York Street Interchange, Belfast

Cultural Heritage: DMRB Simple Assessment

Final

May 2012

Prepared for: DRD Roads Service Northern Ireland

UNITED KINGDOM & IRELAND

DRD Roads Service Northern Ireland — York Street Interchange, Belfast

REVISION SCHEDULE

Rev Date Details Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by Andrew Copp BA Leonora O’Brien MA Annette Roe MA 1 April 2011 Draft 1 (Hons) MA (Hons) MA MIfA Technical Director Senior Senior Archaeological

Archaeological Consultant Consultant Andrew Copp BA Annette Roe MA 2 May 2012 Final Gareth Coughlin (Hons) MA Technical Director Principal Senior Environmental Archaeological Scientist Consultant

Cover, clockwise from top left: Sinclair Seamens’ Presbyterian Church, Corporation Street (HB04); Historic photograph showing fire station on Whitla Street; Jacob Henry Connop 1863 View of Belfast Looking West; View along Ship Street, c.1970

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CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012

DRD Roads Service Northern Ireland — York Street Interchange, Belfast

Limitations

URS Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited (“URS”) has prepared this Report for the sole use of DRD Roads Service (“Client”) in accordance with the Agreement under which our services were performed [Major Works Planning, Assessment and Delivery Contract, April 2005]. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the professional advice included in this Report or any other services provided by URS. This Report may not be relied upon by any person other than DRD Roads Service without the prior and express written agreement of URS.

The conclusions and recommendations contained in this Report are based upon information provided by others and upon the assumption that all relevant information has been provided by those parties from whom it has been requested and that such information is accurate. Information obtained by URS has not been independently verified by URS, unless otherwise stated in the Report. The methodology adopted and the sources of information used by URS in providing its services are outlined in this Report. The work described in this Report was undertaken between 7 March and 30 March 2011 and is based on the conditions encountered and the information available during the said period of time. The scope of this Report and the services are accordingly factually limited by these circumstances. Where assessments of works or costs identified in this Report are made, such assessments are based upon the information available at the time and where appropriate are subject to further investigations or information which may become available. URS disclaim any undertaking or obligation to advise any person of any change in any matter affecting the Report, which may come or be brought to URS’ attention after the date of the Report. Certain statements made in the Report that are not historical facts may constitute estimates, projections or other forward- looking statements and even though they are based on reasonable assumptions as of the date of the Report, such forward-looking statements by their nature involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results predicted. URS specifically does not guarantee or warrant any estimate or projections contained in this Report. Unless otherwise stated in this Report, the assessments made assume that the sites and facilities will continue to be used for their current purpose without significant changes. Where field investigations are carried out, these have been restricted to a level of detail required to meet the stated objectives of the services. The results of any measurements taken may vary spatially or with time and further confirmatory measurements should be made after any significant delay in issuing this Report.

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CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012

DRD Roads Service Northern Ireland — York Street Interchange, Belfast

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Background...... 1 1.2 Site location, land use and geology...... 1 2 APPROACH & METHODS...... 4 2.1 Assessment sources ...... 4 2.2 Methods adopted for data gathering, fieldwork, evaluation, assessment of impacts, and mitigation ...... 4 2.3 Preliminary site walkover and study area ...... 8 3 REGULATORY AND RESEARCH FRAMEWORKS...... 9 3.1 Relevant legislation, policy and codes of practice...... 9 3.2 Cultural heritage assessment objectives ...... 9 3.3 Results of consultation ...... 10 3.4 Research frameworks...... 11 4 BASELINE CONDITIONS...... 12 4.1 Statutory and other designated assets ...... 12 4.2 Historical development and archaeological background...... 17 4.3 Development and historic mapping...... 21 4.4 Historic motorway and trunk road development ...... 23 4.5 Archaeological and historical baseline ...... 24 5 EVALUATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSETS...... 33 5.1 Methodology...... 33 6 PREDICTED IMPACTS...... 40 6.2 Summary of mitigation strategies...... 53 6.3 Recommendations for further assessment work...... 58 7 SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFECTS...... 60 7.1 Assessment of the significance of effects ...... 60 7.2 Remaining risks or uncertainties...... 63 8 SUMMARY...... 65 8.1 Option A...... 65 8.2 Option B...... 65 8.3 Option C...... 65 8.4 Option D...... 66 9 REFERENCES...... 67 9.1 General references...... 67

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9.2 Planning, legislation and guidance ...... 70 9.3 Internet references...... 70 9.4 Cartographic sources...... 71 9.5 Town plan maps...... 71 9.6 Ordnance Survey maps ...... 72

Tables Table 1: Indicative geological deposit sequence Table 2: Factors for assessing the value of archaeological assets (DMRB Vol 11.3.2 HA208/07, Table 5.1) Table 3: Factors for assessing the value of historic buildings (after DMRB Vol 11.3.2 HA208/07, Table 6.1) Table 4: Factors for assessing the value of historic landscape character units (DMRB Vol 11.3.2 HA208/07, Table 7.1) Table 5: Factors in the assessment of the magnitude of impacts for archaeological remains (DMRB Vol 11.3.2 HA 208/07, Table 5.3) Table 6: Factors in the assessment of the magnitude of impacts for historic buildings (DMRB Vol 11.3.2 HA 208/07, Table 6.3) Table 7: Factors in the assessment of the magnitude of impacts for historic landscape (DMRB Vol 11.3.2 HA 208/07, Table 7.3) Table 8: Significance of Effects Matrix (DMRB Vol 11.3.2 HA208/07, Table 5.4) Table 9: Scheduled sites Table 10: Grade A listed buildings Table 11: Grade B+ listed buildings Table 12: Grade B listed buildings Table 13: Grade B1 listed buildings Table 14: Grade B2 listed buildings Table 15: Buildings in the Industrial Heritage Record Table 16: Period terminology Table 17: Evaluation of archaeological assets Table 18: Evaluation of historic landscape assets Table 19: Evaluation of historic building assets Table 20: Archaeological assets impacted by the proposed scheme options (assets that remain unchanged by the options are highlighted in grey) Table 21: Historic landscape assets impacted by the proposed scheme options (assets that remain unchanged by the options are highlighted in grey) Table 22: Historic buildings impacted by the proposed scheme options (assets that remain unchanged by the options are highlighted in grey) Table 23: Summary of possible mitigation strategies for archaeological remains (assets for which no mitigation strategy is anticipated are highlighted in grey) Table 24: Summary of possible mitigation strategies for historic landscape assets (assets for which no mitigation strategy is anticipated are highlighted in grey)

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Table 25: Summary of possible mitigation strategies for historic buildings (assets for which no mitigation strategy is anticipated are highlighted in grey) Table 26: Summary of Environmental Effects – Cultural Heritage

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Appendix 1 Cultural Heritage: planning policy background

Appendix 2 Gazetteer of archaeological and historical sites

Appendix 3 Plates Plate 1: A map of Belfast surveyed in 1791 by James Williamson Plate 2: Plan of the town of Belfast from actual survey by P.Mason, 1815 Plate 3: Belfast in 1828, (town plan by the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland but never published) Plate 4: Plan of Belfast, James O'Hagan, 1848 Plate 5: Belfast, John Rapkin, 1851 Plate 6: Belfast looking north-west c.1860 by Marcus Ward & Co. Plate 7: Bird’s-eye view of Belfast looking west, 1863 by J.H. Connop Plate 8: Map of Belfast, 1884, Marcus Ward & Co. Plate 9: Ordnance Survey 1901-2 Plate 10: Ordnance Survey 1923 Plate 11: Whitla Street fire station, possibly post WWII Plate 12: Ship Street looking toward Garmoyle Street c.1970 (http://www.sailortown.org/Index.asp?MainID=4321) Plate 13: Clarendon Graving Dock, Clarendon Dock, Belfast Plate 14: Harbour Office, Corporation Square Plate 15: St Joseph's RC Church, Prince’s Dock Street Plate 16: St Joseph's RC Parochial House, Pilot Street Plate 17: Sinclair Seamen's Presbyterian Church, Corporation Street Plate 18: St Paul's Church of Ireland, York Street Plate 19: The Northern Bank (former Corn Exchange buildings), Victoria Street Appendix 4 Figures Figure 1: Location of cultural heritage assets (archaeological remains, historic landscape & historic buildings)

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background

This report is a Simple Assessment for cultural heritage (baseline data gathering stage) of the four approved interchange options at Stage 2 of the proposed York Street Interchange, Belfast. In order to assess the impact of the proposed road scheme upon the heritage, the guidance provided in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) Volume 11, Section 3, Part 2 ‘Cultural Heritage’ has been used (Highways Agency 2007, HA 208/07). The guidance enable the application of a structured and strategic approach to the assessment study. 1.2 Site location, land use and geology 1.2.1 Site location

The study area is situated in the townland of Town Parks (Belfast), the civil parish of Shankill, the historic barony of Upper Belfast, and the ancient diocese of Down and Connor, and the County of Antrim.

The study area lies to the north of Belfast city centre, close to the historic docks along the River Lagan in an area that contains fragmentary surviving elements of its 19th Century industrial past. The site is dominated by the main arterial road routes that link the city north- south (A12 Westlink) and also to the east (M3 motorway) and that connect the city with the countryside (M1 and M2 motorways). The major trunk road interchange that was developed between the mid 1960s and the 1990s, separates the remains of the historic docks area to the east from the commercial and residential properties to the west and also from the city centre. The walkover survey and a review of available historic mapping indicate that all the land occupied by the site has been developed in the past, although some areas of open ground survive where buildings have been demolished. Some maturing vegetation (trees and shrubs) that provides screening exists along earthen embankment sections of the M2­ M3 motorway.

To the north, the urban fabric consists of residential and commercial properties; and the southern end of the study area is located on the periphery of the historic city centre. The existing junction arrangement has severed and altered the historic road network that was laid out at the beginning of the 19th Century. A few historic buildings, related to the former industrial and residential use of the area have survived both the construction of the road network and the impact of World War II bombing and the subsequent clearance.

The existing modern road junction has been constructed at different levels, below and above the historic road layout. For example, the Westlink is in a deep cutting near to the south end of the site (toward the Clifton Street junction), but at-grade as it approaches York Street; whereas the elevated section of M3 motorway is constructed on bridge piers as it rises onto the Lagan Bridge and on steep embankments to the north where it joins the M2 motorway. Parallel to the M3 motorway is a modern section of railway-line that links Central Station to Yorkgate Station, also constructed in part on elevated sections. Apart from the numerous elevated piers that support the existing structures it is possible that the road pavement may also have been constructed on deep foundations.

The urban landscape within and surrounding the site consists of scattered light industrial and commercial premises (historic and modern) and groups of residential housing, including modern dockside apartments to the east. Within the site and the wider area are a series of

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dispersed scattered car parks and ‘park & ride’ facilities, and areas of vacant open ground where buildings have been cleared. 1.2.2 Land use zones

For analytical purposes the study area has been split into four zones which thematically group heritage assets based upon historic geography and urban character. These assets are described in Section 4 (Baseline Conditions) and are detailed in the gazetteer (Appendix 2, Historic Landscape assets).

Zones A to D were defined within the study area and reflects the historic and current use of the site and the wider area. Zone A covers the Docks area to the east of the proposed scheme; Zone B is the area to the west that incorporates the light industrial, retail and commercial sector that historically grew up along and adjacent to York Street; Zone C is the northern periphery of the historic city centre; and Zone D is the area of the proposed scheme that would be directly impacted (also referred to elsewhere as the site (Figure 1). 1.2.3 Geology and landform

The elevation of the site varies from c.2.4 to 3.0m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD) along York Street to c.1.6m along Corporation Street and Garmoyle Street, although the change in elevation is imperceptible given the character of the urban and road development that has impacted the site previously.

The 1:50,000 Soil Map for Belfast (Sheet 15, 1994) indicates that the site extends over an urban landscape and suggests that the upper layer of the soil may have been modified. Historical, geotechnical exploratory holes indicate the presence of fill material which is likely to be associated with the provision of a stable working surface above the alluvial sleech deposits (Scott Wilson 2008, Figure 3).

The 1:21,120 Special Engineering Geology Map (Drift) for Belfast indicates that the site is underlain by drift deposits that consists of fluviate alluvium, estuarine and glacial boulder clay from the Pleistocene Period to the present day. The 1:63,360 Geological Map (Solid) indicates that the underlying solid geology consists of the Sherwood Sandstone Group (formerly the ‘Bunter Sandstone’) of the Triassic Period (Scott Wilson 2008, Figures 4 and 5).

The landform has developed as a result of natural processes that have impacted the area since the beginning of the Holocene, at the end of the last glaciation, and the result of land reclamation in the later historic period. At the end of the last glaciation the whole of greater Belfast and the valley that is now formed by Belfast Lough would have been dry land with the coastline at some distance to the east. By the later Mesolithic period (6000-4000BC), rising sea levels would have created an unstable and shifting coastline that would eventually have inundated a large area, including much of Belfast. During this time deep marine and inter-tidal deposits were laid down over a wide area. It is estimated that marine inundation reached its peak c.3500BC when the sea levels reached a peak at around 5m higher than today. This means that the formerly dry bed of Belfast Lough (permanently) and much of modern central, south and west Belfast (temporarily) was drowned under tidal water, including the site.

Around 3500BC the sea level started to fall and over a long period of time reached its historic levels that left extensive areas of ‘sleech’ land exposed. These deposits later slowly dried out to create the flat slobland, on which the centre of Belfast was built, and the shoreline retreated to the east, a little beyond what is now Dunbar Link.

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1.2.4 Summary of historical geotechnical holes

A survey of historical boreholes logs has indicated the broad sequence of deposits that have survived at the site (Scott Wilson 2008, Table 1).

Table 1: Indicative geological deposit sequence

Geological strata Description Depth to Thickness Top (m) (m)

Made Ground Reworked glacial deposits – clay and 0 0.3 – 1.0 silt Estuarine Alluvium (Belfast Silty Clay 0.30 - 1.4 8.3 – 11.3 Sleech) Peat Friable sub-amorphous with decayed 9.5 – 12.0 <1.6 roots Alluvial Deposits Sandy gravel / gravely sand 10.1 – 12.2 0.4 – 3.7 Glacial Deposits Boulder Clay 10.8 – 15.4 7.6 – 37.3 Bedrock Sandstone 13.8 – 15.1 -

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2 APPROACH & METHODS 2.1 Assessment sources

Databases of known sites, and the ‘Maps in Action’ GIS database, were consulted at the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) Monuments and Buildings Record (NI MBR, Hill Street, Belfast). Sources comprise: • Archaeological Sites and Monuments Record (SMR); • Architectural or Historic Buildings Record and Northern Ireland Buildings Database; • Industrial Archaeology or Industrial Heritage Record (IHR); • Defence Heritage Project; • Northern Ireland Heritage Gardens Inventory (1992); • Register of Parks, Gardens and Demesnes of Special Historic Interest (2007); • Buildings at Risk in Northern Ireland (BaRNI) Register; and, • Maritime Sites and Monuments Record (no assets identified for this project).

Primary and secondary sources, including historic mapping, antiquarian surveys, Ordnance Survey (OS) mapping and archaeological journals were consulted at the NIEA MBR office, Belfast.

Internet resources were also investigated to provide social and oral histories describing the impact of WWII bombing raids and information about the development of the cross-city road network (see Section 9.3, Internet references).

RAF photographs held by PRONI have not been consulted at this stage as historic map coverage indicates adequately the development sequence of the area.

Digital resources consulted include the Archaeology Data Service, the CBA Defence of Britain Database, the British and Irish Archaeological Bibliography, the British Geological Survey, and relevant Northern Ireland Environment Agency web pages. 2.2 Methods adopted for data gathering, fieldwork, evaluation, assessment of impacts, and mitigation

The Simple Assessment has been prepared in accordance with the DMRB guidance Volume 11, Section 3 Part 2 (Simple Assessment), (Highways Agency 2007), and relevant professional standards and guidelines (IfA 2010, IfA 2011).

Factors for assessing the value of heritage assets are described in Tables 2 to 4 below:

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Table 2: Factors for assessing the value of archaeological assets (DMRB 11.3.2 HA208/07, Table 5.1)

Factors for assessing the value of archaeological assets

Very High World Heritage Sites (including nominated sites); Assets of acknowledged international importance; Assets that can contribute significantly to acknowledged international research objectives. High Scheduled Monuments (including proposed sites); Undesignated assets of schedulable quality and importance; Assets that can contribute significantly to acknowledged national research agendas. Medium Designated or undesignated assets that contribute to regional research objectives. Low Designated and undesignated assets of local importance; Assets compromised by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations; Assets of limited value, but with potential to contribute to local research objectives. Negligible Assets with very little or no surviving archaeological interest. Unknown The importance of the resource has not been ascertained.

Table 3: Factors for assessing the value of historic buildings (DMRB 11.3.2 HA208/07, Table 6.1)

Factors for assessing the value of historic buildings

Very High Structures inscribed as of universal importance as World Heritage Sites; Other buildings of recognised international importance. High Scheduled Monuments with standing remains; Grade A and B+ Listed Buildings; Buildings in State Care; Conservation Areas containing very important buildings; Undesignated structures of clear national importance. Medium Grade B (including B1 and B2) Listed Buildings; Historic (undesignated) buildings that can be shown to have exceptional qualities in their fabric or historical associations; Conservation Areas containing buildings that contribute significantly to its historic character; Historic Townscape or built-up areas with important historic integrity in their buildings, or built settings (e.g. including street furniture and other structures). Low Historic (undesignated) buildings of modest quality in their fabric or historical association; Historic Townscape or built-up areas of limited historic integrity in their buildings, or built settings (e.g. including street furniture and other structures); Buildings that appear on the Industrial Heritage Record; Buildings that have been delisted, but retain historic interest. Negligible Buildings of no architectural or historical note; buildings of an intrusive character. Unknown Buildings with unknown (i.e. inaccessible) potential for historic significance.

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Table 4: Factors for assessing the value of historic landscape character units (based on DMRB 11.3.2 HA208/07, Table 7.1)

Factors for assessing the value of historic landscape character units

Very High World Heritage Sites inscribed for their historic landscape qualities; Historic landscapes of international value, whether designated or not; Extremely well preserved historic landscapes with exceptional coherence, time-depth or other critical factor(s). High Designated historic landscapes of outstanding interest; Undesignated landscapes of outstanding interest; Undesignated landscapes of high quality and importance, and of demonstrable national value; Well preserved historic landscapes, exhibiting considerable coherence, time-depth or other critical factor(s). Medium Designated special historic landscapes; Undesignated historic landscapes that would justify special historic landscape designation, landscapes of regional value; Averagely well-preserved historic landscapes with reasonable coherence, time-depth or other critical factor(s). Low Robust undesignated historic landscapes; Historic landscapes with importance to local interest groups; Historic landscapes whose value is limited by poor preservation and/or poor survival of contextual associations. Negligible Assets with very little or no significant historical interest. Unknown The importance of the resource has not been ascertained.

Factors for assessing the magnitude of impacts for archaeological, historic buildings and historic landscape assets are described in Tables 5 to 7 below:

Table 5: Factors in the assessment of the magnitude of impacts for archaeological remains (DMRB 11.3.2 HA 208/07, Table 5.3)

Factors in the assessment of the magnitude of impacts for archaeological remains Major Change to key archaeological elements, such that the resource is totally altered; Comprehensive changes to setting. Moderate Change to many key archaeological elements, such that the resource is clearly modified; Considerable changes to setting that affect that character of the asset. Minor Change to key archaeological materials, such that the asset is slightly altered; Slight changes to setting. Negligible Very minor changes to archaeological materials, or setting. No change No change.

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Table 6: Factors in the assessment of the magnitude of impacts for historic buildings (DMRB 11.3.2 HA 208/07, Table 6.3)

Factors in the assessment of the magnitude of impacts for historic buildings Major Change to key historic building elements, such that the resource is totally altered; Comprehensive changes to setting. Moderate Change to many key historic building elements, such that the resource is significantly modified; Changes to the setting of an historic building, such that it is significantly modified. Minor Change to key historic building elements, such that the asset is slightly different; Change to setting of an historic building, such that it is noticeably changed. Negligible Slight changes to historic buildings elements or setting that hardly affect it. No change No change to fabric or setting.

Table 7: Factors in the assessment of the magnitude of impacts for historic landscape (DMRB 11.3.2 HA 208/07, Table 7.3)

Factors in the assessment of the magnitude of impacts for historic landscape Major Change to most or all key historic landscape elements, parcels or components; extreme visual effects; gross change or noise or change to sound quality; fundamental changes to use or access; resulting in total change to historic landscape character unit. Moderate Changes to many key historic landscape elements, parcels or components; visual change to many key aspects of the historic landscape, noticeable differences in noise or sound quality, considerable changes to use or access; resulting in moderate changes to historic landscape character. Minor Changes to few historic landscape elements, parcels or components, slight visual changes to few key aspects of historic landscape, limited changes to noise levels or sound quality; slight changes to use or access; resulting in limited changes to historic landscape character. Negligible Very minor changes to historic landscape elements, parcels or components, virtually unchanged visual effects, very slight changes in noise levels or sound quality; very slight changes to use or access; resulting in a very small change to historic landscape character. No change No change to historic landscape elements, parcels or components; no visual or audible changes; no changes arising from amenity or community factors.

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2.2.1 Assessment of significance of effects: method

The assessment of the significance of effect is judged in accordance with the matrix set out in Table 8 below.

Table 8: Significance of Effects Matrix (DMRB 11.3.2 HA208/07, Table 5.4)

Large or Very Very High Neutral Slight Moderate/large Very Large Large

Moderate/ Large/Very High Neutral Slight Moderate/slight Large Large

Medium Neutral Neutral/Slight Slight Moderate Moderate/Large

Low Neutral Neutral/Slight Neutral/Slight Slight Slight/Moderate V a l ue / s ens it i v ity

Negligible Neutral Neutral Neutral/Slight Neutral/Slight Slight

No change Negligible Minor Moderate Major

Magnitude of impact

2.3 Preliminary site walkover and study area

A site walkover was undertaken between 7 and 9 March 2011 in order to verify current ground conditions and land use, and to inform the assessment. Access during this visit was limited to Public Rights of Way.

Targeted visits were undertaken to the designated heritage assets that were considered likely to incur the greatest impact as a result of the proposed road improvement scheme (e.g. listed buildings, Conservation Areas).

At the same time, consideration was given to the extent of an appropriate study area for the assessment. Factors that influenced the decision included the irregular site boundary, as well as the urban and historic setting of the proposed scheme and its relationship to the city and dockland environment. Bearing in mind these factors, a study area with a 1km radius centred on IGR J34227533 was chosen for the archaeological resource (Scheduled Monuments and MBR records) and also for registered historic battlefields.

For other designated and non-designated assets (e.g. listed buildings, Conservation Areas, Industrial Heritage Records) a smaller search area with a 400m radius was utilised, in order to ensure that the assessment was relevant to the proposed scheme. The walkover established that many listed buildings that were also located in the historic core of the city would unlikely be affected by the scheme due to the existing urban nature of the site.

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3 REGULATORY AND RESEARCH FRAMEWORKS 3.1 Relevant legislation, policy and codes of practice

The Cultural Heritage requirements of current planning regulations are set out in Planning Policy Statement (PPS) 6, ‘Planning, Archaeology and the Built Heritage’ (DoE March 1999). PPS 6 sets out the planning policies for the protection and conservation of archaeological remains and features of the built heritage. It provides guidance on direct physical impacts upon the natural or man-made environments. In particular, areas of concern for the proposed York Street Interchange scheme include archaeological sites and monuments, listed buildings, industrial heritage and registered historic parks, gardens & demesnes. PPS 6 also details a section on Transport and Traffic, where the impact of new routes and routes in the vicinity of existing historic structures shall be assessed. Key policies are detailed in Appendix 1.

