FERNIE LIVABILITY

REPORT

DECEMBER 2014

Prepared by: Whistler Centre for Sustainability

Acknowledgements

The Community, City staff and Official Community Plan Implementation Committee (OCP-IC) input and contributions were invaluable in the drafting and illustration of the second Quality of Life Index and the first Livability Report. The team is indebted to those volunteers, contributors and staff who made this process possible. The Official Community Plan Advisory Committee (OCP-AC) input on the second Livability Report was critical in assessing progress and future actions to improve results.

The financial support of the BC Healthy Communities program (who provided funding for the Quality of Life initiative through their seed grant program) and that of the Columbia Basin Trust (who provided funding for the Community Survey) is gratefully acknowledged.

We thank and acknowledge the citizens, organizations and businesses that contributed so greatly to the Livability Report documents and look forward to their continued participation. We are also grateful for the generous contribution of professional photographs by Kyle Hamilton. Contribution of photographs from other community members is also greatly appreciated and acknowledged.

FERNIE’S LIVABILITY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Demographics ...... 1 Economic Development ...... 4 Housing ...... 9 Accessibility and Transport ...... 16 Learning and Wellness ...... 23 Natural Environment ...... 24 Recreation ...... 37 Sense of Community and Identity ...... 42

Introduction

FERNIE’S LIVABILITY The Community Livability Report sets out performance results against the indicators

Intended as a long-term initiative, the Fernie listed in the Quality of Life Index. Successive Quality of Life and Livability initiative is reports will track trends over time in an effort embedded in the City’s Official Community to identify changes occurring within the Plan (OCP) Vision Statement which is: community. The Livability Report is intended to provide a means to monitor and evaluate City To work toward a sustainable population who policies and strategies to facilitate informed will enjoy a quality of life that is planned and and transparent decision-making.

managed in a manner compatible with the surrounding natural environment. This quality The quality of the information and data in the of life will be based upon employment and report is dependent upon the level of

social opportunities for all skill levels in all community engagement and participation in sectors, affordable housing, quality education, the Quality of Life process. This report is the a convenient and efficient transportation first attempt to summarize performance network, enhanced cultural and heritage against indicators that community members amenities, and optimal recreation find important and we expect that with opportunities. increased community involvement and capacity over time, the information will be

The Quality of Life Index improved and refined. This Livability Report builds upon the Fernie 1 The Quality of Life Index and the Livability Quality of Live Index which is composed of indicators most valued by the Fernie Report cover the Greater Fernie Area (GFA) as community. The Index is designed to measure defined by the ‘Fernie Area Land Use Strategy’ performance of those key qualities and is developed by the Regional District of East intended to assist the City to monitor its Kootenay. This encompasses the developed progress toward the achievement of its OCP area of Fernie, its surrounding area, and Vision. includes the City of Fernie, West Fernie, Dicken Road, Cokato and Fernie Alpine Resort. The

reporting year for this Livability Report is Photo credit: Raven Eye 2013/14. Where data for 2013/14 is not

Photography 1 The Quality of Life Index is a standalone report which available, other data from earlier years is used sets out indicators, data sources and replicable to provide an indication of trends. methodologies which can be employed in ongoing Quality of Life assessments.

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Introduction

Community Engagement A quick guide to this Livability Report is set out below. A colour coded Community engagement is central to the quality of life process and is directory has been employed to improve accessibility: enabled through: THEME Issue Page 1. Community involvement in Defining Quality of Life Demographics Population of Fernie 1 The Quality of Life Index was developed in conjunction with the Fernie OCP Population Stability Economic Diversity of the local economy 4 Implementation Committee (OCPIC) and representatives of the Development Well-paying jobs community. Community members participated in two workshops January Business activity 21 and May 17, 2010, defining what quality of life means to them. They Place of work prioritized these qualities and assets which they most value and wish to Housing Occupied dwellings 9 protect, particularly in the light of changing conditions and policy Diversity of housing options decisions. Housing tenure Housing affordability 2. Community Survey Access to amenities The Livability Report includes quantitative as well as qualitative data. The Accessibility and Travel modes 16 latter is based on community opinion gained through a Community Survey Transport Availability of alternate transport options undertaken in an online and paper format. A total of 496 survey responses Disabled access Winter accessibility and snow removal were received from members of the community. Although the sample size Learning and Secondary school pass rates 23 is not statistically randomized it provides a snapshot of community Wellness Satisfaction with learning and education opinions and priorities in Fernie, and as such is valuable. It is intended that opportunities community views are tracked by means of regular surveys conducted on an Local availability of health care services ongoing basis. The Livability Report is also illustrated with anonymous Natural Fernie’s development footprint 27 community quotations, gleaned from commentaries submitted by Environment Waste generation and management community members during the past report. Drinking water quality Water consumption 3. Building Community Capacity Greenhouse gas emissions The Quality of Life Index and Livability Report are intended to develop Other environmental impacts community capacity, by improving community knowledge and the Recreation Availability and diversity of recreational facilities 37 Usage of recreational and sporting facilities transparency of decision-making. The Quality of Life Indicators and Satisfaction with recreational and sporting methodologies are intended to be non-technical, easily understood and facilities straight forward to use. Thus, it is intended that community members and Visitor numbers working groups will themselves be involved in the preparation of future Sense of Cultural activity and engagement 42 Livability Reports, a process which will reinforce community commitment, Community and Volunteerism sustainability and identity. Identity Charitable donations Pride in community and sense of belonging Crime rates Popsicle Index

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Introduction

Format

Key Quality of Life Themes are noted on the page headers, and are highlighted in different colours. Indicators are set out under each theme. Following the format of the State of the Basin Report, a consistent approach has been taken to reporting in respect of each indicator.

