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Rural Sports: the Poetry of Fishing, Fowling, and Hunting, 1650-1800

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Rural Sports: the Poetry of Fishing, Fowling, and Hunting, 1650-1800 Rural Sports: The Poetry of Fishing, Fowling, and Hunting, 1650-1800 Philip McKnight Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the PhD degree in English Department of English Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Philip McKnight, Ottawa, Canada, 2011 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgments...………………………………………………………………………….iii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………iv List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………v Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...1 Part 1. Fishing……………………………………………………………………………….30 Chapter 1. Izaak Walton and Angling Specialization……………………………………….31 Chapter 2. After Walton: The Happy Man and the Golden Age of Angling Verse in the 1690s…………………………………………………………...49 Chapter 3. Eighteenth-Century Translations, Imitations, and Experiments…………………80 Part 2. Hunting and Fowling……………………………………………………………….110 Chapter 4. Hunting Poetry in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century……………….111 Chapter 5. The Hunt in Early-Eighteenth-Century Poetry…………………………………133 Chapter 6. The Hunting Gentleman: William Somervile’s The Chace……………………159 Chapter 7. Fowling: Advances in Shooting Technology…………………………………..187 Chapter 8. Hunting and Humanitarianism in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century…………………………………………………………218 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….251 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………..256 iii Acknowledgments For his belief in me and in the project, I am eternally grateful to my thesis supervisor Frans De Bruyn. I would also like to thank the members of my examination committee – Raymond Stephanson, Ina Ferris, April London, and Nicholas Von Maltzahn – for their attentive and incisive reading of my work. Thank you to Norah Franklin for her careful copy- editing. I offer my deepest thanks to my friends and family for the love, support, and encouragement I have received. Thank you to my parents, Alan and Barbara, for instilling in me a sense of self-belief – I dedicate these pages to them. And finally, thank you to Brenda Dunn, who was really good for the thesis. iv Abstract “Rural Sports: The Poetry of Fishing, Fowling, and Hunting, 1650-1800” traces the evolution of poetry on the field sports over a 150-year span, with a view toward considering these poems in the first instance as sporting texts. This thesis analyzes sportsmen’s attitudes toward their activities, noting the larger social implications of their sporting performances. The thesis also seeks to classify and understand the poems as distinct literary sub-genres. Current sociological insights into angling and hunting help to illustrate the poems’ resemblances to one another, particularly Hobson Bryan’s concept of “recreational specialization” and Norbert Elias’s concept of “tension equilibrium.” In providing a systematic survey of the rural sports poetry, this thesis argues that during successive stages of the period, poetry on certain sports came into vogue and then receded from fashion. This followed from historical and political developments but also from literary ones. The poetry on fishing after Izaak Walton’s Compleat Angler (1653) maintained a dialogue between pastoral and georgic elements, as the two modes offered scope for the experience of angling. In the eighteenth century, the writers of hunting verse balanced a passion for sport with social and political awareness; hence, they tended to employ the techniques of the prospect view and topographical poetry, intermixing descriptive elements with didactic ones in the georgic mould. As the century progressed, hunting and shooting were either reproved in an increasing number of sentimental poems representing hunters as uncaring and pitiless toward animals or they were celebrated for their gentlemanly values and virtues in the manner of William Somervile’s influential poem The Chace (1735) and George Markland’s Pteryplegia (1727). v List of Figures 1. Minor esca maioris by Peter Isselberg (1617)……………………..