Peremeestaime, Veerežiimi Ja Mullaomaduste Mõju Pajuliste Ektomükoriisale

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Peremeestaime, Veerežiimi Ja Mullaomaduste Mõju Pajuliste Ektomükoriisale Tartu Ülikool Loodus- ja tehnoloogiateaduskond Ökoloogia- ja Maateaduste Instituut Botaanika osakond Marit Mett PEREMEESTAIME, VEEREŽIIMI JA MULLAOMADUSTE MÕJU PAJULISTE EKTOMÜKORIISALE Magistritöö Juhendajad: Leho Tedersoo, PhD Mohammad Bahram, PhD Tartu 2013 Sisukord: 1. Sissejuhatus ......................................................................................................... 4 2. Ektomükoriisa ja tema levik maailmas ............................................................... 8 2.1. Ektomükoriisa tunnused ............................................................................... 9 2.2. Ektomükoriisa funktsioon .......................................................................... 10 3. Sugukonna pajulised (Salicaceae) iseloomustus .............................................. 12 3.1. Perekond paju (Salix) ................................................................................. 12 3.1.1. Pajud ja mükoriisa ............................................................................... 15 3.2. Perekond pappel (Populus) ........................................................................ 17 3.2.1. Pappel ja mükoriisa .............................................................................. 17 3.3. Pajuliste ja mükoriisa roll suktsessioonis ................................................... 18 4. Materjal ja metoodika ....................................................................................... 20 4.1. Proovide kogumine ..................................................................................... 20 4.2. Proovide analüüs ........................................................................................ 21 4.2.1. Molekulaarsed meetodid ...................................................................... 22 4.3. Mulla orgaanika ja reaktsiooni määramine ................................................ 24 4.4. Andmete statistiline analüüs ....................................................................... 25 5. Tulemused ......................................................................................................... 27 5.1. Ektomükoriissete juuretippude morfotüübid .............................................. 27 5.2. Juurte kolonisatsioon .................................................................................. 27 5.2.1. Kolonisatsiooni mõjutavad tegurid ...................................................... 28 5.3. Liigiline mitmekesisus ............................................................................... 29 5.3.1. Liigirikkust mõjutavad tegurid ............................................................ 31 5.4. Pajude ektomükoriisa kolonisatsioon ja liigirikkus .................................... 32 5.4.1. Seenekoosluse struktuur ...................................................................... 33 6. Arutelu .............................................................................................................. 35 6.1. Juurte ektomükoriisne kolonisatsioon ........................................................ 35 6.2. Pajuliste ektomükoriisaseente liigirikkus ................................................... 37 6.3. Mulla omaduste mõju pajuliste ektomükoriisale ........................................ 40 6.4. Peremeestaimede fülogeneetilised seosed .................................................. 43 7. Kokkuvõte ......................................................................................................... 45 8. Summary ........................................................................................................... 47 9. Tänuavaldused................................................................................................... 