What does this measure? - setting out a short definition of the indicator Why is this important? – briefly describing the relevance of this indicator to quality of life in Fernie What are the trends and the conditions? – interpretation of available data, using text and graphics; incorporating trend data from previous years as well as benchmarks from elsewhere and comparison with Provincial performance

For each indicator, references and data sources are set out at the end of each section. In most cases these include published sources. Note that where data is unavailable or incomplete, this has been supplemented by data obtained via the Quality Life Community Survey. Where applicable, relevant comments drawn from the Community Survey have been included in quotations. These anonymous quotes are the view of individuals’ from within the community, and are intended to provide more detailed commentary on the particular indicator being assessed.

Data Quality Notes

In some cases 2001 and 2006 Statistics Canada Census data is compared to 2011 data from the National Household Survey (NHS) instrument. These comparisons should be approached somewhat cautiously due to the significant methodological change in capturing data. The Census data is based on a mandatory survey instrument whereas the National Household Survey is a voluntary survey instrument. Some populations may be less likely to respond to a voluntary survey. Indicators using NHS data are indicated by an asterisk*.

Photo credit: Fernie Trails Alliance

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Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A traffic light system is used to aid This Livability Report builds upon the Fernie interpretation of the results. 2 Quality of Live Index which sets out indicators corresponding to the assets and qualities which are most valued by the  = generally performing well

Fernie community. The Index is designed to  = some concerns about trends or measure performance against those key performance qualities.  = significant concerns about performance This Livability Report is the second report on and/ or trends Quality of Life in Fernie. Ongoing monitoring and successive Livability Report updates are This evaluation is based on trends in performance (where data are available); planned for future years. These will provide residents and organizations with a consistent opinions expressed through the Community window on progress. The Livability Report Survey; and through benchmarking Fernie’s will be used to assist the City in monitoring performance against other communities. Two traffic lights against a single indicator progress towards the achievement of its Official Community Plan Vision. They will denote varying performance across inform future policy reviews and decision- different aspects of a particular indicator. making. A summary of the Livability Report This evaluation is based on trends in 3 for the Greater Fernie Area follows. performance (where data are available); Unless otherwise stated, the reporting year is opinions expressed through the Community 2013/14. Survey; and through benchmarking Fernie’s

performance against other communities. Two traffic lights against a single indicator denote varying performance across different aspects of a particular indicator.

2 The Quality of Life Index is a stand a lone report which sets out indicators, data sources and replicable

methodologies which can be employed in ongoing Quality of Life assessments. 3 The Greater Fernie Area (GFA), as defined by the Regional Photo Credit: Raven Eye Photography District of East Kootenay’s ‘Fernie Area Land Use Strategy’ encompasses the developed area of Fernie and its surrounds, including the City of Fernie, West Fernie, Dicken Road, Cokato and Fernie Alpine Resort.

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Executive Summary

 Well Paying Jobs residents including 2nd home owners. Results Demographics are similar to 2006. Individual median incomes in Fernie indicate  Population an increase in since 2001, with median  Diversity of Housing Options individual income at $35,980 in 2012. When Between 2006 and 2011, the City of Fernie’s The dominant housing type in Fernie remains indexed against the Provincial median, resident population increased by 4% (against single family detached dwellings. The individual median incomes in Fernie were 20% a 6% increase in the Provincial population). proportion of units falling within this category higher than the rest of BC. However, median Slight increases in subsequent years brought (65%) is significantly higher than the rest of the female incomes have lagged at 51% or less of the total population to 4,538 in 2013 (or 96.5% Province (48%) and results increased from the median male Fernie income since 2001. of the 2001 population). It is estimated that 2006 with the single family homes making up Fernie’s part-time residents numbered 1,600  Business Activity the majority of recently built building types. full time resident equivalents in 2009. Taking into account the population of West Fernie in Data on incorporations and business licenses  Housing Tenure indicate that despite steady growth in business 2011, as well as full time resident equivalents, The number of rental households as a activity to 2008, there was a notable reduction it is estimated that the total population of the proportion of all permanently occupied in the number of incorporations and business Greater Fernie Area was 6,501 in 2013. dwellings decreased from 565 units (29%) in licenses issued in 2009, a probable result of the 2001 to 465 units (25%) in 2006 and back up to  Population Stability economic recession. Since then, the number of 530 units (27%) in 2011. This represents a total new incorporations climbed in 2012 before Fernie suffers from relatively high levels of increase of 15% in rental units from 2006-2011 trailing slightly in 2013, and the number of population attrition. Only 68% of those people and the gap between the Provincial results is business licenses continued year over year resident in the City in 2006 still lived here in closing. 2011. Compared to other like resort growth to 2013.  communities such as Revelstoke, Whistler,  Place of Work Housing Affordability Osoyoos and Tofino, Fernie is about average. Median rental payments ($735 per month in Of the total employed workforce in Fernie, a 2010) represented 11% of City of Fernie 2011 Economic Development total of 56% are employed locally within the median household income. Median housing City of Fernie, representing a decline from 63%  ownership payments ($1179 in 2010) Diversity of the Local Economy in 2006. Of the 33% who work outside of the represented 17.6% of 2011 median household In 2011, Fernie’s labour force was spread City, it is likely that several face long commute income. These results indicate an improving across a range of sectors. The dominant times, with limited or no transit options affordability picture compared to 2006. While sectors were mining, utilities and construction; available to them. housing costs became slightly less of a burden arts, culture and tourism and education and for lone parent families in 2011, costs still health which collectively accounted for 67% of Housing remain much higher as a percentage of income employment in Fernie. Job concentration - as  Occupied Dwellings with the median rent being 20.4% of median opposed to diversity - increased, in the top family income and home ownership at 32.5% three industries driven by mining, utilities and Of the 2,848 private dwellings in the City of of median income. construction sectors. Fernie in 2011, 1,988 were occupied by Fernie residents. An estimated 30% of private dwellings are not permanently occupied and

