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Country of Origin Information Report Syria the Security Situation

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Country of Origin Information Report Syria the Security Situation Country of Origin Information Report Syria The security situation Date July 2019 Page 1 of 97 Country of Origin Information Report Syria | The security situation June 2019 Publication details Location The Hague Prepared by Department for Country of Origin Information Reports (CAB) Disclaimer: The Dutch version of this report is leading. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands cannot be held accountable for misinterpretations based on the English version of the report. Page 2 of 97 Country of Origin Information Report Syria | The security situation June 2019 Table of contents Publication details ......................................................................................... 2 Table of contents .......................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................. 5 1 The security situation .................................................................................. 7 1.1 Political developments ................................................................................... 7 1.2 The security situation ................................................................................... 16 1.2.1 The provinces of Damascus and Rif Dimashq (Rural Damascus) .......................... 17 1.2.2 The provinces of Dara’a and Quneitra ............................................................. 19 1.2.3 The province of Al-Suweida ........................................................................... 22 1.2.4 The province of Tartous ................................................................................ 23 1.2.5 The province of Lattakia ................................................................................ 23 1.2.6 The province of Idlib..................................................................................... 24 1.2.7 The province of Homs ................................................................................... 30 1.2.8 The province of Hama ................................................................................... 31 1.2.9 The province of Aleppo ................................................................................. 33 1.2.10 The province of Hasaka ................................................................................. 37 1.2.11 The province of Deir al-Zor ............................................................................ 37 1.2.12 The province of Raqqa .................................................................................. 39 1.3 Civilian casualties ........................................................................................ 40 1.4 Violence against specific groups ..................................................................... 42 1.5 Human rights violations ................................................................................ 43 1.6 Humanitarian situation ................................................................................. 47 1.7 Travel ........................................................................................................ 53 1.8 Border crossings .......................................................................................... 54 1.9 Ethnic or religious changes of areas ................................................................ 55 2 The Kurdish region .................................................................................... 57 2.1.1 Governance ................................................................................................ 57 2.1.2 The security situation ................................................................................... 58 2.1.3 The position of the non-Kurds ........................................................................ 59 2.1.4 Legal protection ........................................................................................... 60 2.1.5 Travel ........................................................................................................ 61 2.1.6 Population composition ................................................................................. 62 2.1.7 Migration .................................................................................................... 62 2.1.8 Compulsory military service ........................................................................... 62 3 Military aspects ......................................................................................... 64 3.1.1 Military service ............................................................................................ 64 3.1.2 Forced recruitment and recruitment of children ................................................ 66 3.1.3 Amnesty arrangements ................................................................................. 67 3.2 Command structure of army and militias ......................................................... 68 3.2.1 The functioning and control of the YPG and SDF ............................................... 69 3.2.2 The functioning and control of the Free Syrian Army ......................................... 69 3.3 Foreign forces ............................................................................................. 70 4 Displaced persons ..................................................................................... 72 4.1 IDP camps .................................................................................................. 73 4.2 Camps for ISIS fighters ................................................................................ 74 Page 3 of 97 4.3 International organisations ............................................................................ 77 4.3.1 Documents ................................................................................................. 78 4.3.2 UNRWA ...................................................................................................... 79 4.3.3 UNHCR ....................................................................................................... 79 4.4 Repatriation ................................................................................................ 80 4.4.1 IDP returns ................................................................................................. 80 4.4.2 Syrian refugees in neighbouring countries ....................................................... 81 4.4.3 Refugee returns ........................................................................................... 86 5 Appendixes ................................................................................................ 90 5.1 Abbreviations used ....................................................................................... 90 5.2 Sources consulted ........................................................................................ 91 5.3 Map of Syria ................................................................................................ 97 Page 4 of 97 Country of Origin Information Report Syria | The security situation June 2019 Introduction This country of origin information report describes the security situation in Syria. The reporting period runs from May 2018 to May 2019. As far as possible, the most significant developments up to the time of the report’s publication in July 2019 have been included. Given the period covered, this report is therefore an update of the description of the security situation in the country of origin information report (thematisch ambtsbericht) on Syria of June 2018. For an overview of compulsory military service and related subjects, see the country of origin report (thematisch ambtsbericht) issued in December 2016. For information on Syrian documents, see the October 2017 country of origin information report (thematisch ambtsbericht) on this subject. These reports have been published in Dutch only. This report is based on information from both public and confidential sources. Use has been made of information from non-governmental organisations, Letters to Parliament (in Dutch only), specialist literature and media reporting. The public sources consulted are included in the list of references. The report is also based on information obtained on a fact-finding mission to Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq, and reports from the Dutch representations in these countries. These findings are treated as confidential sources. Reporting (in public sources) on violent incidents can vary greatly: for example, there can be differences regarding the number of victims. Information about the ongoing struggle, perpetrators, victim tallies and other related subjects is virtually impossible to verify independently and is not comprehensive. Where possible, information has been verified through confidential sources. This report must therefore be read in the context of a very fluid situation, in which, moreover, all the different parties stand to benefit from certain reporting which is favourable to them. In addition, media coverage of Syria regularly uses terms such as ‘extremists’, ‘moderates’, and ‘jihadists’. In this report, the term ‘armed group’ is used in principle, unless a particular group appears on a UN or EU list as a terrorist group, such as Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) or ISIS. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the security situation throughout the country. A distinction is made between the areas under the control of the Syrian authorities, the Kurds and other groups. This chapter also describes human rights violations
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