49 10. Kasutatud kirjandus ......................................................................................... 50 11. Lisad ................................................................................................................ 67 Lisa 1. Seeneliikide leidumine ja määramine .................................................... 67 Lisa 2. Proovialade andmed .............................................................................. 77 Lisa 3. Pildid ektomükoriisadest ....................................................................... 79 1. Sissejuhatus Ektomükoriisa (EM) on maailmas üheks tähtsamaks mükoriisatüübiks. Enamik taimeliike on spetsialiseerunud ühte tüüpi mükoriisale, aga pajulised on tuntud oma võime poolest moodustada nii (vesikulaar)arbuskulaarset (AM) kui ka ektomükoriisat (Lodge 1989; Dhillion 1994; Van der Heijden ja Vosátka 1999; Van der Heijden 2001; Khasa et al. 2002; Hashimoto ja Higuchi 2003; Trowbridge ja Jumpponen 2004; Kittel 2007; Smith ja Read 2008; Sumorok et al. 2008). Arbuskulaarne mükoriisa on eelkõige oluline noortele taimedele. Aega- mööda asenduvad AM poolt koloniseeritud juured ektomükoriisaga (Lodge ja Wentworth 1990; Khasa et al. 2002; Beauchamp et al. 2006; Kittel 2007). Kui juuretipp on kaetud ektomükoriisa mantliga, siis arbuskulaarmükoriissed seened ei saa enam neid noori juuretippe koloniseerida. Kuna ektomükoriisa seenehüüfid on epidermaalses rakukihis saavad AM seened jääda esikoore rakkudesse (Chilvers 1987). Perekonna pappel (Populus L.) esindajaid kohtab meil kõrgete haavikute või tänavaid ääristavate paplialleede näol. Paju (Salix L.) aga eelkõige pea kõikjal veekogude kallastel kasvava pajuvõsana, mis moodustab tihti kõrge ja läbipääsmatu tihniku. Tänu oma kiirele kasvule ning häiringute taluvusele on pajudel tähtis osa sekundaarses suktsessioonis (Kuzovkina ja Quigley 2005). Pajulised on (Salicaceae Mirbel) laialt levinud pea kogu maailmas (Kuzovkina ja Quigley 2005; Judd et al. 2008). Nende edukuse taga seisavad kindlasti ka mükoriisaseened, kuna võimaldavad oligotroofsetes ja keerulistes keskkonnatingimustes toitaineid hankida (Kuzovkina ja Quigley 2005). Pajud ja 4 paplid omavad suurt rolli seisvaid ja vooluveekogusid ääristavates kooslustes (Schnitzler 1997; Paradi ja Baar 2006). Sellised pajuliste (ekto)mükoriisaseente koosluseid on siiski küllaltki vähe uuritud (Thormann et. al 1999; Hashimoto ja Higuchi 2003; Beauchamp et al. 2006; Paradi ja Baar 2006; Sumorok et al. 2008; Becerra et al. 2009). Liigniisketes muldades nii üleujutuste tingimustes kui püsivamatel märgaladel võib tekkida madalate lahustunud hapniku kontsentratsioonide tõttu hapnikuvaegus. Kuna EM seened on aeroobsed organismid ning ka peremeestaimed vajavad hapnikku, siis on mükoriisamoodustumine sellistes kasvukohtades pärsitud (Lodge 1989). Ektomükoriisaseened koloniseerivad eelkõige niiskemaid, kuid kiiresti kuivavaid muldi, aga AM seened meelsamini üleujutatud ning väga kuivi muldi (Lodge 1989). Kasvavad fossiilsete kütuste hinnad ja energiavajadus ning eesmärk suurendada biokütuste osakaalu energiatarbimises on nõudlust puidu järgi oluliselt tõstnud. Lühiealine metsandus (ingl. k. Short Rotation Forestry, edaspidi energiavõsa), meil tuntud energiavõsa nime all (kasvuvormist tingitud nimi), muutub seega järjest populaarsemaks (Aronsson ja Perttu 2001). Pajuliste kiire vegetatiivne paljunemine ning juurdekasv annab eelkõige kloonide näol aegsasti piisavalt palju uurimismaterjali nii labori- kui ka välikatseteks. Seetõttu kasutatatakse nii energiakultuuridena kui ka uurimismaterjalina põhiliselt kiirekasvulisi paju- ja haavaliike ja nende hübriide (Baum et al. 2002). Kuna EM võib pajude biomassi olulisel määral tõsta (Van der Heijden 2001; Baum et al. 2009) on mitmetes ilmunud artiklites uuritud energiavõsa mükoriisakooslusi (Baum et al. 2002; Hrynkiewicz