are generally used by non-permanent 2

Executive Summary

 Access to Amenities Accessibility and  Winter Accessibility and Snow Peoples’ ability to access amenities from their Removal homes varies dramatically in Fernie depending Transport Eighty-six percent of survey respondents on where they live. While the downtown area  Travel Modes consider snow removal by the City to be scores very well, outlying areas are considered average or better. car dependent. The weighted average of all While people in Fernie appreciate the options Fernie’s neighbourhoods (based on for commuting and walking/cycling, the 2011 population) yields an overall ‘walkscore’ of 54, National Household Survey revealed that 70% which is described as “somewhat walkable”. of work commute trips in Fernie are by car,

even though a high proportion of Fernie residents bike or walk to work. These recent results are discouragingly higher than 65% in

2006.

 Availability of Alternate Transportation Options Despite the increase in transportation options Photo credit: Raven Eye Photography to Fernie Alpine Resort, alternative Learning and Wellness transportation options in Fernie are still not ideal. Fernie is served by two bus routes,  Secondary School Pass Rates together providing two trips to Fernie and Transition rates to higher grades are generally three trips from Fernie every weekday. In above 90% with Grade 12 graduation rates at addition, a Health Connections service 93% in 2012/2013. These rates are broadly in operates between Fernie and Cranbrook keeping with the Provincial average. *The twice weekly. Fernie Academy results are not available from  Disabled Access the Ministry of Education due to privacy concerns related to lower enrolment/small Over 50% of the City’s sidewalk network is in class size. excellent condition. However, parts are not passable for those with restricted mobility.  Satisfaction with Learning and Eighty three percent of surveyed residents Education Opportunities Photo credit: Kristen Wishlow consider that the availability and condition of sidewalks in the City is average or better. Forty Approximately 60% of surveyed residents are nine percent of surveyed residents think that reportedly satisfied with learning mobility for wheeled users (including opportunities in the pre-kindergarten to Grade wheelchairs and strollers) is average or better. 12 programs. Forty two percent of survey respondents are satisfied or very satisfied with post secondary/lifelong learning programs.

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Executive Summary

 Local Availability of Healthcare  Waste Generation and Management transport (56%) followed closely by buildings Options (43%). Average GHG emissions per capita in A total of 4,401 metric tonnes of municipal 2010 are estimated at 10 tonnes per person. The Greater Fernie Area had approximately waste generated in the Greater Fernie Area Most of the emissions are from non- 2.62 doctors per 1,000 full time resident was sent to landfill. This equates to commercial sources such as residential homes equivalents in 2015. This is less than the approximately 677 kilograms of waste per or private vehicles. Organization for Economic Co-operation and capita (with allowance made for non- Development (OECD) average of 3.2 (2012) and permanent population and for the population above the Canadian average of 2.5. of West Fernie). While this is an Communications with medical practitioners in improvement from the 970kg in 2009, it Fernie, community survey results and input is still significantly above the BC average of from community workshops points to high 570 kg. levels of dependence on local medical services  Drinking Water Quality by visitors and those living outside the Greater Fernie Area, undermining the availability of The number of water advisory days decreased health care services for Fernie residents. About since a high in 2009, but increased compared 85% of surveyed residents report they are in to the last three years. There were 46 water good or very good health. However, residents advisory days in 2013, and 11 boil water report that on average they travel outside of advisory days. Fernie to access non-specialist medical services 1-2 times per year, indicating poor  Water Consumption levels of local healthcare provision. In 2013, there was an increase in overall water consumption in Fernie compared to 2012, but Natural Environment the trend from 2008 is down. The estimated

