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Tesis Doctoral UNIVERSIDAD DE CÁDIZ FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Y DE LA COMUNICACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE MARKETING Y COMUNICACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL CAMPO DE GIBRALTAR, UNA IMAGEN CON VALOR ESTRATÉGICO. GRACIA LEÓN ROMERO Directora: Carmen Lasso de la Vega González Cádiz, 2014 Universidad de Cádiz Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de la Comunicación Departamento de Marketing y Comunicación Tesis Doctoral Campo de Gibraltar, una imagen con valor estratégico. Tesis doctoral presentada por: Gracia León Romero Dirigida por: Dra. Carmen Lasso de la Vega González Cádiz 2014 A Pepe, por su amor, su apoyo incondicional y su inquebrantable fe en mí A nuestros hijos, Juan y Pablo, que tanto nos enseñan A mi padre, que me acompaña y me guía todos los días de mi vida Agradecimientos Este arduo trabajo no hubiera sido posible sin la ayuda y colaboración de todas aquellas personas con las que he podido contar, gracias a su generosidad e interés y a las que, aunque quisiera, me es imposible nombrar por ser tan numerosas. En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a mi directora de tesis, Dra. Dña. Carmen Lasso de la Vega, no sólo su ayuda y guía, inestimables para el buen fin de esta investigación, sino sus palabras de aliento, tan oportunas la mayoría de las veces, así como su cercanía y complicidad. También deseo agradecerle las horas dedicadas a esta tesis y su interés por incorporarme al trabajo de investigación que se realiza desde el Departamento de Marketing y Comunicación de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y de la Comunicación de la Universidad de Cádiz. Sirvan estas líneas también para agradecer a Juan José Téllez, Inmaculada Ortega, José Chamizo, Inmaculada Santiago, Antonio Torremocha, José Carracao, Dominique Searle, Joseph García, Pedro García y Manuel Morón su tiempo, tan generosamente cedido, para la realización de las entrevistas que se han aportado en esta investigación. Un tiempo de charla y conocimiento, que me ha ayudado a entender más y mejor al Campo de Gibraltar y a Gibraltar. También quiero agradecer su colaboración a Inmaculada Santiago, delegada del rector en el Campus Bahía de Algeciras de la UCA, por prestarme su ayuda y cooperación desde el primer al último momento; al profesor Dr. Hector Ramos y a Alfonso Vera, por su inestimable apoyo en todas las cuestiones estadísticas relacionadas con la investigación y a Rafael Palomino Kaiser, por cederme su tiempo y su audaz visión sobre los asuntos de la Comarca y de Gibraltar. Pero sobre todo, quiero agradecer a mi familia su paciencia por las horas robadas. «El gran enemigo de la verdad no es la mentira deliberada y artificiosa, sino el mito persistente y persuasivo» John F. Kennedy INDICE 1 INTRODUCIÓN 1 PARTE I. OBJETIVOS, MARCO TEÓRICO, HIPÓTESIS Y METODOLOGÍA 2 OBJETIVOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 7 3 MARCO TEÓRICO 11 3.1 La imagen en la Teoría de la Comunicación 12 3.2 La imagen en la Teoría del Conocimiento 17 3.3 Teoría de los Imaginarios Sociales 21 3.3.1 El imaginario social del territorio: el imaginario de frontera 26 3.3.2 Los medios de comunicación como generadores de imaginarios sociales: del logos al mythos 32 3.4 Imagen de territorios 38 3.5 Identidad y territorio 47 3.5.1 Imagen de territorios e identidad social 52 3.6 Teoría de la Agenda-Setting 54 3.7 Teoría del Framing o Encuadre noticioso 57 4 HIPÓTESIS DE PARTIDA 62 5 DISEÑO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 63 5.1 Estudio del emisor 63 5.2 Estudio del receptor 64 5.3 Estudio del referente 65 6 METODOLOGÍA 66 6.1 Estudio del emisor: el análisis de contenido 66 6.1.1 Prensa digital e informativos de televisión 66 6.1.1.1 Muestra 70 6.1.1.2 Ficha de análisis de la prensa digital 75 6.1.1.3 Ficha de análisis de los informativos de televisión 85 6.1.2 El discurso institucional 87 6.2 Estudio del receptor 88 6.2.1 La encuesta de población 89 6.2.2 Entrevistas en profundidad 93 6.3 Estudio del referente 94 PARTE II. RESULTADOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN: LA IMAGEN COMUNICATIVA Y LA IDENTIDAD DEL CAMPO DE GIBRALTAR 1 EL EMISOR DE LA COMUNICACIÓN:LA IMAGEN EN LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN Y EN EL DISCURSO INSTITUCIONAL 98 1.1. La imagen en la prensa digital 98 1.1.1. Rasgos generales de las unidades analizadas. Frecuencias 98 1.1.2. Cruce de variables aplicadas al análisis de las informaciones. 