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What Colour Is the Red House? Perceived Colour of Painted Facades What Colour Is the Red House?

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What Colour Is the Red House? Perceived Colour of Painted Facades What Colour Is the Red House? Karin Fridell Anter Karin Fridell What colour is the red house? Perceived colour of painted facades What colour is the red house? Department of Architectural Forms Institution of Architecture Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden Trita-ARK-Akademisk avhandling 2000:4 ISSN 1402-7461 ISRN KTH/ARK/AA--00:4--SE ISBN 91-7170-595-3 Karin Fridell Anter What colour is the red house? Perceived colour of painted facades Karin Fridell Anter Department of Architectural Forms Institution of Architecture Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm, Sweden 2000 What colour is the red house? Perceived colour of painted facades Karin Fridell Anter Doctoral thesis Principal supervisor Professor Jadwiga Krupinska Department of Architectural Forms Institution of Architecture Royal Institute of Technology S-100 44 STOCKHOLM Sweden Karin Fridell Anter 2000 Trita-ARK-Akademisk avhandling 2000:4 ISSN 1402-7461 ISRN KTH/ARK/AA--00:4--SE ISBN 91-7170-595-3 Kopieringhuset Uppsala 2000 Graphical illustrations and cover design: Arne Jägerblom Sketches: Sven Georg Zeitler Cover photos: Karin Fridell Anter Address for ordering of copies: [email protected] Address to author: [email protected] 2 Abstract Architects and others choosing facade colours using colour samples face difficulties which previous research has not addressed. This work aims to aid such colour design by exploring three main questions: 1. Is it possible to survey and map out what colours people perceive on facades observed under different conditions? If so, what methods can be used and it is possible to obtain results of wider application? 2. How does the perceived colour of a facade vary with changing observation conditions? What is the impact of factors such as light conditions, viewing distance and surrounding colours? 3. How does the perceived colour of the house, in different situations, differ from the colour corresponding to the specification of the sample used for selection? Are there any recurring tendencies that can be presented in a practically useful way? The work was based on about 3600 observations of painted timber and rendered facades, made by both experienced colour researchers and “naïve” school students, with various daylighting conditions, viewing distances and seasons. Colour specifications and discussions on colour attributes were made within the conceptual framework of the Natural Colour System (NCS). Inherent colour was measured by comparison with colour samples placed directly on the facade surface. Six methods for determination of perceived colour were developed and evaluated, along with a method for comparison of perceived and inherent colour. A combination of all gave the most reliable results. Results showed some recurring tendencies for perceived colour to vary with viewing conditions, but the variations were always smaller than the difference between perceived and inherent colour. Consistent variation patterns for the difference between inherent and perceived colour were found for both hue and nuance. Most obvious was that perceived colour always had less blackness than inherent colour. Possible explanations included differences between the outdoor viewing situation and the standard situation where inherent colour is defined, and the observer’s acquired sense of what colours “belong” outdoors. A fuller explanation would require further studies such as of colour perception in different light situations, and of three dimensional context effects. Results have immediate applicability however; suitably illustrated and published, the variation patterns found could be of direct practical use in exterior colour design. Key words: Colour, architecture, perception, facade, exterior Fridell Anter K. 2000: What colour is the red house? Perceived colour of painted facades. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. 3 Referat Arkitekter och andra som färgsätter fasader med hjälp av färgprover möter problem som inte behandlats i tidigare forskning. Detta arbete syftar till att underlätta färgsättningsarbetet genom att undersöka tre frågor: 1. Är det möjligt att kartlägga vilka färger människor uppfattar på fasader under olika förhållanden? Vilka metoder kan i så fall använ- das, och i vilken mån kan man uppnå generellt giltiga resultat? 2. Hur varierar den färg man uppfattar på en fasad när betraktnings- förhållandena förändras? Vad betyder faktorer som ljusförhållanden, betraktningsavstånd och omgivningsfärger? 