Regional Development Strategy 2035 ‘Building a Better Future’

The RDS 2035 sets out Strategic Guidance for the protection of the environment. RG11 highlights the need to ‘conserve, protect and, where possible, enhance our built heritage and our natural environment’ (RDS, p47). The policy goes on to identify three sub criteria with specific regard to the built heritage: • Identify, protect and conserve the built heritage, including archaeological sites and monuments and historic buildings • identify, protect and conserve the character and built heritage assets within cities towns and villages • Maintain the integrity of built heritage assets, including historic landscapes

The Draft Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan (BMAP) is a ten-year development plan for the Belfast Metropolitan Area for the period 2005-2015. This includes the city council areas of Belfast and Lisburn and the borough councils of Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Newtownabbey and North Down. It is produced by Planning NI, an agency of the Department of the Environment (DoE). The plan aims to provide a planning framework which facilitates growth and high quality development in the Belfast Metropolitan Area, while protecting, and where appropriate enhancing, the natural and man-made environments. The Plan gives protection to Historic Gardens, Parks & Demesnes, Conservation Areas, City Centre Character Areas and Areas of Archaeological Potential (O’Keeffe 2008) and Areas of Significant Archaeological Interest in the District (Appendix 1). 3.2 Cultural heritage assessment objectives

This DMRB ‘Simple’ Assessment has been undertaken in order to assess the archaeological, historic buildings and historic landscape potential within the scheme study area. It includes the collation of relevant existing written, cartographic, aerial photographic and electronic information which inform the assessment. The assessment considers the archaeological, historic buildings and historic landscape resource in a local, regional, and/or national context as appropriate, in order to meet national legislation and planning policy. The principal purpose of the ‘Simple’ Assessment is: • To address unknown aspects of the ‘Scoping’ Assessment; • To reach an understanding of the effect and input into the scheme design; and,

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• To reach an understanding of the likely effect that identifies the need for a Detailed Assessment.

The objective of DMRB Volume 11 (Section 3, Part 2) in relation to Cultural Heritage is to identify constraints associated with the broadly defined interchange area as follows: • To review information obtained in the Scoping Study and consider other relevant specialist databases; • To collect more detailed information on historic landscape character mapping, World Heritage Sites, historic mapping, aerial photographs, relevant books, journals and previous reports; • To assess the potential for archaeological remains within the interchange footprint, the significance of such deposits, and the likely impact of the interchange layout options upon them; • To identify and assess the significance of the historic buildings resource within the interchange footprint, the significance of such historic building assets, and the likely impact of the interchange layout options upon them; • To identify and assess the significance of the historic landscape within the interchange footprint, the significance of the historic landscapes identified, and the likely impact of the interchange layout options upon them; • To assess the relative significance of sites and groupings and whether preservation is mandatory or if mitigation is possible; • To indicate where further fieldwork or documentary study is required including methods and timing constraints; • To propose suitable mitigation strategies where appropriate for each interchange layout option; • To compare and contrast the interchange layout options, to assess which option would least impact the cultural heritage resources; and, • To flag up areas of high risk for the client, in order that they can design around/avoid these areas prior to finalisation of the preferred interchange option or plan for these in advance.

3.3 Results of consultation

Consultation with NIEA-Built Heritage will discuss the methodology for the three cultural heritage elements and will consider any Scheme impacts on the historic urban character. It is recommended that further consultation forms the next stage of the Cultural Heritage Assessment (Detailed Assessment).

No response has been received from the statutory consultees at the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. The Historic Buildings Council responded on the 24 May 2011 (letter from Frank Robinson, chairman) who indicated that they have no comment or input at this stage.

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3.4 Research frameworks

Archaeological research frameworks and regional research agendas for Northern Ireland are currently in preparation. The consideration of research agendas, priorities and frameworks is particularly important to evaluating the cultural heritage resource.

The broad principles of a number of existing archaeological research agendas are applicable, such as those of the post medieval period (Gwyn & Palmer (eds) 2006), and the medieval period (Society for Medieval Archaeology 1987). A research review of Irish environmental archaeology has recently been published (Murphy and Whitehouse 2007).

Urban topics are covered by the Irish Heritage Council’s Review of Urban Archaeology Research (2000). The Irish Heritage Council’s Review of Research Needs in Irish Archaeology (2007) identifies major research themes: • Cultural Identity, Territories and Boundaries; • Resources, Technology and Craft; • Exchange and Trade; • Religion and Ritual; • Environment and Climate Change; • Landscapes and Settlement; and, • Archaeology and Contemporary Society.

Topical research agendas for post-medieval and industrial archaeology are being developed by The Group for the Study of Irish Historic Settlement, the Irish Post-Medieval Archaeology Group, and the Industrial Heritage Association of Ireland (Scally 1987; Hamond 1998; Donnelly & Horning 2002; Falconer 2005; Gwyn & Palmer 2006; see also EH 2006), and specific agendas for Belfast are explored in papers associated with the Belfast Area of Archaeological Potential (O’Keeffe 2008).

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4 BASELINE CONDITIONS 4.1 Statutory and other designated assets 4.1.1 World Heritage Sites

There are no World Heritage Sites located within the site or wider area. The nearest is located on the north Antrim coastline, at the Giant’s Causeway and Causeway Coast, Moyle.

Mount Stewart Gardens (Co Down) was on the UK’s tentative list of 2006, but was not on the revised tentative list submitted to UNESCO in 2011. This list featured the Hill of Derry (Co Derry), Gracehill Conservation Area (Co Antrim), Malone and Stranmillis Historic Urban landscape (Belfast), and Navan Fort (Royal Sites of Ireland, Co Armagh). None of these sites were retained in the new UK tentative list (2011). 4.1.2 Scheduled Monuments

There are two Scheduled Monuments within the study area (Figure 1 and Table 9).

Table 9: Scheduled sites

Asset No. Description Period

AR02 Twin slipways of the Titanic and Olympic ships, Belfast Modern AR03 Hamilton Graving Docks, Belfast 19th century

4.1.3 Areas of Significant Archaeological Interest

There are no Areas of Significant Archaeological Interest within the study area. 4.1.4 Areas of Archaeological Potential

These areas indicate to developers where, on the basis of current knowledge, it is likely that archaeological remains will be encountered in the course of continuing development and change. There is an extensive Area of Archaeological Potential that encompasses the southeast corner of the immediate study area. Its northern boundary includes Westlink, Great George’s Street, Dock Street, Corry Link and then passes south on Albert Quay and along the west bank of the River Lagan. This stretch continues south beneath Lagan Bridge (AR11) (Figure 1). 4.1.5 Listed Buildings

There are twenty-six listed buildings within the study area; five of these are listed at ‘A’ (Table 10) and five are listed at ‘B+’ (Table 11). The remaining sixteen are listed at grade ‘B’ which can be divided into eleven listed at ‘B1’ (Table 13), two at ‘B2’ (Table 14) and three at grade ‘B’ (Table 12). One building has been retained on the list although it is recorded as having been demolished (HB09, St Enoch’s Presbyterian Church, Carlisle Street). Four of the listed buildings are also included in the gazetteer of Historic Landscape assets since they also appear in the Industrial Heritage Records maintained by NIEA MBR (see HB05, HB13, HB23 and HB26).

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Table 10: Grade A listed buildings

Asset No. Description Period

HB03, Clarendon Dock Buildings, Harbour Estate, Belfast. 19th century HL17 HB05, Harbour Office, Corporation Square, Belfast. 19th century HL19 HB13, Belfast Charitable Institution (Clifton House), Clifton 18th century HL35 Street, Belfast (includes gates, railings & walls).

HB22 St. Anne's Cathedral, Donegall Street, Belfast. 20th century HB26 Custom House, Custom House Square, Belfast. 19th century HL59

Table 11: Grade B+ listed buildings

Asset No. Description Period

HB04 Sinclair Seaman's Presbyterian Church, Corporation 19th century Square, Belfast (includes gates and railings). HB06 Administration and drawing office block (Harland & Wolff), 20th century Queens Road, Belfast. HB08 Walls at burying ground, Henry Place (off Clifton Street), 18th century Belfast. HB10 Carlisle Memorial Methodist Church, Carlisle Circus, 19th century Belfast. HB11 The former Carlisle Memorial Church Hall (Indian 19th century Community Centre), 86 Clifton Street, Belfast.

Table 12: Grade B listed buildings

Asset No. Description Period

HB07 St. Paul's Church of Ireland, York Street, Belfast 19th century (including boundary piers, gates & railings). HB18 St. Patrick's Parochial House, 199 Donegall Street, 19th century Belfast. HB19 St. Patrick's RC Church, Donegall Street, Belfast. 19th century

Table 13: Grade B1 listed buildings

Asset No. Description Period

HB01 St Joseph's RC Church, Prince's Dock Street. 19th century HB02 St Joseph's RC, Parochial House, 38 Pilot Street, Belfast, 19th century Antrim BT1 3AH (includes house and gate). HB12 Belfast Orange Hall, Clifton Street, Belfast. 19th century HB14 Gate Lodge at Clifton House, North Queen Street, 20th century Belfast. HB17 201-205 Donegall Street, Belfast. 19th century

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Asset No. Description Period

HB20 St. Patrick's C.B. School, Donegall Street, Belfast. 19th century HB21 Irish News Office, 113 Donegall Street, Belfast. 20th century HB23, 27-37 Talbot Street, Belfast. Pre-1834 HL53 HB24 Northern Bank (Former Corn Exchange), 1-9 Victoria 19th century Street, Belfast. HB25 Head Line Building, 10-14 Victoria Street, Belfast. 19th century HB27 Calder Fountain, Albert Square, Belfast. 19th century

Table 14: Grade B2 listed buildings

Asset No. Description Period

HB15 Friends Institute, 47 Frederick Street, Belfast. 19th century HB16 Lancaster St. School, (Former Ladies Industrial School), 20th century Lancaster Street, Belfast.

There are a further sixty-three buildings or structures within the study area which are undesignated but appear on NIEA Records, Industrial Heritage Records, (Table 15). These have mainly been identified from historic Ordnance Survey mapping; as such some of these have since been demolished or been subject to redevelopment. The buildings comprise mill complexes, factories and works, industrial or commercial premises, storage facilities, a ferry terminal and a bridge. It is noted that there are very few records of industrial buildings actually within Zone D and this may be as a result of the site being excluded from the original GBIAS survey boundary.

Table 15: Buildings in the Industrial Heritage Record

Asset No. Description Period

HL01 Pacific Flour Mill. Belfast, Northern Road. Post medieval HL02 Saw Mill. Belfast, Duncrue Street (off). Post medieval HL03 Dufferin Flour & Meal Mills. Belfast, Duncrue Street. Post medieval HL04 Grain Silo. Belfast, Dufferin Road. Post medieval HL05 Saw Mill. Belfast, Duncrue Street. Post medieval HL06 Headling Sheds. Belfast, Whitla Street / Nelson Street. Unknown HL07 Limekilns (x2). Belfast, Albert Quay. Post medieval HL08 Saw Mill. Belfast, Garmoyle Street. Post medieval HL09 Felt Works. Belfast, Garmoyle Street. Post medieval HL10 Princes Dock Foundry. Belfast, Garmoyle Street. Post medieval HL11 Albert Quay. Post medieval HL12 Bonded Store. Belfast, Short Street. Post medieval HL13 Princes Dock Mill (Maize). Belfast, Princes Dock Street. Post medieval HL14 Felt Works, Saw Mills (Steam). Belfast, Garmoyle Street. Post medieval HL15 Ship Repair Yard - Iron Workshops. Belfast, Pilot Place. Post medieval HL16 Clarendon Mills (Oatmeal), Belfast, Corporation Street. Post medieval

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Asset No. Description Period

HL17 Graving Docks, Clarendon Dock, Belfast, Corporation Square. Post medieval HL18 Landing stage on outer edge of Clarendon Dock. Post medieval HL20 Ferry Terminal. Belfast Ferries Terminal. Modern HL21 Bonded Store, Donegall Quay. Post medieval HL22 Bridge (road over river). Belfast, York Road. Post medieval HL23 Saw Mill. Belfast, York Road. Post medieval HL24 Engine Sheds. BNCR Branch Line, Bleach Green - Larne Harbour. Post medieval HL25 Saw Mill. Belfast, York Road. Post medieval HL26 Ulster Bakery. Belfast, Lilliput Road. Post medieval HL27 York Road Railway Station. BNCR Branch Line, Bleach Green - Post medieval Larne Harbour. HL28 BNCR Terminus & Midland Hotel. BNCR Branch Line, Bleach Green Post medieval - Larne Harbour. HL29 Fisher's Wagon Works. Belfast, Brougham Street. Post medieval HL30 Gallaher & Co. Tobacco Factory. Belfast, York Street. Post medieval HL31 Meadow Street Flax Spinning Mill, Corn Mill, Flour Mill. Belfast, Post medieval Meadow Street. HL32 York Street Foundry. Belfast. Post medieval HL33 Saw Mill. Belfast, York Street. Post medieval HL34 York Street Linen Factory (Spinning & Weaving). Belfast, York Post medieval Street. HL36 Mulryne's Coach Building Works. Belfast, North Queen Street. Post medieval HL38 Starch Works. Belfast, Little Donegall Street. Post medieval HL39 Biscuit Factory. Belfast, Donegall Street. Post medieval HL40 Starch Works. Belfast, York Lane. Post medieval HL41 Starch Works. Belfast, Frederick Lane. Post medieval HL42 Foundry, Biscuit Factory. Belfast, Donegall Street. Post medieval HL43 Starch Works, Flour Mill. Belfast, York Lane. Post medieval HL44 Factory. Belfast, Lancaster Street. Unknown HL45 Cotton Manufactory. Belfast, York Lane. Post medieval HL46 Tobacco Factory. Belfast, York Street. Post medieval HL47 Starch Works. Belfast, Washington Street. Post medieval HL48 Starch Works. Belfast, York Street. Post medieval HL49 Flax Stores. Belfast, Academy Street. Post medieval HL50 Bonded Store. Belfast, Academy Street. Post medieval HL51 Bonded Store. Belfast, between Coates Lane & Charles Lane. Post medieval HL52 Bonded Store. Belfast, Great Patrick Street. Post medieval HL54 Bonded Store. Belfast, Talbot Street. Post medieval HL55 Phoenix Foundry. Belfast, Great George’s Street. Post medieval HL56 Bonded Store. Belfast, Gordon Street. Post medieval HL57 Scott's Bedding Manufactory. Belfast, off Gordon Street. Post medieval HL58 Bonded Store. Belfast, Albert Quay. Post medieval HL60 Donegall Quay, Belfast. Post medieval CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 15

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Asset No. Description Period

HL61 Bacon Factory. Belfast, Tomb Street. Post medieval HL62 Bonded Stores. Belfast, Tomb Street. Post medieval HL63 Bacon Factory - Donegall Quay Mills (Flour & Meal). Belfast, Gamble Post medieval Street. HL64 Distillery / Brewery. Belfast, Corporation Square. Unknown HL65 Engineering Works. Belfast, Great Patrick Street. Post medieval HL66 Bonded Store. Belfast, Corporation Street. Post medieval HL67 Bonded Store (Mitchell & Co. Ltd). Belfast, Great George’s Street. Post medieval HL68 Engineering Works. Belfast, Great George’s Street. Post medieval

4.1.6 Conservation Areas

There is one Conservation Area within the study area – the Cathedral Conservation Area (HB28), which is located to the south of the immediate study area (Figure 1). It is centred on Lower Donegall Street and north of Waring Street. The position of the Cathedral Conservation Area on the northern fringe of the City Centre and adjacent to the Port of Belfast, has resulted in a piecemeal collection of retail, office, warehousing and port orientated uses. The central focus is provided by St Anne’s Cathedral itself, surrounded by a predominantly 17th and 18th century street pattern. Interest within the conservation area is provided by the abundance of historic structures of ‘considerable merit which mark the transition of Belfast from a small port to an internationally important commercial city’ (DoENI 1990). 4.1.7 Registered Historic Parks, Gardens and Demesnes

There is one asset that is listed on the register of historic parks, gardens and demesnes; the 18th century gardens of Clifton House, which was built in 1774 by Belfast Charitable Society (HL37) (Figure 1). 4.1.8 Battlefields and Defence Heritage Sites

There are five entries on the Northern Ireland Battlefield Database located within the study area. • HL69: 17th century siege of Belfast. Civil War battle between the Parliamentary forces under Colonel Venables and the defending Belfast garrison that took place in October 1649; • HL71: Beal-Feirste. 16th century battle between Rughraidhe Mac Uibilin & Conn & Domnall O’Neill; • HL72: Fearsat (unlocated). 7th century battle between the tribes of the Ulidians & the Cruithni; 16th century battle between the Earl of Essex & Sir Brian O’Neill; • HL73: Ford of Belfast. 16th century battle between the Earl of Essex and Sir Brian O’Neill; and • HL74: Belfast (unlocated). 16th century battle between The Lord Justice & Niall-og­ O’Neill.

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There is one asset that is a Defence Heritage Site, HL70, an emergency water supply (destroyed), located in the wider study area, approximately 465m to the south of the site. 4.2 Historical development and archaeological background 4.2.1 Prehistoric to medieval

Very little is known about Mesolithic (c.8000 to 4000BC) occupation in the area during the Holocene, and it is possible that marine and alluvial sediment has buried evidence of Mesolithic occupation. However, the changing landscape with its potentially abundant and varied wildlife would have been likely to attract occupation at this time, although it may have been seasonal (Pollard 2011).

This explains the early importance of the crossing point further up the River Lagan near Shaw’s Bridge (and the Giant’s Ring) in the Neolithic era (c.4,000 to 2,000BC). This was then the first crossing point on the Lagan as one travelled up the river from its mouth. Further down river, a wide area was submerged by water and subsequently became a morass of damp estuarine clays. It may have been the Bronze Age (c.2,000 to 500BC) before this stabilised and consolidated.

This inundation meant that the important historic Belfast ford or crossing point (see below) could not have existed until well into the Neolithic era. It is probable that it was not until the medieval period that the deposits dried out sufficiently to attract occupation or agricultural activity.

Belfast was named after a ford across the River Lagan formed by a natural spit of sand between two of its tributaries, the Farset and Blackstaff Rivers, which joined the River Lagan close to its mouth. The name Belfast is derived from the Irish Gaelic ‘Beal Feirste’ or ‘mouth/ approach to the sand bank ford’ (Gillespie and Royle 2003). The second element in the name also gave the Farset River its name, meaning ‘river of the ford’. The ford was probably utilised from the later Neolithic / Bronze Age onwards and it was improved at an unknown date by the addition of stones and timbers. The ford formed a crossing point between south Antrim and north Down and control of this strategic crossing was fought over, the earliest battle being recorded in the early 7th century AD. The ford became the focus of the historic medieval settlement and also the Plantation period defended town (17th century).

Medieval and 17th century Belfast were both located along the narrow Farset River. The medieval settlement was probably sited along its southern bank, while the plantation town (17th century) spanned both sides of this river. The Farset flowed down the centre of what is now High Street and met the Lagan near where the Albert Clock now stands. The Blackstaff River lay to the south of the historic core, centred on today’s Chichester Street.

Early Irish history (5th to 7th centuries AD), suggests that the Belfast area, north and west of the Lagan, lay in the petty kingdom or tuath of Dal mBuaine. This petty kingdom formed a part of the Cruithin over-kingdom of the DalnAraide, which encompassed much of modern County Antrim (Gillespie and Royle 2003). The annals mention a chief of the DalmBuaine in 1130 AD. The Irish Annals record at 667 AD the site of a battle at ‘Bellum Fersti’ between the Ulaid of County Down and the Cruithin or DalnAraide of County Antrim. The two clans were to clash over the ownership of the strategic ford crossing on several occasions until the ford and an area on the north side of the Lagan was conquered by the Clann Dairmaid of the Dal Fiathach or Ulaid of County Down in the 12th century. Their territory was reflected by the name and extent of the medieval deanery of Clandermot, in which Belfast was situated. This conquest is also the reason that the small part of Antrim forming the deanery of Clandermot was included in the medieval diocese of Down (NAC 2006).

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In the medieval period, the Anglo-Normans conquered the south Antrim area. The Belfast area became part of the Earldom of Ulster known as county or ‘bailiwick’ of Carrickfergus. It was divided into large political divisions known as great manors. At the centre of one of these new manors, known as ‘Le Ford’ (a translation of its Gaelic name - Beal Feirste), a Castle (probably a Norman motte-style earthen mound with timber fort), Borough town and a Chapel of the ford, were constructed by the late 13th or early 14th century (Gillespie and Royle 2003, Bardon 1982).

The O’Neills of Clann Aodh buidhe (‘Clannaboy’) crossed the River Bann from Tyrone in the 14th century and conquered territory from the Anglo-Normans including south/ mid-Antrim and North Down, known as Clannaboy or Clandeboye. The site of Le Ford lay in the hands of the O’Neills for a considerable period. Inter-tribal / clan warfare between the Tyrone O’Neill’s, the Clandeboye O’Neills and the O’Donnells, as well as conflict with the forces of the English Crown resulted in frequent disputes over the ownership of the castle which was taken and destroyed / rebuilt a number of times in the later 15th century and throughout the 16th century. The timber castle was replaced by a stone built tower house style castle during this period. 4.2.2 Post medieval to modern

After the war with Elizabeth I of England, and following political intrigues, and the ‘Flight of the Earls’ (Irish chiefs) overseas at the start of the 17th century, the area was earmarked for Plantation. The barony of Belfast in northern Clandeboye was granted (in 1603) to Sir Arthur Chichester, who was made Lord Deputy in 1604. He settled English settlers from Lancashire and Cheshire in his plantation. The town of Belfast was incorporated and Chichester was created baron of Belfast in 1613.

Early 17th century sources suggest that in the town, Chichester replaced the medieval tower house style castle with a new tall, semi-fortified Elizabethan style manor house that had a courtyard and formal gardens which lay at the south-western end of High Street, in the present Castle Place and Castle Lane area (ibid).

A defensive bank and ditch was constructed around the town in 1642 as a response to the Irish uprising of 1641 during the English Civil War. At first the town was controlled by royalist forces, until Colonel Monk took the town for Parliament in 1648. It was briefly retaken by royalists in late 1648, after which Colonel Robert Venables laid siege to Belfast in 1649 on behalf of Oliver Cromwell (Gillespie and Royle 2003, Bardon 1982).

After the restoration in 1660, the Chichesters’ regained full control of the town and were made hereditary Earls of Donegal. The family were known afterwards as the Donegalls. The town’s growth in the later post medieval and modern periods is recorded in a series of maps made at this time (Appendix 3, Plates 1 to 10). After the accession of Catholic James II to the throne the influence of the Chichesters was broken and Catholic influence became stronger; this eventually erupted into the Jacobite/Williamite wars (1685 to 1690). A royalist Jacobite army occupied the town in 1689, but retreated south at the advance of an army under the Williamite Schomberg. In 1690, William of Orange landed at Carrickfergus, met Schomberg at Whitehouse and together they entered Belfast, where William stayed at the castle.

During the 1650s there was an influx of new merchants into the town, resulting in a shift in trade to provide goods for the provision trade (barrelled beef and butter) to continental Europe and to a lesser extent to the colonies in North America and the West Indies. The number of merchants increased in the second half of the century as a result of prosperity. As a result of the development of trade in new products, leather manufacture became commoner, and as a result of contact with the West Indies, unrefined sugar was brought into the town which led to the construction of sugar houses. Prosperity supported a number of

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luxury crafts (clockmakers and goldsmiths) and industry developed along Waring Street and along the banks of the River Lagan. The growing urban population was initially housed through more intensive use of existing houses that had been leased in the early 17th century but pressure eventually led to land reclamation at the end of the 17th century and early 18th century.

