Plant Resources ofSouth-Eas t Asia A selection E. Westphal and P.C.M. Jansen (Editors) Pudoc Wageningen 1989 14 Dr E. Westphal is a tropical agronomist and botanist, who graduated from Wageningen Agricultural University in 1966.H e has worked for several organi­ zations in Uganda, Ethiopia and Cameroon in agronomy and economic botany. He has written several books and articles on pulses, farm(ing) systems, cropping systems, plants used for food, spices and tropical food crops, some in collabo­ ration with others. Since 1983, he has been senior staff member in the Depart­ ment of Tropical Crop Science ofWageninge n Agricultural University and has carried out several consultancies in Africa and Asia. Dr P.C.M. Jansen is a plant taxonomist, who graduated as a tropical agronomist from Wageningen Agricultural University in 1974. He has worked for several organizations in Benin, Ethiopia and Mozambique, and at the Department of Plant Taxonomy of Wageningen Agricultural University. He has written some books on spices, condiments and medicinal plants. Since 1985, he has been employed by the University, working at the Department of Plant Taxonomy. Cip-Data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag Plant Plant resources ofSouth-Eas t Asia: a selection/E.Westpha l and P. C.M . Jansen (eds.). Wageningen: Pudoc. - 111. With index. ISBN 90-220-0985-8 bound SISO 632,3UD C 633(59) NUGI835 Subject heading: agricultural crops; South-East Asia. ISBN 90-220-0985-8 NUGI 835 Design: Frits Stoepman GVN. © Pudoc/Prosea, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 1989. No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print, photocopy, microfilm, electric or electromagnetic record without permission from the publisher Pudoc, P.O. Box 4, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands. Printed in the Netherlands. To H.C.D.deWitand A.J.G.H. Kostermans Contents Species arranged according to commodity groups 10 Editors and contributors 13 Prosea Project personnel 17 Foreword 19 1 Introduction 21 1.1 General 21 1.2 Commodity grouping 21 1.3 Treatment ofplan t resources 22 2 Alphabetical treatment of species/genera 23 Abelmoschus esculentus :okr a 25 Abrus precatorius :India n liquorice 27 Acacia leucophloea :pilan g 28 Agathis labillardieri : New Guinea kauri 30 Alpinia galanga : galanga 32 Amaranthus : genus including amaranth 34 Anacardium occidentale : cashew 37 Anthocephalus chinensis :kada m 41 Arachis hypogaea :groundnu t 44 Arcangelisia flava :yellow-fruite d moonseed 49 Arenga pinnata :suga r palm 50 Auricularia : genus including Jew's ear 55 Averrhoa : genus including bilimbi, carambola 57 Boehmeria nivea ramie 59 Brassica genus including oil seeds 61 Brassica râpa Chinese cabbage 64 Calamus caesius rotan sega 67 Calliandra calothyrsus calliandra 69 Camellia sinensis tea 72 Carica pubescens mountain papaya 79 Ceiba pentandra kapok 79 Cinchona genus including quinine 83 Clausena genus including horsewood 88 Cocos nucifera coconut palm 90 Coffea genus including coffee 95 Colocasia esculenta taro 102 Cryptocarya massoy massoi 106 Cryptocoryne genus including aquarium plants 107 Cyperus rotundus purple nut grass 108 Dendrocalamus asper :gian t bamboo 109 Derris elliptica :derri s 112 Diplazium :genu s including edible ferns 114 Eichhornia crassipes :wate r hyacinth 116 Elaeis guineensis :oi l palm 118 Eucalyptus deglupta :leda 123 Fagraea fragrans :tembus u 126 Flemingia macrophylla : apa apa 128 Galiellajavanica :sup a susu munding 129 Garcinia mangostana :mangostee n 130 Gelidiella acerosa :intip-inti p 134 Gliricidia sepium : mother of cocoa 136 Glycine max :soy a bean 139 Gnetum gnemon :Spanis h joint fir 143 Gossypium hirsutum :cotto n 145 Heritiera simplicifolia : mengkulang 150 Hevea brasiliensis :natura l rubber 152 Indigofera :genu s including indigo 161 Ipomoea aquatica :kangkong 164 Ipomoea batatas :swee t potato 166 Kibatalia arborea :kibenteli 171 Leucaena leucocephala : leucaena 172 Manihot esculenta :cassav a 175 Metroxylon sagu :sag o palm 180 Morinda citrifolia :India n mulberry 185 Muntingia calabura :capuli n 187 Musa textilis :abacâ 188 Myristica fragrans :nutme g 192 Nephelium lappaceum : rambutan 196 Octomeles sumatrana : binuang 201 Oncosperma tigillarium nibong 203 Orthosiphon aristatus :Jav a tea 205 Oryza sativa :rice 206 Pachyrhizus erosus : yam bean 213 Paphiopedilum : genus including lady's slipper orchids 216 Pennisetum americanum : pearl millet 217 Pennisetum purpureum : elephant grass 220 Peronema canescens :sungkai 222 Phytolacca dodecandra :endod 224 Piper nigrum :blac k and white pepper 225 Pometia pinnata :taun 230 Psophocarpus tetra- gonolobus : winged bean 232 Quercus lineata :oak 236 Ricinus communis : castor 237 Rosa : genus including roses 240 Rubus :genu s including