushel. to di-versified farming. There are certain kinds of diversified Crops. farming, however, to which North Dakota can not adapt itself, Dec. 1, 1908. Dec. 1, 1909. and the same is true of other States. But even when a State is fitted for diversified farming, it is not farsighted statesman Wheat .... _.. ·-.. --·--·--·--··· --- . -- ...... -- . -· ... -·. 94 96 ship to attempt" to force the farmers into it. When farmers Oats_ .•••. ·-··-·····--·-·····--······-····-·---·-····· 43 35 in a certain region continue to grow a certain crop, it is because 55 49 Corn·--·-··--··----···-···-·········-·-··-···---·-··-·Barley ... _. __ . _..... _. _. _...... __ . ___ .... _. _. __ .. __ . _. it is more profitable to grow that crop. If that region is al~o 49 47 Flax---·············-·-·-·---·-·-·····---········--··· 120 150 adapted for the production of other crops, the farmers ~111 Potatoes_ ..... ·--·-·····---··-··-·-.-·-.... -· -. -· ·. --· 56 35 begin to grow them when it becomes profitable to do so, which, as a rule, is when they find that they can compete successfully Former President Roosevelt in 1908-and I ask Senators to \Yith other sections producing them. So far as North Dakota mark some of the words of that illustrious statesman-appointed is concerned, I am satisfied that because of her climate and soil a Commission on Country Life. It consisted of Prof. L. H. Baile~, wheat will remain the great staple crop of the State, even of the New York State College of Agriculture, chairman; Mr. though the Canadian competition makes it difficult for the Henry Wallace, of Wallace's Farmer; President K. L. Butterfield, farmer to grow it at a profit. With newer and con.sequently of the Massachusetts Agricultural College; Mr. Gifford Pinchot, more productive lands, with cheaper lands,. ~nd. with lower at that time chief of the Forest Service; Mr. Walter H. Page, taxes tariff and others, in Canada, the competition is an uneven editor of the World's Work. Later Mr. C. S. Barrett, of Georgia, one. 'In years to come when the conditions have become similar and W. A. Beard, of California, were added. This commission to those in this country, the competition may be on even terms, was nppointed to inquire into the conditions of country life but until that time does come we have no right to ask the and to consider its problems-those which the Government can American wheat grower to compete in an open market with the help solye as well as those which must depend for their solu Canadian wheat grower buying all his purchases in a protected tion on the intelligence and energy of the farmer himself. In market. I do not agree that we should surrender wheat grow transmitting the report of this commission to Congress, Col. ing to Canada because she can produce mo~e cheaply. The f?-ct RooseYelt made the following statement, to which I wish to call that wheat can not be produced as cheaply m our wheat-growmg attention: States as in Canada does not prove that wheat is not the most I warn my countrymen that the great recent progress made in city profitable crop that can be produced in those States. It is not life is not a full measure of our civilization ; for our civilization rests the part of wisdom to attempt to compel a State better fitted ~or at bottom on the wholesomeness, the attractiveness, and the com the production of wheat than of other crops to abandon its pleteness, as well as the prosperity, of life in the country. present crop and produce those that it can produce only under From the treatment that the measure now before us has a disadvantage compared with other States. If France and Ger received, it is evident that many of us are in danger of forget many and other countries have seen it worth while to encour.age ting the truth which Col. Roosevelt so well expressed. If there their farmers to produce enough wheat for home consumption, was the slightest consideration of what the farmer's welfare surely the United States should not blindly ado~t a. po!