average consumption of residents of the  Fernie’s Development Footprint Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton Greater Fernie Area in 2013 was 0.6 mega litres Twenty two percent (or 27 square kilometres) per capita (including non-permanent residents) of the total land area of Greater Fernie is which amounts to 1,529 litres per capita per either developed or can be developed under day. Results are high compared to other existing bylaws. The remainder of the Greater mountain communities. An estimated 75% of Fernie Area is protected or only allows less Fernie’s water consumption is unaccounted intensive built development, either through loss due to leakage, overflow circulation designation as open spaces, parks, or through the Ridgemont Reservoir, irrigation, Recreation watersheds, or as very low density and bleeding of water services to prevent  Availability and Diversity of agricultural or resource conservation land. In freezing. 2014 the Agricultural Land Commission Recreational Facilities  Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions excluded a bulk number of GFA land from the Fernie benefits from a variety of recreational ALR. Lands removed were meant to be those A total of 44,168 tonnes of carbon dioxide facilities including some additions since the last with little agricultural value. equivalent (CO2e) was emitted in Fernie in report in 2009. Surveyed residents indicated 2010. The most significant contributor is that the Aquatic Centre, parks, trail system 4

Executive Summary

and the arena are amongst their top 5 most 25% compared to the last quality of life report valued facilities. The total length of the results during the recession in 2009/10. Fernie trail network is 276 km.  Volunteerism  Usage of Recreational and Sporting Sense of Community and Fifty five percent of survey respondents in 2012 Facilities reported volunteering their time to the Identity community, 23% of respondents reporting Surveyed residents report exercising for more over 5 hours a month. than 30 minutes per day an average of 3.8  Cultural Activity and Engagement  Charitable Donations times per week. In 2014, 31,330 patrons Community survey respondents each attend visited the aquatic centre which is a 6% drop an average of 6.5 arts and cultural events in In 2006, approximately 22% of people filing tax from the 33,292 patrons visiting in 2013. About the City. More and more events are taking returns made charitable donations. The 50% of the patrons are adults with the place and 58% of surveyed residents report median donation was $190. Data unavailable. remaining patron mix made up of children, that they are satisfied or very satisfied with  Sense of Belonging preschoolers, youth and seniors. arts and cultural activities and facilities in the  Satisfaction with Recreational and City. Ninety-three percent of surveyed residents

Sporting Facilities feel either some sense of belonging or a strong sense of belonging to the Fernie community. Approximately 85% of surveyed residents Eighty-one percent of respondents are either report they are satisfied or better than proud or extremely proud to tell others that satisfied with outdoor recreation facilities. they live in Fernie. Fifty two percent are either satisfied or very satisfied with indoor facilities, while 25%  Crime Rates consider provision to be average. More Overall, the total reported crime has trended outdoor options including trails and dirt jump downwards since 2005. The incidence of park are added each year. violent crime has reduced year by year from 2010- 2013.  Visitor Numbers  Fernie’s Popsicle Index The availability of recreational opportunities is Eighty percent of surveyed residents consider a critical factor attracting visitors to Fernie and that a child in the Fernie community can impacts Fernie’s tourism economy. Data for safely leave their home, walk to the 2012/13 indicate that hotel room tax revenues nearest store to buy a popsicle and walk (and hence overnight stays) are only up by 2% home. An additional controlled highway crossing was added since the last report. compared to 2011/12, but have increased by Photo credit: Raven Eye Photography

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ExecutiveDemographics Summary

POPULATION OF FERNIE

What does this measure? The total number of people permanently residing in the City of Fernie.

Why does it matter? Changes in population provide an indication of demand for services and facilities. They are a barometer of the ability of Fernie to sustain the needs of residents and to attract newcomers. Typically, a stable population supports the development of a strong sense of community and a viable economy.

What are the trends and current conditions? Using data for the City of Fernie as a representation for the Greater Fernie Area, it is notable that in 2011, the proportion of the permanent BC Stats population estimate data shows an increase in the population of the City of Fernie by 184 people (or 4%) between 2006 and 2011 to 4,472.4 population aged 24 and under lagged slightly behind the average for British Canada Census population results for Fernie display similar trends. Columbia. Similarly, the proportion of residents aged 45-65 was higher During this time BC experienced population growth of 6%. Fernie than the Provincial average. population estimates for subsequent y e a r s (2013:4,538) are higher than 2011, though not as high as the total in 2001.

Based on a survey of people who owned second homes in Fernie in 20085, it is estimated that Fernie’s part-time residents (largely recreational home owners or renters) are equivalent to 1,600 full time residents. The total population of the Greater Fernie Area6 in 2013 is thus estimated to be approximately 6,501, of which 35% do not permanently resident in Fernie.

4 The census count for West Fernie in 2006 and 2011 were 462 and 363 people, and is not Compared with the rest of BC, the Fernie population has a included in these totals. 5 larger proportion of community members who will be retiring in Survey undertaken by Jeff Zukiwsky as part of his Master’s research at Simon Fraser University. Using survey results, the full time resident equivalent has been the next 5 to 25 years, with possible implications for future need calculated, based on average duration of stay, reported rental of second homes, for supportive housing, health and other services. and average occupancy rates. 6 Including West Fernie.

