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Functional Study of the MAGI1 Scaffold Protein and the Hippo Pathway Involvement in Luminal Breast and Colorectal Cancers Diala Kantar

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Functional Study of the MAGI1 Scaffold Protein and the Hippo Pathway Involvement in Luminal Breast and Colorectal Cancers Diala Kantar Functional study of the MAGI1 scaffold protein and the Hippo pathway involvement in luminal breast and colorectal cancers Diala Kantar To cite this version: Diala Kantar. Functional study of the MAGI1 scaffold protein and the Hippo pathway involvement in luminal breast and colorectal cancers. Agricultural sciences. Université Montpellier, 2020. English. NNT : 2020MONTT050. tel-03164571 HAL Id: tel-03164571 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03164571 Submitted on 10 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE M ONTPELLIER En Biologie Santé École doctorale Sciences Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé - CBS2 Unité de recherche Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM) - -INSERM U1194 Functional study of the MAGI1 scaffold protein and the Hippo pathway involvement in luminal breast and colorectal cancers Présentée par Diala KANTAR Le 27 Novembre 2020 Sous la direction de Alexandre DJIANE et Lisa HERON-MILHAVET Devant le jury composé de Mme. Silvia FRE, DR, Institut Curie, Paris Rapporteure Mme. Christine VARON, Pr, Bordeaux Research in translational oncology, Bordeaux Rapporteure M. Jean-Paul BORG, PU/PH, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille Examinateur M. Dominique HELMLINGER, CR, Centre de recherche en biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, Président/Examinateur Montpellier M. Alexandre DJIANE, CR, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier Directeur Mme. Lisa HERON-MILHAVET, CR, Institut de recherche en cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier Co-Encadrante 1 Résumé Au cours du développement, le comportement des cellules est étroitement régulé, ce qui assure un fonctionnement optimal des tissus épithéliaux sains. Les cellules épithéliales établissent ainsi des jonctions intercellulaires bien organisées, une polarité apico/basale, une architecture du cytosquelette et intègrent des entrées régulatrices et homéostatiques relayées par des voies de signalisation dédiées. Les altérations de ces processus sont le plus souvent associées au cancer. Mon laboratoire s'intéresse au décryptage des mécanismes par lesquels les altérations de jonctions et de polarité sont capables d'induire une tumorigenèse. Les protéines d'échafaudage représentent des régulateurs importants de ces différents processus, et les altérations de plusieurs échafaudages épithéliaux clés ont été liées au cancer. Des travaux récents de l'équipe ont identifié Magi, un membre de la famille MAGUK, comme un régulateur des jonctions adhérentes à base d'E-Cadhérine pendant le dév eloppement de l'œil chez la drosophile. Le but principal de ma thèse était d'étudier la fonction de MAGI1, le membre le plus abondant de la famille MAGI dans les tissus humains, pendant le cancer, et plus spécifiquement ses rôles dans les cellules luminales A du cancer du sein. En utilisant principalement des approches de perte de fonction, nous avons pu identifier une fonction de suppression de tumeur de MAGI1 dans les cellules BCa luminales, aussi bien par des essais cellulaires in vitro que sur des souris nudes xénogreffées. De plus, ces travaux ont révélé que MAGI1 inhibe un axe de signalisation AMOTL2/P38 qui est activé lors de la perte de MAGI1 et qui est ensuite responsable du phénotype de tumorigénicité accrue obtenu. Il est intéressant de noter que la perte de MAGI1 a induit une augmentation de l'activité de la myosine, des comportements de compression amplifiés et une tension élevée de la membrane plasmique associée, que nous proposons d'être l'un des activateurs de P38 en aval de la perte de MAGI1. Il est frappant de constater que, même si les cellules dépourvues de MAGI1 présentent une tumorigénicité élevée, l'activité de l'onco-protéine YAP est réduite dans les cellules du cancer du sein luminal dépourvues de MAGI1, ce qui suggère que la relation entre YAP et la tumorigénèse pourrait être plus complexe qu'on ne le pense généralement. L'étude de la régulation de la voie d'Hippo est en effet un axe majeur de l'équipe. Un objectif secondaire de ma thèse était donc d'explorer l'implication de YAP/TAZ et de la voie Hippo lors de l'exposition à l'oxaliplatine dans les cellules cancéreuses du côlon. En tant que chimiothérapie de première ligne avec le 5 Fluorouracil, il est important de comprendre le mécanisme d'action de l'Oxaliplatine au-delà de son rôle majeur d'inducteur de cassures délétères des doubles brins d'ADN. Les cellules cancéreuses du côlon HCT116 traitées avec des doses relativement modestes d'oxaliplatine (à la IC50) ont présenté une translocation de YAP/TAZ vers le noyau accompagnée d'une augmentation de la transcription médiée par YAP/TAZ, comme en témoignent la RTqPCR et l'ARN-Seq. Cet effet a été couplé à une réorganisation du cytosquelette d'actine à l'intérieur de la cellule lors du traitement, et de nombreux gènes affectés par le traitement à l'oxaliplatine étaient des régulateurs d'actine (dont plusieurs qui sont également des cibles potentielles de YAP/TAZ). Cette étude implique YAP/TAZ dans la réponse HCT116 au traitement à l'oxaliplatine, et nous proposons qu'elle conduise à une réorganisation de l'actine. 