-icy demanded, in the framing of the agreement with Canada, there which some of its advocates clearly, and others by impllcation, certainly is no evidence of it. The commission in its report state means the surrender of wheat growing to a foreign says: country. A nation producing its own food has ~thin ~t t.he Yet it is true, notwithstanding all this progress as measured by his torical standards, that agriculture is not commercially as profitable as means of maintaining her political as well as her mdustrial m it is entitled to be for the labor and energy that the farmer expends dependence. A nation dependent on other countries for her and the risks that he assumes, and that the social conditions in the food is in danger of losing both. open country are far short of their possibilities. We must measure our agricultural efficiency by its possibilities rather than by compari The farmer of this country has not been unduly prosperous. son with previous conditions. The farmer is almost necess::i.rily The great fortunes which have been made-whether they are handicapped in the development of his business, because his capital is small and the volume of his transactions limited, and he usually being squandered in extravagance or whether they are be stands practically a.lone against ·Organized interests. ing used wisely in the industries-have not been made on the farm. The Select Committee on Wages and Prices of Commodi Mr. President, those are significant words. ties says in its report-I am sorry the distinguished chairman Thoughtful men have long seen the danger lying in the of the committee, the Senator from l\1assachusetts [l\1r. LoDGE], overemphasis of manufacturing and commerce, resulting rn is absent. I quote from the report of the committee: our becoming more and more a nation of city dwellers. Our laws have unduly enhanced the importance of these indus Witnesses agree that farming operations were conducted at a loss, or at best with only a very slight margin of profit for several years- tries, and agriculture has been robbed of its dignity along with part of its just remuneration. The result is, in the case of Mark this- many of the older States, not merely a relative but an absolute and that only during the past two or three years have farmers been able decrease in the number of farmers, while the cities have in to secure a fair return on their labor and mvestment. creased immensely in population. I have not been able to get I do not know what they propose to do now. figures from the last census for all the States with reference . to this, but I have from some of the States. In Massachu The wealth of the farmers has increased. but largely through increase setts there were 1,203 fewer farmers in 1910 than in 1900, and ln the value of their land. This, however, is somewhat in the nature of profit on speculation, an Now, I take it the Senator believes this bill is unjust to the Ur. REED. Possibiy. Now I will answer the Senator. If. farmer. the Sena.tor from North Dakota-- Mr. GRONNA. I not only believe it, but I know it is. Mr; GRONNA.~ I will listen to the Senator-- Mr. REED. Yes; and that it is especially unjust,. in his Mr. REED. If the Senator can give assurance that if this opinion, because the burdens are not taken off of the farmer on bill is amended by adding the House free list and reduction bills the things he purchases. it will be signed by the President of the United States, I am Mr. GRONNA. Right here-is the Senator from Missouri ready to \ote for it, provided there are enough votes to assure willing to help me to take this free-list bill and attach it to it would pass here. the reciprocity bill to give the farmers the justice your own JUr. GRONNA. The Senator has not answered my question. committee has sn.i,d they are entitled to? l\Ir. REED. I thought I had. Mr. REED. The Senator interrupted my question with one JUr. GRONNA. The question I am most deeply interested in before I was through. is the first question I put to the Senator from Missouri. Mr. GRONNA. I beg the Senator,.s pardon. Will the Senator from Missouri help me to protect the l\Ir. REED. I want to ask him one- farmers of this country by amending the bill so as to at least 1\lr. GRONNA. I thought 1t was just the proper place ta ask give them a very small benefit by attaching the free list to the the Senator from Missouri a question. reciprocity agreement! Will the Senator from Missouri vote l\Ir. REED. Certainly. I was about to ask-· - with me for such an amendment? l\1r. GRONNA. If the Senator will pardon me, I am willing Mr. REED. The very moment the Senator-- to -rote to attach it to this reciprocity bill. Is the Senator Mr. GRONNA. That is the question I should like to have from l\Iissouri willing to help me to take away part of the bur answered. · den that the American farmer has been subjected to, according Mr. REED. The very moment the Senator gives us the as to the statement of his party in the other body? surance that the President will not veto it in that form. ~Ir. REED. I am sorry the Sena.tor interrupted. my ques Mr. NELSON. Will the Senator from North Dakota yield tion, because I was traveling to the same point. to me? l\Ir. GRONNA. I yield to the Senator. The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Da Mr. REED. I will say to the Senator from North Dakota kota yield to the Senator from