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ExecutiveDemographics Summary

Other considerations

In the future, it is proposed to track the seasonal population through surveys of the seasonal workforce in order to better understand the requirements of temporary residents.

Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton

POPULATION STABILITY*

What does this measure? Proportion of the population (over 5 years of age) who have lived in the same census sub-division for the past 5 years.

Why does it matter? A stable, permanent population is essential to maintaining a strong sense of community. Although this does not provide a direct measure of out- Photo credit: Fernie Trails Alliance migration of residents, it does provide a relative measure of the extent of community stability in Fernie. While population growth is considered positive for the City, it is also recognized that the needs of the existing population must be accommodated in order to ensure community stability and progress.

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ExecutiveDemographics Summary

What are the trends and current conditions? Of the population of the City of Fernie in 2011, 68% of those aged 5 years and older (2,865 people) had lived within the Fernie census sub-division 5 years previously. This result is lower than the 80% result from 2006.

From 2006 to 2011, 805 new residents were born (250) or moved (555) to Fernie.

The ability of the City to attract and maintain a stable population may be an important issue.

Demographic Data Sources Statistics Canada – 2011 Census and NHS

Community Profiles see: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/

BC Stats Population Estimates see: http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Demogr aphy/PopulationEstimates.aspx Photo credit: Raven Eye Photography

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Economic Development

DIVERSITY OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY* Fernie Labour Force Occupations - % by Industry 0 10 20 30 40

What does this measure? Farming, forestry and fishing The occupation of Fernie’s labour force, by industry. Mining utilities and construction 2011 Why does it matter? Manufacturing Diversity underpins ability of the economy to withstand shocks and Wholesale, retail, transportation and provide a range of employment opportunities. An active and diverse warehousing economy provides the basis for residents’ livelihood as well as supporting 2006 a mixed community. Reporting on economic diversity contributes to Professional and service sector ensuring that the value of all sectors in supporting the economic well- Education and health 2001 being of the Fernie community is emphasized, and the necessary policies to protect and enhance key sectors can be developed. Arts, culture and tourism

Other services What are the trends and current conditions? The labour force increased in 2011 from 2006 despite a relatively stable Public Administration population between 2006 and 2011.

In 2011 the Fernie labour force grew and was spread across a range of Other considerations sectors. The dominant sectors were mining, utilities and construction; Note that these labour force data relate to the population of the City of

arts, culture and tourism and education and health which collectively Fernie only, and as such excludes parts of the Greater Fernie Area (which accounted for 67% of employment in Fernie. Concentration - as opposed are not part of the Fernie census sub-division area). These data also do not to diversity – increased within the top three industries driven by Mining, account for changes in the seasonal labour force which supports the utilities and construction. tourism industry for example. The labour force employed in Fernie, but who live outside of the City, is also not accounted for in these data. The area of strongest absolute growth between 2006 and 2011 was the mining, utilities and construction sector followed by education and health as well as arts, culture and tourism. Wholesale, retail, WELL PAYING JOBS transportation and warehousing as well as the professional and service sector saw decline over the same time frame. An increase in the labour What does this measure? force as well as jobs in Fernie’s largest sectors is a positive trend. North Median income of Fernie residents is used here as a substitute for average American Industry Classification System (NAICS) special aggregations salary data (which is not available for Fernie). The median income is indicate that the Fernie labour force employed in logging and forest derived by arranging all the values for income of Fernie residents from the products declined by 52.4% (from 105 to 50 jobs) between 2001 and lowest value to highest value and selecting the middle one. In other words, 2006, in line with the rest of the Province. During that same period the half the population will earn less than the median income, and half will labour force engaged in the mining and mineral products sector grew earn more. This is more useful than an estimate of the average income of slightly by 4.1%. Similar aggregations are not available for 2011.

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Economic Development

Fernie residents, which may be skewed by the incomes of very high or very low earners.

Why does it matter? The ability to earn a good living is a key factor affecting the attractiveness and viability of Fernie as a place to live for both current and future residents.

What are the trends and current conditions? The data indicate an increase in individual median incomes in Fernie since 2001, with median individual income at $35,980 in 2012.

When indexed against the Provincial median, individual median incomes in Fernie were 20% higher than the rest of BC. However, median female incomes have lagged at 51% or less of the median male income since 2001.

Male median income in Fernie was 46% higher than the Provincial median for males. Female median income was 5% more than the female Provincial median. This is the first time female median income has surpassed the Provincial female median income at least since 2001 when it was 15% less than the Provincial female median income.

Other considerations Data on income is only available up to 2009 and then again in 2012. Owing to the way in which this data is collected and reported, the analysis includes income of the residents of the City of Fernie only and does not include West Fernie.

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Economic Development

Community Confidence in the Economy Why does it matter? As part of the Community Survey, residents were asked how confident This is an indicator of the extent to which Fernie provides a supportive they felt to be able to maintain income levels sufficient to remain in environment for entrepreneurship and economic growth as well as the Fernie. Forty three percent were confident or very confident that they desirability of Fernie as a location to start up and run a business. would be able to maintain their current lifestyle, but 9% of respondents were not confident in Fernie’s economy.