……………………..62 1 Introduction This dissertation is about fishing and hunting poetry published between 1650 and 1800. I aim to establish generic repertoires for the poetry of the two sports in that period and to contextualize that body of poetry within the literary developments of the era. I also undertake an analysis of the poems with a view toward arriving at a definition of “sport,” a complex term that had many meanings in the period and still does in the present. The idea of “sport” was a rapidly evolving one in the Restoration and eighteenth century, an evolution that raises many social and ideological issues, including who had access to sports and who could perform them. Most importantly, I will consider the poetry in the first instance as sporting texts. This is not to say that fishing and hunting poems have hitherto been unnoticed critically. However, most literary historians who have considered verse on rural sports have chosen to do so from political, legal, or ecocritical points of view. They have tended to read rural sports as expressive of other interests, rather than attending to how the speakers in the poems, particularly those who were active participants in the sports themselves, conceived of their activity as sport. My project here is to analyze the sportsmen’s attitudes in relation to the larger social implications attached to the performance of their sports. I build on the work of Donna Landry, who historicizes the process by which the countryside was figuratively invented in the hunting and walking literature in the period.1 I test Eric Rothstein’s observation that there was a profound ambivalence in hunting literature, as the sport’s heroic features co-existed with an emerging sentimental outlook that deplored the killing of 1 Donna Landry, The Invention of the Countryside: Hunting, Walking, and Ecology in English Literature, 1671- 1831 (New York: Palgrave, 2001). 2 animals.2 And I expand upon how Nicholas D. Smith’s concept of the “fishing career” (an account of the stages in the evolution of the individual sport fisherman) corresponds with eighteenth-century fishing treatises.3 Many other critical studies have touched upon one or another of the fishing or hunting poems, occasionally providing compelling insights into the subject. But none of the existing critical literature has done what I aim to do here: provide a systematic survey of the fishing and hunting poems from 1650 to 1800, treating them as distinct literary sub-genres. In this introductory chapter, I should like first to provide a historical and theoretical context for the study of sport in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, followed by a consideration of the literary questions, particularly how we might conceive of fishing and hunting poetry as poetic sub-genres with distinctive modal features and thematic concerns. I. Eighteenth-Century Sport and the Gentleman It has often been observed that a society’s sports and games reflect and refract its ideals, values, and hopes. The cultural impact of sports and the passions they arouse are particularly evident in our times. But the same was also true of earlier historical periods. The ancient Greeks and Romans, for example, approached athletic games as aspects of cult, as training for warfare, and also as ends in themselves – in short, as activities engaged in for intrinsic as well as extrinsic motives. A keen interest in sport was also evident in seventeenth and eighteenth century Britain. In many ways, our modern sporting landscape emerged over the long eighteenth century. Sport historians often view this period as a time of transition 2 Eric Rothstein, “Discordia Non Concors: The Motif of Hunting in Eighteenth-Century Verse,” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 83 (1984): 330- 354. 3 Nicholas D. Smith, “Angling Literature 1653-1800: Friendship, Socialization and the ‘Fishing Career,’” Aethlon 19 (2001): 109-124. All subsequent references to Smith in this introduction are hereafter cited in text. 3 from what has been labeled “traditional” sport – festive games and activities rooted in local communities and holidays – to “modern” sport, where sporting activities increasingly attracted paying crowds, and thus, in the words of sports historian Dennis Brailsford, “presaged the wholesale development of commercial sport.”4 This historical theory of transition argues that the formal codification and national administration of sport are the key developments in the movement from traditional to modern sports. Richard Holt observes that following this formative period, “Violent, disorderly, and disorganized sports gave way to more carefully regulated ones adapted to the constraints of time and space imposed by the industrial city, embodying the Victorian spirit of self-control and energetic competition as well as taking advantage of the development of railways and the mass press.”5 While this trend gathered momentum with the Victorians, the regularization of sporting activity extends as far back as the early eighteenth century. J.H. Plumb has drawn attention to the “commercialization” of leisure in the period, as theatre, music, dancing, and sport became cultural pastimes consumed by the prosperous gentry and the newly leisured commercial classes, activities that the increasing availability of cheaper newspapers and books helped to publicize.6 Newer sports, such as cricket and boxing, emerged: the first cricket pitches were built in the early eighteenth century and the first boxing hall opened in 1719. The written rules of these two sports were first laid down in the 1740s, establishing
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