Minnesota? that the Democratic Members of the Senate, so far as I have Mr. REED. I have not the floor to yield> but I will be glad heard expression of opinion, without exception, agree to the to yield. proposition that they are willing to remove from the farmer The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair asked the Senator from every possible burden, and that, so far as I know, they are North Dakota if he would yield to the Senator from Minnesota. willing to vote for those very measures which were passed by .Mr. GRONNA. Has the Senat0r from Missouri concluded the House of Representatives to correct the inequalities which his question? were referred to in the paragraph of the report the Senator Mr. RF...ED. I was through. I said I did not have the floor read. I think there is absolute unanimity of opinion. to yield, but I would be glad to yield. Now, I wanted to ask the Senator this question-- Mr. GRONNA. If the Senator from Missouri has any further 1\Ir .. GRONNA. Will the Senator answer my question? question to ask I will be glad to yield to hlm. Mr. REED.· I will answer the Senator. Mr. REED. Nothing further than to make this statement: l\fr. GRONNA. Before the Senator asks me a question, will l think it is a good time to make it, because we all ought to the Senator answer my question? deal here openly and fairly on this great matter with ourselves . Mr. REED. But I will ask this one in its order, and then and with the country. I think the Democratic position is that answer with perfect frankness. the reciprocity bill does not go as far as they would Uke to l\1r. GRONNA. Very well. have it go. They want other, further, and additional relief for Mr. REED. If this bill does pass, will the Senator belp the the people of the United States; not the farmers alone, but all Democrats to relieve the farmer of these inequalities by helping classes of citizens. That is the position. to pass the bills the House of Representatives has already The fear of the Democrats is that if this bill is amended at sent in? ' all here in the Senate it may then be beaten in part by the votes l\fr. GRONNA. The Senator from Missouri wants me to an of the \ery men who helped to amend it; and if it is not beaten, swer that question? but is passed by the Senate, then it will be vetoed by the Presi Mr. REED. Yes. dent. I think the Democratic position is that the reciprocity Mr. GRONNA. What assurance can the Senator from Mis bill, while far from perfect, is better than no step in the direc souri give me that the free-list bill will become a law and re tion of tariff reduction. lieve the farmer providing the reciprocity bill does pass the l\Ir. :NELSON. Mr. President-- Senate? Mr. GRONNA. I now yield to the Senator from Minnesota. 1\fr. REED. I a.m asking whether, if this does pass, you l\fr. REED. Just let me conclude what I have been saying, would go that far with ns. Of course, I can not speak for the and then I will yield. President. The Senator has already answered the question he Mr. GRONNA. Very well. has asked me. So far as I know the Democra.tic opinion is that l\Ir. REED. I take it that the position of our friends repre- . they would be willing, I think that they would all be willing, sented by the Senator upQn his feet is a little similar. He does to add the House free-list bill and reduction. bills to this meas not so much object to the reciprocity measure if he could carry ure if two things could -be assured: One that the bill as thus the reform far enough to equalize the reduction on farm prod amended would pass the Senate; and, second, that it would be ucts, but he hesitates to have the reductions go up in separate signed by the President and become a law. bills for fear the President will veto them, and he believes that Now, the"" Senator has already indicated a fear in his own the measure, without the other additional bills or amendments, mind that the President would not sign the House bills if they is a bad bill. · came to him separately. Mr. WARREN. .!