Proposed Future Cost of Living Index A common theme emerging from past community consultation is concern about the cost of living in Fernie. Currently there is no means of benchmarking the cost of living in Fernie relative to other locations. It is proposed that in future, a Fernie Cost of Living index be developed,

based on the cost of housing, transport, utilities and a basket of goods. Photo credit: Mary Giuliano This can be tracked relative to household income in order to monitor the relative cost of living in the City. What are the trends and current conditions? Data on incorporations and business licenses indicate that despite steady BUSINESS ACTIVITY growth in business activity to 2008, there was a notable reduction in the number of incorporations and business licenses issued in 2009, a probable What does this measure? result of the economic recession. Since then, the number of new incorporations climbed to 2012 before trailing in 2013, and the number of The number of new business formations and change in the number of business licenses continued year over year growth to 2013. registered businesses in Fernie.

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Economic Development

The rate of new business formation in Fernie trailed the rate of new business formation across the Province between 2009 and 2013, with approximately 0.2% of all new incorporated businesses in BC (2013) being established in Fernie.

Number of Business Licenses Issued by the City of Fernie

Photo credit: Raven Eye Photography 800 671 680 700 602 597 600 483 500 437 379 405 Total 400 Licenses “Infrastructure-wise it is hard to set up my business in Fernie New 300 139 I want to locate my business here. But, it's not really going to Licenses 200 43 74 60 be possible to do that due to the geography (connections and 100 63 19 30 37 35 ability to get to/from a major airport).” 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Note that only partial data is available for 2005 Other considerations Data on bankruptcies are only available for major urban areas (by urban postal code forward sortation area), and thus discrete data (separating Fernie from the Regional District of East Kootenay) pertaining to Fernie businesses is not available. Page 7

Economic Development

PLACE OF WORK* What are the trends and current conditions?

Of the total employed workforce in Fernie, a total of 56% are employed What does this measure? locally within the City of Fernie. The proportion of Fernie residents who work in the City versus those who work further afield, potentially facing long daily commutes.

An estimated 33% of the population work outside of the City on a daily basis, Why does it matter? which is an increase from 25% in 2006. Of the total labour force, 755 or 29% Indicates the ability of Fernie residents to find work locally, which affects commute to local areas such as Sparwood and Elkford, with 95 the attractiveness of the City and its ability to sustain a permanent commuting/working on a regular basis outside the Province. Approximately population. Given that commute time and distance affects quality of life 260 people residing in the local area commute to work in Fernie itself. (most notably in respect of time, stress and cost), it is assumed that the higher the proportion of the population working locally, the better their Other considerations quality of life. Data are derived from the 2011 census and are applicable to residents within the boundaries of the City of Fernie only. Data pertaining to those who work in Fernie but reside outside of the boundaries of the city are not Fernie Labour Force Work Locations 2011 available or represented here. A separate survey would be required to capture such data. 4% 0%

Economic Development Data Sources 11%

8% Statistics Canada – 2011 NHS Profiles and taxfiler data see: 29% http://www.statcan.gc.ca/

BC Stats -Income data, incorporation data

City of Fernie – Business License Data 48%

No fixed workplace Worked from home Worked within Fernie Work outside of Fernie in area Worked in a different province Worked abroad

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Housing

OCCUPIED DWELLINGS

What does this measure? 7 The proportion of dwellings occupied by Fernie residents relative to the proportion of housing which is unoccupied, used as second homes or

vacation properties.

Why does it matter? While the contribution of seasonal residents to the economy of Fernie is noted, permanently occupied properties tend to consistently generate vibrancy and activity, providing for a greater sense of neighbourhood and

community.

What are the trends and current conditions?

Of the 2,8488 private dwellings in the City of Fernie in 2011, 1,988 were occupied by Fernie residents. An estimated 30% of private dwellings are not permanently occupied. Results are similar to 2006.

Other considerations The data relates to the City of Fernie only and excludes West Fernie and

Fernie Alpine Resort. The most recent data available is the 2011 census year.

Photo credit: Whistler Centre for Sustainability 7 Based on the Statistics Canada definition of ‘usual place of residence' which refers to the dwelling in which a person lives most of the time. 8 This data relates to private dwellings and is based on census data for 2011.

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Housing

DIVERSITY OF HOUSING OPTIONS Occupied Dwelling Characteristics (2011) Fernie BC What does this measure? 70 The range of housing types available in Fernie. 60 50 40

Why does it matter? type 30

A range of different housing types supports a diverse community of varying by % household type/size/age and economic means. It also allows for the 20 provision of improved entry level options for new owners and enables the 10 community to “grow in place”. Multi-family housing typically has a smaller 0 Single- Semi- Row houses Apartments/ Apartments in Apartments in Movable development footprint, thus reducing the quantity of land absorbed by detached detached duplexes buildings with buildings with Dwelling houses houses fewer than five or more housing. five storeys storeys

What are the trends and current conditions? Housing Diversity (2009) The dominant housing type in Fernie remains single family detached 1400 dwellings. The proportion of units falling within this category was significantly higher than the average for BC. 1200

1000 Based on occupied dwelling data, the availability of high density housing Permanent types including apartments and duplexes tends to be limited relative to 800 other locations in British Columbia. Nevertheless, the proportion of

Units 600 housing types which falls into the category of “other” which includes Non-Permanent Resident movable dwellings such as mobile homes is significantly higher than the 400 average in BC, indicating a relatively high level of availability of these 200 affordable housing types. 0 The City’s 2009 survey of water requirements, which included a detailed Single Family Duplexes and Mobile Homes Rooming or breakdown of housing stock across the whole of the GFA, indicates that Apartments and Trailers Boarding Houses multi-family residential developments tend to be favoured more by the Dwelling Types non-resident population, as indicted in the housing diversity chart opposite.