The castle was accidentally burned down in 1708; this was a disaster from which the Donegall family never recovered. As a result of the destruction of the castle, Belfast lost its central focus and thereafter the Donegalls became absentee landlords and provided no initiative for improving Belfast. It was left to the 5th Earl of Donegall, Arthur (1757-1799) to make substantial improvements to the town, granting longer and more favourable leases, that led to easier access to building land that eventually led to the growth of a powerful city in the 19th century.

A period of economic decline in the early 18th century slowed growth, but eventually recovery was led by the linen trade that was introduced into the town from the countryside (Gillespie and Royle 2003, Bardon 1982). By 1771 there were 300 looms in the town. At this time improvements were also made to the canal transport system that provided an economic stimulus, linking inland areas (Lough Neagh) to the port. During the later 18th century Belfast was re-shaped as a result of rebuilding of properties in brick and the construction of new important public buildings (St Anne’s Church). By the 1750s new mercantile families emerged to replace the earlier generation who had begun to move out of the town and settle in new country houses. Trade through the port increased and the expansion in overseas markets resulted in a considerable re-development of the port as a result of land reclamation (1760s Lime Kiln Dock developed). Prior to c.1700 the shoreline would have been approximately 150m to the west of its current location, following approximately the line of Corporation Street. This period also saw the maturing of the economic basis of the town; specialisms were developed within the merchant community and the separation of wholesale and retail elements; the emergence of banking and discount housing; and the expansion of the cotton industry. By the late 18th century shipbuilding, engineering, shoe making and sugar processing were well established manufacturers but others such as cotton, glass and pottery were new. Prosperity attracted migrants to the town and urban housing expanded rapidly to meet demand. Between 1780 and 1811 the population doubled and the town’s personality changed from one with a commercial focus to one that was industrial.

Industrial prosperity funded much of the development in the early 19th century (Gillespie and Royle 2003, Bardon 1982). Cotton manufacture reached its peak in 1825 and eventually shifted into linen. Shipbuilding expanded. Shipping tonnage entering Belfast also expanded rapidly, increasing three-fold between 1815 and 1835. Improvements in navigation channels increased ease of access into the port. By 1833 the shoreline had moved to the east along its present location. Linked to the growth in the shipbuilding industry and cotton manufacturing was the growth of an engineering industry. A number of foundry works were operating in the town before the 1840s. The population of the town increased rapidly with many new arrivals settling in the north and west of the town. Demand for housing grew and mill owners built streets of houses for their own workers, often on greenfield sites outside of the centre of the town.

Other local industrial activities were carried out producing goods for the local market (beer, food and drink products, soap and tallow makers, starchmakers, tanners and papermakers). Also the production of goods for export became important and some of the output from industry was exported. There were also tobacco factories, distilleries and mineral water companies. In the second half of the 19th century new docks were constructed to accommodate larger vessels that required deeper water into the port (Clarendon Dock 1851; Spenser Dock and Dufferin Dock 1872; Albert Quay rebuilt and extended 1873; York Dock

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1876; and Alexandra Graving Dock 1880s). At the same time that new docks were built or extended the old Limekiln, Town and Ritchie’s docks were filled in.

Rapid growth in the second half of the 19th century and a high level of migration into the town, including internal migrants arriving from elsewhere in Northern Ireland resulted in the creation of the county borough of Belfast when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888.

In 1846 the Belfast and Ballymena Railway line and terminus were built. The York Road Railway Station was opened on 11 April 1848 and acted as the terminus for rail services between Belfast and Ballymena. Later the line was extended to Londonderry Waterside via a route to Coleraine. The station was one of three main railway stations in Belfast.

The formation of the Belfast Corporation in the middle years of the 19th century enabled improvements to living conditions in the congested city, although deprivation and poverty continued to be an issue into the mid 20th century in the working class areas around York Street and the Docks, in areas that had seen a great deal of rioting and sectarian violence from the mid 19th century. Prostitution was also an issue, with the brothels in the city enjoying substantial custom, not least from those who worked in the docks and warehouses, and those who were stationed in barracks. Inner-city areas frequented by prostitutes were targeted by vigilance committees, a move which had the unintended effect of driving the trade out into the suburbs.

Improvements included the widening of existing streets and the construction of new ones; common sewers were built, and open grounds and dangerous places were enclosed (Royle 2007). The town’s gas works (1823) were taken into municipal ownership and by 1894 electric lighting networks were being installed.

The economy thrived during World War I, until the 1920s, but during the 1930s the world economic downturn undermined Belfast’s core industrial base that had up to that moment been heavily reliant upon the export trade. World War II gave a new boost to Belfast industries as demand for industrial production increased, although the city itself became a target for German bombing raids. High levels of wartime employment continued after the war but eventually the decline in ship building and linen manufacture re-emerged.

The Luftwaffe attacked Belfast on three occasions between 7 April and 4 May 1941 using high explosive bombs and parachute mines (http://www.ww2talk.com/forum/war-air/21520­ belfast-blitz-luftwaffe-interview.html; Bardon 1982). Luftwaffe target files show that the attacks were aimed at harbour installations, and gas works. Damage was widespread and affected not only the industrial areas but also areas north of the city centre. The Blitz destroyed 3,200 houses and over 53,000 were damaged as a result of the raids. During the first raid houses in the Docks area were damaged as were houses on York Road. Ranks flourmills at the Pollock Basin, to the northeast of the study area were also destroyed. In the second attack the north part was once again hit with Antrim Road and vicinity being devastated. The station and adjacent works were very badly damaged in an air raid, in April 1941. The Midland Hotel, on the Whitla Street side of the complex, was destroyed, along with the covered tram terminus next door. The two large over-all semi-circular glass roofs which covered the platforms of York Road station at the concourse end were also destroyed (the damage was so severe that, in 1944, town planners proposed, in the first Area Plan for Belfast, that the entire station should be moved several blocks to the south, but this proposal was never implemented). The third attack targeted the shipbuilding and aircraft factories. Enormous damaged was caused to both these industries and to the east of the city. Also the centre of Belfast was hit, including properties on York Street and Lower Donegall Street. The use of incendiaries created firestorms that burnt out-of-control.

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4.3 Development and historic mapping

The site is shown in detail on historic maps dating back to the end of the 18th century, but it is from the beginning of the 19th century that a series of illustrative town plan drawings and Ordnance Survey maps record the growth of development at the site and its changing character. The drawings record that the basic road network had been laid out by 1815 but it was not until the second half of the 19th century that development took off and by the turn of the 20th century the site had reached the peak of its historic development. These developments are illustrated in Plates 1-10, contained in Appendix 3.

The first map of interest to record in detail the study area is a map of Belfast by James Williamson (1791), (Plate 1). This shows that at this time the site was undeveloped land stretching from the waterside along Belfast Lough across to the Carrickfergus Road (North Queen Street). The land is described as ‘The Point Fields’ in the township of Town Parks and is likely to have been liable to periodic flooding and therefore may only have been used as seasonal grazing land on the margins of the town. The boundary of the open land is depicted by a line of trees. It is possible that ‘Point Fields’ were used for recreation.

By 1815 the road network had been laid out together with a scatter of buildings at the south end, including development of the docks where Ritchie’s Dock is shown (Plate 2). The High Water Mark is shown to the east of Corporation Street and it appears that land to the north of the road system had been reclaimed.

Between 1815 and 1828 there was little change to the basic layout of the site and the surrounding area, although Corporation Docks had been constructed. Further in-filling had occurred by 1828 between Great George’s Street and Henry Street (Plate 3). The Ordnance Survey 1st edition map of 1833 records little change to the basic development of the site.

A number of town plans were drawn during the second half of the 19th century as industrial success led to rapid development. The town plan of Belfast produced by James O’Hagan in 1848 (Plate 4) shows the gridded layout of streets across the site, the main north-south thoroughfares are labelled (Lower York Street, Nelson Street and Corporation Street) and the east-west roads. A number of the minor streets are shown but are not labelled. The southern end of the site had undergone further development, although the drawing does not indicate the type or mix of buildings (residential, commercial /industrial). One new feature was the arrival of the terminus for the Belfast and Ballymena railway line that is shown beyond the northern end of the site.

In 1851 John Rapkin produced a town plan of Belfast (Plate 5). It depicts the same basic street pattern as the 1848 plan, but areas that were previously undeveloped are now shown as infilled. The Second edition Ordnance Survey map of 1860 is similar to the plan of 1851. The railway terminus and railway line are labelled, a few buildings are shown along the north side of Ship Street (northern end of the study area), but the streets between Ship Street and Whitla Street have not yet been laid out and Whitla Street is unlabelled.

A metal engraving produced by Marcus Ward & Co. in c.1860 (Plate 6) shows a view across the River Lagan to the northwest with distant views of the site. In the foreground, a busy port is filled with sailing ships with warehouses lining the river bank up to Corporation Square. The engraving suggests that the site has been developed with two and three storey buildings. A few tall chimneys beyond the site appear to belong to the large factories that are depicted on earlier maps to the west of York Street. A slightly later picture by J H Connop (1863) shows a view across to the site from the east with a similar range of buildings (Plate 7).

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In 1884 Marcus Ward & Co. produced a map for the Belfast and Province of Ulster Post Office Directory (1884) that shows that some of the blocks of developed land that had previously been infilled between the principal thoroughfares had been subdivided with streets running between, presumably in order to provide additional land for new or replacement buildings (Plate 8). Between Nile Street and Great George’s Street, new streets were added (Shipboy Street and Garston Street).

The 1901-2 Ordnance Survey map shows the site and surrounding area had reached its historic developed form at the turn of the century. The map gives the clearest indication of the type and number of buildings contained within the site and also the detailed nature of the street layout (Plate 9). By this time it is also likely that the area had become known as ‘Sailortown’; a description which still echoes in the streets around the dockland area. The site is predominantly made up of rows of residential terraced housing, densely clustered along the street frontages. This is particularly well illustrated at the north end of the site along New Andrew Street, New Dock Street and Marine Street. Slightly larger premises are present at the southern end, all interspersed with schools, public houses, bars, hotels, a sailor’s institute, a barracks and religious establishments. One area of non-residential buildings is located to the southeast, between Great George’s Street and Trafalgar Street, and to the east of Nelson Street, where a number of large bonded stores, an oatmeal mill (off Little Corporation Street) and a timber yard (off Great George’s Street) are depicted and labelled. Tramways are depicted on the main thoroughfares along Corporation Street, Garmoyle Street, Whitla Street and York Street.

Development depicted on the Ordnance Survey 1923 map (Plate 10) suggests that the street blocks north of Trafalgar Street were predominantly residential. Public urinals have been added to Henry Street and Whitla Street and a fire station is depicted on the corner of Whitla Street and Nelson Street (Plate 11). South of Trafalgar Street development is mixed with industrial and commercial premises shown, interspersed with residential housing, including blocks of terraces along the smaller streets (Garston Street, Shipboy Street), and similar to the pattern of development at the north end of the site (Marine Street, New Dock Street and New Andrew Street). The only housing in the docks area appears to be along Pilot Street and a short stretch along Garmoyle Street, with the remaining land being used for storage and dock facilities.

Between 1932 and 1938 there was little change to the basic layout of the site.

The 1947 Ordnance Survey map shows that the rail network had expanded with the addition of goods sheds (added to the rail terminus) and with a developed local rail network that linked the docks into the mainline. There is no indication of the extent of any war damage that might have occurred as a result of World War II German bombing raids.

The site had been transformed by 1986. All of the terraced housing and most of the commercial and industrial buildings at the site had been cleared to make way for the arterial road network that is shown under development (Plate 12). Westlink is depicted as far as York Road, the M2 motorway is shown, although the road network south of Dock Street is depicted as dashed lines suggesting that it was planned and possibly under construction. In addition to demolition of the buildings, much of the historic road network had also been demolished. Of the numerous streets running east-west in 1938 only parts of Whitla Street, Marine Street, Ship Street, Dock Street, Earl Street and Henry Street are shown as surviving; in addition the western end of Great George’s Street had been truncated to accommodate the Westlink.

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4.4 Historic motorway and trunk road development 4.4.1 M2 Foreshore

The M2 motorway was opened in sections from 1966 (first section to be completed was the M2 Greencastle-Sandyknowes-Corr's Corner). However, the Foreshore Section, a 2.5-mile section between Whitla Street and Greencastle, was not completed until 1973. This was the most costly and complex portion of the early motorway programme (http://www.ukmotorwayarchive.org/).

In 1965, Russell proposed and it was agreed that the link between the Urban Motorway Ring and the M2 at Greencastle should be along the foreshore, east of the railway line which ran between Belfast's Midland Station and Carrickfergus and Larne.

The scheme also involved the demolition and replacement of a large part of the marshalling yard and other services at the York Road Terminal belonging to the Northern Ireland Railway Company, and extensive alterations to the Duncrue Street Workshops of Ulsterbus and Northern Ireland Carriers.

The basalt rock filling required for the reclamation of the foreshore was obtained from the cement works and limestone quarry at Magheramorne about 17 miles away north along the coast. At the foreshore motorway site a 1½ mile long railway siding was constructed alongside the existing Northern Ireland Railways line. This facilitated the side discharge of wagons which were emptied directly on to the foreshore and the material was spread by four D9 Caterpillar dozers. Between November 1966 and May 1970 over 4 million tons of basalt were transported by train. This was the last commercial use of steam locomotives in Northern Ireland and by May 1970 they were the last broad gauge steam locomotives in service anywhere in the United Kingdom.

The work was completed in May 1973 and was opened to traffic on 22 May by Lord Windlesham, who was a Minister of State in the Northern Ireland Office. 4.4.2 Westlink

Revised plans for an inner city urban motorway (initially put forward in the 1960s) were the subject of a prolonged public inquiry in 1977. In April 1978, the Department issued a statement, which accepted most of the Inspector's recommendations. The scale of the scheme for the connection between the M1 and M2 was reduced to dual two-lane carriageways with an overall width of about 60 feet. The new road was to be depressed, where ground conditions permitted, in order to minimise noise and visual intrusion, but it was not to be fully grade-separated. Many of the other road proposals were abandoned (http://www.ukmotorwayarchive.org/).

The Belfast Division of the Roads Service under TA Warnock quickly started the detailed design of the new proposal, now called "Belfast West Link". The project was divided into five major contracts with several other minor contracts dealing with work such as sewer diversions, sand drains, embankment fill and pedestrian subways. The work was carried out between April 1979 and March 1983.

The main contractors were Charles Brand, Farrans, Magheralin Quarries, JMJ, JF Owens, RJ Maxwell and Graham. The first portion completed was that between the M1 at Donegall Road and Grosvenor Road. It was brought into use in February 1981. The whole scheme was open to traffic on 29 March 1983. The omission of the flyovers at Donegall Road and Grosvenor Road has led to serious congestion at these junctions.

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4.4.3 M3 Dock Street to Bridge end and Sydenham By-pass

A review of the Belfast Transportation Strategy in the 1980s concluded that the construction of road and rail links across the River Lagan were essential parts of the transportation infrastructure not only for the city, but for the Province as a whole (http://www.ukmotorwayarchive.org/).

The scheme connected the M2 and West Link near Dock Street with the East Belfast road system at Middlepath Street. The length of the road structure is about 790 metres and the adjoining rail structure is about 1490 metres long. There are three separate structures - road east bound, road west bound, and rail. The bridge decks are of concrete box construction using glued precast match cast post tensioned segments weighing between 55 and 95 tonnes each. The contract was awarded to the Graham Farrans Joint Venture. The design was undertaken by Acer Consultants (formerly Freeman Fox and Partners) in association with WDR & RT Taggart for Graham-Farrans, with Robert Benaim and Associates providing assistance with temporary works and deck erection procedures.

On 9 March 1995 the road and rail links were formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II. 4.5 Archaeological and historical baseline

Archaeological sites, findspots and historic buildings/structures recorded within the study area are listed in Appendix 2. Sites are identified by their asset number (e.g. AR07), and are generally numbered from north to south within the zones that make up the study area (Zone A, Docks; Zone B, York Street; Zone C, city core; and Zone D, scheme impact). AR prefixes refer to archaeological assets, HB prefixes to historic building assets and HL prefixes, to historic landscape assets. A central grid reference, provisional classification, designation and period are provided for each cultural heritage asset. Historic Buildings have been identified by designation and period. The locations of the cultural heritage sites are shown on Figure 1.

An initial search has identified a total of 112 heritage assets within the study area. There are 10 archaeological sites and findspots recorded within the study area, 74 historic landscape assets, and 28 historic building assets. These cover a range of periods from the Early Christian to modern, with the majority being of post medieval date.

The baseline heritage assets are described chronologically in this section, following appropriate regional terminology adapted from DMRB guidance (see Table 16).

Table 16: Period terminology

Approximate regional terminology HA period categories (based upon Heritage of Historic Resources Sub -Objective TAG Unit 3.3.9, DfT, 2003) Not applicable Lower Palaeolithic (pre 30,000 BC) Not applicable Upper Palaeolithic (30,000 - 10,000BC) Early Mesolithic (8000 - 6000 BC) Early Mesolithic (10,000 - 7000BC) Late Mesolithic (6000 - 4000BC) Late Mesolithic (7000 - 4000BC) Neolithic (4000 - 2,000BC) Neolithic (4000 - 2,200BC) Bronze Age (2,000 - 500BC) Bronze Age (2,500 - 700BC) Iron Age (500BC - AD400) Iron Age (700BC - AD43) Not applicable Roman (AD43 - 450) Early Christian (AD400-1150) Early Medieval (AD450 - 1066) CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 24

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Approximate regional terminology HA period categories (based upon Heritage of Historic Resources Sub -Objective TAG Unit 3.3.9, DfT, 2003) Medieval (AD1150 - 1540) Medieval (AD1066 - 1540) Post medieval (AD1540-1901) Post medieval (AD1540-1901) Modern (AD1901 - present) Modern (AD1901 - present)

4.5.1 Previous archaeological fieldwork

There are no recorded archaeological investigations within the immediate study area. The nearest fieldwork is an archaeological watching brief undertaken in 2006 at Corporation Street, (NGR J 34384 75236), c.50m east of the immediate study area, where during sewer upgrade work, the remains of a cobbled layer and associated mortared stone wall were found above an earlier mortared red brick wall which survived for a length of 6m. The brick wall was built on a mortar and stone foundation. In addition at the ferry terminal, the possible remains of a modern wooden structure were recorded (Gahan and Long, 2006), (AR01, 061:17).

A survey of the industrial archaeology heritage of Greater Belfast was carried out in the 1980s. This encompassed the area of the site and the wider study area, beyond Zones A to D. The survey (GBIAS Survey, 1987) identified industrial buildings shown on historic Ordnance Survey maps from 1833 to 1938 and the results of the survey have been incorporated into the NEIA Industrial Heritage Record, which was consulted for this assessment. 4.5.2 Prehistoric

The buried remains of early Holocene land surfaces and deep post-glacial alluvial, estuarine and marine deposits (sleech) that are likely to underlie the study area may contain evidence of Mesolithic occupation /activity and the impact of human activity in the wider area from the Neolithic and later periods (AR13). 4.5.3 Early Christian

The NIEA MBR records the site of a destroyed rath (AR04) that is located c.970m west of the site centre and it is recorded as an ‘Enclosure’ on the Ordnance Survey map of 1835. This is one of a number of raths that are known in the wider area that are located on the lower slopes of Black Mountain and that are protected as Scheduled Monuments.

In AD665 the ford or ‘Fearsat’ in Belfast was the scene of a battle that was fought between the Ulidians and the Cruithni, where Cathasach, son of Laircine was slain. The location of the battle is unknown but could have been a ford on the River Lagan (HL72). 4.5.4 Medieval

Historic references record that the first formal settlement in Belfast was begun by the Anglo- Normans in the early 13th century, who built a castle on the main route from Down to Carrickfergus. These defences were destroyed and re-built on numerous occasions over the next 300 years. Archaeological investigations have recorded remains of medieval settlement and occupation within the historic core of the city (AR06). The possible site of a medieval chapel (AR08), now occupied by St George’s Parish Church, is illustrated on historic maps of the town, c.900m south of the immediate study area. The Area of Archaeological Potential includes the historic core of the town that is likely to include areas of medieval settlement, occupation and activity (AR11).

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4.5.5 Post medieval

Archaeological remains

An archaeological watching brief at Corporation Street recorded evidence of a demolished red brick wall and a later stone and mortar wall associated with a cobbled layer (AR01). Evidence of occupation and settlement in the historic town core has been found in archaeological investigations across the town (AR06). Investigations in 1984 recorded the remains of the backyards of houses to the south of High Street (AR07). Along Waring Street, excavations located the remains of a 17th century brick built structure on the site of Bemmy’s Bar (AR09), possibly one of the houses shown on Philips’ 1635 map of the town. On Gordon Street, excavations in 1999, located the buried remains of 18th and 19th century buildings and 17th century artefacts (AR10). Part of the 17th century defensive town ditch that was constructed in the 1640s around the historic town, was recorded during excavations at Donegall Street, Gordon Street and Queen Street (AR05). The Area of Archaeological Potential includes the historic core of the town that is likely to include areas of post medieval settlement, occupation and activity, and buried remains of early docklands. Only the outer edge of the area is coincident with the site boundary (AR11).

Within Zone D, are the buried remains of the former industrial, commercial and residential premises that date from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. These were demolished during the 1960s to make way for the arterial road system and are likely to survive, although in a fragmentary state (AR12).

Battlefields

Four battles are recorded within the study area. These are related to the Elizabethan Plantation.

In 1552 the Lord Justice with a party of Irish supporters who preceded the main force was met by Niall Oge at Belfast who defeated the English foraging party. The location of the battle is unknown but may have been fought close to a crossing point on the River Lagan (HL74).

In the 1570s Queen Elizabeth made a grant to Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, of very extensive lands in Ulster. After settling differences with Sir Thomas Smith, whose land may have overlapped those granted by Elizabeth to the Earl of Essex, the earl came into conflict with Sir Brian O’Neill and a battle was fought near the ford of Belfast in 1573 (HL73).

The Annals of Ulster record a battle in 1540 at Belfast between the O’Neill and Uibilin (HL71), ‘Two sons of Aodh O’Neill the Brusque, namely, Conn, son of Aodh and Domnall the Manly, were slain by Mac Uibilin, namely Rughraidhe Mac Uibilin, on the next side of Bel-Fersti …’ (Volume 3, p633).

In 1649 Belfast was under siege from Colonel Robert Venables who had been sent to Ulster by Cromwell after the capture of Drogheda. The siege lasted for four days and although there were skirmishes at Buller’s Field outside the north gate, the town surrendered (HL69).

Industrialisation

The NIEA MBR records the location of nine mill sites within the docks area (Zone A) and to the west of the immediate study area (Zone C). The locations of the assets are recorded on the series of historic Ordnance Survey maps from 1858, 1872 and 1883-4. In Zone A, saw mills are recorded off Duncrue Street (HL02, HL05) and along Garmoyle Street (HL08 – including felt works, and HL14). One of the saw mills on Duncrue Street (HL02) included room for an extensive timber pound. Apart from timber mills, there were also food mills. On

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Corporation Street, to the south of Garmoyle Street, Clarendon Mills (HL16) produced oatmeal (more recently taken over by Dalgety’s Food Mills). Along York Road (Zone C), three saw mills are recorded (HL23, HL25, and HL33) and a flax /corn /flour mill on Meadow Street (HL31). Two of the mills (HL31, HL33) were later incorporated into an extension of Gallahers Tobacco Factory.

Two limekilns (HL07) are recorded on Albert Quay that was in existence by 1872.

Feltworks are recorded on Garmoyle Street (HL09, HL14) and are shown on OS maps of 1858 and 1883 respectively. HL09 was later incorporated into a saw mill complex. The IHR suggest that most of the other types of manufacturing carried out in the town were located away from the docks area. In Zone B, a wagon and coach works are recorded along Brougham Street (HL29) and North Queen Street, Mulryne’s Coach Building Works (HL36). A linen factory on York Street (HL34) that is shown on maps from 1858 was later incorporated into an extension of Gallahers Tobacco Factory. Spinning mills had been introduced to the area by Thomas Mulholland in 1822 when he and his son Andrew built a large cotton-spinning mill on Point Fields, which later became York Street. These premises were destroyed by fire in June 1828, and when rebuilt were fitted out with new wet spinning frames to produce fine linen yarn. This developed into the York Street Flax Spinning Company.