\Jay I ask the Senator a question? Mr. GRONNA. I did not intend to indicate any such fear, Mr. REED. When I conclude. Now, the trouble with us is as will be shown by the statement which I shalI make later on. not so much where we are trying to go as the assurance that I think it is unfair to the President of the United States to we will get to the destination. And I say again, and I put it criticize him or to entertain. any fear that' he will veto any to the -senator, can he bring the assurance to the Democrats measure until he is given an opportunity to do so. But that of this Chamber that if this bill is passed by the Senate and .. is not answering the question which I put to the Senator from passed by the Honse with the free-list amendment on, the Missouri. President of the United States will permit it to become a law? l\fr. REED. Oh, yes. The Senator just asked me this ques Mr. NELSON. Mr. President-- tion, Whether I could give him the assurance that if these The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North House bills were added to this bill it would become a law? and Dakota yield to the Senator from .Minnesota? I took it that he meant that the President's veto might be inter Mr. GRONNA. I now yield to the Senator from Minnesota, posed, because if it passed this Honse it would only lack that because I should like to answer all these questions at once. signature in order to become a law. Mr. NELSON. I am surprised at the questions and the dis :\Ir. CLAPP. Mr. President, if the Senator-- ingenuousness of the Senator from Missouri. He knows that :Jlr. REED. It would also lack the concurrence of the House, this measure passed chiefly by Democratic votes in the other but the action of the House is assured. House, and if it has the least show of passage in this House l\fr. CLAPP. I wanted to remind the Senator th~t we have it is because it has the support o! the Democratic Party. Most bad some experience here in conference matters which would of the Republicans in this Chamber are opposed to that meas have to be embraced in the suggestion that it would become ure. Now, it seems to me, the question whether the bill will be a law. signed by the President if we add the free-list bill ought to be 2692 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE~ JULY 6, addressed to the President by those who are cooperating with l\Ir. GRONNA. I yield to the Senator. him and who are sailing under his banner. Instead of address Mr. NELSON. It is now late. The Senator has been on his ing it to us, who are opposed to reciprocity, address it to the feet for more than three hours. I move that the Senate ad President, under whose flag and banner you are operating. journ. Mr. REED. Let me ask-- Mr. CULLOM. I hope the Senator from l\finnesota will with Mr. WARREN. Mr. President-- draw that motion, that we may have a brief executive session. 1\Ir. REED. I ought to be permitted to answer one man at a Mr. NELSON. Very well; I withdraw the motion. time. Mr. CULLOl\I. I move that the Senate proceed to the con Mr. WARREN. This is along the same lines. sideration of executive business. The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the · Senator from North The motion was agreed to, and the Senate proceeded to the Dakota yield, and to whom? consideration of executive business. After eight minutes spent Mr. GRONNA. I yield to the Senator from Wyoming. in executive session the doors were reopened, and (at 5 o'clock Mr. REED. I ought to be permitted to answer one at a time. and 12 minutes p. m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, Mr. WARREN. The Senator has asked a question, and I am Friday, July 7, 1911, at 11 o'clock a. m. about to ask a question, and you can answer both. I want to ask why the Senator from Missouri has so studiously avoided NOMINATIONS. informing us what the House will do. The .newspapers have stated, and it has not been denied, that one of the reasons Executive nominations received by the Senate J·uly 6, 1911. why they doubt that the President will sign it is because those COLLECTOR OF INTERNAL REVENUE. who origiilated the measure and.caused its passage in the House Frank L. Gilbert to be collector of internal revenue for the ha1e refused absolutely to entertain it if we amend it here. second district of Wisconsin, vice Frank R. Bentley, resigned. .Mr. REED. Have I the permission-- UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE. The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Dakota yield to the Senator from Missouri? Paul Charlton, of Nebraska, to be United States district judge l\fr. GRONNA. With pleasure. for the district of Porto Rico, vice John J. Jenkins, deceased. l\fr. REED. I want to say that I have neither studiously APPOINTMENTS IN TIIE ARMY. avoided nor otherwise avoided answering any question. When Maj. Edwin R. Stuart, Corps of Engineers, to be professor of my good friend gets better acquainted with me he will know drawing at the United States Military Academy, to take effect that I never do. I have no authority to speak for the House of October 4, 1911, vice Prof. Charles W. Larned, who died June Representatives; I hold no brief from that great body; but I 19, 1911. am here to say that after talking with -a number of men who CAVALRY ARM. have been very potential in the councils of the Democracy, with out exception they ha..ve said to me that if the Senate amended Squadron Se.rgt. Maj. Romney T. Jewel1, Eleventh Cavalry, this bill by adding the House free-list bills it would never go to be second lieutenant of Cavah-y, with rank from June 30, to conference; that it would be passed by the Democratic votes 1911. in the House of Representatives. MEDICAL RESERVE CORPS. Now, I trust the Senator will not say I have avoided any- To be first lieu,tenants with ran.Tc fr01n Jwie 30, 19i1. thing. . Thomas Henry Watkins, of Louisiana. 