2 Abstract During development, the behaviour of cells is tightly regulated ensuring optimal functioning of healthy epithelial tissues. Epithelial cells thus establish well organized intercellular junctions, apico/basal polarity, cytoskeletal architecture, and integrate regulatory and homeostatic inputs relayed by dedicated signalling pathways. Alterations in these processes are most often associated with cancer. My lab is interested in deciphering the mechanisms in which junctional and polarity alterations are able to induce tumorigenesis. Scaffold proteins represent important regulators of these different processes, and alterations to several key epithelial scaffolds have been linked to cancer. Recent work in the team identified Magi, a member of the MAGUK family, as a regulator of E-Cadherin-based Adherens Junctions during eye development in Drosophila . The main goal of my thesis was to study the function of MAGI1, the most abundant MAGI family member in human tissues, during cancer, and more specifically its roles in luminal A Breast Cancer cells. Using mainly loss-of-function approaches, we were able to identify a tumour suppressive function of MAGI1 in luminal BCa cells both in vitro cellular assays as well as in xenografted nude mice. Moreover, this work revealed that MAGI1 inhibits an AMOTL2/P38 signalling axis that is activated upon MAGI1 loss and then responsible for the enhanced tumorigenicity phenotype obtained. Interestingly, the loss of MAGI1 induced increased myosin activity, increased compressive behaviours, and associated elevated plasma membrane tension, which we propose to be one of the activator of P38 downstream of MAGI1 loss. Strikingly, even though cells lacking MAGI1 showed increased tumorigenicity, the activity of the YAP onco-protein is lowered in MAGI1-deficient luminal breast cancer cells, suggesting that the relationship between YAP and tumorigenesis could be more complex than commonly assumed. The study of Hippo pathway regulations is indeed a major axis of the team. A secondary objective of my thesis was thus to explore the involvement of YAP/TAZ and of the Hippo pathway during Oxaliplatin exposure in colon cancer cells. As first line chemotherapy along with 5 Fluorouracil, it is important to understand the mechanism of action of Oxaliplatin beyond its major role as inducer of deleterious DNA double strand breaks. HCT116 colon cancer cells treated with relatively modest doses of Oxaliplatin (at IC50), featured a translocation of YAP/TAZ to the nucleus accompanied with increased YAP/TAZ-mediated transcription, as judged by qPCR and RNA-Seq. This effect was coupled with a re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton inside the cell upon the treatment, and many genes affected by oxaliplatin treatment were actin regulators (including several that are also potential YAP/TAZ targets). This study involves YAP/TAZ in HCT116 response to Oxaliplatin treatment, and we propose that it leads to actin re-organization. 3 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank all my jury members for accepting to evaluate my work and for being part of my jury. Dr. Silvia FRE , Dr. Christine VARON , Dr. Jean-Paul BORG et Dr. Dominique HELMLINGER , thank you all, without you I sure can not accomplish this journey till its end. I hope that you could all be present in person the day of my defence. I would also like to thank the member of my thesis comity, Dr. Dominique HELMLINGER and Dr. Jean-Philippe HUGNOT , you followed me for four years and helped me stay on the right track and progress during this journey. Without you, I would never be there in the first place. Thank you Alexandre DJIANE for giving me the opportunity to be part of your team in 2016. I still remember the day of our meeting, when I still were in Master 2, I came to you asking for an internship and since then I am still here in this wonderful team. You were there in my ups and downs, always excited by new results and sure always being the optimistic person which was good because it kept me motivated and always moving forward. It is a pleasure working with you, it made me realize that actually, you are not just a boss but you are a leader. I will always be so gratefull. Thank you Lisa HERON-MILHAVET for everything you did. When I needed to talk and when I was frustrated and so angry about weird experiments or results you were always there to calm me down.
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