Starch producing factories are located in a relatively small area around Frederick Street and to the west of York Street. Four works were producing starch by 1858, including factories on Frederick Lane (HL41), York Lane (HL43), Washington Street (HL47) and York Street (HL48). A fifth works was in operation by 1883 on York Lane (HL40). Other factories in Zone C included an engineering works on Great Patrick Street (HL65), a cotton manufactory on York Lane (HL45) that was in existence by 1858; and a number of food and tobacco manufacturers. On Donegall Street there was a biscuit factory (HL39) that was shown on OS maps from 1883-4; and two bacon factories, one on Tomb Street (HL61) and another at the junction of Tomb Street /Gamble Street (HL63). Both were in existence by 1858.

A tobacco factory is shown on York Street from 1883-4 (HL46).

In the 19th century bonded stores, used to store commercial goods not yet cleared through customs, were located in the southeast corner of the study area. Four premises are shown in Zone C that were in existence from 1858 (HL58, on Albert Quay), and 1883-4 (HL54 on Talbot Street; HL56 on Gordon Street; and HL62 on Tomb Street). Another bonded store that was also in existence by 1858 is located at Donegall Quay (HL21) on the southern edge of Zone A.

Around 1760, Stewart Hadskis opened an iron foundry off Hill Street, where he made pots and pans as well as boilers for the local bleachers. The business was carried on by the Hadskis family until 1798, when it was offered for sale and closed down shortly thereafter. Although other foundries were in operation in Belfast, it was not until 1811 that the Belfast Foundry was established in Donegall Street. William Booth came from Manchester and set up another foundry in Union Street at the same time. John Rowan, having experienced difficulty in transporting his products from Doagh, moved his establishment to York Street in 1846. Stephen Cotton came to Belfast from Leeds and set up the Brookfield Foundry in 1856. His first products were spinning and drawing frames, as well as hackling machines. He later added roller-fluting machines, bundling presses and power reels to his range of buildings at The Phoenix Foundry on Great George’s Street (HL55). These buildings are shown on the OS map of 1833. By 1858 two other foundries are recorded; the York Street Foundry (HL32), later subsumed by Gallahers Tobacco Factory, and a foundry on Donegall Street (HL42). In the docks area, Princes Dock Foundry on Garmoyle Street is shown on OS maps from 1883-4.

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The origins of Belfast Port can be traced back to 1613, when, during the reign of James I, the town was incorporated as a borough by Royal Charter, with provision for the establishment of a wharf or quay. As a result, a quay was constructed at the confluence of the Rivers Fearset (Farset) and Lagan, and the development of Belfast as a Port began. By the early 18th century the town had replaced Carrickfergus as the most important port in Ulster and additional accommodation was necessary. A number of privately-owned wharves were subsequently constructed on reclaimed land. Throughout the century, trade continued to expand as Belfast assumed a greater role in the trading activities of the country as a whole. In 1785 the Irish Parliament passed an act to deal with the town’s burgeoning port. As a result, a new body was constituted: The Corporation for Preserving and Improving the Port and Harbour of Belfast, commonly called “the Ballast Board”.

Although already well established by this stage, the Port remained disadvantaged by the natural restrictions of shallow water, bends in the channel approach and inadequate quays. These problems, together with an increasing volume of trade, led to a new government act of 1837. This reconstituted the Board and gave it powers to improve the port, through the formation of a new channel. Initial work on straightening the river commenced in 1839 and by 1841 the first bend had been eliminated; thus beginning the creation of what was to become known as the Victoria Channel. In 1847 the Belfast Harbour Act repealed previous acts and led to the formation of the Belfast Harbour Commissioners. This new body, with much wider powers, completed the second stage of the new channel two years later. From that time the Commissioners developed and improved the Port, reclaiming land to accommodate new quays, new trades and changes in shipping and cargo-handling technology. Albert Quay (HL11), Clarendon Dock, graving dock (HB03, HL17), (Plate 13), and Donegall Quay (HL60) are all shown on the 1858 OS maps. The 19th century Hamilton Graving Docks (AR03), the first graving dock on the Co. Down side of the River Lagan, is a Scheduled Monument. The Harbour Office on Corporation Square (HB05, HL19), (Plate 14) was built in 1854 (with later additions), and incorporated a clock tower to regulate sailings. It was the headquarters of the Harbour Commissioners and was responsible for overseeing the development and running of the Port of Belfast.

Among the earliest manufacturing activities in north Belfast were the shipyards of William Ritchie, established in 1791. His premises were at the Old Lime Kiln Dock, now the Clarendon Dock, and his first ship, the 300 ton Hibernian, was launched in 1792. His brother Hugh also built ships on former slob land to the north of this dock, and when he died in 1807 a third brother, John, took over the business. This firm became Ritchie and MacLaine and was later inherited by his son-in-law Alexander McLaine. It continued until 1878. Messers. Connell and Sons also built ships on the north bank of the Lagan. The firm of Workman Clark built ships to the north of the Milewater Basin from 1879. This firm was overshadowed by the larger firm of Harland and Wolff, but had a reputation for quality and innovation through its concentration on refrigerated vessels for the chilled meat and fruit trades. AW Hamilton and Company Ltd also operated from the Clarendon docks as ship repairers. A ship repair yard with iron workshops (HL15) is shown on maps from 1858 at Pilot Place.

In 1846 the Belfast and Ballymena railway line was constructed. The railway company opened its line from York Street in 1848, and constructed its locomotives and carriages there. The IHR records the York Road Railway Station (HL27) and the adjacent BNCR Terminus and Midland Hotel (HL28) that were damaged and destroyed during World War II. Engine sheds are shown northwest of the railway station (HL24).

On York Road a historic bridge (HL22) that is shown on OS maps from 1858 carries the road over the Milewater River.

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The Area of Archaeological Potential includes the historic core of the town and developed land that from the end of the 18th century became industrialised with the construction of docks and areas of residential, industrial and commercial premises (AR11).

Religious monuments and Institutions

There are five historic churches that have designated listed building status in the study area. The churches were built during the second half of the 19th century to meet the needs of the large numbers of migrants who were arriving in Belfast to work in the mills and factories that had been built in this part of the town.

In Zone A, St Joseph’s Roman Catholic Church on Prince’s Dock Street (HB01), (Plate 15) was constructed in 1881 and at one time sat in the heart of the Sailortown community. It is associated with St Joseph’s Roman Catholic Parochial House on Pilot Street (HB02), (Plate 16); a tall, Italianate red brick four-storey terraced building.

Sinclair Seamen’s Presbyterian Church on Corporation Street (HB04), (Plate 17) was built in 1857 and is a Venetian-style harbourside church.

To the northwest in Zone B, St Paul’s Church of Ireland on York Street (HB07), (Plate 18) was constructed in 1850-51.

Carlisle Memorial Methodist Church on Carlisle Circus (HB10) was built in 1875 and was at one time home to one of the largest Methodist congregations in Belfast. Next to the church is the former Carlisle Memorial Church Hall (HB11) at 86 Clifton Street.

St Patrick’s Roman Catholic Church on Donegall Street (HB19) was built in 1877 in red sandstone with a pinnacle spire. Its associated Parochial House at 199, Donegall Street (HB18) is a three-storey, four-bay brick building with hipped roof and was constructed c.1820. Next to the church is St Patrick’s Christian Brothers School (HB20), constructed in 1828.

There are a number of other buildings that were built in the 19th century by political or religious groups, such as Belfast Orange Hall on Clifton Street (HB12), which opened in 1885. The Friends Meeting House at 47 Frederick Street was built in 1840; it was demolished in 1971 and replaced with a modern building. However, the boundary wall of the Meeting House survives, as does the original Friends Institute, built in 1865 to provide reading rooms and a venue for the lectures of the Quakers' Literary Club (HB15).

The Belfast Charitable Institution (Clifton House) on Clifton Street (HB13, HL35) is a two­ storey red brick building that encloses two courtyards (with later additions). It was originally built in 1774 as a poor house to provide water and shelter to the needy. In the poor house, the children were taught the cotton manufacturing that eventually contributed to the city’s dominance in the cotton industry (Strain 1961). The 18th century gardens of Clifton House are a registered historic garden (HL37). Clifton Street Cemetery, a walled graveyard with an entrance on Henry Place (HB08), was built in 1797 by the Belfast Charitable Society. It contains paupers’ graves and mass graves for victims of epidemics, as well as a number of mausolea and memorials to prominent people (BCC nd, 7).

The Calder Fountain, designed by the Belfast Harbour Commissioners Chief Engineer, George Smith, (also designer of the Italianate Harbour Office in Corporation Square), stands near its original location in Custom House Square (HB27), the epicentre of 19th century Belfast. It was built in 1859 from public subscription and dedicated to the life and memory of Commander Francis Anderson Calder, founder member of the Belfast Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

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Commercial and vernacular buildings

The Customs House (HB26, HL59), constructed in 1857 is an imposing Victorian building, designed by the architect Charles Lanyon; made possible and necessary as Belfast became one of the great industrial and trading centres of the Victorian United Kingdom. The three sides of the raised forecourt face away from the river.

The Headline Building in Victoria Street (HB25) was designed by Thomas Jackson and built by John Lowry & Son, builders, in 1863. It was originally commissioned by the Scottish Amicable Life Assurance Company and it was the first purpose-designed insurance office block in Belfast. A massive and ornate building in what was known at the time as the ‘modern Italian’ style, it has some of the air of a Venetian Renaissance palazzo. Its crowded and busy façades were carried out in Dungannon sandstone and white Glasgow brick, whilst the entire building was designed to be fireproof with stone staircases used throughout.

The Northern Bank (former Corn Exchange building), 1-9 Victoria Street (HB24) (Plate 19) was built in the second half of the 19th century and is a plain two-storey building with shops that was built by a company of the grain merchants of Belfast.

At 27-37 Talbot Street (HB23, HL53) is a four-storey red brick building, constructed pre­ 1834 with the front elevation divided into unequal bays by pilasters, rising to finials at roof level. It is located within the Cathedral Conservation Area.

A terrace of buildings at 201-205 Donegall Street (HB17) is an early group of brick built houses that are pre-Victorian. They were constructed c.1820.

The Cathedral Conservation Area (HB28) is located on the northern fringe of the city centre and adjacent to the port of Belfast. It contains a preserved street layout dating from the 17th and 18th centuries, and a significant number of historic buildings which mark the transition of Belfast from a small port, to an internationally important commercial city. St Anne’s Cathedral lies at the heart of the Cathedral Conservation Area (DoENI, 1990, Cathedral Conservation Area. Design Guide. Department of the Environment Northern Ireland http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/supplementary_guidance/conservation/conservati on_map/conservation-cathedral-2.pdf). 4.5.6 Modern

In the early years of the 20th century the traditional industries and the port continued to flourish. Musgrave Channel was dug in 1903. Herdman Channel was dug in 1933. The same year, Pollock Dock opened.

Archaeological remains

Archaeological monitoring of replacement sewer shafts (Shaft 29) at the ferry terminal (AR01) located traces of modern activity. A series of wooden footings, one of which supported the base of a metal, most likely modern, structure was found (Gahan & Long 2006). The Area of Archaeological Potential includes the historic core of the town and developed land that from the end of the 18th century became industrialised with the construction of docks and areas of residential, industrial and commercial premises. Some of these premises would have been re-developed in the 20th century (AR11). The buried remains of the former industrial, commercial and residential premises, some of which date to the early 20th century, that were demolished during the 1960’s to make way for the arterial road system, are likely to survive, although in a fragmentary state within Zone D (AR12).

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Industrialisation

A number of flour, maize mills and grain storage facilities are recorded in the docks area. The Pacific Flour Mills on Northern Road (HL01) are shown on OS maps of 1938. The 1902 maps record the Dufferin Flour Mill and Meal Mills on Duncrue Street (HL03) and a grain silo (HL04). To the south on Prince’s Dock Street, are Prince’s Dock Mill (maize) (HL13), shown on maps of 1931 and 1938.

A bonded store on Short Street (HL12) is shown on OS maps of 1920, 1931 and 1938, however, the greatest number of bonded stores are once more located in Zone C, off Dunbar Link (HL50, HL51, HL52) and Corporation Street (HL67, HL68).

On the outer edge of Clarendon Dock, a landing stage (HL18) is also shown as a ferry crossing on the OS map of 1938. Belfast Car Ferries passenger terminal (HL20), located next to Corporation Square is a modern 2-storey concrete and steel structure.

The Gallaher's tobacco factory in York Street (HL30), became the largest manufactory of its kind in the world and the immense building covering four acres of ground was six stories high (shown on OS maps from 1920). The company was founded by Tom Gallaher, who in 1857 started his own business in Londonderry, making and selling pipe tobaccos. Within 16 years, he had prospered enough to move to larger premises in Belfast. By 1888, he was producing flake tobaccos and cigarettes, which were displayed at the Irish exhibition in London during that same year. In 1896, the Belfast factory moved into larger quarters. That same year, the company was incorporated as Gallaher Limited. In 1908, it completed a transaction important to the history of the industry by purchasing the entire Irish tobacco crop. Production increased significantly, and Tom Gallaher was the master of a thriving business when he died in 1927 at the age of 87. He had maintained an active interest in the company until the time of his death and had achieved great civic respectability as a governor of the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast. He was also credited with being the first person in the tobacco industry to introduce a 47-hour working week and annual paid holiday.

In the northwest corner of Zone B is the Ulster Bakery on Lilliput Road (HL26), that is shown on OS maps from 1920 to 1938.

A factory on Donegall Street (HL42) that was previously a foundry is shown on OS maps from 1920 to 1938 as a biscuit factory. Also in Zone C is ‘Scott’s Bedding Manufactory’ (HL57), located off Gordon Street, that is a 3-storey brick building with loading doors at 1st and 2nd floor; and an engineering works on Great George’s Street (HL68) is also shown on OS maps 1920 to 1938.

The former Harland & Wolff Headquarters Building & Drawing Offices on Queen's Island (HB06), East Belfast, are located on the eastern side of the historic docks, on the opposite side of the River Lagan to Sailortown. The three-storey office block is of sandstone and brick and was built in stages between c.1900-1919 and functioned as the administration and drawing office centre for the world famous Harland and Wolff shipyard. Also the offices of Lord Pirrie, Thomas Andrews and Alexander Carlisle were located in this building. The oldest sections of the building appear to be the two former Drawing Offices, which retain a cathedral-like atmosphere and which are located on the ground floor rear of the building. Although the building contains a number of other drawing offices (e.g. the Admiralty Drawing office), it is the association of the two grand ground floor Drawing Offices with the production of both the concept design and detailed construction drawings for RMS Titanic and Olympic for which it is best known.

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Religious monuments and institutions

St Anne’s Cathedral on Donegall Street (HB22) was built in 1904 (with later additions) and is the focal point of the Cathedral Conservation Area and also of the Cathedral Quarter. It replaced the old parish church of St Anne.

At the entrance to Clifton House (Belfast Charitable Institution) is a gate lodge along North Queen Street (HB14) that was built in 1938 and is a single-storey red brick building in Neo- Georgian style.

Lancaster Street School (former Ladies Industrial School) (HB16) was constructed in 1906-7 and is a 2-storey Edwardian building in red brick with dressings in cast concrete blocks (with later additions).

Commercial and vernacular buildings

The Irish News Office at 113 Donegall Street (HB21) was built in 1905 and is a 3-storey brick-faced building above a stucco ground floor arrangement. 4.5.7 Unknown date

‘Headling sheds’ are recorded at Whitla /Nelson Street (HL06). A number of undated buildings, including a factory on Lancaster Street (HL44), and a distillery / brewery on Corporation Street (HL64), are located in Zone C.

A Defence Heritage Site (HL70) is located at the south end of the study area.

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5 EVALUATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSETS 5.1 Methodology

Cultural heritage assets are evaluated in relation to formal statutory designations, and priorities or recommendations published in national, regional and local research agendas, priorities or framework documents. Assets may be valued due to rarity, particularly good preservation or typicality. Others contribute to local distinctiveness and identity, and have community value. They are considered principally with reference to their value to the quality and understanding of the country’s cultural heritage resource, as set out in national, regional and local cultural heritage legislation, priorities and frameworks (see Appendix 1 and Section 3).

Values are ranked as Very High, High, Medium, Low, Negligible and Unknown, based on criteria noted in Tables 2, 3 and 4. 5.1.1 Archaeological Remains

There are 13 archaeological assets within the study area. These comprise the remains of early medieval, medieval, post medieval and modern settlement; the possible site of a medieval chapel; a post medieval defensive town ditch around historic Belfast; a graving dock of 19th century date and ships’ slipway; the unknown potential for the remains of Mesolithic occupation /activity that could be buried beneath the sleech; and the palaeo­ environmental potential of the sleech to contain a record of landscape change during the later prehistoric period (Neolithic to Iron Age).

All Scheduled assets have been allocated High value. Sites that are unlocated or known to have been destroyed have been allocated Negligible value. The values of archaeological assets are listed in Table 17.

Table 17: Evaluation of archaeological assets

Asset Description Period Value No.

AR01 A watching brief carried out in 2006 within the dockland area Post Low located traces of post medieval occupation and modern medieval, activity. Modern Undesignated. AR02 Twin slipways of the Titanic and Olympic ships, Belfast. Modern High Scheduled. AR03 Hamilton Graving Docks, Belfast. 19th High Scheduled. century AR04 Site of a destroyed rath. Located at the Junction of Jane Early Negligible Street and former Carlisle Street. Christian Undesignated. AR05 Town ditch, C17 ditch around the historic core of Belfast. 17th Medium Undesignated. century AR06 Historic Belfast. Medieval Medium Undesignated. and later AR07 Post medieval settlement site, destroyed by later development. Post Negligible Undesignated. medieval

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Asset Description Period Value No.

AR08 Chapel of the Ford. Possible site of medieval chapel Medieval Negligible reportedly illustrated on historic maps of the town. Site now occupied by a parish church. Undesignated. AR09 Structure on site of Benny’s Bar. Excavations located the Post Low remains of a C17 brick built structure. medieval Undesignated. AR10 Post medieval settlement site on Gordon Street. Excavations Post Low in 1999 located the remains of C18 & C19 buildings, and C17 medieval artefacts. Undesignated. AR11 Area of Archaeological Potential that has been determined by Medieval, Low the local authority. Post Undesignated. medieval and Modern AR12 The fragmentary buried remains of industrial North Belfast Post Negligible cleared to make way for the post war arterial road network in medieval, Zone D. Modern Undesignated. AR13 Buried remains of early Holocene land surfaces and post- Mesolithic, Medium glacial alluvial, estuarine and marine deposits. prehistoric Undesignated.

5.1.2 Historic landscape

There are 69 historic landscape assets within the study area. These comprise industrial and commercial premises that have been demolished, elements of the historic dockside fabric, the remains of the historic transport infrastructure (post medieval and modern); and a registered historic garden park and four registered battlefields. In addition, this Simple Assessment has also identified six industrial heritage assets that may still exist and that have been retained here as historic landscape features until their status has been determined (HL20, HL24, HL48, HL56, HL62 and HL65). Furthermore, there are seven other assets where there is greater uncertainty whether they survive and for which it is not possible to determine a value (HL18, HL22, HL28, HL57, HL60, HL61 and HL64).

Historic buildings or structures that have been demolished and where there is unlikely to be buried evidence of industrial processes have been allocated a ‘Negligible’ value. One registered historic garden has been allocated a High value, as it is part of a complex of assets that includes a listed building. Unlocated registered battlefields have been allocated Negligible value. The value of the historic landscape assets are set out in Table 18.

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Table 18: Evaluation of historic landscape assets

Asset Description Period Value No. HL01 Pacific Flour Mill. Belfast, Northern Road. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL02 Saw Mill. Belfast, Duncrue Street (off). Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL03 Dufferin Flour & Meal Mills. Belfast, Duncrue Street. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL04 Grain Silo. Belfast, Dufferin Road. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL05 Saw Mill. Belfast, Duncrue Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL06 Headling Sheds. Belfast, Whitla Street / Nelson Street. Unknown Negligible Site redeveloped. HL07 Limekilns (x2). Belfast, Albert Quay. Post Negligible Site redeveloped (modern ferry terminal). medieval HL08 Saw Mill. Belfast, Garmoyle Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL09 Felt Works. Belfast, Garmoyle Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL10 Princes Dock Foundry, Garmoyle Street. Post Medium Site redeveloped. medieval HL11 Albert Quay. Post Negligible Site redeveloped (now modern ferry terminal). medieval HL12 Bonded Store. Belfast, Short Street. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL13 Princes Dock Mill (Maize). Belfast, Princes Dock Street. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL14 Felt Works, Saw Mills (Steam). Belfast, Garmoyle Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL15 Ship Repair Yard - Iron Workshops. Belfast, Pilot Place. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL16 Clarendon Mills (Oatmeal), Belfast, Corporation Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL18 Landing stage on outer edge of Clarendon Dock. Modern Low Status not known. HL20 Ferry Terminal. Belfast Car Ferries passenger terminal. Modern Low Possible extant building. HL21 Bonded Store, Donegall Quay. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL22 Bridge (road over river). Belfast, York Road. Post Low Status not known. medieval HL23 Saw Mill. Belfast, York Road. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. One cast iron gate span survives. medieval HL24 Engine Sheds. BNCR Branch Line, Bleach Green - Larne Post Low

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Asset Description Period Value No. Harbour. medieval Possible extant building. HL25 Saw Mill. Belfast, York Road. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL26 Ulster Bakery. Belfast, Lilliput Road. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL27 York Road Railway Station. BNCR Branch Line. Post Low Building replaced by modern structure. medieval HL28 BNCR Terminus & Midland Hotel. BNCR Branch Line, Post Low Bleach Green - Larne Harbour. Replaced by Plumb Centre medieval & modern NIR station. Status not known. HL29 Fisher's Wagon Works. Belfast, Brougham Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL30 Gallaher & Co. Tobacco Factory. Belfast, York Street. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL31 Meadow Street Flax Spinning Mill, Corn Mill, Flour Mill, Post Negligible Meadow Street. medieval Site redeveloped. HL32 York Street Foundry. Belfast. Post Medium Site redeveloped. medieval HL33 Saw Mill. Belfast, York Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL34 York Street Linen Factory (Spinning & Weaving). Belfast, Post Negligible York Street. medieval Site redeveloped. HL36 Mulryne's Coach Building Works. Belfast, North Queen Post Negligible Street. medieval Site redeveloped. HL37 18th century gardens of Clifton House. Post High Registered historic garden. medieval HL38 Starch Works. Belfast, Little Donegall Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL39 Biscuit Factory. Belfast, Donegall Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL40 Starch Works. Belfast, York Lane. Post Negligible Site redeveloped medieval HL41 Starch Works. Belfast, Frederick Lane. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL42 Foundry, Biscuit Factory. Belfast, Donegall Street. Post Medium Site redeveloped. medieval, Modern HL43 Starch Works, Flour Mill. Belfast, York Lane. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL44 Factory. Belfast, Lancaster Street. Unknown Negligible Site redeveloped.