1\fr. WARREN. The Senator's account from the House does Clark David Brooks, of Michigan. not agree with the purported interviews with the chairman of Warfield Theobald Longcope,_of Pennsylvania. the Committee on Ways and Means, which formulated these Charles Aaron Hull, of Nebraska. two bills. Perhaps the Senator is right; I do not doubt it; but Albert Ernst Taussig, of Missouri. there seems to be a difference between the testimony of the men Edwin Clyde Henry, of Nebraska. in the House who have had most to do with it and the Senator Louis Barth, of Michigan. from Missouri. Park Weed Willis, pf Washington. Mr. REED. It is not the first time I have differed with Horace Russel Allen, of Indiana. newspapers; it is not the first time I have been right; and it Mark Marshall, of Michigan. may not be the first time I have been mistaken. I simply give J ames Fleming Breakey, of 1\Iichigan. my statement for what it is worth. Reuben Peterson, of Michigan. The statement was made by the Senator from Minnesota [Mr. Hermann Johannes Boldt, of New York. NELSON] that we were sailing under the Pi·esident's banner. I Marcus Claude Terry, jr., of California. do not think the Democratic Party ought to be accused of that. Francis St. Clair Reilly, of Pennsylvania. Simply beeause the President of the United States has gotten Arthur Ernest Lane, of Wyoming. partially right on this great question and is taking one step in Lester Laurens Roos, of New York. the right direction, and because we vote for it, we ought not to Will Garrison Merrill, of Wisconsin. be required to stand sponsor for him or assume to be his spokes Frank Wilburn Dudley, at large. men. There is no use trying to shift this responsibility, Mr. Almon Pliny Goff, at large. - President. There are men on the other side of the Chamber in James Walker Smith, at large. the counsels of the President almost daily who represent the Howard White Seager, of California. administration, practically and in a proper way. I say that Elwin Witt Ames, at large. without the slightest criticism. They are on the Republican Lewis Francis Bleazby, of California. side of this Hall; every one of them is here; and the question Michael Manley Waterhouse, of New York. ought to be addressed by the Senator from Minnesota and by the Senator from North Dakota to the men who belong to the SECRETARY OF LEGATION AND CONSUL GENERAL. President's party and who are in the President's counsels. If Francis Munroe Endicott, of Massachusetts, now secretary of they can not get information from their own side of the Cham- the legation at Santo Domingo, to be secretary of the legation 'ber, just come over to our side and help us a little and we will and consul general of the United States of America at Santo elect a President who will let us know whether a measure will Domingo, Dominican Republic, to fill an original vacancy. be signed or not. I say that with respect, for if the President 1\IEMBEB OF EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF PORTO Rrco. can properly go over this country, making speeches daily upon Manuel Camunas, of Porto Rico, vice Juan F. Vias Ochoteco, measures pending before Congress and advise the people, he resigned. may just as properly advise this body. PROMOTIONS IN THE NAVY. Mr. GRONNA. Mr. President, I had almost come to the con clusion that the Senator's party had kidnapped our President. Commander Albert L. Key to be a captain in the Navy from I think it is unfair for him to ask me what I believe the Presi the 1st day of July, 1911, ·to fill a vacancy. dent would do or would not do in a matter of this kind. . Commander Harry A. Field to be a captain in the Navy from Mr. REED. With all due respect, when the Democracy start the 1st day of July, 1911, to fill a vacancy. out kidnapping Presidents they will pick one for themselves. Lieut. Commander Montgomery M. Taylor to be a commander Mr. GRONNA. As a ransom you demand that we surrender in the Navy from the 4th day of March, 1911, to fill a vacancy. to the Canadian farmer the markets which belong to the Lieut. Commander l\filton E. Reed to · be a commander in the American farmer, and that is more than the American farmer Navy from the 14th day of June, 1911, to fill a vacancy. can stand. Lieut. Ralph E. Pope to be a lieutenant commander in the Mr. NELSON. l\fr. President-- ·Navy from the 1st day of July, 1911, to fill a vacancy. The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from North Da Lieut. Willis G. Mitchell to be a lieutenant commander in the kota yield to the Senator from .Minnesota? Navy from the 1st day of July, 1911, to fill a vacancy. 