et al. 2010; Hrynkiewicz et al. 2012). Ka Eestis on taolisi katseid läbi viidud (Pütsepp et al. 2004). Seoses keskkonna saastekoormuse suurenemisega kasvab ka huvi pajuliste (eduka) kasutamise vastu bioremediatsioonis. AM seened näiteks suurendavad fosfori sidumist keskkonnast ning tõstavad taimede fosfori kasutamise efektiivsust; seega mükoriisaseened võimaldavad tõsta fütoremediatsiooni tõhusust (Fillion et al. 2011). Pajud suudavad kasvada ka raskemetallidega saastunud mullas ning olenemata suurtest kogustest akumuleerunud 5 raskemetallidest puuduvad neil stressi ilmingud. Saastunud mullas kasvanud pajude fotosünteetiliste pigmentide kontsentratsioon ei erine oluliselt minimaalse saastekoormusega mullas kasvanute omast (Regvar et al. 2010). Seepärast on ilmunud mitmeid artikleid pajuliste ning nendega seotud mükoriisaseente toimetulekust erineva saastetaseme ja toitainetesisaldusega muldades (Hrynkiewicz et al. 2008; Krapta et al. 2008; Regvar et al. 2010; Mrnka et al. 2012). Raagremmelgas (Salix caprea L.) on raskemetallide suhtes üheks kõige tolerantsemaks liigiks, kes kasvab edukalt ka endiste kaevanduste aladel. Raagremmelgas valitakse tihti ka uurimisobjektiks saastunud muldade puhul (Hrynkiewicz et al. 2008; Regvar et al. 2010). Mitme töö raames on püütud välja selgitada kumb mükoriisatüüp (pajuliste võime tõttu moodustada mitut tüüpi mükoriisat) võiks (keskkonnatingimustest sõltuvalt) taimele kasulikumaks osutuda (Lodge 1989; Van der Heijden 2001; Van der Heijden ja Kuyper 2001). Looduslikest kooslustest on enim tähelepanu pälvinud alpiinses vööndis ja artktilises tundras kasvate madalate põõsaspajude mükoriisad (Dhillion 1994; Trowbridge ja Jumpponen 2004; Cripps ja Eddington 2005; Fujiyoshi et al. 2011; Ryberg et al. 2011). Samuti on käsitletud vulkaanilise piirkonna primaarsuktsessioonilisi ektomükoriisasid (Nara et al. 2003a, 2003b; Nara 2006a, 2006b; Obase et al. 2007). Enamus nendest töödest hõlmab poti- või välikatseid pistikutega ning selle raames
Recommended publications
  • Veronika Nývltová
    Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Přírodov ědecká fakulta Bakalá řská práce Olomouc 2010 Veronika Nývltová Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Přírodov ědecká fakulta Katedra botaniky Charakteristika skupiny vrby bobkolisté ( Salix phylicifolia agg.) ve St řední Evrop ě s důrazem na Salix bicolor v Česku. Bakalá řská práce Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Systematická biologie a ekologie Forma studia: Prezen ční Autor: Veronika Nývltová Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Radim J. Vašut, Ph.D. Konzultant práce: Mgr. Martin Dan čák, Ph.D. Olomouc 2010 2 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem p ředloženou bakalá řskou práci vypracovala samostatn ě pod vedením RNDr. Radima J. Vašuta Ph.D. Uvedla jsem veškerou literaturu, ze které jsem čerpala. V Olomouci dne 12. 8. 2010 Podpis: 3 Pod ěkování: Ráda bych pod ěkovala svému školiteli Radimovi J. Vašutovi za trp ělivost a ochotu. Dále děkuji Michalovi Hronešovi za pomoc p ři terénním pr ůzkumu. 4 Bibliografická identifikace Jméno a p říjmení autora: Veronika Nývltová Název práce: Charakteristika skupiny vrby bobkolisté ( Salix phylicifolia agg.) ve St řední Evrop ě s důrazem na Salix bicolor v Česku Typ práce: bakalá řská práce Pracovišt ě: Katedra botaniky, P řírodov ědecká fakulta UP Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Radim J. Vašut Ph.D. Rok obhajoby práce: 2010 Abstrakt: Vrby ( Salix spp.) pat ří k taxonomicky zna čně problematickým skupinám rostlin, ale práv ě tím jsou zajímavé a poskytují v tomto sm ěru stále nové objevy. V naší kv ěten ě náleží vysokohorské druhy vrb mezi vzácné taxony. Jedním z důvod ů jejich vzácnosti je v mnoha p řípadech reliktní charakter druh ů. Takovým p říkladem je i vrba dvoubarvá ( Salix bicolor ), jíž se v ěnuje p ředložená práce.