blackberries 242 Saccharum officinarum :suga r cane 243 Salacca zalacca :sala k palm 248 Shoreajohorensis :ligh t red meranti 251 Stevia rebaudiana :stevi a 253 Stylosanthes guianensis :styl o 255 Syzygium aromaticum : clove 257 Terminalia brassii :brow n terminalia 263 Theobroma cacao :coco a 265 Vanillaplanifolia : vanilla 270 Voacanga grandifolia : a medicinal plant 274 Zea mays : maize 275 Glossary 280 Acknowledgments 297 Sources of illustrations 298 Index of scientific plant names 302 Index ofvernacula r plant names 310 The Prosea Project 321 Map of South-East Asia for Prosea Species arranged according to commodity groups Cereals Oryzasativa 206 Pennisetum americanum 217 Zea mays 275 Plants mainly producing carbohydrates Arengapinnata 50 Colocasia esculenta 102 Ipomoea batatas 166 Manihot esculenta 175 Metroxylonsagu 180 Pachyrhizuserosus 213 Saccharum officinarum 243 Pulses Arachis hypogaea 44 Glycine max 139 Vegetable oils and fats Brassica oil seeds 61 Cocos nucifera 90 Elaeis guineensis 118 Ricinus communis 237 Edible fruits and nuts Anacardium occidentale 37 Auerrhoa 57 Caricapubescens 79 Garcinia mangostana 130 Gnetumgnemon 143 Muntingia calabura 187 Nephelium lappaceum 196 Äw6ws 242 Salacca zalacca 248 Vegetables Abelmoschus esculentus 25 Amaranthus 34 Brassica rapa 64 Ipomoea aquatica 164 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 232 Spices and condiments Alpiniagalanga 32 Cryptocarya massoy 106 Myristica fragrans 192 Piper nigrum 225 Syzygium aromaticum 257 Vanillaplanifolia 270 Essential-oil plants Clausena 88 Stimulant plants Camellia sinensis 72 Coffea 95 Theobroma cacao 265 Medicinal and poisonous plants Abrusprecatorius 27 Arcangelisiaflava 49 Cinchona 83 Cyperus rotundus 108 Derris elliptica 112 Kibatalia arborea 171 Orthosiphon aristatus 205 Voacanga grandifolia 274 Timber trees Anthocephalus chinensis 41 Eucalyptus deglupta 123 Fagraea fragrans 126 Heritiera simplicifolia 150 Octomeles sumatrana 201 Oncosperma tigillarium 203 Peronema canescens 222 Pometia pinnata 230 Quercus lineata 236 Shorea johorensis 251 Terminalia brassii 263 Fibre plants Boehmeria nivea 59 Ceiba pentandra 79 Gossypium hirsutum 145 Musa textilis 188 Forages Pennisetum purpureum 220 Stylosanthes guianensis 255 Dye and tannin- producing plants Acacia leucophloea 28 Indigofera 161 Morinda citrifolia 185 Rattans Calamus caesius 67 Bamboos Dendrocalamus asper 109 Plants producing exudates Agathis labillardieri 30 Hevea brasiliensis 152 Auxiliary plants in agriculture and forestry Calliandra calothyrsus 69 Flemingia macrophylla 128 Gliricidia sepium 136 Leucaena leucocephala 172 Ornamental plants Cryptocoryne 107 Paphiopedilum 216 Rosa 240 Lower plants Auricularia 55 Diplazium 114 Galiella javanica 129 Gelidiella acerosa 134 Miscellaneous plants Eichhornia crassipes 116 Phytolacca dodecandra 224 Stevia rebaudiana 253 Editors and contributors Editorial staff of this volume - Editors: E.Westpha l and P.C.M. Jansen - Associate editors: F.J. Breteler, M. Flach, H. ten Have, J.W. Hildebrand, A. Koopmans, R.H.M.J. Lemmens, R.W. den Outer, J.S. Siemonsma and E.W.M. Verheij - Illustrators: P. Verheij-Hayes (drawings) and R. Boekelman (map) - Publishing consultant and in-house-editor: R.J.P. Aalpol Contributors - H.O. Adiwinata, Jakarta, Indonesia - M.M.J, van Balgooy, National Herbarium, Leyden University, the Nether­ lands - L. M. Berenschot, Department of Forestry Management, Wageningen Agri­ cultural University, the Netherlands F.J. Breteler, Department ofPlan t Taxonomy, Wageningen Agricultural Uni­ versity, the Netherlands - J.L. Brewbaker, Department ofHorticulture , University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States - G.H. de Bruijn, Department of Tropical Crop Science, Wageningen Agricul­ tural University, the Netherlands - J. de Bruijn, Department of Plant Taxonomy, Wageningen Agricultural Uni­ versity, the Netherlands - A. Budelman, Department of Tropical Crop Science, Wageningen Agricultu­ ral University, the Netherlands - J.C. Bulman, Institute of Grassland and Animal Production, Shinfield Research Station, United Kingdom - O.B. Capuno, Department ofPlan t Breeding &Botany , Visayas State College of Agriculture, the Philippines S.K .D eDatta ,Internationa l RiceResearc hInstitute ,Lo sBanos ,th e Philippines Soedjoko Dirdjosoemarto, Gadjah Madah University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia - J. Dransfield, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom - Soejatmi Dransfield, Kew, United Kingdom - C.L.M. van Eijnatten, Department ofTropica l Crop Science,Wageninge n Ag­ ricultural University, the Netherlands M. Flach, Department of Tropical Crop Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands - J.M. Fundter, Department of Forest Technique and Forest Products, Wage­