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Housing

Of the 679 new dwelling units created between 2003 and 2013, the largest proportion of new builds (32%) has occurred in multi-family category. It is notable however that since 2009, 80% of the new homes built have been single family. A total of 163 single family units and 39 secondary suites were added from 2003 to 2013. These data indicate a trend in the direction of a more diverse housing offer.

Building permit data from 2003 to 2013 indicate variations in the total number of new dwellings constructed each year. Despite a partial recovery in 2009, the number of new builds has been quite low since 2008

Other considerations The data in respect of occupied dwellings are based on 2011 census data (in respect of occupied dwelling characteristics) and applies to dwellings located within the City of Fernie only. Similarly, the data in respect of new dwellings applies to those constructed within the City of Fernie’s jurisdiction only. Annual Construction of New Dwellings (2003-2013) Modular/ Single Manufact Commercial HOUSING TENURE* Family ured Multi- Condo Institutional Institutional with Secondary Year Dwelling Home Duplex Family Hotel Apartment Care Residential Suite 2003 26 11 0 18 0 24 51 1 5 What does this measure? 2004 14 6 2 38 0 0 0 0 2 The number of renting households relative to the number 2005 9 3 8 10 95 0 0 1 1 of homeowners in Fernie. 2006 6 1 4 31 0 0 27 6 3

2007 19 3 2 59 0 0 11 2 6 Why does it matter? 2008 9 0 2 6 0 0 0 0 7 Rental housing provides short- to medium-term 2009 9 1 0 48 0 0 0 0 2 accommodation for newer households, young families, 2010 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 lower income families, as well as for those who come 2011 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 to Fernie for employment purposes. A balance between 2012 16 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 2 rental and ownership opportunities is an indication of a 2013 18 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 complete community.

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Housing

What are the trends and current conditions?

The number of rental households as a proportion of all permanently

occupied dwellings decreased from 565 units (29%) in 2001 to 465 units

(25%) in 2006 and back up to 530 units (27%) in 2011. This represents a total increase of 15% in rental units from 2006-2011.

Photo credit: Whistler Centre for Sustainability

This three period decrease reflects the general trend throughout BC, where the overall number of rental households decreased from 33.5% in 2001 to 30% in 2006 and 30% in 2011. However, the proportion of renting households in Fernie remains just below the Provincial average.

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Housing

HOUSING AFFORDABILITY*

What does this measure? 9 The cost of housing relative to Fernie residents’ income.

Why does it matter? Affordable housing is necessary to ensure that Fernie residents and families are able to grow in place, enabling a stable and enduring community. As housing costs increase relative to household income, the amount of disposable income available for other life-enhancing investments is reduced. As housing costs approach 30% of household income, the need for supportive policies and programs which enable the provision of shelter at lower cost become more urgent.

What are the trends and current conditions? Median rental payments ($735 per month in 2010) represented 11% of Over time it will be important to ensure that rental and mortgage City of Fernie 2011 median household income. Median housing ownership payments remain affordable. payments ($1179 in 2010) represented 17.6% of 2011 median household income. These 2010 data imply that housing in Fernie is more affordable than in 2005. Other considerations Note that the recent data on income and housing payments are For lone parent households, housing is significantly less affordable with the derived from the 2011 national household survey. Recent median rental being 20.4% of median family income. Home ownership is housing price or income trends are not reflected in these considered unaffordable at 32.5% of median income. data.

It is notable that average housing prices in Fernie more than doubled from $167,788 in 2001 to $317,912 in 2006 and increased again to $443,049 in 2011. With this 40% increase over the last 5years, it appears that the average rental and ownership payments increased by a similar 40% and 50% respectively.

9 This is based on an assessment of the cost of mortgage and rental payments as a proportion of median household income in Fernie. The commonly accepted threshold for housing to be considered affordable is when the cost of housing payments is 30% of household income or less.