    [Show full text]
  • Poplars and Willows: Trees for Society and the Environment / Edited by J.G
    Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment This volume is respectfully dedicated to the memory of Victor Steenackers. Vic, as he was known to his friends, was born in Weelde, Belgium, in 1928. His life was devoted to his family – his wife, Joanna, his 9 children and his 23 grandchildren. His career was devoted to the study and improve- ment of poplars, particularly through poplar breeding. As Director of the Poplar Research Institute at Geraardsbergen, Belgium, he pursued a lifelong scientific interest in poplars and encouraged others to share his passion. As a member of the Executive Committee of the International Poplar Commission for many years, and as its Chair from 1988 to 2000, he was a much-loved mentor and powerful advocate, spreading scientific knowledge of poplars and willows worldwide throughout the many member countries of the IPC. This book is in many ways part of the legacy of Vic Steenackers, many of its contributing authors having learned from his guidance and dedication. Vic Steenackers passed away at Aalst, Belgium, in August 2010, but his work is carried on by others, including mem- bers of his family. Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment Edited by J.G. Isebrands Environmental Forestry Consultants LLC, New London, Wisconsin, USA and J. Richardson Poplar Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Published by The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and CABI CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pyrenees
    The Pyrenees A Greentours Holiday for the Alpine Garden Society 10th to 23rd June 2011 Led by Paul Cardy Trip Report and Systematic Lists by Paul Cardy Day 1 Friday 10 th June Arrival and Transfer to Formigueres Having driven from the south western Alps and reached Carcassonne the previous evening, I continued to Toulouse to meet the group at the airport. I was unexpectedly delayed by French customs who stopped me at the toll booth entering the city. There followed a lengthy questioning, as I had to unpack the contents of my suspiciously empty Italian mini-bus and show them my two large boxes of books, suitcase full of clothes, picnic supplies, etc., to convince them my purpose was a botanical tour to the Pyrenees. Now a little late I arrived breathlessly at Toulouse airport and rushed to the gate to meet Margaret, and the New Zealand contingent of Chris, Monica, Archie and Lynsie, hurriedly explaining the delay. Anyway we were soon back on the motorway and heading south towards Foix. White Storks in a field on route was a surprise. We made a picnic stop at a functional aire where there were tables, and a selection of weedy plants. Black Kite soared overhead. Once past Foix and Ax-les- Thermes the scenery became ever more interesting as we wound our way up to a misty Col de Puymorens. There a short stop yielded Pulsatilla vernalis in fruit and Trumpet Gentians. Roadside cliffs had Rock Soapwort, Saxifraga paniculata , and Elder-flowered Orchids became numerous. Now in the Parc Naturel Régional des Pyrénées Catalanes, a fascinating route down into the valley took us through Saillagouse and Mont-Louis before heading up a minor road to the village of Formigueres, our base for the first three nights.
    [Show full text]
  • Phd Thesis Chapter 1
    The Regulation of Stress-Induced Proanthocyanidin Metabolism in Poplar by Robin D. Mellway B. Sc., University of Victoria, 2003 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Biology Robin D. Mellway, 2009 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66841-2 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66841-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Acta Musei Devensis
    www.mcdr.ro / www.cimec.ro ACTA MUSEI DEVENSIS S A R G E T I A SERIES SCIENTIA NATURAE XIX DEVA - 2002 www.mcdr.ro / www.cimec.ro REDACŢIA REDACTION EDITORIAL BOARD SILVIA BURNAZ MARCELA BALAZS CORALIA MARIA JIANU CRISTINA CIRCO Tehnoredactare: DORINA DAN SARGETIA SARGETIA ACTA MUSEI DEVENSIS ACTA MUSEI DEVENSIS SERIES SCIENTIA NATURAE SERIES SCIENTIA NATURAE L'adresse: Adress: Le Musée de la Civilisation Dacique et Romaine. The Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation. La section des Sciences Naturelles The Natural Sciences Section Rue 1 Decembre 39- DEVA 39, 1 December Street - DEVA ROUMANIE ROMANIA E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Responsabilitatea conţinutului ştiinţific şi a traducerii revine autorilor All the responsability for the scientific content and translation goes to the authors www.mcdr.ro / www.cimec.ro CONTENTS - SOMMAIRE ANGELA D. BUSCALIONI - The European Upper Cretaceous Crocodilian fossil record ………………...… 5 FRANCISCO ORTEGA JOHN W. JAGT, - Recent Addition to the Late Maastrichtian Mosasaur faunas of Liège Limburg ERIC W. MULDER, (The Netherlands, Belgium) …………………………………………………….. 