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Report on the Population, Industries, And REPORT ON THE POPULATION, INDUSTRIES, AND RESOURCES OF ALASKA. BY SPECIAL A.O-KNT. HO 107 MAPS. TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF ALASKA (in pocket at end of volume. ETHNOLOGICAL MAP OF ALASKA MAP SHOWING BOUNDARIES OF GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS 1 MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF BEAVER, LAND-OTTER, AND SEA-OTTER 55 MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF POLAR, BROWN, AND BLACK BEAR 57 MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF FOXES . 58 MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF MINK AND MARTEN .. 50 MAP SHOWING DISTRIBUTION or TIMBER, TUNDRA, AND GLACIERS 75 ILLUSTRATIONS. THE YUKON TUNDRA is SUMMER 11 LAKE WALKER, ALJASKA PEKINSULA 24 MAHLEMUTE MAN AND WOMAN 126 KUSKOKVAGAMUTE MALE SUMMER DRX88 11(3 BELUGA HUNTER AND DWELLINGS (LOWER KUBKOKVIM RIVER) 134 BURIAL PLACE OF THE TOGIAGMUTE 135 TENNANAH TRIBE, MAN AND WOMAN 161 TlILINKET AND MAN FROM COPPER RIVER . 165 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. LETTKR OF TRANSMITTAL .................................................................................................... v, vi CHAPTER I. STATISTICAL EKVIEW BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. THK ARCTIC DIVISION ....................................................................................................... 1-4 THE YUKON DIVISION .................................................. ! ............................................. ....... 4-13 Temperature observations at Nulato, Alaska .............................................................................. 6 Temperature observations at fort Yukon, Yukon river, Alaska. .: .......................................................... 6,7 THE KCSKOKVIM DIVISION ................................................................................................... 13-17 THK ALEUTIAN DIVISION- ..................................................................................................... 18-23 THE KADIAK DIVISION- ....................................................................................................... 24-29 THE Sol IHEASTEKN DIVISION .................................................................................. ............ 29-32 RECAPITULATION OF HIM roi't I..VTION OK ALASKA ............................................................................ 33 NATIVE POPULATION OK THE KUSSIAN COLONIES IN AMERICA IN 1818 ......................................................... 33 ION OK KUSMAN AMKKICA IN 1*1! ............ 33 , ............................................................... ('E.vsfs or (IONAI.ASHKA DISTRICT IN 1H ..................... ............................................................... 34,35 KSTIMA-IK OK KOI.OSII i.v 1H35 ................................................................................................ 35 ' NATIVE TI:MII:S or VMERICA BETWEEN LATITUDE 59 AND 54 40' N., EXCLUSIVE OF THE SITKA TRIBE ON I'.AI: ................................................................................................ 36,37 10* UV J.I' /.AUOSKIN, I. I.'. N.. OK NATIVES OF XoitTON SOUND AND LOWEK YUKON IN 1842, 1843, AND 1844.. 37 HANS IN i: US-IAN AMI: me A IN l-t;o. i;\, I.USIVK OK l.'r IANS ............................................................ 38 THI.INKI.T ; -01-1 -I.UION IN: l.-ol ..................................................................................... 38 iNHAIHTANl- OK KI S-IAN AMI I! 1C A JANTAKY 1, 1 -.I:! .......................................................................... 40 MA .TOI:-;KNI:I:AI. MAI i -, IMATE OF THE OF ........................................................ 40 POPULATION ALASKA < ! MAHOM.V'S i.~n.\i.\ n: THE THLINKET TI:IIIE ......... ..................................................................... 41 KurtATiox .................................................................................................................. 41-43 ................................................................................................................. 43-45 I'OI.ITHM ......................................................................................................... 45 MEAN TEMI-EIIAITKE AT VAIMOI-S POINTS IN ALASKA ........................................................................... 45 A FEW IfEMAT.KS ON II IK. sl-l I.I IN(, oF RUSSIAN AND NATIVE NAMES ............................................................ 46 CHAPTER II. RESOURCES. THE Funs OF ALASKA ........................................................................................................ 49-67 Tlie distril'iitioii of I lit- fur- 1 waring anitnalH in Alaska ................................................................... 55-CO Kxpurt- i>fl irs from Alaxka ........................................................................................... 