3. Hur skiljer sig husets uppfattade färg, i olika situationer, från den färg som motsvarar beteckningen på det prov som valdes vid färg- sättningen? Finns här några genomgående tendenser som kan presenteras på ett praktiskt användbart sätt? Arbetet baserades på cirka 3600 observationer av målade trä- och putsfasader, utförda av både erfarna färgforskare och “naiva” skol- elever, under varierande dagsljusförhållanden, betraktningsavstånd och årstider. Färgbeskrivningar och diskussioner om färgegenskaper gjordes med hjälp av begrepp knutna till The Natural Colour System (NCS). Egenfärg mättes genom jämförelse med färgprover placerade direkt på fasaytan. Sex metoder för bestämning av uppfattad färg utarbetades och utvärderades, tillsammans med en metod för jämförelse mellan egenfärg och uppfattad färg. Resultaten visade vissa genomgående tendenser för den uppfattade färgens variation med betraktningsförhållandena, men variationerna var alltid mindre än skillnaden mellan egenfärg och uppfattad färg. Konsekventa variationsmönster för skillnaden mellan egenfärg och uppfattad färg hittades för både kulörton och nyans. Tydligast var att den uppfattade färgen alltid hade mindre svarthet än egenfärgen. Möjliga förklaringar är skillnaden mellan betraktningssituationen utomhus och den standardsituation där egenfärgen definieras, och observatörens inlärda känsla för vilka färger som “hör hemma” utomhus. Mer fullständiga förklaringar kräver ytterligare studier av t.ex. färgperception i olika ljus och tredimensionella omgivnings- effekter. Resultaten är dock omedelbart tillämpbara: lämpligt illustrerade och publicerade kan de påvisade variationsmönstren komma till direkt användning vid utvändig byggnadsfärgsättning. Key words: Colour, architecture, perception, facade, exterior Fridell Anter K. 2000: What colour is the red house? Perceived colour of painted facades. Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Stockholm. På engelska med sammanfattning på svenska. 4 Table of contents Preface 9 1 Main questions and basic theory 11 1.1 Evolution of the three main questions 13 1.2 General approach 14 1.3 Scope of the work 15 1.4 Reader’s guide 17 1.5 Historical background 19 1.6 Basic concepts and definitions 21 1.7 On colour perception: venturing into a knotty world of concepts 28 1.8 Perceived colour in different situations: an overview of earlier research 40 2 Methods for determination of facade colour 49 2.1 Measuring perceptions 51 2.2 The individual observations of a skilled observer 53 2.3 Using psychometric methods 54 2.4 Object selection and experiment design in this work 56 2.5 Discussion of the method for determining inherent colour 59 2.6 Selection of methods for determining perceived colour 65 2.7 Determination method A – notation in NCS symbols without reference samples. 67 2.8 Determination method B – comparison to the NCS atlas 69 2.9 Determination methods E and G – written colour descriptions, spontaneous and preformulated 71 2.10 Determination methods F and H – notations on given scales 73 2.11 Summarising discussion about the chosen methods 75 2.12 Processing of observation results 77 5 3 The perceived colour of the facade in different viewing situations 81 3.1 Return to the initial questions 83 3.2 Comparison between the colour determinations of different observers 85 3.3 Perceived colour in different light situations 87 3.3 Perceived colour from different viewing distances and with different surrounding colours 88 3.4 Summarising discussion about the wider applicability of the obtained observation results 90 4 Conclusion: developed characterisation of the relationship beween inherent and perceived facade colour 93 4.1 Questions 95 4.2 Grouping of the observed facades 96 4.3 Nuance differences between inherent and perceived colour 102 4.4 Hue differences between inherent and perceived colour 106 4.5 Some examples of the difference between inherent and perceived colour 110 5 First study: preliminary characterisation of the relationship beween inherent and perceived facade colour 113 5.1 Presentation of the study 115 5.2 Observations from the licentiate work 115 5.3 Method for processing of observation data 116 5.4 Preliminary conclusions 125 5.5 Comparison to previous research 131 5.6 New questions arising 135 6 Second study: light and perceived facade colour 139 6.1 Questions and previous research 141 6.2 Observations considering the light situation 146 6.3 Results – differences between light situations 151 6.4 Comparison to the general tendencies presented in Chapter 5 159 6.5 Conclusions and new questions arising 160 6 7 Third study: viewing distance and perceived facade colour 169 7.1 Questions and previous research 171 7.2 Distances between 4 and 50 metres 176 7.3 Distances between 30 and 1300 metres 182 7.4 Conclusions and new questions arising 186 8 Fourth study: surrounding colours and perceived facade colour 193 8.1 Questions and previous research 195 8.2 Observations considering the seasonal colours 197 8.3 Results – the importance of seasonal colours 201 8.4 The colours of adjacent building parts 207 8.5 Conclusions and new questions
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