13 RUDI W. DORTANGS, MARCEL M. M. KUYPERS, HANS H. G. PEETERS, LOUIS VERDING ANNE S. SCHULP - The effects of tectonic deformation on dinosaur trackway morphology ……… 27 FRANCOIS THERRIEN, - Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of latest Cretaceous dinosaur-bearing CORALIA - MARIA JIANU, formations of Romania: preliminary results ……………………………………. 33 BOGDAN SCARLAT, DAVID B. WEISHAMPEL, JOHN W. KING MIHAELA SOPINCEAN - L’Est des Montagnes Poiana Ruscă – Arguments écoprotectif …………….…. 61 CRISTINA CIRCO - Macromycetes from the Natural Reserve of Bejan Forest (Hunedoara County, Romania) ……………………………………………………………………….. 73 CRISTINA CIRCO - Data concerning the Macromycetes from the hillocky region of Veţel locality (Hunedoara County, Romania) ………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Tarset and Greystead Biological Records
    Tarset and Greystead Biological Records published by the Tarset Archive Group 2015 Foreword Tarset Archive Group is delighted to be able to present this consolidation of biological records held, for easy reference by anyone interested in our part of Northumberland. It is a parallel publication to the Archaeological and Historical Sites Atlas we first published in 2006, and the more recent Gazeteer which both augments the Atlas and catalogues each site in greater detail. Both sets of data are also being mapped onto GIS. We would like to thank everyone who has helped with and supported this project - in particular Neville Geddes, Planning and Environment manager, North England Forestry Commission, for his invaluable advice and generous guidance with the GIS mapping, as well as for giving us information about the archaeological sites in the forested areas for our Atlas revisions; Northumberland National Park and Tarset 2050 CIC for their all-important funding support, and of course Bill Burlton, who after years of sharing his expertise on our wildflower and tree projects and validating our work, agreed to take this commission and pull everything together, obtaining the use of ERIC’s data from which to select the records relevant to Tarset and Greystead. Even as we write we are aware that new records are being collected and sites confirmed, and that it is in the nature of these publications that they are out of date by the time you read them. But there is also value in taking snapshots of what is known at a particular point in time, without which we have no way of measuring change or recognising the hugely rich biodiversity of where we are fortunate enough to live.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Taxonomy and the Host Plants of North European Species of Eupontania
    Beitr. Ent. Keltern ISSN 0005 - 805X Beitr. Ent. 56 (2006) 2 239 56 (2006) 2 S. 239 - 268 15.12.2006 On the taxonomy and the host plants of North European species of Eupontania (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae) With 3 figures and 1 table VELI VIKBERG and ALEXEY ZINOVJEV Zusammenfassung In Europa umfasst Eupontania die vesicator-, viminalis-, aquilonis- und crassipes-Artengruppen. Aus Nord- europa werden 13 Arten der Eupontania-viminalis-Gruppe aufgeführt. E. brevicornis (Förster, 1854), sp. rev. und comb. n. (= Nematus congruens Förster, 1854, syn. n., Pontania carpentieri Konow, 1907, syn n., Pontania pedunculi auct., nec Hartig), die Gallen an Salix cinerea L. hervorruft, wird in Finnland nachgewiesen und mit der eng verwandeten E. arcticornis (Konow, 1904) verglichen, die Gallen an Salix phylicifolia L. bildet. Die Taxonomie und die Wirtspflanzen von E. pedunculi (Hartig, 1837) (= Nematus bellus Zaddach, 1876; Pontania gallarum auct. nec. Hartig) und E. gallarum (Hartig, 1837) (= N. aestivus Thomson, 1863, syn. n.; Pontania varia Kopelke, 1991, syn. n.; Pontania norvegica Kopelke, 1991, syn. n.) werden kurz diskutiert. E. pedunculi wird als Art betrachtet, die Gallen an verschiedenen Arten der Sektion Vetrix hervorruft, nicht aber an S. cinerea: Salix aurita L., S. caprea L., S. starkeana ssp. starkeana Willd. und ssp. cinerascens (Wahlenb.) Hultén (= S. bebbiana Sarg.). Der Status von E. myrtilloidica (Kopelke, 1991), die an S. myrtilloides L. in Finnland nachgewiesen wurde, bleibt unsicher. Die Wirtspflanze von E. gallarum ist Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. einschliesslich der ssp. borealis (Fr.) Hyl. Lectotypen werden festgelegt für Pontania arcticornis, P. phylicifoliae Forsius, 1920, P. viminalis var. hepatimaculae Malaise, 1920, Nematus brevicornis, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Variability of Venation Patterns in Extant Genus Salix: Implications for Fossil Taxonomy