105 Tablas de contingencia 1.2. La imagen en los informativos de televisión 120 1.2.1. Rasgos generales de las unidades analizadas. Frecuencias 120 1.2.2. Cruce de variables aplicadas al análisis de las informaciones. Tablas de contingencia 124 1.3. La imagen en el discurso institucional 129 1.3.1. Los discursos de investidura en la Mancomunidad de Municipios del Campo de Gibraltar 132 1.3.2. Discursos ante el Comité de los Veinticuatro en las Naciones Unidas 140 1.3.3. El emisor institucional 147 2 EL RECEPTOR DE LA COMUNICACIÓN 150 2.1 La imagen percibida interna 150 2.1.1 El sondeo interno 161 2.1.2 Entrevistas en profundidad 2.1.2.1 Codificación y análisis de las entrevistas 163 2.1.3 La imagen percibida interna 172 2.2 La imagen percibida externa 173 2.2.1 El sondeo externo 173 2.2.2 Datos comparativos de resultados según la procedencia de los encuestados 180 2.2.3 La imagen percibida externa 188 3 EL REFERENTE DE LA COMUNICACIÓN. LA IDENTIDAD DE LA POBLACIÓN DEL CAMPO DE GIBRALTAR. 191 3.1 Estudio del territorio: situación geoestratégica 191 3.1.1 Campo de Gibraltar como enclave estratégico: interés comercial y servidumbres militares 192 3.1.2 Valor medioambiental 205 3.1.3 Contaminación y salud pública 208 3.1.4 Medio ambiente y contencioso entre España y Reino Unido 215 3.2 La memoria colectiva 218 3.2.1 Análisis socio-histórico 218 3.2.1.1 Prehistoria, primeros pobladores fenicios y épocas romana y bizantina 219 3.2.1.2 Período islámico y Reconquista ( s. VIII a XIV) 221 3.2.1.3 Edad Moderna y Contemporánea. La cuestión de Gibraltar 224 3.2.1.4 El Tratado de Utrecht en las relaciones bilaterales hispano-británicas 229 3.2.1.5 Relaciones bilaterales en el siglo XX. Acuerdos interestatales y relaciones conciudadanas 232 3.2.2 Análisis socio-económico 245 3.2.2.1 El contrabando y el latifundismo 245 3.2.2.2 Los planes del franquismo y la gran industria en la Comarca 250 3.2.2.3 El Puerto ‘Bahía de Algeciras’ como apuesta de futuro 253 3.2.2.4 Indicadores socio-económicos. Datos comparativos con la provincia de Cádiz y Andalucía 258 3.2.3 Organización administrativa y relaciones de poder 274 3.3 La cultura 282 3.3.1 Análisis socio-lingüístico 283 3.3.1.1 Español e inglés en Gibralar: evolución histórica 284 3.3.1.2 Diglosia, code-switching y yanito 287 3.3.1.3 Préstamos e interferencias léxicas del inglés en el habla del Campo de Gibraltar 290 3.3.1.4 Léxico patrimonial del Campo de Gibraltar 294 3.3.2 Folclore y Símbolos identitarios 296 3.3.2.1 El folclore 296 3.3.2.2 Símbolos identitarios del Campo de Gibraltar 299 4 VERIFICACIÓN DE HIPÓTESIS 302 5 CONCLUSIONES 309 5.1 La imagen comunicativa del Campo de Gibraltar 309 5.2 La imagen en el discurso institucional 312 5.3 La imagen percibida externa 315 5.4 La imagen percibida interna 316 5.5 La identidad del Campo de Gibraltar 318 6 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 325 7 ANEXOS 344 7.1 Anexo I. Ficha de análisis de la prensa digital 345 7.2 Anexo II. Ficha de análisis de informativos de televisión 356 7.3 Anexo III. Tablas de frecuencias de la prensa digital 367 7.4 Anexo IV Tablas de frecuencia de informativos de televisión 379 7.5 Anexo V El sondeo de población interno 389 7.6 Anexo VI El sondeo de población externo 395 7.7 Anexo VII Entrevistas en profundidad 401 7.8 Anexo VIII Artículo X del Tratado de Utrecht 516 Introducción Déjenme ser claro: no existe tal cosa como la ‘marca país’. Es un mito, y quizá uno peligroso. Simon Anholt 1. INTRODUCCIÓN La gestión de la imagen de los territorios constituye uno de los desafíos a los que se enfrentan instituciones, expertos y ciudadanos en la era de la globalización. La competencia de los territorios en el mercado de bienes y servicios parece estar simplificando conceptos como el de reputación, desarrollo sostenible, identidad o cultura, que se convierten en productos de marketing para fugaces campañas de promoción que buscan, con la mejora de la imagen, la obtención de un beneficio a corto y medio plazo. La idea que sostiene Anholt (2010) acerca de que los territorios no están en venta, pone de manifiesto lo complejo y controvertido de este fenómeno. La audiovisualización universal a la que asistimos propicia el aumento de mensajes visuales en torno a todo tipo de referentes, lo que supone, según Valls (1992) un punto de inflexión en el tratamiento de la imagen territorial. Todo esto, unido al progresivo desvanecimiento de los estados frente a la fuerza emergente de los mercados, está propiciando la búsqueda de nuevos nichos donde los territorios puedan competir como auténticas multinacionales del siglo XXI (Borja y Castells, 1997). Sin embargo, en este contexto, cada vez más se están alzando voces que advierten del peligro de desarrollar políticas cortoplacistas de planificación estratégica de la imagen territorial con el único objetivo de atraer visitantes, inversores o empresas, en lugar de implementar políticas a Análisis de la imagen e identidad en la frontera sur de Europa 1 Campo de Gibraltar, una imagen con valor estratégico largo plazo en favor del desarrollo sostenible, no sólo económico, sino también social y medioambiental de estados y regiones que tengan en cuenta a su principal capital: sus ciudadanos y su patrimonio.
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