1911.. OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. 2693 Lieut. (Junior Grade) Lloyd W. Townsend to be a lieutenant 1 TO BE SECOND LIEUTENANTS. in the Navy from the 4th day of March, 1911, to fill a vacancy. Lieut. (Junior Grade) Grafton A. Beall, jr., to be a lieutenant Corps of Engineers. in the Navy from the 4th day of March, 1911, to fill a vacancy. Cadet Philip Bracken Fleming. Lieut. (Junior Grade) William L. Calhoun to be a lieutenant Cadet John Wesley Stewart. in the Navy from the 1st day of July, 1911, to fill a vacancy. Cadet Joseph Cowles Mehaffey. Ensign l\fatthins E. Manly to be a lieutenant (junior grade) Cadet Paul Sorg Reinecke. in the Navy from the 13th day of February, 1911, upon the Cadet Raymond Albert Wheeler. completion of three years' service as an ensign. Cavalr·y Arm. Paymasters Edward T. Hoopes and Cecil S. Baker, with the Cadet John Everard Hatch. rank of lieutenant, to be paymasters in the Navy, with the rank Cadet Alexander Day Surles. of lieutenant commander, from the 1st day of July, 1911. Cadet Philip James Kieffer. Naval Constructors William McEntee, William Il. Ferguson, Cadet Karl Slaughter Bradford. jr., and John A. Spilman, with the rank of lieutenant, to be Cadet Frederick Gilbreath. naval constructors in the Navy, with the rank of lieutenant Cadet Harrison Henry Cocke Richards. commander, from the 1st day of July, 1911. Cadet Arthur Bayard Conard. Asst. Naval Constructor Lew M. Atkins, with the rank of lieu Cadet Frank Hall Hicks. tenant (junior grade), to be an assistant na·rnl constru~tor in Cnd.et John Porter Lucas. the Navy, with the rank of lieutenant, from the 1st day of Cadet Wilfrid Mason Blunt. July, 1911. Cudet James Craig Riddle Schwenck. The following-named midshipmen to be ensigns in the Navy Cadet William Patrick Joseph O'Neill. from the 5th day of June, 1911, to fill vacancies: Cadet Frank Lazelle Van Horn. Eric L. Ellington and Cadet Howell Marion Estes. Wallace L. Lind. - Cadet John Furman Wall. Passed Asst. Paymaster Chester G. Mayo to be a paymaster Cadet Leo Gerald Heffernan. in the Navy from the 2d day of January, 1911, to fill a vacancy. Cadet Edwin Noel Hardy. Field Artillerv Arm.. CONFIR:l\!ATIONS. Cadet Curtis Hoppin Nance. Emecutive nominations confirmea by the Senate July 6, 1911. Cadet Freeman Wate Bowley. Cadet John C. Beatty. UNITED STATES ATTORNEY. Cadet Charles Anderson Walker, jr. Guy D. Goff to be United States attorney for the eastern d!s Cadet Bethel Wood Simpson. trict of Wisconsin. Cadet Neil Graham Finch. UNITED STATES MARSHAL. Coast Artiliery Gorps. Harry A. Weil to be United States marshal for the eastern Cadet Charles Adam Schimelfenig. district of Wisconsin. Cadet Charles Reuben Baxter. PROMOTIONS IN THE NAVY. Cadet Gustav Henry Franke. Cadet Hubert Gregory Stanton. Lieut. Samuel B. Thomas to be a lieutenant commander. Cadet Harold Floyd Nichols. Medical Inspector James C. Byrnes to be a medical director. Cauet Franklin Kemble. Asst. Surg. Joseph A. Biello to be a passed assistant surgeon. -Cndet Herbert Arthur Dargue. Richard H. Laning, a citizen of Washington, to be an assist- Cadet Jolin Griffeth Booton. ant surgeon. Cadet James Blanchard Crawford. The following-named ensigns to be assistant civil engineers: Cadet Robert W. Clark, jr. David G. Copeland, tLD.d Cadet Robert Lincoln Gray. Greer A. Duncan. Cadet John Louis Homer. UNITED STATES MELTER AND REFINER. Cadet Robert Clyde Gildart. Harrison J. Slaker to be melter and refiner of the United Cadet George Derby Holland. States assay office at New York, N. Y. Cadet Joseph William McNeal. Cadet Max Stanley l\Iurray. ENVOYS ExTRAORDINABY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY. Infantry Arm.. Lewis Einstein to be envoy extraordinary and minister pleni potentiary to Costa Rica. Cadet Harry Russell Kutz. William W. Russell to be envoy extraordinary and minister Cadet Thompson Lawrence. plenipotentiary to the Dominican Republic. Cadet Harry James Keeley. Emn E. Young to be envoy extraordinary and minister pleni Cadet Charles Philip Hall. potentiary to Ecuador. Cadet William Edmund Larned. Charles Dunning White to be envoy extraordinary and min Cadet Alfred John Betcher. ister plenipotentiary to Honduras. Cadet Charles