    UC Berkeley PaleoBios Title Variability of venation patterns in extant genus Salix: Implications for fossil taxonomy Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/53c2g26n Journal PaleoBios, 30(3) ISSN 0031-0298 Author Buechler, Walter K. Publication Date 2014-02-21 DOI 10.5070/P9303021600 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California PaleoBios 30(3):89–104, February 21, 2014 © 2014 University of California Museum of Paleontology Variability of venation patterns in extant genus Salix: Implications for fossil taxonomy WALTER K. BUECHLER 1192 East Braemere Road, Boise, Idaho 83702 USA; e-mail: [email protected] The extant genus Salix Linnaeus (1753) represents one of the most diverse groups of woody plants. Leaf areas vary from a few mm2 in arctic or high alpine habitats to more than 100 cm2 in humid subtropical zones. Salix leaves are represented across the range of possible leaf shapes, from circular, obovate, and ovate, to lanceolate and linear with a length-to-width ratio of up to 30. Leaf venation may be eucamptodromous, eucamptodromous with occasional brochidodromous or semicraspedodromous arches, or brochidodromous. Because brochidodromous and semicraspe- dodromous arches may occur on the same leaf, the more inclusive term brochoid is introduced here. This study gives an overview of venation patterns within extant genus Salix and sorts leaves into five venation-defined morphotype groups. In some species of subgenera Protitea and Salix, individuals in hot, dry environments develop long brochoid chains over most of the blade length or intramarginal veins with only tertiary-gauged connections to the secondary vein framework. These unusual venation patterns correlate with high mean monthly temperature (MMT) and low mean monthly precipitation (MMP) of the hottest month.
    [Show full text]
  • Ray G. Woods, R. Nigel Stringer, Debbie A. Evans and Arthur O. Chater
    Ray G. Woods, R. Nigel Stringer, Debbie A. Evans and Arthur O. Chater Summary The rust fungi are a group of specialised plant pathogens. Conserving them seems to fly in the face of reason. Yet as our population grows and food supplies become more precarious, controlling pathogens of crop plants becomes more imperative. Breeding resistance genes into such plants has proved to be the most cost effective solution. Such resistance genes evolve only in plants challenged by pathogens. We hope this report will assist in prioritising the conservation of natural ecosystems and traditional agro-ecosystems that are likely to be the richest sources of resistance genes. Despite its small size (11% of mainland Britain) Wales has supported 225 rust fungi taxa (including 199 species) representing 78% of the total British mainland rust species. For the first time using widely accepted international criteria and data collected from a number of mycologists and institutions, a Welsh regional threat status is offered for all native Welsh rust taxa. The results are compared with other published Red Lists for Wales. Information is also supplied in the form of a census catalogue, detailing the rust taxa recorded from each of the 13 Welsh vice-counties. Of the 225 rust taxa so far recorded from Wales 7 are probably extinct (3% of the total), and 39 (18%) are threatened with extinction. Of this latter total 13 taxa (6%) are considered to be Critically Endangered, 15 (7%) to be Endangered and 13 (6%) to be Vulnerable. A further 20 taxa (9%) are Near Threatened, whilst 15 taxa (7%) lacked sufficient data to permit evaluation.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxa List: Vascular Plants
    Taxa List: Current as of Vascular Plants 2021-Jan-29 This list contains the vascular plant taxa known by the Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre (SKCDC) to occur within Saskatchewan, as of the date provided above. If you notice any errors or omissions, please contact [email protected]. For more information about how the SKCDC generates these lists and what determines when a species is tracked by the SKCDC, visit: http://biodiversity.sk.ca/lists.htm Conservation ranks/status are provided for each species. For details on each, refer to the following resources: ◦ Subnational (S), National (N) and Global (G) Ranks: www.biodiversity.sk.ca/ranking.htm ◦ Government of Saskatchewan Wild Species at Risk Regulations: https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/#/products/1609 ◦ COSEWIC: https://www.cosewic.ca/index.php ◦ SARA; Government of Canada Species at Risk public registry: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry.html SYNONYMS: This list is being provided by the SKCDC as a tool to facilitate users in determining the current, accepted taxonomy. If a name is currently out of use in Saskatchewan, it’s current synonym is provided, indented in the line below the accepted name. In this row, we are unable to distinguish between true synonyms and misapplied names used as synonyms. For example, Cryptantha fendleri is an accepted name for a vascular plant that is currently found in Saskatchewan. This name, however, has also been misapplied to both Cryptantha kelseyana and Cryptantha minima in the past. Therefore, it appears as a synonym to those two species. In addition, there may be more than one current name for any given out-of-date name (e.g., Cryptantha nubigena) if a species had been split, or if a name was misapplied to more than one species in the past.