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Asset Description Period Value No. HL45 Cotton Manufactory. York Lane. Post Negligible Site now occupied by Irish News. medieval HL46 Tobacco Factory. York Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL47 Starch Works. Washington Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped (from 1920 under housing). medieval HL48 Starch Works. York Street. Post Low Possible extant historic building. medieval HL49 Flax Stores. Academy Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL50 Bonded Store. Academy Street. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL51 Bonded Store. Between Coates Lane & Charles Lane. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL52 Bonded Store. Great Patrick Street. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL54 Bonded Store. Talbot Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL55 Phoenix Foundry. Great George’s Street. Post Medium Site redeveloped. medieval HL56 Bonded Store. Gordon Street. Post Low Possible extant historic building. medieval HL57 Scott's Bedding Manufactory. Off Gordon Street. Modern Negligible Status not known. HL58 Bonded Store. Albert Quay. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL60 Donegall Quay, Belfast. Post Low Status not known. medieval HL61 Bacon Factory. Tomb Street. Post Negligible Site redeveloped. medieval HL62 Bonded Stores. Tomb Street. Post Low Possible extant historic building. medieval HL63 Bacon Factory - Donegall Quay Mills (Flour & Meal). Post Negligible Gamble Street. medieval Site redeveloped. HL64 Distillery / Brewery. Belfast, Corporation Square. Unknown Negligible Status not known. HL65 Engineering Works. Belfast, Great Patrick Street. Post Low Possible extant historic building. medieval HL66 Bonded Store. Belfast, Corporation Street. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL67 Bonded Store (Mitchell & Co. Ltd). Great George’s Street. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped. HL68 Engineering Works. Belfast, Great George’s Street. Modern Negligible Site redeveloped.

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Asset Description Period Value No. HL69 C17 siege of Belfast. 1649 Medium Registered battlefield. HL70 Town Parks, Belfast. Unknown Negligible Emergency water supply. Destroyed. HL71 Beal-Feirste. 1540 Low Registered battlefield. HL72 Fearsat (unlocated). 665AD Negligible Registered battlefield. HL73 Ford of Belfast (unlocated). 1573 Negligible Registered battlefield. HL74 Belfast (unlocated). 1552 Negligible Registered battlefield.

5.1.3 Historic buildings and Conservation Areas

The listed buildings have been allocated either a High or Medium value according to the categories defined in Table 3 (above). There are 26 listed buildings and one Conservation Area within the study area (see Table 19 below).

Table 19: Evaluation of historic building assets

Asset Description Period Value No. HB01 St Joseph's RC Church, Prince's Dock Street. 19th century Medium HB02 St Joseph's RC, Parochial House, 38 Pilot Street, Belfast. 19th century Medium HB03, Clarendon Dock Buildings, Harbour Estate. 19th century High HL17 HB04 Sinclair Seamen's Presbyterian Church, Corporation Square. 19th century High HB05, Harbour Office, Corporation Square. 19th century High HL19 HB06 Administration and drawing office block (Harland & Wolff), 20th century High Queen’s Road. HB07 St. Paul's Church of Ireland, York Street. 19th century Medium HB08 Walls at burying ground, Henry Place (off Clifton Street). 18th century High HB10 Carlisle Memorial Methodist Church, Carlisle Circus. 19th century High HB11 The former Carlisle Memorial Church Hall (Indian Community 19th century High Centre), 86 Clifton Street. HB12 Belfast Orange Hall, Clifton Street. 19th century Medium HB13, Belfast Charitable Institution (Clifton House), Clifton Street. 18th century High HL35 HB14 Gate Lodge at Clifton House, North Queen Street. 20th century Medium HB15 Friends Institute, 47 Frederick Street. 19th century Medium HB16 Lancaster St. School, (Former Ladies Industrial School), 20th century Medium Lancaster Street. HB17 201-205 Donegall Street. 19th century Medium

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Asset Description Period Value No. HB18 St. Patrick's Parochial House, 199 Donegall Street. 19th century Medium HB19 St. Patrick's RC Church, Donegall Street. 19th century Medium HB20 St. Patrick's CB School, Donegall Street. 19th century Medium HB21 Irish News Office, 113 Donegall Street. 20th century Medium HB22 St. Anne's Cathedral, Donegall Street. 20th century High HB23, 27-37 Talbot Street. Pre-1834 Medium HL53 HB24 Northern Bank (Former Corn Exchange), 1-9 Victoria Street. 19th century Medium HB25 Head Line Building, 10-14 Victoria Street. 19th century Medium HB26 Custom House, Custom House Square. 19th century High HB27 Calder Fountain, Albert Square. 19th century Medium HB28 Cathedral Conservation Area. Post Medium medieval

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6 PREDICTED IMPACTS

Impacts may be positive or negative; direct, indirect or secondary; short-, medium- or long­ term; temporary or permanent, and cumulative. Impacts may affect assets materially, or their settings (DMRB Vol 11, Section 3, Part 2 HA 208/7, Para. 4.7).

The assessment of the magnitude of impact of the scheme options takes into account agreed mitigation measures or strategies, including the likely effectiveness of the mitigation. The magnitude of the impact is assessed as No change, Negligible, Minor, Moderate or Major, with no regard to the value of the asset (ibid., Para. 5.34).

The following Cultural Heritage assets (see Tables 20 to 22) are located within or in the immediate vicinity of the interchange layout options. It is considered possible that physical or setting impacts are likely to affect these assets and as a result they may require mitigation in the form of preservation by design (including screening and landscaping), preservation in situ in areas minimally impacted by the scheme, and preservation by record for archaeological assets. 6.1.1 Archaeological remains

The scheme options are predicted to potentially have a range of impacts on the archaeological resource (Table 20): • Removal of archaeological remains during ground investigations, site clearance and road construction; • Compaction of archaeological remains due to construction traffic movement or materials storage; damage through rutting of superficial deposits from construction traffic; • Desiccation of waterlogged archaeological deposits due to drainage, foundation construction, and excavation of deep cuttings; damage caused by changes to hydrology and chemical alteration; • Vibration causing damage to archaeological remains during construction and operational stages; and, • Impact on setting to archaeological assets from new structures and installation features. Table 20: Archaeological assets impacted by the proposed scheme options (assets that remain unchanged by the options are highlighted in grey)

Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with

mitigation) mitigation) mitigation) mitigation) Option Option Option Option A B C D Asset N o. AR01 Docklands watching brief. Low No change No change No change No change AR02 Twin slipways of the Titanic High No change Negligible No change Negligible and Olympic ships, Belfast. The setting of the SAM has already been affected by the existing road layout that is located c.900m to the west, the addition of new link roads with new installation features would result in no change or a negligible impact. Construction of the proposed

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with

mitigation) mitigation) mitigation) mitigation) Option Option Option Option A B C D Asset N o. M2 to Westlink overbridge (with Options B & D) and the Westlink to M2 overbridge (with Option D) would increase the visual impact of the scheme. AR03 Hamilton Graving Docks, High No change Negligible No change Negligible Belfast. The setting of the SAM has already been affected by the existing road layout that is located c.800m to the west, the addition of new link roads with new installation features would result in no change or a negligible impact. Construction of the proposed M2 to Westlink overbridge (with Options B & D) and the Westlink to M2 overbridge (with Option D) would increase the visual impact of the scheme. AR04 Site of a destroyed rath. Negligible No change No change No change No change No change, distant from the proposed scheme. AR05 Town ditch. Medium No change No change No change No change No change, distant from the proposed scheme. AR06 Historic Belfast. Medium No change No change No change No change No change, distant from the proposed scheme. AR07 Post medieval settlement site. Negligible No change No change No change No change No change, distant from the proposed scheme. AR08 Chapel of the Ford. Negligible No change No change No change No change No change, distant from the proposed scheme. AR09 Structure on site of Benny’s Low No change No change No change No change Bar. No change, distant from the proposed scheme. AR10 Post medieval settlement site Low No change No change No change No change on Gordon Street. No change, distant from the proposed scheme. AR11 Area of Archaeological Low Minor Minor Minor Minor Potential. The construction of new link roads required for all options (including the provision of a new minor link to Corporation Street – Option D), the construction of bridge piers & retaining walls, & the realignment of existing roads CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 41

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with

mitigation) mitigation) mitigation) mitigation) Option Option Option Option A B C D Asset N o. could impact buried archaeological remains. Appropriate mitigation would include archaeological monitoring of geotechnical investigations, trial trenching & targeted detailed excavation. AR12 The fragmentary buried Negligible Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate remains of industrial North Belfast cleared to make way for the post war arterial road network in Zone D. The construction of new link roads, the construction of bridge piers & retaining walls & the realignment of a few existing roads could impact fragmentary buried archaeological remains that may survive from previous road construction. AR13 The buried remains of early Medium Minor Minor Minor Minor Holocene land surfaces & post-glacial alluvial, estuarine & marine deposits. The excavation of deep cuttings to accommodate new road links and pier bases would impact alluvial deposits of palaeo-environmental significance, resulting in the destruction of the resource and localised desiccation; and may potentially impact upon buried land surfaces that have the potential to contain evidence of Mesolithic occupation /activity.

6.1.2 Historic landscape

Most of the historic landscape assets that are contained in the study area and are listed in the Industrial Heritage Records consists of references to former premises /buildings that are now demolished, and as a result, where they would be impacted by the various scheme options, they would incur the same impacts as if they were buried archaeological remains. It is considered unlikely that activity associated with these former historic buildings would extend significantly beyond their footprint and into the wider area.

The scheme options are predicted to have a range of impacts on the historic landscape resource (Table 21): • Removal of archaeological remains during ground investigations, site clearance and road construction.

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• Compaction of archaeological remains due to construction traffic movement or materials storage; damage through rutting of superficial deposits from construction traffic; • Vibration causing damage to archaeological remains during construction; and, • Impact on setting to historic landscape assets from new structures and installation features. Table 21: Historic landscape assets impacted by the proposed scheme options (assets that remain unchanged by the options are highlighted in grey)

Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation) mitigation mitigation) Option Option ) Option Option

A sse t N o. A B C D HL01 Pacific Flour Mill. Negligible No change No change No change No change Belfast, Northern Road. HL02 Saw Mill. Belfast, Negligible No change No change No change No change Duncrue Street (off). HL03 Dufferin Flour & Meal Negligible No change No change No change No change Mills. Belfast, Duncrue Street. HL04 Grain Silo. Belfast, Negligible No change No change No change No change Dufferin Road. HL05 Saw Mill. Belfast, Negligible No change No change No change No change Duncrue Street. HL06 Headling Sheds. Negligible No change No change No change No change Belfast, Whitla Street / Nelson Street. Options B & D - minor works to introduce two- way running at street level along Garmoyle Street & Whitla Street would have no affect on the asset. HL07 Limekilns (x2). Belfast, Negligible No change No change No change No change Albert Quay. HL08 Saw Mill, Garmoyle Negligible No change No change No change No change Street. HL09 Felt Works, Garmoyle Negligible No change No change No change No change Street HL10 Princes Dock Foundry, Medium No change No change No change No change Garmoyle Street. HL11 Albert Quay. Negligible No change No change No change No change The feature is screened from the scheme by the dockland and surrounding townscape. The scheme is unlikely to impact the feature. HL12 Bonded Store, Short Negligible No change No change No change No change

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation) mitigation mitigation) Option Option ) Option Option

A sse t N o. A B C D Street. HL13 Princes Dock Mill Negligible No change No change No change No change (Maize), Princes Dock Street. HL14 Felt Works, Saw Mills Negligible No change No change No change No change (Steam), Garmoyle Street. HL15 Ship Repair Yard - Iron Negligible No change No change No change No change Workshops, Pilot Place. HL16 Clarendon Mills Negligible No change No change No change Moderate (Oatmeal), Corporation Street. Option D requires a new link to Corporation Street for local access that would result in a significant impact. HL18 Landing stage on outer Low No change Minor No change Minor edge of Clarendon Dock. Construction of the proposed M2 to Westlink overbridge (with Options B & D) and the Westlink to M2 overbridge (with Option D) would increase the visual impact of the scheme. HL20 Ferry Terminal. Belfast Low No change Minor No change Minor Car Ferries passenger terminal. Construction of the proposed M2 to Westlink overbridge (with Options B & D) and the Westlink to M2 overbridge (with Option D) would increase the visual impact of the scheme. HL21 Bonded Store, Negligible No change No change No change No change Donegall Quay. HL22 Bridge (road over river), Low No change No change No change No change York Road. HL23 Saw Mill, York Road. Negligible No change No change No change No change HL24 Engine Sheds. BNCR Low No change Minor No change Minor Branch Line, Bleach Green - Larne Harbour. There are views south CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 44

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation) mitigation mitigation) Option Option ) Option Option

A sse t N o. A B C D from the roadside sheds that are along York Street toward the proposed scheme. Options B & D – the construction of the proposed M2 to Westlink overbridge and the Westlink to M2 overbridge would increase the visual impact of the scheme. HL25 Saw Mill, York Road. Negligible No change No change No change No change HL26 Ulster Bakery, Lilliput Negligible No change No change No change No change Road. HL27 York Road Railway Low No change No change No change No change Station. BNCR Branch Line. HL28 BNCR Terminus & Low No change No change No change No change Midland Hotel. BNCR Branch Line, Bleach Green - Larne Harbour. HL29 Fisher's Wagon Works, Negligible No change No change No change No change Brougham Street. HL30 Gallaher & Co. Negligible No change No change No change No change Tobacco Factory, York Street. HL31 Meadow Street Flax Negligible No change No change No change No change Spinning Mill, Corn Mill, Flour Mill, Meadow Street. HL32 York Street Foundry. Medium No change No change No change No change Belfast. HL33 Saw Mill, York Street. Negligible No change No change No change No change HL34 York Street Linen Negligible No change No change No change No change Factory (Spinning & Weaving), York Street. HL36 Mulryne's Coach Negligible No change No change No change No change Building Works, North Queen Street. HL37 18th century gardens of High No change No change No change No change Clifton House. Historic registered gardens. [The principal views are out of the garden east along Frederick Street with only limited views north along North Queen Street where

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation) mitigation mitigation) Option Option ) Option Option

A sse t N o. A B C D the existing North Queen Street Bridge carries Westlink over the road. The impact of the proposed scheme is effectively screened by the existing townscape that surrounds the asset, except to the north, but the widening of North Queen Street Bridge on the south side required for all options would result in no change to the setting of the registered garden. HL38 Starch Works, Little Negligible No change No change No change No change Donegall Street. HL39 Biscuit Factory, Negligible No change No change No change No change Donegall Street. HL40 Starch Works, York Negligible No change No change No change No change Lane. HL41 Starch Works, Negligible No change No change No change No change Frederick Lane. HL42 Foundry, Biscuit Medium No change No change No change No change Factory, Donegall Street. HL43 Starch Works, Flour Negligible No change No change No change No change Mill, York Lane. HL44 Factory, Lancaster Negligible No change No change No change No change Street. HL45 Cotton Manufactory, Negligible No change No change No change No change York Lane. HL46 Tobacco Factory, York Negligible No change No change No change No change Street. HL47 Starch Works, Negligible No change No change No change No change Washington Street. HL48 Starch Works, York Low No change No change No change No change Street. HL49 Flax Stores, Academy Negligible No change No change No change No change Street. HL50 Bonded Store, Negligible No change No change No change No change Academy Street. HL51 Bonded Store, between Negligible No change No change No change No change Coates Lane & Charles Lane. HL52 Bonded Store, Great Negligible No change No change No change No change

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation) mitigation mitigation) Option Option ) Option Option

A sse t N o. A B C D Patrick Street. The works proposed for all options to permit 2­ way running along Nelson Street (south) and the introduction of signal control at the junction of Dunbar Link & Nelson Street would not affect the asset. HL54 Bonded Store, Talbot Negligible No change No change No change No change Street. HL55 Phoenix Foundry, Medium No change No change No change No change Great Georges Street. HL56 Bonded Store, Gordon Low No change No change No change No change Street. HL57 Scott's Bedding Negligible No change No change No change No change Manufactory, off Gordon Street. HL58 Bonded Store, Albert Negligible No change No change No change No change Quay. HL60 Donegall Quay, Belfast. Low No change Minor No change Minor Options B & D – the construction of elevated overbridges for the M2 to Westlink link and the Westlink to M2 link would slightly increase the visual impact of the scheme. HL61 Bacon Factory, Tomb Unknown No change No change No change No change Street. HL62 Bonded Stores, Tomb Low No change No change No change No change Street. HL63 Bacon Factory - Negligible No change No change No change No change Donegall Quay Mills (Flour & Meal), Gamble Street. HL64 Distillery / Brewery, Negligible No change No change No change No change Corporation Square. HL65 Engineering Works. Low No change No change No change No change Great Patrick Street HL66 Bonded Store, Negligible No change No change No change No change Corporation Street. HL67 Bonded Store (Mitchell Negligible No change Moderate Moderate No change & Co. Ltd), Great George’s Street. Minor works for Options B & C require the CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 47

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation) mitigation mitigation) Option Option ) Option Option

A sse t N o. A B C D provision of revised access arrangements to Shipbuoy Street under the Lagan Bridge that would impact the asset. HL68 Engineering Works, Negligible No change No change Moderate No change Great George’s Street. The requirement in Option C for a new link up to 6m below existing ground level (Link D) between M3 & Westlink would result in an impact upon the asset. HL69 C17 siege of Belfast. Medium No change No change No change No change Historic registered battlefield. HL70 Town Parks, Belfast. Negligible No change No change No change No change Emergency water supply. Destroyed. HL71 Beal-Feirste. Historic Low No change No change No change No change registered battlefield. HL72 Fearsat (unlocated). Negligible No change No change No change No change Historic registered battlefield. HL73 Ford of Belfast Negligible No change No change No change No change (unlocated). Historic registered battlefield. HL74 Belfast (unlocated). Negligible No change No change No change No change Historic registered battlefield.

6.1.3 Historic buildings

A number of the historic buildings would be indirectly impacted by the proposed scheme options (Table 22). Those that would incur impacts are located relatively close to the scheme; other buildings, particularly those that are located within the urban townscape of the city, are unlikely to be affected since they are screened from the scheme by surrounding buildings. The proposed scheme options are predicted to have a range of impacts on the historic building resource that would affect the setting of a number of the assets. The level of impact has been assessed in accordance with Table 6 above. There would be no physical impacts on the historic buildings. Impacts could include: • Damage to the setting of historic buildings; • Intrusion on the setting of historic buildings;

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• Visual and noise intrusion on the setting of historic buildings during road construction and use; and, • Vibration from road construction activities and use. Table 22: Historic buildings impacted by the proposed scheme options (assets that remain unchanged by the options are highlighted in grey)

Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation mitigation mitigation Option ) Option ) Option ) Option

A sse t N o. A B C D HB01 St Joseph's RC Church, Medium Minor Minor Minor Minor Prince's Dock Street. Fronts onto Prince’s Dock Street, located in a residential area with Belfast Docks to the northeast and c.250m east of the motorway but with views along the street toward the motorway. Although the setting has already been affected by the existing motorway the feature would be impacted by the construction of a new retaining wall required for all options and by either the construction of New Dock Street overbridge (Options A & C) or by the proposed new elevated M2 to Westlink overbridge (Options B & D). HB02 St Joseph's RC Parochial Medium No change Negligible No change Negligible House, 38 Pilot Street. Fronts onto Pilot Street, located in a mixed residential and light industrial area c.250m east of the motorway. Although enclosed by its street location there are views through gaps in the buildings southwest toward the motorway. Its setting has already been affected by the existing motorway but the feature would be impacted by the construction of the proposed M2 to Westlink overbridge (Options B & D). HB03 Clarendon Dock Buildings, High Negligible Minor Negligible Minor HL17 Harbour Estate. Located next to Clarendon Docks c.225m east of the motorway. It has views to CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 49

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation mitigation mitigation Option ) Option ) Option ) Option

A sse t N o. A B C D the east over the dock and also uninterrupted views west across to the motorway. Its setting has already been affected by the existing motorway but the feature would be impacted by the proposed M2 to Westlink overbridge (Options B & D) that would intrude visually and would also bring the motorway closer. The proposed M2 to Westlink underpass (Options A & C) would also bring the motorway closer. Construction activities for all options would also impact the asset. HB04 Sinclair Seamen's High Negligible Minor Negligible Minor Presbyterian Church, Corporation Square. The feature fronts onto Corporation Square and Corporation Street and it has already been impacted by the motorway corridor that is c.55m to the southwest and already on a raised overbridge. The construction of the M2 to Westlink overbridge (Options B & D) to the northwest would be an additional visual intrusion on the setting of the feature. Construction activities for all options would also impact the asset. HB05 Harbour Office, Corporation High Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible HL19 Square. The feature fronts onto Corporation Square and is located c.90m east of the M3 motorway. There would be very slight affects resulting in short term impacts caused by construction activities. The construction of the Westlink to M3 and Dock Street to M3 link (Options A, B & C) would result in permanent slight setting impacts. Construction

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation mitigation mitigation Option ) Option ) Option ) Option

A sse t N o. A B C D activities for all options would also impact the asset. HB06 Administration and drawing High No change No change No change No change office block (Harland & Wolff), Queen’s Road. The feature is located on Queen’s island to the east of the River Lagan, 900m east of the motorway. The feature is unlikely to be impacted by the scheme as its setting is along the Queen’s Road. HB07 St. Paul's Church of Ireland, Medium No change Negligible No change Negligible York Street. Located in mixed commercial and residential area c.140m west of the M2 motorway. The feature is screened from the motorway to the east but it has distant views to the southeast along York Street to the motorway. The construction of the elevated Westlink to M2 overbridge (Option D) and M2 to Westlink overbridge (Option B & D) would impact the setting of the asset. HB08 Walls at burying ground, High No change No change No change No change Henry Place (off Clifton Street). There would be no impacts to the setting of the walls as this is defined by the burial ground itself. HB10 Carlisle Memorial Methodist High No change No change No change No change Church, Carlisle Circus. There would be no impacts as the setting does not include the motorway HB11 The former Carlisle Memorial High No change No change No change No change Church Hall (Indian Community Centre), 86 Clifton Street. HB12 Belfast Orange Hall, Clifton Medium No change No change No change No change Street. HB13 Belfast Charitable Institution High No change No change No change No change HL35 (Clifton House), Clifton Street. HB14 Gate lodge at Clifton House, Medium No change No change No change No change

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation mitigation mitigation Option ) Option ) Option ) Option

A sse t N o. A B C D North Queen Street. HB15 Friends Institute, 47 Medium No change No change No change No change Frederick Street. HB16 Lancaster St. School, Medium No change No change No change No change (Former Ladies Industrial School), Lancaster Street. HB17 201-205 Donegall Street. Medium No change No change No change No change HB18 St. Patrick's Parochial Medium No change No change No change No change House, 199 Donegall Street. HB19 St. Patrick's RC Church, Medium No change No change No change No change Donegall Street. HB20 St. Patrick's CB School, Medium No change No change No change No change Donegall Street. HB21 Irish News Office, 113 Medium No change No change No change No change Donegall Street. HB22 St. Anne's Cathedral High No change No change No change No change Donegall Street. HB23 27-37 Talbot Street. Medium No change No change No change No change HL53 HB24 Northern Bank (Former Corn Medium No change No change No change No change Exchange), 1-9 Victoria Street. Located c.270m south of the M3 motorway, within the Cathedral Conservation Area and on the periphery of the commercial district. The asset has distant views to the motorway north along Corporation Street. There would be no change to the setting of the feature or from construction activities from the proposed options. HB25 Head Line Building, 10-14 Medium No change No change No change No change Victoria Street. HB26 Custom House, Custom High No change No change No change No change House Square. HB27 Calder Fountain, Albert Medium No change No change No change No change Square. HB28 Cathedral Conservation Medium Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Area. The northern perimeter of the conservation area runs along Dunbar Link and Great Patrick Street and returns south along York Street. There are distant views to

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Description Value Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude

of impact of impact of impact of impact (with (with (with (with mitigation) mitigation mitigation mitigation Option ) Option ) Option ) Option

A sse t N o. A B C D the road network from the corner of York Street and Great Patrick Street and along Nelson Street. The works proposed for all options to alter the configuration of Dunbar Link and Nelson Street would have an insignificant affect upon the asset, although construction activities would result in short term increases in noise and dust. In addition the following options would result in negligible impacts: Options A & C requires that the junction of York Street and Great George’s Street is raised & that York Street is raised by 5m with the addition of a new overbridge. Option B would introduce a new elevated overbidge for the M3 to Westlink road & M2 to Westlink. In addition the junction of York Street and Great George’s Street would be raised. Option D, same as Option B but with the addition of a new elevated overbridge over York Street.