Laurence Byrne. H .. Percival Dodge to be envoy extraordinary and minister Cadet George Richmond Hicks. plenipotentiary to Panama. Cadet Haig Shekerjian. Cadet Charles Sea Floyd. SECRETARIES OF LEGATIONS. Cadet Benjamin Curtis Loc1.."Wood, jr. Jordan Herbert Stabler to be secretary of the legation at Cadet Carroll Armstrong Bagby. Guatemala. Cadet Oliver Stelling 1UcCieary. Hugh S. Gibson to be secretary of the legation at Habana. Cadet Frederick Gilbert Dillman. Edward T. Williams to be secretary of the legation at Peking. Cadet Gregory Hoisington. Charles Campbell, jr., to be second secreta:r:y of the embassy Cadet Ziba Lloyd Drollinger. at Tokyo. Cadet Frank Butner Clay. George T. Summerlin to be second secretary of the legation Cadet Jesse Amos Ladd. at Peking. Cadet Paul William Baade. William K. Wallace to be second secretary of the legation at Cadet Joseph Laura Wier. Habana. Cadet James Roy Newman Weaver. Cadet James Daniel Burt. SECRETARY OF LEGATION AND CONSUL GENERAL. Cadet Emanuel Villard Heidt. Francis Munroe .Endicott to be secretary of the legation and Cadet William Henry Harrison Morris, jr, • consul general at Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Cadet Sidney Herbert Foster. Cadet Carl Fish McKinney. APPOINTMENTS IN THE ARMY. Cadet Roscoe Conkling Batson. MEDICAL CORPS. Cadet Allen Russell Kimball. Cadet Ira Adelbert Rader. First Lieut. Edgar D. Craft, Medical Reserve Corps, to be Cadet Alvan Crosby Sandeford. first lieutenant. Cadet William Jay Calvert 2694 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 7, Cadet William Burrus l\IcLaurin. Whereas to compel railroads to engage in the business of carrying and delivering express will obviate the necessity for duplicate invest Cadet Kenneth Ebbecke Kem. ment and duplicate profit now existing; and Cadet David Hamilton Cowles. Whereas other countries, with success both economically and finan Cadet Ira Thomas Wyche. cially, have combined the railroad and express business: Therefore be it Resolved by the assemblv (the senate concurr·ing), That we respect Cadet Arthur Clyde Evans. fully request the Congress of tbe United States to take such action PROMOTIONS IN THE ARMY. as may be necessary to compel all interstate railroads to engage d.i rectly in the business of carrying and delivering express; and be it MEDICAL CORPS. further Resolv ed, That certified copies of this resolution be forwarded to the Capt. Reuben B. Miller to be major. Chief Clerks of the two Houses of Congress and. to the United States FIELD ARTILLERY ABM. Senators and Congressmen from Wisconsin. C. A. INGRAM, First Lieut. Nelson E. l\Iargetts to be captain. Speakm· of the Assembly. First Lieut. Robert Davis to be captain. H. C. MARTIN, Acting President of th-e Senate. Second Lieut. Joseph W. Rumbough to be first lieutenant. . c. EJ. SHAFFER, Second Lieut. William l\fcCleave to be first lieutenant. Ohi ef Olerk of the .Assembly. Second Lieut. Allan C. McBride to be first lieutenant. - F. M. WYLIE, Second Lieut. Joe R. Brabson to be first lieutenant. Ohief Olerk of the Senate. Mr. BURTON presented a petition of sundry citizens of Ohio, INFANTRY ARM. praying for the ratification of the proposed treaty of arbitra Lieut. Col. Frank B. Jones to be colonel. tion between the United States and Great Britain, which was l\Iaj. James A. Goodin to be lieutenant colonel. referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. Capt. Charles Miller to be major. He also presented resolutions adopted by the National Asso COAST ARTILLERY CORPS. ciation of Automobile Manufacturers, favoring the adoption of Cadet William Benjamin Hardigg to be second lieutenant. an amendment to the so-called corporation-tax law permitting corporations to make returns at the end of their fiscal years, OAV ALBY ARM. which were referred to the Committee on Finance. Cadet Thomas Jonathan Jackson Christian to be second lieu He also presented memorials of Greenwood Grange, No. 1061, tenant. of Hardin County; of Colebrook Grange, No. 1593; of Du~am RETIRED LIST OF THE ARMY. Grange; of Leipsic Grange, No. 1664; of Warren Grange, No. First Lieut. John S. :Marshall, retired, with the rank of 1715; of Parma Grange, No. 1732; of Pomona Grange, of Rich captain. land County; and of Pleasant Hill Grange, No. 598, of the POSTMASTERS. Patrons of Husbandry, and of sundry citizens, all in the State . CALIFORNIA. of Ohio, remonstrating against the proposed reciprocal trade agreement between the United States and Canada., which were James W. Roe, San Gabriel. ordered to lie on the table. ILLINOIS. He also presented a petition of Pomona Grange, Patrons of Anthus Willard, Macon. Husbandry, of Ashtabula County, Ohio, praying for the estab MINNESOTA. lishment of a parcels-post system, which was referred to the Ralph Prescott, Le Roy. Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads. Mr. SIM.MONS presented a petition of the congregation of NEW JERSEY. the Christian Church of Hyde County, N. C., praying for the James Steel, Little Falls. enactment of legislation to prohibit the interstate transporta George N. Wimer, Palmyra. tion of intoxicating liquors into prohibition districts, which OHIO. was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. Robert Cleland, Convoy. l\Ir. PERKINS presented a petition of sundry farmers of SOUTH CAROLINA. Santa Paula, Cal., praying for the enactment of legislation authorizing the inspection of foreign nursery -stock, which was M. B. Cross, Ferguson. referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. 1\1r. BRADLEY presented a memorial of the Trade and Labor WITHDRAWAL'. Assemblies of Kenton and Campbell Counties, in the State of Executive nomination withdrawn July 6, 1911. Kentucky, remonstrating against the ratification of the pro Foster V. :erown, of Tennessee, to be United States district posed treaty of arbitration between the United States and Great judge for the district of Porto Rico. Britain, which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions. · REPORTS OF COM?.fiTTEES. Mr. CHAMBERLAIN, from the Committee on Military SEN.ATE. Affairs, to which was referred the joint resolution ( S. J. Res. 31) authorizing the Secretary of War to loan certain tents for FRIDAY, JUly 7, 1911. the use of the Astoria Centennial, to be held at Astoria, Oreg., The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m. August 10 to September 9, 1911, reported it with an amendment Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. Ulysses G. B. Pierce, D. D. and submitted a report (No. 98) thereon. The Journal of yesterday's proceedings was read and approved. Mr. CULBERSON, from the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds, to which was referred the bill ( S. 955) to provide COLUMBIA HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN. for the extension of the post-office and courthouse building at The· VICE PRESIDENT announced the appointment of Dallas, Tex., and for other purposes, reported it with an amend Mr. GALLINGER to succeed himself as a director on the part of ment and submitted a report (No. 97) thereon. the Senate of the Columbia Hospital for Women and Lying-in PUBLIC BUILDING AT CHARLESTON, W. VA. Asylum in the District of Columbia, as provided for in the act of June 10, 1872. Mr. WAT SON. From the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds I report back favorably, without amendment, the bill PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. ( S. 2932) to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury, in his The VICE PRESIDENT presented a joint resolution adopted mscretion, to sell the old post-office and courthouse building at by the Legislature of the State of Wisconsin, which was referred Charleston, W. Va., and in the event of such sale to enter into to the Committee on Interstate Commerce and ordered to be a contract for the construction of a suitable post-office and printed in the RECORD, as follows: courthouse building at Charleston, W. Va., without additional Joint resolution (J. Res. No. 149, A) memorializing Congress of the cost to the Government of the United States. United States to take such action as may be necessary to compel all interstate railroads to engage directly in the business of carrying Mr. CHILTON. I ask unanimous consent for the immediate and delivering express. consideration of the bill. Whereas the present system of carrying on the express business of The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will be read for the infor this country by companies which enter into private contract with rail mation of the Senate. roads for the transportation of goods is an economic wa.ste, in that The Secretary read the bill; and, there being no objection, the such system requires and necessitates to a considerable extent dupli cate equipment and investment and earnings necessary to insure a Senate, as in Committee of the Wlwle, proceeded to its consid reasonable return on such duplicate investment; and _ eration. Whereas it is one of the paramount functions of both Nation and The blll was reported to the Senate without amendment, State to enact laws which will ·compel all business affected with a public interest to be so conducted as to afford to the people the ·best ordered to· be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, possible service at the lowest possible rate; and _ and passed.