    [Show full text]
  • Vrba Šedá (Salix Elaeagnos ) V Moravskoslezských Beskydech: Zhodnocení Sou Časného Stavu Druhu
    Univerzita Palackého Přírodov ědecké fakulta Katedra botaniky Vrba šedá (Salix elaeagnos ) v Moravskoslezských Beskydech: zhodnocení sou časného stavu druhu. Recent chorological and ecological characteristics od Rosemary willow ( Salix elaeagnos ) in the Moravsko-slezské Beskydy Mts. Bakalá řská práce Lucie Kle čková B1501 Biologie, Systematická biologie a ekologie, Prezen ční studium Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Radim J. Vašut, Ph.D. Srpen 2010 Prohlášení: Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto bakalá řskou práci vypracovala samostatn ě pod vedením vedoucího práce. Uvedla jsem všechny literární prameny, ze kterých jsem čerpala. V Olomouci dne 12 . 8. 2010 Podpis: 2 Pod ěkování: Cht ěla bych pod ěkovat vedoucímu mé práce RNDr. Radimu J. Vašutovi, Ph.D. za odbornou pomoc, cenné rady a hlavn ě za trp ělivost s mými dotazy. Zárove ň bych cht ěla pod ěkovat paní Marii Popelá řové (Správa CHKO Beskydy) a panu Zde ňkovi Ku čerovi (AOPK) za ochotnou spolupráci. 3 Biblografická identifikace Jméno a p říjmení autora: Lucie Kle čková Název práce: Vrba šedá ( Salix elaeagnos ) v Moravskoslezských Beskydech: zhodnocení sou časného stavu druhu. Typ práce: bakalá řská práce Pracovišt ě: Katedra botaniky P řf UP Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Radim J. Vašut, Ph.D. Rok obhajoby: 2010 Abstrakt: Vrba šedá ( Salix elaeagnos ) pat ří v České republice k siln ě ohroženým druh ům. Svým výskytem se soust řeďuje pouze do oblasti Beskyd a Podbeskydské pahorkatiny. Je vázána na vzácný biotop št ěrkových náplav ů. Tato práce se zabývá revizí historických údaj ů rozší ření vrby šedé a zhodnocením sou časného stavu jejího rozší ření v Moravskoslezských Beskydech. V terénním výzkumu jsem se zam ěř ila na situaci na řece Ostravici, kde jsem provedla detailní zmapování výskytu.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Regional Phylogenies in Exploring the Structure of Plant Assemblages
    The use of regional phylogenies in exploring the structure of plant assemblages Tammy L. Elliott Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biology McGill University Montr´eal, Qu´ebec, Canada 2015-09-015 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy c Copyright Tammy L. Elliott, 2015 All rights reserved Dedication I dedicate this thesis to my parents, who sadly both left this world much to early. I like to dream that you are both enjoying your time together in a place with no worries, where you can enjoy all of the wonderful things in life. Dad—Although you left us when we were so young, I daily cherish the special times the two of us spent together. The memories of exploring the countryside, visiting neighbours, caring for the pigs and skipping school to fish are always close to my heart. Mom—I miss your strength, interesting perspective (albeit humorously pessimistic), no-nonsense attitude towards life and listening ear. I hope that you are finding ways to enjoy your grandchildren and tend your beautiful gardens. I would like to assure you that yes—one day I will have a full-time job. If Roses grow in Heaven Lord, please pick a bunch for me. Place them in my Mother’s arms and tell her they’re from me. Tell her that I love her and miss her, and when she turns to smile, place a kiss upon her cheek and hold her for awhile Because remembering her is easy, I do it every day, but there’s an ache within my heart that will never go away.
    [Show full text]