6.2 Summary of mitigation strategies 6.2.1 Archaeological remains

During the development of the scheme, mitigation to avoid or reduce adverse impacts on archaeological assets may include the following strategies:

Preservation by design

• Avoidance of impacts upon buried archaeological remains.

Preservation in-situ

• Appropriate protection during construction works to avoid damage from machine movements, vibration, crushing and compaction; and,

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• Appropriate physical protection, such as the use of geotextile sheeting in conjunction with the use of imported material to raise ground levels and the sensitive engineering of embankments and retaining walls.

Preservation by record

• Documentary research (targeted and detailed desk-based research and hydrological and deposit modelling based on geotechnical data and the results of archaeological investigations); • Evaluation of the archaeological resource by monitoring preliminary geotechnical works, use of archaeological trial trenching; • Geoarchaeological assessment, recovery and analysis of samples from palaeo­ environmental deposits; and • If appropriate, detailed mitigation which may include archaeological excavation and targeted archaeological watching brief work during site clearance (advanced archaeological works ahead of construction – where feasible) and in the main construction phase, and detailed geoarchaeological investigation.

Possible mitigation strategies relevant to archaeological assets are outlined in Table 23.

Table 23: Summary of possible mitigation strategies for archaeological remains (assets for which no mitigation strategy is anticipated are highlighted in grey)

Asset No. Value Magnitude of impact Mitigation strategy

AR02 High Options B & D would result in a Screening would be inappropriate Twin slipways Negligible impact on the asset given the scale & elevation of the of the Titanic that would result from the proposed overbridges. No and Olympic intrusion of the proposed new mitigation is proposed. ships elevated overbridges. AR03 High Options B & D would result in a Screening would be inappropriate Hamilton Negligible impact on the asset given the scale & elevation of the Graving Docks that would result from the proposed overbridges. No intrusion of the proposed new mitigation is proposed. elevated overbridges. AR11 Low All options would have a Minor Documentary research at Detailed Area of direct impact on the asset Assessment stage and deposit Archaeological caused by the construction modelling, and the monitoring of Potential work. geotechnical works and archaeological trial trenching to inform a strategy for detailed mitigation work. Preservation by record would be appropriate mitigation. AR12 Negligible The construction of the scheme Documentary research at Detailed The would result in a Moderate direct Assessment stage and deposit fragmentary impact on the asset. The buried modelling, and the monitoring of buried remains remains of former premises are geotechnical works and of industrial likely to survive in a fragmentary archaeological trial trenching to North Belfast condition caused by clearance inform a strategy for detailed cleared to works in the 1960s or post WWII mitigation work. make way for and preparatory ground works Preservation by record would be CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 54

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Asset No. Value Magnitude of impact Mitigation strategy

the post war for the existing road layout. appropriate mitigation. arterial road WWII bombing would also have network in destroyed buildings within Zone Zone D D. Pockets of remains may survive and the scheme would result in further destruction of this resource. AR13 Medium All options would have a Minor Mitigation would include The buried direct impact on the buried asset archaeological monitoring of remains of which it is understood covers an geotechnical investigations and early Holocene extensive area well beyond the assessment of the palaeo­ land surfaces scheme footprint. environmental resource by targeted & post-glacial geoarchaeological borehole alluvial, recording. This work would inform a estuarine & strategy for detailed mitigation work. marine Preservation by record would be deposits appropriate mitigation. Appropriate measures would be taken to ensure that the resource would be protected from damage in areas where deep excavation is not required.

6.2.2 Historic landscape

Most of the historic landscape assets that would be impacted by the various scheme options have been demolished and it would be appropriate to consider mitigation similar to that proposed for buried archaeological remains. Mitigation for historic landscape assets may include the following strategies:

Preservation by design

• Avoidance of impacts upon buried historic landscape assets.

Preservation in-situ

• Appropriate protection during construction works to avoid damage from machine movements, vibration, crushing and compaction; and, • Appropriate physical protection, such as the use of geotextile sheeting in conjunction with the use of imported material to raise ground levels and the sensitive engineering of embankments and retaining walls.

Preservation by record

• Documentary research (targeted and detailed desk-based research and hydrological and deposit modelling based on geotechnical data and the results of archaeological investigations); • Evaluation of the historic landscape assets by monitoring preliminary geotechnical works, use of archaeological trial trenching;

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• If appropriate, detailed mitigation which may include archaeological excavation and targeted archaeological watching brief work during site clearance (advanced archaeological works ahead of construction – where feasible) and in the main construction phase; • Acoustic barriers or low noise road surfacing to mitigate changes in noise levels and ambience; and, • Appropriate landscape mitigation to screen key assets and to reduce impacts that would affect historic landscape assets, particularly around junctions and overbridges.

Possible mitigation strategies relevant to historic landscape assets are outlined in Table 24.

Table 24: Summary of possible mitigation strategies for historic landscape assets (assets for which no mitigation strategy is anticipated are highlighted in grey)

Asset No. Value Magnitude of impact Mitigation strategy

HL16 Negligible Option D would result in a Documentary research at Detailed Clarendon Moderate direct impact on the Assessment stage and deposit Mills asset. The buried remains of modelling, and the monitoring of (Oatmeal) the former premises are likely to geotechnical works and Corporation survive in a fragmentary archaeological trial trenching to Street. condition. inform a strategy for detailed Demolished mitigation work. Preservation by record would be appropriate mitigation. HL18 Low Slight visual change as a result Screening would be inappropriate Landing stage of new elevated overbridges given the scale & elevation of the on outer edge proposed for Options B & D. proposed overbridges. No of Clarendon mitigation is proposed. Dock HL20 Low Slight visual change as a result Screening would be inappropriate Ferry terminal. of new elevated overbridges given the scale & elevation of the Belfast Ferries proposed for Options B & D. proposed overbridges. No passenger mitigation is proposed. terminal HL24 Low Slight visual change as a result Screening would be inappropriate Engine Sheds. of new elevated overbridges given the scale & elevation of the BNCR Branch proposed for Options B & D proposed overbridges. No Line, Bleach mitigation is proposed. Green – Larne Harbour HL60 Low Slight visual change as a result Screening would be inappropriate Donegall Quay of new elevated overbridges given the scale & elevation of the proposed for Options B & D. proposed overbridges. No mitigation is proposed. HL67 Negligible Options B & C would result in a Documentary research at Detailed Bonded Store Moderate direct impact on the Assessment stage and deposit (Mitchell & Co asset. The buried remains of modelling, and the monitoring of Ltd), Great the former premises are likely to geotechnical works and George’s survive in fragmentary condition. archaeological trial trenching to Street inform a strategy for detailed mitigation work.

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Asset No. Value Magnitude of impact Mitigation strategy

Demolished Preservation by record would be appropriate mitigation. HL68 Negligible Option C would result in a Documentary research at Detailed Engineering Moderate direct impact on the Assessment stage and deposit Works, Great asset. The buried remains of modelling, and the monitoring of George’s the former premises are likely to geotechnical works and Street survive in fragmentary condition. archaeological trial trenching to Demolished inform a strategy for detailed mitigation work. Preservation by record would be appropriate mitigation.

6.2.3 Historic buildings

During the development of the scheme, mitigation to avoid or reduce adverse impacts on historic buildings may include the following strategies: • Avoidance of impacts upon historic buildings; • If appropriate, detailed historic building recording ahead of demolition; • Acoustic barriers or low noise road surfacing to mitigate changes in noise levels and ambience; and, • Appropriate historic building mitigation to screen key assets and to reduce impacts that would affect historic buildings, particularly around junctions and overbridges. Due to the height of the proposed overbridges, options for screening are limited.

Possible mitigation strategies relevant to historic building assets are outlined in Table 25.

Table 25: Summary of possible mitigation strategies for historic buildings (assets for which no mitigation strategy is anticipated are highlighted in grey)

Asset No. Value Magnitude of impact Mitigation strategy

HB01 Medium Minor impact. Appropriate landscaping could be St Joseph's The setting of the asset would be used in mitigation for the RC Church slightly affected by a proposed 7m proposed new retaining wall. No Prince's Dock high retaining wall required for mitigation is proposed for the new Street Link A and the construction of new overbridges. overbridges (all options). HB02 Medium Negligible impact. No mitigation is proposed for the St Joseph's The setting of the asset would be new overbridge. RC Parochial slightly affected by the proposed House, 38 elevated overbridge required for Pilot Street the M2 to Westlink road (Link A), Options B & D HB03, HL17 High Negligible impacts (Options A & Acoustic barriers or low noise Clarendon C) & Minor impacts (Options B & road surfacing could be used to Dock Buildings D) mitigate changes in noise levels and ambience (Options A & C). CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 57

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Asset No. Value Magnitude of impact Mitigation strategy

Harbour No mitigation is proposed for the Estate new overbridge. Controlled working procedures to reduce the impact of construction activities. HB04 High Negligible short term impacts No mitigation is proposed for the Sinclair during construction caused by an new overbridges. Working Seamen's increase in dust and noise procedures would need to be Presbyterian (Options A & C). Minor controlled to reduce the impact of Church, permanent impacts caused by the construction activities. Corporation construction of elevated Square overbridges for Options B & D. HB05, HL19 High Negligible impacts. No mitigation is proposed for the Harbour new overbridges. Working Office, procedures would need to be Corporation controlled to reduce the impact of Square construction activities. HB07 Medium Option B & D would result in a No mitigation is proposed for the St. Paul's Negligible impact new overbridge. Church of Ireland, York Street HB28 Medium Negligible impact Working procedures would need Cathedral to be controlled to reduce the Conservation impact of construction activities. Area No mitigation is proposed for the new overbridges

6.3 Recommendations for further assessment work • Undertake a full Cultural Heritage Detailed Assessment of the preferred option prior to publication of a Stage 3 Environmental Assessment/Environmental Statement (DMRB Volume 11, Section 3, Part 2). This would include a modern disturbance review that would incorporate an assessment of existing and below ground conditions and previous construction activities (based upon available geotechnical records, including review of historical geotechnical logs (Scott Wilson 2008) and additional documentary research, including Goad Fire Insurance Plans, Public Records Office of Northern Ireland (T3637 & D/3252/9/1) and later 20th century Ordnance Survey mapping) to assess the potential for buried remains, including the palaeo-environmental resource; • Liaise with the Engineering and Geotechnical teams regarding potential below-ground impacts of demolition and construction phases and extent of land contamination (see below); • Undertake an intensive walkover to assess in detail the setting impacts for cultural heritage and to identify and assess all historic buildings at the site (including those that may survive that are included on the Industrial Heritage Record) and to inform the design of appropriate mitigation once the preferred layout option is confirmed; • Liaise with the Landscape team in order to assess Zone of Visual Influence and visual impacts on cultural heritage historic assets;

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• Liase with the Noise and Air Quality teams to establish the level of construction and operation impacts; • Undertake any evaluative archaeological investigations following selection of the preferred option to assess the potential for buried archaeological remains, including the palaeo-environmental resource(where this is feasible and appropriate); • Undertake consultation with statutory authorities, including local authority Conservation Officers and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency; • Undertake localised hydrological and deposit modelling to identify areas of archaeological truncation and areas likely to be affected by changes in hydrology. It is recommended that at the Detailed Assessment stage, geotechnical data and any hydrological data regarding buried strata are reviewed; and, • Draft and submit Detailed Cultural Heritage Assessment report following selection of a preferred layout option and consultation with Northern Ireland Environment Agency.

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7 SIGNIFICANCE OF EFFECTS 7.1 Assessment of the significance of effects

The following section contains an assessment of the significance of effects on the cultural heritage resources, based on the evaluation and the assessment of the magnitude of the impacts. The methodology for establishing the significance of effects is contained in Table 8.

The significant effects on the cultural heritage assets that the four layout options may create as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed scheme are considered. This information is summarised in table format (Table 26) and records for each identified asset: • Its value as assessed by a review of the existing baseline conditions; • A description of impacts arising from construction of the options; • The magnitude of impact; • Proposed mitigation; and, • The significance of residual effects.

The options would impact a number of statutory and non-statutorily designated heritage assets. The impact of the proposed scheme on these assets can only be established at the detailed assessment stage once the preferred layout option has been selected. In addition to the construction works, consideration would also need to be given to the location of any associated works such as areas set aside for construction compounds, storage areas and works access roads; and there may also be considerations required for the diversion or replacement of utilities (overground and underground).

Table 26: Summary of Environmental Effects – Cultural Heritage

Name Value Impact from Mitigation Magnitude Significance

scheme of impact of Residual Design, (with Effect Construction & mitigation) Operation Asset N o. AR02 Twin slipways High Permanent slight No mitigation Negligible Slight Adverse of the Titanic impacts to the proposed. and Olympic setting of the ships, Belfast feature as a result of Options B & D. AR03 Hamilton High Permanent slight No mitigation Negligible Slight Adverse Graving impacts to the proposed. Docks, setting of the Belfast feature as a result of Options B & D. AR11 Area of Low All options - Documentary Minor Neutral Archaeologic direct and research at Detailed al Potential permanent Assessment stage impact from and deposit construction of modelling, and the the scheme. monitoring of geotechnical works and archaeological trial trenching to inform a strategy for CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 60

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Name Value Impact from Mitigation Magnitude Significance

scheme of impact of Residual Design, (with Effect Construction & mitigation) Operation Asset N o. detailed mitigation work. AR12 The Negligible Permanent Documentary Moderate Neutral fragmentary direct impacts research at Detailed buried caused by Assessment stage remains of construction. and deposit industrial modelling, and the North Belfast monitoring of cleared to geotechnical works make way for and archaeological the post war trial trenching to arterial road inform a strategy for network in detailed mitigation Zone D work. AR13 The buried Medium Permanent Mitigation would Minor Slight Adverse remains of direct impacts include early caused by archaeological Holocene construction. monitoring of land surfaces geotechnical & post-glacial investigations and alluvial, assessment of the estuarine & palaeo­ marine environmental deposits resource by targeted geoarchaeological borehole recording. This work would inform a strategy for detailed mitigation work. Appropriate measures would be taken to ensure that the resource would be protected from damage in areas where deep excavation is not required. HL16 Clarendon Negligible Option D would Documentary Moderate Neutral Mills result in research at Detailed (Oatmeal), permanent direct Assessment stage Belfast, impacts from and deposit Corporation construction. modelling, and the Street monitoring of geotechnical works and archaeological trial trenching to inform a strategy for detailed mitigation work. HL18 Landing Low Permanent slight No mitigation Minor Neutral stage on impacts to the proposed outer edge of setting of the Clarendon feature as a Dock result of Options B & D. HL20 Ferry Low Permanent slight No mitigation Minor Neutral Terminal. impacts to the proposed. Belfast Car setting of the

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Name Value Impact from Mitigation Magnitude Significance

scheme of impact of Residual Design, (with Effect Construction & mitigation) Operation Asset N o. Ferries feature as a passenger result of Options terminal B & D. HL24 Engine Low Permanent slight No mitigation Minor Neutral Sheds. impacts to the proposed. BNCR setting of the Branch Line, feature as a Bleach Green result of Options - Larne B & D. Harbour HL60 Donegall Low Permanent slight No mitigation Minor Neutral Quay, Belfast impacts to the proposed. setting of the feature as a result of Options B & D. HL67 Bonded Store Negligible Options B & C Documentary Moderate Neutral (Mitchell & would result in research at Detailed Co. Ltd). permanent direct Assessment stage Great impacts from and deposit George’s construction. modelling, and the Street monitoring of geotechnical works and archaeological trial trenching to inform a strategy for detailed mitigation work. HL68 Engineering Negligible Option C would Documentary Moderate Neutral Works. Great result in research at Detailed George’s permanent direct Assessment stage Street impacts from and deposit construction. modelling, and the monitoring of geotechnical works and archaeological trial trenching to inform a strategy for detailed mitigation work. HB01 St Joseph's Medium All options - Appropriate Minor Slight Adverse RC Church permanent slight landscaping could Prince's Dock impacts to the be used to screen Street setting of the the proposed high feature. retaining wall (Option A). No mitigation is proposed for the proposed new overbridges. HB02 St Joseph's Medium Options B & D - No mitigation is Negligible Neutral RC, Parochial permanent slight proposed. House, 38 impacts to the Pilot Street setting of the feature. HB03 Clarendon High All options - Acoustic barriers or Minor Slight Adverse HL17 Dock permanent slight low noise road Buildings impacts to the surfacing could be Harbour setting of the used to mitigate feature & short changes in noise CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 62

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Name Value Impact from Mitigation Magnitude Significance

scheme of impact of Residual Design, (with Effect Construction & mitigation) Operation Asset N o. Estate term impacts levels and ambience from (Options A & C). No construction. mitigation is proposed for the proposed new overbridge (Options B & D). Controlled working procedures during construction. HB04 Sinclair High Short term Controlled working Minor Slight Adverse Seamen's impacts from procedures during Presbyterian construction & construction. No Church, for Options B & mitigation is Corporation D permanent proposed for the Square slight impacts to proposed new the setting of the overbridge. feature. HB05 Harbour High Short term Controlled working Negligible Slight Adverse HL19 Office, impacts from procedures during Corporation construction & construction. No Square for Options A, B mitigation is & C permanent proposed for the slight impacts to proposed new the setting of the overbridges. feature. HB07 St. Paul's Medium Option B & D No mitigation is Negligible Neutral Church of would result in proposed. Ireland, York permanent slight Street impacts to the setting of the feature. HB28 Cathedral Medium All options - Controlled working Negligible Neutral Conservation short term procedures during Area impacts from construction. No construction & mitigation is permanent slight proposed for the impacts to the proposed new setting of the overbridges. feature.

7.2 Remaining risks or uncertainties

The NIEA MBR and Industrial Heritage Record only list known archaeological sites or significant historic landscape features. There is a possibility for the discovery of unknown buried archaeological remains, particularly that relate to the historic (18th century and later) development of the site.

There is an unknown but potential risk for the discovery of archaeological remains buried in the alluvium (possibly including remains relating to trade along the river, including river craft) or from buried ground surfaces beneath the sleech (Mesolithic or Palaeolithic activity). Remains or deposits contained within or buried beneath the alluvium are likely to be deeply buried and well preserved, including datasets of palaeo-environmental value and interest.

The potential impact of scheme construction on the hydrology of the buried strata is presently not known. Hydrological and geochemical impacts on archaeological remains are

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particularly difficult to predict and monitor (Bowsher 2004; Smit et al. 2006; English Heritage 2007; Kars H and van Heeringen R M (eds.), 2008; Nixon 2004).

It is likely that there is a significant risk of industrial contamination as a result of previous industrial processes that have taken place at the site and in the wider area (petrol stations /fuel storage, printing works, food preparation, tobacco works, timber treatment, foundries, ship buildings and repair, industrial storage). If remediation work is required at the initial or subsequent stages of development of the scheme it may be necessary to include appropriate archaeological mitigation measures to protect or record the archaeological resource (Environment Agency 2005).

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8 SUMMARY

Options A and C would have the greater impact upon the buried archaeological resource since it requires digging out for underpasses; however Options B and D would result in greater impacts upon the setting of a number of designated listed buildings. All options would result in a slight adverse effect upon the cultural heritage but overall Option A would be the preferred design since it would result in the least number of designated assets being affected. No scheduled monuments would be impacted but four listed buildings that are of high and medium value would be impacted (two at grade A, one at B+ and one at B1). There would also an impact upon a conservation area and three non-designated archaeology assets. Options B and D would result in the greatest number of impacts upon all elements of the cultural heritage (archaeology, historic landscape features and historic buildings) both designated and non-designated. 8.1 Option A

There would be three Neutral residual effects on archaeological remains and historic buildings; and five Slight Adverse effects on archaeological remains and historic buildings as a result of this option.

There would be Neutral residual effects on two undesignated archaeology assets (AR11, AR12) and a Slight Adverse effect on one other (AR13). Appropriate archaeological mitigation (preservation by record) would minimise the adverse impacts. There would be Neutral effects on one designated conservation area, the Cathedral Conservation Area (HB28) and Slight Adverse effects on four other designated historic buildings (HB01, HB03 /HL17, HB04 and HB05 /HL19). 8.2 Option B

There would be ten Neutral residual effects on all three elements of the cultural heritage (archaeological remains, historic landscape and historic buildings); and seven Slight Adverse effects on the cultural heritage as a result of this option.

There would be Neutral residual effects on two undesignated archaeology assets (AR11, AR12) and a Slight Adverse effect on three other assets, including two Scheduled Monuments (AR02, AR03) and one undesignated asset (AR13). There would be Neutral effects on five historic landscape features (HL18, HL20, HL24, HL60 and HL67). There would be Neutral effects on three designated historic buildings (HB02, HB07 and HB28) and Slight Adverse effects on four other designated historic buildings (HB01, HB03 /HL17, HB04, HB05 /HL19). 8.3 Option C

There would be five Neutral effects on all three elements of the cultural heritage; and five Slight Adverse effects on archaeological remains and historic buildings as a result of this option.

There would be Neutral residual effects on two undesignated archaeology assets (AR11, AR12) and a Slight Adverse effect on one other (AR13). There would be Neutral effects on two historic landscape features (HL67 and HL68). There would be Neutral effects on one designated historic buildings (HB28) and Slight Adverse effects on four other designated historic buildings (HB01, HB03 /HL17, HB04 and HB05 /HL19).

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8.4 Option D

There would be eleven Neutral effects on all elements of the cultural heritage and seven Slight Adverse effects on archaeological remains and historic buildings as a result of this option.

There would be Neutral residual effects on two undesignated archaeology assets (AR11, AR12) and a Slight Adverse effect on three other assets, including two Scheduled Monuments (AR02, AR03) and one undesignated asset (AR13). There would be Neutral effects on six historic landscape features (HL16, HL18, HL20, HL24, HL60 and HL67). There would be Neutral effects on three designated historic buildings (HB02, HB07 and HB28) and Slight Adverse effects on four other designated historic buildings (HB01, HB03 /HL17, HB04, HB05 /HL19).

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9 REFERENCES 9.1 General references

Connelan, O (Tr.), 200,3 (c. 1636/1846) Annals of the Four Masters (Anon) The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland or the Annals of the Four Masters (Annála na gCeithre Máistrí). Facsimile Edition, Irish Genealogical Foundation, Kansas City, Missouri

Bardon, J, 1982, Belfast: An Illustrated History. Blackstaff Press, Belfast

Barton, B, 1989, The Blitz: Belfast in the War Years Belfast. Blackstaff Press, Belfast

Barton, B, 1995, Northern Ireland in the Second World War. Ulster Historical Foundation, Belfast

BCC and Cemeteries of Belfast. Belfast City Council, Belfast http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/cemeteries/cemeteriesbooklet.pdf

Beckett, J, 2003, Belfast: The Making of the City. Appletree Press, Belfast

Bowsher, D, (ed.), 2004, Preserving archaeological remains in situ?: Proceedings of the 2nd conference 12-14 September 2001. Museum of London Archaeology Service, London

Buttimer, N, C Rynne & H Guerin (eds), 2000, The Heritage of Ireland. Collins Press, Cork

Carroll, J, 1975, Ireland in the War Years. David & Charles, Newton Abbot

Chart, DA, Evans, E & Lawlor, HC, (eds), 1940, A Preliminary Survey of Ancient Monuments of Northern Ireland. HMSO, Belfast

Craig, M, 1997, Architecture of Ireland from the Earliest Times to 1880. Dublin

DoENI, 1990, Cathedral Conservation Area. Design Guide. Department of the Environment Northern Ireland http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/supplementary_guidance/conservation/conservati on_map/conservation-cathedral-2.pdf

Dixon, H, 1975, Ulster Architecture. Ulster Architectural Heritage Society, Belfast

Donnelly, C & A Horning, 2002, Post-Medieval and Industrial Archaeology in Ireland: An overview. Antiquity 76, 557-61

English Heritage, 2006, Science for Historic Industries. Guidelines for the investigation of 17th- to 19th-century industries. English Heritage, London

English Heritage, 2007, Piling and Archaeology

Environment Agency, 2005, Guidance on Assessing the Risk Posed by Land Contamination and its Remediation on Archaeological Resource Management. Science Report P5-077/SR, (Bristol)

Evans, EE, 1944, Belfast: The Site and the City. Ulster Journal of Archaeology 7, 5-29

Falconer, K, 2005, Understanding the work place: agenda for industrial archaeology in Britain. Industrial Archaeology Review 27

Flanagan, LNW 1970 Ulster. Regional Archaeologies series. Heinemann, London CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 67

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Gahan & Long, 2006, Belfast Sewage Works, Belfast. Unpublished client report

Gillespie, R & Royle, S. A, 2003, Belfast, Part I, to 1840. Irish Historic Towns Atlas No.12. Royal Irish Academy, Belfast City Council.

Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, 1991, Geological Map of Northern Ireland Quaternary Geology (Second Edition). Scale 1:250 000. British Geological Survey

Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, 1997, Geological Map of Northern Ireland Solid Geology (First Edition). Scale 1:250 000. British Geological Survey

Geological Map: "Belfast - Northern Ireland Sheet 36 - Solid" (1:63360), 1966

Geological Map: "Belfast - Northern Ireland Sheet 36 - Drift" (1:63360), 1966

GNIMF, 1966, Ancient Monuments of Northern Ireland. Volume I. In state care. Government of Northern Ireland Ministry of Finance. HMSO, Belfast

GNIMF, 1969, Ancient Monuments of Northern Ireland. Volume II: not in state care. Government of Northern Ireland Ministry of Finance. HMSO, Belfast

Green, ERR, 1963, The Industrial Archaeology of County Down. HMSO, Belfast

Gwyn D & Palmer M (eds), 2006, Understanding the Workplace: a Research Framework for Industrial Archaeology in Britain. Post Medieval Archaeology 40(2), 9-17

Hamond, F (ed.), 1998, Taking stock of Ireland's Industrial Heritage. Industrial Heritage Association of Ireland, Dublin

Heritage Council, 2000, Review of Urban Archaeology Research. Heritage Council, Dublin

Heritage Council, 2007, Review of Research Needs in Irish Archaeology. Heritage Council, Dublin

Jones, E, 1954, The social geography of Belfast. Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland 29/2, 1-18

Kars H and van Heeringen R M (eds.), 2008, Preserving archaeological remains in situ - Proceedings of the 3rd conference 7-9 December 2006, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Geoarchaeological and Bioarchaeological Studies Volume 10, 2008. Vrije Universiteit: Amsterdam

Mallory, JP & McNeill, TE 1991 The Archaeology of Ulster from Colonization to Plantation. Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast

McCutcheon, WA , 1983, The Industrial Archaeology of Northern Ireland. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison NJ

McMahon, M, 1998, Recording the industrial heritage of Dublin's docklands, in Hamond (ed.), 8-11

Munck, R & Rolston, B, 1987, Belfast in the Thirties: an Oral History. Blackstaff Press, Belfast

Murphy, EM & Whitehouse, NJ (eds), 2007, Environmental Archaeology in Ireland. Oxbow, Oxford, 277-295

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Nixon, T. 2004 Preserving archaeological remains in situ? Proceedings of the 2nd conference 12-14 September 2001. Museum of London Archaeology Service: London

Northern Archaeological Consultancy (NAC), 2006, Proposed Development at Cathedral Quarter, Belfast. Archaeological Impact Report (version 2). Unpublished client report.

Oldham, CH, 1912, The history of Belfast shipbuilding. Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 11/91, 417-434

Ó Baoill, R, 2008, The urban archaeology of Belfast: a review of the evidence. Ulster Journal of Archaeology 65, 8-18

O’Keeffe, J, 2008, The Belfast Area of Archaeological Potential. Ulster Journal of Archaeology 65, 1-7

O’Keeffe, T, 2006, What lies beneath? Medieval components in Belfast's urban development. Ulster Journal of Archaeology 65, 20-28

Owen DJ, 1921, History of Belfast. W. & G. Baird, Belfast & London

Pilson, JA, 1846 (2008), History Of The Rise And Progress Of Belfast, And Annals Of The County Antrim: From The Earliest Period Till The Present Time. Facsimile Edition, Bastian Books

Pollard, E, 2011, The Mesolithic maritime landscape of the North Coast of Ireland. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.

Prehistoric Society, 1999, Research Frameworks for the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Britain and Ireland: A Report by the Working Party for the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Day Meeting and the Council of the Prehistoric Society. Prehistoric Society, Salisbury.

PSAMNI, 1940. Preliminary Survey of the Ancient Monuments of Northern Ireland. Ancient Monuments Advisory Council for Northern Ireland. HMSO, Belfast

R. Travers Morgan & Partners (NI), February 1967, Belfast Urban Motorway

Royle, S. A, 2007, Belfast, Part II, 1840 to 1900. Irish Historic Towns Atlas No.17. Royal Irish Academy, Belfast City Council.

Scally, C, 1987, Belfast: an industrial survey. Archaeology Ireland 1.2, 68-71

Scott Wilson, 2008, York Street Interchange. Preliminary Sources Study (S105296/G/01/16/PSS). December 2008. Internal client report for RDR Roads Service

Slater’s National Commercial Directory of Ireland 1846, Ulster & Belfast Sections. Scanned images at hwww.failteromhat.com/slateru.php

Smit, A, van Heeringen, RM & Theunissen, EM, (with contributions from O Brinkkemper, S Cuijpers, RP Exaltus, DJ Huisman & MMA Jans), 2006, Archaeological Monitoring Standard. Guidelines for the non-destructive recording and monitoring of the physical quality of archaeological sites and monuments. Rijksdienst voor Archaeologie, Cultuurlandschap en Monumenten, Amersfoort

Society for Medieval Archaeology, 1987, ‘Archaeology and the middle Ages. Recommendations by the Society for Medieval Archaeology to the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England’, Medieval Archaeology 31, 1-12

Soil Map: "Belfast" (1:50000), 1994 CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 69

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Strain, RMW, 1961, Belfast and its Charitable Society: a study of urban social development. OUP, London 9.2 Planning, legislation and guidance The Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan 2015 (BMAP) http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/dev_plans/devplans_az/bmap_2015. Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1991; Article 42 of the Planning (NI) Order 1991 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1991/1220/article/121 Historic Monuments and Archaeological Objects (NI) Order 1995 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1995/1625/contents/made The Treasure Act 1996. Code of Practice (Northern Ireland) http://finds.org.uk/treasure DOENI 1999 PPS6 Planning Policy Statement Number 6: Planning Archaeology and the Built Heritage Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland http://www.planningni.gov.uk/index/policy/policy_publications/planning_statements/pps06.ht m

Roads (NI) Order 1993

DOENI 2003 Planning Policy Statement on Protected Landscapes. Northern Ireland Department of the Environment

Development Control Advice Note 10 Department of the Environment for Northern Ireland Environmental Impact Assessment

HA 2007. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Volume 11 Environmental Assessment. Section 3, Environmental Topics. Part 2, HA 208/7, Cultural Heritage. August 2007. Highways Agency

HA 2007. Assessing the Effect of Road Schemes on Historic Landscape Character. HA49/06 Department for Transport/Highways Agency http:// www.helm.org.uk/upload/pdf/Road-Schemes2.pdf Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Assessment 2002. Guidelines for landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (Second Edition). Spon, London Institute for Archaeologists 2010. Code of Conduct, Reading http://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/node-files/code_conduct.pdf Institute for Archaeologists 2011. Standard and guidance for historic environment desk- based assessment, Reading http://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/node­ files/ifa_standards_desk.pdf EHS 2007. State Care Historic Monuments to 31 March 2007. Historic Monuments in State Care. Environment and Heritage Service. http:// www.ni-environment.gov.uk/built/state.htm

9.3 Internet references

All internet sources consulted in March 2011.

BIAB: the British and Irish Archaeological www.biab.ac.uk/ Bibliography

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Landscape Character Areas. Northern www.ni- Ireland Environment Agency. environment.gov.uk/landscape/country_landscape.htm Historical background, Belfast Harbour. http://www.belfast-harbour.co.uk/legacy Belfast Harbour Commissioners. Arts Council NI. Historical background, http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article/684/the­ Belfast. industrial-heritage-of-north-belfast Companies history database. Background http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company­ to Gallahers Tobacco factory. histories/Gallaher-Group-Plc-Company-History.html Census data. Social conditions in Belfast. http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/exhibition/belfast/ social_conditions.html Impact of WWI bombing on Belfast http://www.ww2talk.com/forum/war-air/21520-belfast­ residents blitz-luftwaffe-interview.html Belfast Sewage Works. Excavations http://www.excavations.ie/Pages/Details.php?Year=&Co Database, Department of the Environment, unty=Antrim&id=14825 Heritage and Local Government/ Department of the Environment, Northern Ireland. Register of Historic Parks, Gardens and www.ni-environment.gov.uk/registerni-revision.pdf Demesnes of Special Historic Interest Northern Ireland (2007). Northern Ireland Environment Agency. Defence of Britain Project/Defence Heritage www.britarch.ac.uk/projects/dob/index.html Project. Council for British Archaeology Sailortown Cultural & Historical Society. www.sailortown.org/Index.asp?MainID=4033 Sailortown Local History Project. Placenames NI - The Northern Ireland www.placenamesni.org/placenamesniviewer/map.phtml Place-names Project Areas of Significant Archaeological Interest http://maps.ehsni.gov.uk/MapViewer/Default.aspx

Development of roads network, Belfast http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/roads/belfasturbanmoto (Westlink, M2 motorway, M3 motorway) rway.html; http://www.ukmotorwayarchive.org/

9.4 Cartographic sources

Cartographic data was sourced from the Public Records Office Northern Ireland (PRONI), the Northern Ireland Environment Agency Monuments and Buildings Record (MBR) and the Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland (OSNI) in March 2011.

9.5 Town plan maps

Date Title Reference Source 1791 Map of Belfast by James Williamson D/2155/1 & PRONI T1541/1-10 1815 Plan of the town of Belfast from actual survey by Philip D/690/1-3 & PRONI CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012 71

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Mason, engraved for Smith’s Belfast Almanack T889 (18)) 1819 Map of the town of Belfast T/1178/1 PRONI 1822 Map of the town of Belfast T/1541/8 PRONI 1823 Map of the town of Belfast T399/1 PRONI 1828 Belfast in 1828 T3215 PRONI 1832 Map of the town of Belfast T/1541/1-10 PRONI 1848 Plan of Belfast, produced by James O’Hagan n/a NIEA MBR 1851 Plan of the town of Belfast, produced by John Rapin n/a NIEA MBR c.18 Belfast looking north west, (a metal engraving produced n/a NIEA 60 by Marcus Ward & Co.) MBR 1863 View of Belfast looking west, J H Connop n/a NIEA MBR 1884 Map of Belfast, specially prepared for The Belfast & n/a NIEA Province of Ulster Post Office Directory (Marcus Ward & MBR Co.)

9.6 Ordnance Survey maps

Date Title Reference Source 1832-3 Ordnance Survey 1st edition (6” to 1 mile), 1:10560 n/a NIEA MBR 1858 Ordnance Survey First Revision edition (6” to 1 mile), n/a OSNI 1:10560 1901-2 Ordnance Survey 2nd edition (6” to 1 mile), 1:10560 n/a NIEA MBR 1923 Ordnance Survey map, 1:1250 n/a NIEA MBR 1938 Ordnance Survey map, 1:1250 n/a NIEA MBR 1947 Ordnance Survey map, 1:1250 n/a NIEA MBR

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Appendix 1 Cultural Heritage: planning policy background

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Cultural Heritage: Planning Policy Background Planning Policy Statement 6: Planning, Archaeology & the Built Heritage

Archaeological Sites and Monuments Scheduled and State Care monuments Archaeological sites and monuments may be in State Care or scheduled for protection under the Historic Monuments and Archaeological Objects (NI) Order 1995. Once a site or monument has been scheduled it benefits from statutory protection and scheduled monument consent is required from the Department for any works affecting it. PPS 6 Policy BH 1 (The Preservation of Archaeological Remains of Regional Importance and their Settings) states that ‘The Department will operate a presumption in favour of the physical preservation in situ of archaeological remains of regional importance and their settings. These comprise monuments in State Care, scheduled monuments and other important sites and monuments which would merit scheduling. Development which would adversely affect such sites of regional importance or the integrity of their Archaeological sites and monuments Archaeological sites identified in the Northern Ireland Sites and Monuments Record (NISMR) are defined as a site of archaeological interest in the Planning (General Development) Order (NI) 1993. PPS6 notes that Archaeological Sites and Monuments add meaning to our natural environment and are a limited, finite and non-renewable resource, in many cases highly fragile and vulnerable to damage and destruction. ‘They can contain irreplaceable information about our past and the potential for an increase in future knowledge, which, once destroyed, cannot be replaced. They are part of our sense of place and are valuable both for their own sake and for their role in education, leisure and tourism’ (PPS 6, 3.2). ‘In all cases the desirability of preserving an archaeological site or monument and its setting, whether scheduled or otherwise, is a material consideration in determining planning applications’ (PPS6, 3.3). According to PPS 6 Policy BH 2 (The Protection of Archaeological Remains of Local Importance and their Settings), ‘Development proposals which would adversely affect archaeological sites or monuments which are of local importance or their settings will only be permitted where the Department considers the importance of the proposed development or other material considerations outweigh the value of the remains in question.’ ‘On many occasions it will be possible to avoid conflicts with archaeological interests, particularly through seeking suitable alternative sites for development. However where it is decided that development may proceed this will be conditional on appropriate archaeological mitigation measures’ (described in Policy BH 4). According to PPS 6 Policy BH 3 (Archaeological Assessment and Evaluation), ‘Where the impact of a development proposal on important archaeological remains is unclear, or the relative importance of such remains is uncertain, the Department will normally require developers to provide further information in the form of an archaeological assessment or an archaeological evaluation. Where such information is requested but not made available the Department will normally refuse planning permission.’ PPS 6 Policy BH 4 (Archaeological Mitigation) notes that ‘Where it is decided to grant planning permission for development which will affect sites known to contain archaeological remains, the Department will impose conditions to ensure that appropriate measures are taken for the identification and mitigation of the archaeological impacts of the development, including where appropriate the completion of a licensed excavation and recording of remains before development commences.’ Mitigation may require design alterations to development schemes (PPS 6 3.15) and ‘The excavation recording of remains is regarded by

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the Department as a second best option to their physical preservation. The preservation in situ of important archaeological remains is … always to be preferred’ (PPS 6 3.16). The discovery of archaeological remains, which have not been previously known, may therefore represent a material change which can affect the nature of development which will be permitted’ (PPS 6, 3.20).

Areas of significant archaeological interest Development plans, where appropriate, designate areas of significant archaeological interest (ASAIs), and highlight areas of archaeological potential within the historic cores of towns and villages where it is likely that archaeological remains will be encountered in the course of continuing development and change (PPS 6 2.1-2.7). World Heritage Sites World Heritage Sites are protected under the World Heritage Convention, adopted by UNESCO in 1972, and ratified by the United Kingdom in 1984 (PPS6 2.8-2.12). PPS 6 Policy BH 5 states that ‘The Department will operate a presumption in favour of the preservation of World Heritage Sites. Development which would adversely affect such sites or the integrity of their settings will not be permitted unless there are exceptional circumstances‘.

Historic Buildings Listed buildings are protected under the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order 1991. Article 42 of the Order places a statutory duty on the Northern Ireland Environment Agency to compile a list of structures of special architectural and historical interest. Following designation the agency has ‘a special regard to the desirability of preserving a building or its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses’ (Article 45). The protection of structures designated under the Order is expanded on in Planning Policy Statement 6 (PPS6): Planning, Archaeology and the Built Heritage. Paragraph 6.4 states that the agency ‘will require full information to accompany all applications to enable assessment of the likely impact of proposals on the special architectural or historic interest of the building and its setting’. Annex A to the report discusses Transport and Traffic Management. Paragraph A4 states that where new schemes are proposed the Agency ‘will identify and evaluate the significance of any remains or features of the built heritage including listed buildings, conservation areas and other historic sites. It requires that such issues are taken into account and that ‘new routes, alterations and any other transport infrastructure should respect such features’ but notes that ‘in each case a suitable balance needs to be struck between conservation, other environmental concerns, economics, safety and engineering feasibility’. Grade A Buildings of national importance including both outstanding grand buildings and the fine, little altered example of some important style or date. Grade B+ Buildings that might have merited A status but for relatively minor detracting features such as impurities of design, or lower quality additions or alterations. Also buildings that stand out above the general mass of grade B1 buildings because of exceptional interiors or some other features. Grade B1 and Grade B2 Buildings of local importance or good examples of some period of style. Some degree of alteration or imperfection may be acceptable.

Industrial Heritage Industrial heritage features include the remains of saw mills, cotton and linen mills and other manufacturing industries, and storage accommodation. The historic pattern of roads, railways and docks and historic CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012

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utilities networks also form an important part of the industrial heritage (PPS 6, 8.1-8.2). The Department is responsible for identifying and protecting buildings and other industrial heritage features; many important features are already subject to existing protection measures as archaeological sites or monuments or as listed buildings (PPS 6, 8.3).

Historic Landscape The register of parks, gardens and demesnes of special historic interest in Northern Ireland is maintained by the Environment and Heritage Service (PPS6 2.17). Conservation areas are designated following Article 50 of the Planning (NI) Order 1991 (PPS6, 2.18-2.19). The effect of proposed development on a park, garden or demesne or its setting included in the register is a material consideration in the determination of planning and/or listed building consent applications and appeals. PPS 6 Policy BH 6 (The Protection of Parks, Gardens and Demesnes of Special Historic Interest) states that ‘The Department will not normally permit development which would lead to the loss of, or cause harm to, the character, principal components or setting of parks, gardens and demesnes of special historic interest. Where planning permission is granted this will normally be conditional on the recording of any features of interest which will be lost before development commences.’ ‘Where a decision is taken to permit development which would result in the loss of any distinctive features of parks, gardens and demesnes, the Department will normally require developers to carry out recording, working to a brief prepared by the Department, so that knowledge of this part of our landscape heritage is not entirely lost’ (PPS 6, 5.5.). Some sites and monuments located within or adjoining settlements may be designated as local landscape policy areas. Local Landscape Policy Areas comprise features and areas within and adjoining settlements considered to be of greatest amenity value, landscape quality or local significance and therefore worthy of protection from undesirable or damaging development, and are identified in the process of Countryside Assessment and are designated and maintained through development plans(PPS6 2.23-2.24). These environmental assets may include archaeological sites and monuments and their surroundings; listed and other locally important buildings and their surroundings; river banks and shore lines and associated public access; attractive vistas, localised hills and other areas of local amenity importance; areas of local nature conservation interest, including areas of woodland and important tree groups.

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Appendix 2 Gazetteer of archaeological and historical sites

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Gazetteer of Archaeological assets

Description Period Status

&

A sse t N o. S M R N o. G r i d R ef Zone

AR01 061:17 J3438475 Docklands archaeological watching brief carried Post Undesignated 239 out in 2006 located traces of post medieval medieval, Zone A occupation and modern activity. modern AR02 004:503 J3512075 Twin slipways of the Titanic and Olympic ships, Modern Scheduled 430 Belfast. Zone A Also the site of a contemporary picture showing the ships under construction side by side. The ships were the largest in the world at the time and highlighted the world significance of Harland & Wolff as a ship building site. AR03 004:501 J3498075 Hamilton Graving Docks, Belfast. 19th century Scheduled 080 The first graving dock but on the Co. Down side Zone A of the River Lagan; its service basin, the Abercorn Basin was created out of open water facing the Harland & Wolff berths. AR04 061:013 J3328075 Site of a destroyed rath. Early Undesignated 140 Located at the Junction of Jane Street and Christian Zone B former Carlisle Street, Belfast that was shown as an oval enclosure on the 1835 OS 6” map and identified as a rath. AR05 061:018 J3383074 Town ditch. 17th century Undesignated 650 Excavations in 1990 located a c17 ditch around Zone C the historic core of Belfast. It was 3m wide and 1m deep, cut into waterlogged subsoil. There are no visible remains on the surface. AR06 061:017 J3390074 Historic Belfast. Medieval Undesignated 400 General location of the core of the historic and later Zone C settlement of Belfast that has been revealed by a number of archaeological investigations. AR07 061:015 J3407074 Post medieval settlement site. Post Undesignated 380 Excavations in 1984 uncovered evidence of post medieval Zone C medieval settlement. Now destroyed by the construction of car park and shops. Remains recorded during the investigations indicate the remains of the back-yard of houses. AR08 061:004 J3414074 Chapel of the Ford. Medieval Undesignated 420 Possible site of medieval chapel reportedly Zone C illustrated on historic maps of the town. Site now occupied by St Georges Parish Church. AR09 061:020 J3408074 Structure on site of Benny’s Bar. Post Undesignated 550 Excavations located the remains of a c17 brick medieval Zone C built structure, possibly one of the houses shown on Philips’ 1635 map. Results indicate that the street frontage on Waring Street not changed much since the c17. AR10 061:019 J3411074 Post medieval settlement site on Gordon Street. Post Undesignated 610 Excavations in 1999 located the remains of c18 medieval

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Description Period Status

&

A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone Zone C & c19 buildings, and c17 artefacts. AR11 n/a J3430750 An extensive Area of Archaeological Potential Medieval, Undesignated 1 that encompasses the southeast corner of the post Zones A & site and who’s northern boundary includes medieval C Westlink, Great George’s Street, Dock Street, and modern Corry Link and then returns south along Albert Quay along the waterside and that continues south beneath Lagan Bridge. AR12 n/a J3422753 The fragmentary buried remains of the former Post Undesignated 3 industrial, commercial and residential premises medieval, Zone D that date from the late c18 to the early c20 that Modern were demolished during the 1960’s to make way for the arterial road system. AR13 n/a J3422753 The buried remains of early Holocene land Mesolithic, Undesignated 3 surfaces (Mesolithic) and post-glacial alluvial, prehistoric Zones A, estuarine and marine deposits (sleech) that may B, C, D contain evidence of occupation /activity; and the impact of human activity in the wider area from the Neolithic and later periods.

Gazetteer of Historic Landscape assets

Descriptions are based on the Industrial Heritage Record, the SMR, The Register of Parks, Gardens and Demesnes of Special Historic Interest and the Register of Battlefields and Defence Heritage Sites.