60-67 Tin: i IM 1 1:1. n s ............................................................................................................ .. 67-75 THE TiMiiF.it OK AIASKA .................................................................................................... 75,76 MINERALS ................................................................................................................. 76-78 ............................................................................................................. 78,79 MAIl-IK S ......................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER III. GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY. Tin: MAP oi A i. \.-KA ........................................................................................................ 81-83 Tin: I,K.M,,I:APHY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF ALASKA ..................................... .. ........................................ 83-93 Tin: \ DI.I A NII- I;I:<;I.,N OK ALASKA .......................................................................................... 93-96 Chronological rrvii-w of volc-anic pliriioiuena on the Aleutian islands and the northwest coast of America from the year 1690- 95,96 CHAPTER IV. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ALASKA. Hl8TOi:u A i. -KI-ICII OK ALASKA ............................................................................................. 96-123 CHAPTER V. NOTES ON ALASKAN ETHNOLOGY. I. THE FSKIMO (oit INNUIT) .............................................................................................. 124-146 II. THE AI.KI-TS .......................................................................................................... 146-160 III. THE A-IIIAIIVSKAXS ..................................................................................................... 160-165 IV. THE TULINKKT ........................................................................................................ 165-17T iii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. WASHINGTON, D. C., August 7, 1882. Hon. CHARLES W. SEATON, Superintendent of Census. SIB : la obedience to my instructions of April 20, 1880, under which I was directed to ascertain and report as far as possible the number of inhabitants of each geographical division of the Alaskan district, with an account of the occupations, modes of subsistence of the people, their dietary, dress, etc., indicating a proportional consumption of domestic and imported articles; their religious and educational institutions, with all statistical information relative thereto which might be available, together with such matters of economical and social importance as should seem to me to fall within the scope of my labors, I have the honor to report that during the seasons of 1880 and 1881 1 made an extended exploration of the greater part of Alaska and a careful enumeration of its people, collecting at the same time facts and statistics bearing upon their pust and present condition and the volume of trade in that region. The immense extent of country contained in the district made it impossible for me to visit every section in person, even in two immiuers, but the population statistics of regions beyond my reach I have obtained from the most reliable sources. The people of the Arctic coast down to King's island, in Bering sea, were enumerated by Captain E. E. Smith, a whaling master of long experience, speaking the 1 mini t tongue, who accompanied the United States steamer Thomas Corwin on her Arctic cruise in 1880 in the capacity of ice pilot. Most of his figures aro from actual count. For the enumeration of the coast people from King's island to the mouth of the Kuskokvim river, and of the inhabitants of the Yukon del to, I am indebted to Mr. E. W. Nelson, United States signal service, who obtained his figures by actual count during a series of sledge journeys through all that region. The same gentleman has also furnished me with much statistical information of great value. The enumeration of the people of the Yukon river and its tributaries beyond the points reached by me during my journey of 1880 was obtaiued, with the assistance of the traders, Messrs. Harper, Mayo, and McQuestion, from chiefs and other prominent natives of the various settlements during their annual visit to the coast. At all places visited by me in person I succeeded in making an actual count. Having obtained the official returns of the church authorities within the .area claimed by the various parishes and missions of the Russian church, I compared these with my own enumeration. I also compared the parish returns with the local registers kept by the "reader", or church representative, in each Christian village. The official returns of the Russian church were furnished me the Rev. Zakliar of the mission Rev. Peter by Belkof, missionary Kvikhpak (Yukon river) ; Shishkin, of the mission Rev. Father of the Kenai mission missionary Nushegak
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