Description Period Status

&

A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone

HL01 10041:0 J34607600 Pacific Flour Mill. Belfast, Northern Road. Modern Undesignated 00:00 Zone A Large 2 block brick complex of silos, with logo ‘Pacific Mills J Rank Ltd’. Silos still in use. Actual flour mill demolished in earlier 1980s. Shown as Pacific Flour Mills on OS map 1938. HL02 10034:0 J34577596 Saw Mill. Belfast, Duncrue Street (off). Post Undesignated 00:00 Zone A Extensive timber pondage from 1872 onwards. medieval Redeveloped, Shown as Saw Mill on OS maps, 1902-38. HL03 10032:0 J34457590 Dufferin Flour & Meal Mills. Belfast, Duncrue Modern Undesignated 00:00 Zone A Street. Shown as flour mill on 1902 OS map. HL04 10688:0 J34687586 Grain Silo. Belfast, Dufferin Road. Modern Undesignated 02:00 Zone A Steel framed concrete silo. HL05 10031:0 J34457570 Saw Mill. Belfast, Duncrue Street. Post Undesignated 00:00 Zone A Shown as saw mill on OS maps 1872 & 1883-4. medieval HL06 10769: J34437561 Headling Sheds. Belfast, Whitla Street / Nelson Unknown Undesignated

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Description Period Status

&

A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone 000:00 Zone A Street. HL07 10040: J34937560 Limekilns (x2). Belfast, Albert Quay. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone A Shown on OS maps of 1872. medieval HL08 10039: J34487550 Saw Mill. Belfast, Garmoyle Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone A Range of red brick & timber buildings. Latterly medieval used by James P Corry & Co timber merchants. Quite substantial remains at rear. Shown on OS maps of 1858, 1872, 1883-4, 1902, 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL09 10234: J34517549 Felt Works. Belfast, Garmoyle Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone A Shown on OS maps from 1858 to 1938 medieval (subsumed by IHR 10039). HL10 10062: J34467540 Princes Dock Foundry. Belfast, Garmoyle Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone A Street. medieval Redeveloped for industrial use. Shown on OS maps of 1883-4. HL11 10030: J34857541 Albert Quay. Post Undesignated 007:00 Zone A Concrete bollards by James Henry Contractor. medieval Cranes in use to shift gravel etc & to unload from boats. Section of the goods sheds remain, apparently of wood and slate. Tram track visible alongside and crossing the modern approach road. Shown on OS maps 1858 to 1938. HL12 10175: J34427532 Bonded Store. Belfast, Short Street. Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone A Redeveloped. Shown on OS maps of 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL13 10179: J34497528 Princes Dock Mill (Maize). Belfast, Prince’s Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone A Dock Street. Now operated by James Clow Ltd as animal feed mill. Medium sized complex of mills. Logo on Pilot Street reads ‘James Clow Ltd/ Princes Dock Mills’. Shown on OS maps of 1931 & 1938. HL14 10063: J34377525 Felt Works, Saw Mills (Steam). Belfast, Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone A Garmoyle Street. medieval Shown on OS maps 1883-4, 1901-2; redeveloped on later OS maps 1920, 1931, 1938. HL15 10030: J34437522 Ship Repair Yard - Iron Workshops. Belfast, Post Undesignated 005:00 Zone A Pilot Place. medieval Shown on OS maps from 1858 to 1938. HL16 10061: J34267511 Clarendon Mills (Oatmeal), Corporation Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone A Now Dalgety’s Feed Mills. Complex of multi­ medieval storey buildings with original brick 4 story, ‘Clarendon’ logo & some ornate stonework on Corporation Street frontage. Shown on OS maps of 1858 to 1938. HL17 10030: J34497507 Graving Docks, Clarendon Dock, Corporation Post Listed 004:00 Zone A Square. medieval building Shown on OS maps 1858 to 1938.

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Description Period Status

&

A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone

HL18 10030:0 J34637501 Landing stage on outer edge of Clarendon Dock. Modern Undesignated 11:00 Zone A Shown as ferry crossing on OS map of 1938. HL19 10030: J34337498 Harbour Office, Belfast, Corporation Square. 19th century Listed 006:00 Zone A building

HL20 10030: J34437490 Ferry Terminal. Belfast Car Ferries passenger Modern Undesignated 012:00 Zone A terminal. Modern 2-storey concrete / steel block. HL21 10110: J34347481 Bonded Store, Donegall Quay. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone A Shown on OS maps from 1858 to 1931. medieval HL22 10222: J34147607 Bridge (road over river). Belfast, York Road. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone B Originally a single stone arch subsequently medieval widened. Topped by brick walls, supported beneath by steel beams. Carries York Road over Milewater River. Shown on OS maps 1858 to 1938. HL23 10037: J34237600 Saw Mill. Belfast, York Road. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone B Redeveloped. One cast iron gate span, by medieval James Moore – Millfield Foundry, survives. Shown on OS maps of 1883-4, 1902, 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL24 05585:0 J34227592 Engine Sheds. BNCR Branch Line, Bleach Post Undesignated 70:03 Zone B Green - Larne Harbour. medieval HL25 10035: J34147591 Saw Mill. Belfast, York Road. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone B Shown on OS map of 1872, under housing on medieval map of 1883-4. HL26 10183: J34097592 Ulster Bakery. Belfast, Lilliput Road. Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone B Redeveloped. Shown on OS maps from 1920 to 1938. HL27 05585:0 J34257580 York Road Railway Station. BNCR Branch Line, Post Undesignated 68:02 Zone B Bleach Green - Larne Harbour. medieval HL28 05585:0 J34277579 BNCR Terminus & Midland Hotel. BNCR Branch Post Undesignated 68:01 Zone B Line, Bleach Green - Larne Harbour. medieval Replaced by Plumb Centre & modern NIR station. Midland Hotel (now offices) survives. HL29 10665: J34207559 Fisher's Wagon Works. Belfast, Brougham Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone B Street. medieval Thomas Fisher, spring van, cart and wagon builder. Site cleared. HL30 10224: J34037549 Gallaher & Co. Tobacco Factory. Belfast, York Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone B Street. Shown on OS maps from 1920 to 1938. HL31 10064: J34127547 Meadow Street Flax Spinning Mill, Corn Mill, Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone B Flour Mill. Belfast, Meadow Street. medieval By 1920 this site had been subsumed by Gallahers Tobacco Factory (IHR 10224). Shown on OS maps from 1858, shown as tobacco

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Description Period Status

&

A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone factory from 1921-1938. HL32 10237: J34057546 York Street Foundry. Belfast. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone B Shown on OS maps of 1858 and 1883-4, shown medieval as tobacco factory from 1920-32 (subsumed by Gallahers Tobacco Factory) HL33 10066: J34107536 Saw Mill. Belfast, York Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone B (subsumed by an extension of Gallahers) medieval Tobacco Factory. Shown on OS maps from 1883-4 to 1938. HL34 10067: J34037532 York Street Linen Factory (Spinning & Weaving, Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone B York Street. medieval Subsumed by an extension of Gallahers Tobacco Factory. Buildings erected for flax spinning mill post WWII have been used by Gallahers since the 1960s. Shown on OS maps from 1858 to 1938. HL35 10644: J33577510 Poor House (Hand Cotton Manufacturer), Clifton Post Listed 000:00 Zone C Street. medieval building HL36 10673: J33677513 Mulryne's Coach Building Works. Belfast, North Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Queen Street. medieval Site redeveloped. HL37 168 J33637507 18th century gardens of Clifton House. Post Registered Zone C Originally Belfast’s Poor House, founded by the medieval historic Belfast Charitable Society in the 1770s. The garden garden layout was redesigned and landscaped in 1993 to plans sympathetic with Clifton House. HL38 10053: J33637492 Starch Works. Belfast, Little Donegall Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C No remains, now a car park. Shown on OS map medieval 1883-4. HL39 10052: J33657496 Biscuit Factory. Belfast, Donegall Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Demolished – now a car park. Shown on OS medieval maps in 1883, 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL40 10051: J33727500 Starch Works. Belfast, York Lane. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Demolished – now a car park. Shown on OS medieval maps in 1883, 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL41 10055: J33757503 Starch Works, Frederick Lane. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Shown on OS map 1858, on 1883-4 map it was medieval under housing HL42 10054: J33697490 Foundry, Biscuit Factory, Donegall Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Probably linked to ihr10052. No remains now a medieval, car park. Shown on OS maps 1858 & 1883-4 Modern (foundry); 1920, 1931 & 1938 (biscuit factory). HL43 10050: J33747494 Starch Works, Flour Mill, York Lane Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Demolished – now a car park. Shown on OS medieval maps from 1858 to 1938. HL44 10214: J33827504 Factory. Belfast, Lancaster Street. Unknown Undesignated 000:00 Zone C

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A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone

HL45 10048: J33797485 Cotton Manufactory, York Lane. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Site now occupied by Irish News. Shown on OS medieval maps in 1858, 1883-4; from 1920, 1931, & 1938 as Irish News Office. HL46 10049: J33867489 Tobacco Factory, York Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Shown on OS maps 1883-4, but from 1920 medieval depicted as Belfast Telegraph Office, also 1931 & 1938. HL47 10057: J33837492 Starch Works. Belfast, Washington Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Shown on OS map of 1858 but not on 1883-4 medieval map; from 1920 under housing. HL48 10047: J33917500 Starch Works, York Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Mc Neill McManus Paint, Glass etc now occupy medieval York Street frontage. Probably replaces Starch Works. Shown on OS maps from 1858, also 1883-4, 1920 & 1931. HL49 10069: J33887476 Flax Stores, Academy Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Site cleared – now open ‘green’ space by Art medieval College. Shown on OS maps of 1883, 1901-2, 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL50 10182: J33917480 Bonded Store. Belfast, Academy Street. Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Redeveloped. Shown on OS maps of 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL51 10181: J33947486 Bonded Store. Belfast, between Coates Lane & Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Charles Lane. Redeveloped. Shown on OS maps of 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL52 10180: J34007488 Bonded Store, Great Patrick Street. Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Redeveloped. Shown on OS maps of 1931 & 1938. HL53 10772: J33977467 Distillers & Wine Merchants, Talbot Street. pre 1834 Listed 000:00 Zone C building HL54 10113: J34007473 Bonded Store, Talbot Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C No remains. Shown on OS maps of 1883-4, medieval 1902, 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL55 10192: J34147495 Phoenix Foundry, Great Georges Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Site cleared. Shown on 1st edition OS map medieval 1833, not shown on 1843 plan, under housing on OS map of 1858. HL56 10103: J34037461 Bonded Store, Gordon Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Shown on OS maps from 1883-4 to 1938. medieval HL57 10219: J34107459 Scott's Bedding Manufactory, off Gordon Street. Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone C 3 storey brick building with loading doors at 1st & 2nd floor level. Painted on the doors are ‘Walter Scott Bedding Manufacturer’. Complex shown on OS map of 1902 to 1938. HL58 10111: J34267465 Bonded Store, Albert Quay. Post Undesignated

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A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone 000:00 Zone C Redeveloped. Complex shown on OS maps of medieval 1858 to 1938. HL59 10030:0 J34287458 Custom House, Custom House Square. 19th century Listed 10:00 Zone C building HL60 10030:0 J34407469 Donegall Quay Post Undesignated 08:00 Zone C Largely redeveloped as freight / passenger medieval service. Large goods sheds at Queens Bridge and – brick façade, probably comparatively recent: otherwise buildings absent except for Liverpool Boat Ferry Terminal. CI bollards along part of quay remain. Used by Belfast Freight Ferries Ltd & Belfast Car Ferries. Shown on OS maps form 1858 to 1931. HL61 10109: J34277470 Bacon Factory, Tomb Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Under GPO Sorting Office. Shown on OS maps medieval 1858 to 1938. HL62 10112: J34217471 Bonded Stores, Tomb Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C One story brick building fronts Tomb Street, with medieval 5-storey brick building behind. ‘J & J Hunter Ltd. Bonded Warehouse’ painted on Tomb Street frontage. Shown on OS maps from 1883-4 to 1938. HL63 10108: J34307476 Bacon Factory - Donegall Quay Mills (Flour & Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Meal), Gamble Street. medieval John Thompson & Sons Ltd. Donegal Quay Mills. At Gamble Street / Tomb Street intersection is a 4-storey brick office block with concrete cills / lintels. Substantial multi-storey complex of brick and steel along Gamble Street. Shown on OS maps of 1858 to 1938. HL64 10775: J34157479 Distillery / Brewery, Corporation Square. Unknown Undesignated 000:00 Zone C HL65 10776: J34137483 Engineering Works, Great Patrick Street. Post Undesignated 000:00 Zone C medieval HL66 10178: J34197490 Bonded Store, Corporation Street. Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Redeveloped. Shown on OS maps of 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL67 10177: J34167505 Bonded Store (Mitchell & Co. Ltd), Great Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Georges Street. Demolished. Shown on OS maps of 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL68 10176: J34117508 Engineering Works, Great Georges Street. Modern Undesignated 000:00 Zone C Present building dates from 1882. Occupied by Robert Craig & son (Engineering) Ltd. Modern frontage obscures complex of red brick industrial buildings behind. Shown on OS maps of 1920, 1931 & 1938. HL69 89 J339744 C17 siege of Belfast. 1649 Registered Zone C Colonel Venables (Parliamentary) against the battlefield

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A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone Belfast garrison Covenanters. HL70 194 J33957438 Town Parks, Belfast. Unknown Defence Zone C Emergency water supply. Destroyed. Heritage site HL71 358 J342743 Beal-Feirste. 1540 Registered Zone C C16 battle between Rughraidhe Mac Uibilin & battlefield Conn & Domnall O’Neill. HL72 185 J342743 Fearsat (unlocated). 665AD Registered Zone C C7 battle between the Ulidians & the Cruithni. battlefield HL73 95 J342743 Ford of Belfast (unlocated). 1573 Registered Zone C C16 battle between the Earl of Essex & Sir Brian battlefield O’Neill. HL74 186 J342743 Belfast (unlocated). 1552 Registered Zone C C16 battle between The Lord Justice & Niall-og­ battlefield O’Neill.

Gazetteer of Historic Buildings and Conservation Areas

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HB01 HB26/5 J3451175 St Joseph's RC Church, Prince's Dock Street 19th century Listed 0/095A 270 Belfast, BT1 3AA. building - B1 Zone A Constructed 1881. A sandstone church with pinnacled spire. HB02 HB26/5 J3449975 St Joseph's RC, Parochial House, 38 Pilot 19th century Listed 0/095B 254 Street, Belfast, BT1 3AH (includes house and building - B1 Zone A gate). Unusual tall, Italianate red brick 4 storey terrace Roman Catholic parochial house. HB03 HB26/5 J3440875 Clarendon Dock Buildings, Harbour Estate 19th century Listed 0/090 111 Belfast. building - A Zone A Docks completed in 1800 & 1826, central portion of the main building bears the latter date. HB04 HB26/5 J3428175 Sinclair Seamen's Presbyterian Church, 19th century Listed 0/93 010 Corporation Square, Belfast (includes gates and building - B+ Zone A railings). Constructed 1857. L-shaped Lombard style church with campanile. HB05 HB26/5 J3433474 Harbour Office, Corporation Square, Belfast. 19th century Listed 0/094 984 Constructed in 1854. 2-storey Italianate building - A Zone A sandstone building by George Smith. HB06 HB26/0 J3517175 Administration and drawing office block (Harland 20th century Listed 7/009 297 & Wolff), Queens Road, Belfast, BT3 9DV. building - B+ Zone A Three-storey office block in sandstone and brick

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A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone was built in stages between c.1900-1919. The building was the administration and drawing office centre. HB07 HB26/4 J3416475 St. Paul's Church of Ireland, York Street, Belfast 19th century Listed 8/002 737 (including boundary piers, gates & railings). building - B Zone B Constructed 1850-51. Early Victorian Gothic Revival Church in Early English Style designed by Charles Lanyon. HB08 HB26/4 J3345275 Walls at burying ground, Henry Place (off Clifton 18th century Listed 9/005 282 Street), Belfast. building - B+ Zone B Built in 1797. A walled graveyard containing mausoleum & other memorials of former citizens of Belfast. HB09 HB26/4 J3339875 St Enoch's Presbyterian Church, Carlisle Circus, n/a (demolished) 9/006 210 Belfast. Zone B HB10 HB26/5 J3338375 Carlisle Memorial Methodist Church, Carlisle 19th century Listed 0/091A 161 Circus, Belfast. building - B+ Zone B Constructed in 1875. Designed in the Gothic Revival style by noted architect W. H. Lynn with a sandstone and limestone exterior. The church was home to one of the largest Methodist congregations in Belfast. HB11 HB26/5 J3341175 The former Carlisle Memorial Church Hall (Indian 19th century Listed 0/091B 138 Community Centre), 86 Clifton Street, Belfast. building - B+ Zone B Completed 1875, sandstone and limestone, Gothic Revival. Designed by WH Lynn. Renovated in 1966, closed in 1982. Interior damaged, fabric in poor condition. World Monuments Fund monument watch 2010; Belfast Buildings Preservation Trust regeneration project. HB12 HB26/5 J3342675 Belfast Orange Hall, Clifton Street, Belfast. 19th century Listed 0/089 126 Imposing stone building surmounted by large building - B1 Zone B statue. HB13 HB26/4 J3356575 Belfast Charitable Institution (Clifton House), 18th century Listed 9/001 090 Clifton Street, Belfast (includes gates, railings & building - A Zone C walls). Constructed in 1774. Two story red brick buildings enclosing 2 courtyards with later additions. HB14 HB26/4 J3366175 Gate Lodge at Clifton House, North Queen 20th century Listed 9/007 074 Street, Belfast. building - B1 Zone C Single storey and red brick building in Neo- Georgian style. HB15 HB26/5 J3375775 Friends Institute, 47 Frederick Street, Belfast 19th century Listed 0/088 034 Constructed in 1840. A 2 storey red brick building - B2 Zone C building. HB16 HB26/5 J3388475 Lancaster St. School, (Former Ladies Industrial 20th century Listed 0/229 036 School), Lancaster Street, Belfast. building - B2 CULTURAL HERITAGE: DMRB SIMPLE ASSESSMENT May 2012

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A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone Zone C Constructed in 1906-7. A 2 storey Edwardian building in red brick with dressings in cast concrete blocks with later additions. HB17 HB26/5 J3368174 201-205 Donegall Street, Belfast. 19th century Listed 0/085 983 Pre Victorian brick built terraced town houses, building - B1 Zone C with later restoration. HB18 HB26/5 J3369074 St. Patrick's Parochial House, 199 Donegall 19th century Listed 0/158 975 Street, Belfast. building - B Zone C Constructed c.1820. A 3 storey, 4 bay brick building with hipped roof. The Presbytery which dates from the 1820s was originally the Bishops Palace. HB19 HB26/5 J33694,74 St. Patrick's R.C. Church, Donegall Street, 19th century Listed 0/077 952 Belfast. building - B Zone C Constructed in 1877. A cruciform church of red sandstone with pinnacled spire HB20 HB26/5 J3371674 St. Patrick's C.B. School, Donegall Street, 19th century Listed 0/076 935 Belfast. building - B1 Zone C Constructed in 1828. A 2 story red brick Tudor building. HB21 HB26/5 J3375974 Irish News Office, 113 Donegall Street, Belfast. 20th century Listed 0/189 857 Constructed in 1905. A 3 storey building, brick building - B1 Zone C faced above a stucco ground floor arrangement. HB22 HB26/5 J3390674 St.Anne's Cathedral, Donegall Sreet, Belfast. 20th century Listed 0/067 699 Erected on the site of the old parish church of St building - A Zone C Anne. HB23 HB26/5 J3397674 27-37 Talbot Street, Belfast. Pre 1834 Listed 0/193 683 Constructed pre 1834. a 4 storey red brick building - B1 Zone C building with front elevation divided into unequal bays. HB24 HB26/5 J3411974 Northern Bank (Former Corn Exchange), 1-9 19th century Listed 0/173 614 Victoria Street, Belfast. building - B1 Zone C Former Corn Exchange. Plain 2 storey building with shops below a loft first fall hall, erected by a company of the grain merchants of Belfast. HB25 HB26/5 J3417474 Head Line Building, 10-14 Victoria Street, 19th century Listed 0/053 572 Belfast. building - B1 Zone C Constructed in 1863. a 3 storey Italianate building with sandstone façade and brick facings. HB26 HB26/5 J3428974 Custom House, Custom House Square, Belfast. 19th century Listed 0/062 585 Constructed in 1857. An E-shaped 2 storey building - A Zone C building with basement, built to designs of Charles Lanyon. HB27 HB26/5 J3430074 Calder Fountain, Albert Square, Belfast. 19th century Listed 0/155 642 Constructed in 1859. Erected by public building - B1 Zone C subscription in the memory of commander Calder RN. HB28 n/a J3395674 Cathedral Conservation Area. Post Conservation

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A sse t N o. S M R N o. Gr i d R ef Zone 647 Located on the northern fringe of the city centre medieval Area Zone C and adjacent to the Port of Belfast. It encompasses an area of shopping, office, warehousing & port orientated uses. At its centre is St Anne’s Cathedral.

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Appendix 3 Plates

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Plate 1 : A map of Belfast surveyed in 1791 by James Williamson

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Plate 2 : Plan of the town of Belfast, from actual survey by P. Mason, 1815

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Plate 3 : Belfast in 1828 (town plan by the Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland)

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Plate 4 : Plan of Belfast, James O'Hagan, 1848

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Plate 5 : Belfast, John Rapkin, 1851

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Plate 6 : Belfast looking north-west c.1860 by Marcus Ward & Co.

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Plate 7 – Bird’s-eye view of Belfast looking west, 1863 by JH Connop

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Plate 8 : Map of Belfast, 1884, Marcus Ward & Co.

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Plate 9 : Ordnance Survey 1901-2

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Plate 10 : Ordnance Survey 1923

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Plate 11 : Whitla Street fire station (possibly post WWII)

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Plate 12 : Ship Street looking toward Garmoyle Street c.1970

Plate 13 : Clarendon Graving Dock, Clarendon Dock, Belfast

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Plate 14 : Harbour Office, Corporation Square

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Plate 15 : St Joseph's RC Church, Prince’s Dock Street

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Plate 16 : St Joseph's RC Parochial House, Pilot Street

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Plate 17 : Sinclair Seamen's Presbyterian Church, Corporation Street

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Plate 18 : St Paul's Church of Ireland, York Street

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Plate 19 : The Northern Bank (former Corn Exchange buildings), Victoria Street

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Appendix 4 Figures

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Key

Proposed Scheme 1km Study Area Historic Landscape Features Registered Garden Battlefields Listed Buildings

HL22 Conservation Area (HB28) Archaeological Assets (Point Feature) Archaeological Assets (Polygon Feature) HL23 HL01 Area of Archaeological Potential (AR11) HL02 Palaeo Environmental Record (AR13)

HL26 HL24 HL25 HL03

HL04

HL27 HL28

HB07 HL05 ZoneText D

HL06 HL07 Zone B HL29 Zone A AR02

Copyright HL08 HL30 HL09 HL31 Reproduced from Ordnance Survey digital map data HL32 (c) Crown copyright 2012. All rights reserved. AR12 Licence number 0100031673 HL11 HL10 AR12 HL33

HL34 HL12 AR11 HL13 HB01

HB8 HL14 AR01 HB06 HL15 HB02 HB9

HB10 AR04 HB11 HL36 AR03 Revision Details Check By Suffix HB13 HL16 Check Date HB12 Purpose of Issue HL68 HL35 HL17 HB03 FINAL HL37 HL67 HB14 HB15 HL44 Client HL41 HL18 HL40 HB16 HL48 DRD ROAD SERVICE HB17 HB05 HB04 NORTHERN IRELAND HL39 HB18 HL55 HL19 HB19 HL43 Project Title HL38 HL47 HL42 HL66 HL20 HB20 HL46 HL52 YORK STREET INTERCHANGE AR11 HL51 HL45 BELFAST

HB21 HL65 Zone C HL21 HL50 HL64 Drawing Title HL49 HL63 LOCATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE HL54 HL69 ASSETS (ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS, HL62 HL61 HISTORIC LANDSCAPE & HISTORIC HB23 HL60 BUILDINGS HB22 AR05 HL58 Drawn Checked Approved Date HL53 CLH AC AC 21.05.12 HL56 AR10 HB24 HB27 URS Internal Project No. Scale @ A3 NTS HB26 HL57 HL59 This document has been prepared in accordance with the scope of URS' appointment with

HB25 HL74 its client and is subject to the terms of that appointment. URS accepts no liability for any use of this document other than by its client and only for the purposes for which

HB28 AR09 HL72 it was prepared and provided. Only written dimensions shall be used. HL73 © URS Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited URS Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited WESTONE Wellington Street Leeds, LS1 1BA Tel: (0113) 204 5000 HL71 Fax: (0113) 204 5001 AR06 HL70 www.ursglobal.com AR07 AR08 Drawing Number Rev FIGURE 1