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Housing

ACCESS TO AMENITIES Summary of Neighbourhood Walkscores and Weighted What does this measure? Average for Fernie 2014 Sample Ability to walk to amenities from home, evaluated through Walkscore, an online walkability assessment tool. Population Share Why does it matter? Neighbourhood Walkscore (estimate) Sample point To encourage less private vehicle use, increased community interaction Maintown 90 25% 9th Street at 4th Avenue and improved health, housing should be located within walking distance of 11th Street between 9th and Annex 77 25% amenities. 10th Ave Mt Ingram Street at Mt Trinity Mountview 16 13% What are the trends and current conditions? Ave Downtown Fernie is considered to have “very good” walkability, with a West Fernie 34 5% Highway 3 at Hand Avenue Walkscore of 90 out of a possible 100 points. This assessment classification Parkland Terrace / Cedar Avenue at Aspen 14 10% is based on the assessment that most errands can be accomplished on Alpine Trails Crescent foot. Note however, that a weighted average of all of Fernie’s Ridgemont Drive at Ridgemont Ridgemont 47 13% neighbourhoods (based on population) yields a walkscore of 54 Lane (“somewhat walkable”) similar to 2009 those neighbourhoods scoring 49 Castle Mountain Road at Castle Mountain 8 3% points or less are considered “car dependent”. Slalom Drive Ghostrider 1 3% Ktunaxa Road at Shadow Road

Riverside 15 3% Zwaryck Road The outlying areas score very poorly for walkability, with several areas assessed as being “car dependent”. Fernie Ski Hill Road at Highline FAR 9 3% Drive

Average 31 A key consideration will be to ensure that future development is located Weighted Average 54 and planned such that a walkability score of 50 or higher can be achieved.

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Housing

Housing Data Sources

Statistics Canada – 2011 Community Profiles see: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/

City of Fernie Building permit data

Walkscore website - see http://www.walkscore.com/score/Fernie-BC

Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton

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Accessibility and Transport TRAVEL MODES*

What does this measure? Mode of travel for work trips.

Why does it matter? Indicates how residents are travelling to work, which is typically the longest trip made on a regular basis. Work travel modes also influence the mode of travel for other trips. Fewer trips and shorter journeys by single occupant vehicle are most desirable.

What are the trends and current conditions?

The 2011 national household survey revealed that while 70% of work commute trips in Fernie are by car (vs. 65% in 2006), 19% of people biked or walked to work. This is relatively high compared with the City of Vancouver, for example, where 16% of people biked or walked to work in 2011

Fernie Residents' Work Trip Travel Patterns

19%

Car, truck, van driver

3% Car, truck van passeneger 8% Public transit

Walk or bike 70% Photo credit: Casey Brennan

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Accessibility and Transport

This favourable mode share for walking and cycling could be a result of Fernie’s size which supports shorter trips that can be accomplished by bike and on foot. The Community Survey results support these data with strong levels of satisfaction with walking and cycling expressed.

However, a very low proportion (3%) of commute trips is by public transit. High levels of no opinion and low levels of satisfaction with transit options reported as part of the Community Survey reinforce this conclusion.

“People drive too much here. It's amazing how many people work downtown and drive everyday …. It's a mentality that needs to change.”

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Accessibility and Transport

Why does it matter? Alternate transport options provide a lifeline for those who need to undertake longer trips and who do not have access to a car, or who do not wish to invest in a vehicle. Alternate transport options are also important for tourism, economic vitality, air quality and greenhouse gas emissions reductions.

What are the trends and current conditions?

Fernie is served by two public transit routes operated by BC Transit, both of which offer connections to Sparwood and Elkford, and one which offers connections to Cranbrook. In addition, a Health Connections 10 provides a service between Elkford and Cranbrook via Fernie.

Service frequency is generally poor, with three trips to Fernie and three trips from Fernie every weekday. Though services levels have remained Other considerations unchanged, the ridership levels have increased from 7,200 trips in 2008/09 Note that the census data relates to the year 2011 and is focused on residents to 9,600 trips in 2013/14. Ridership tends to peak in the Fall and early of the City of Fernie. Spring then drop off in the Summer. A Health Connections service provides a service between Fernie and Cranbrook twice weekly.

During the ski season Dec 20-Apr 13, a bus makes 16 round trips AVAILABILITY: ALTERNATE between Fernie and the resort between 7:30 and 11:00 pm, with a variety of fare options. Ridership increased in 2013/14 to 23,219 rides TRANSPORTATION OPTIONS from 21,132 in 11/12. For longer distance travel, Greyhound connects Fernie to Cranbrook and points west and Calgary. In future years it is What does this measure? proposed that transit ridership be tracked and monitored as resources Types and frequency of transit services and access to travel options other allow. than the private car.

10 Health Connections is a partnership between the Regional District of East Kootenay and BC Transit, providing transit access for non-emergency medical appointments. Although passengers travelling to medical appointments have priority, everyone is eligible to use this service when space is available.

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Accessibility and Transport

Other alternatives such as the ride share board, the vehicle co-op and the hitching post11 are also possible for selected journeys. The community shared their views on these options as part of the Community Survey. The high proportion of respondents who are unable to comment on their level of satisfaction with these options underpins the relatively low levels of utilization.

“I would like to see more public transit throughout Fernie and Elk Valley with improved alternatives to travel via public transit from Fernie to Sparwood and Cranbrook. Make transit times convenient and at multiple times throughout the day. We need more incentives to get people out of their vehicles and using alternative means.”

11 The 'hitching post' refers to the metal post on the highway (past the bridge to West Fernie) where people wait to hitch a ride up to the mountain resort. For trips down the mountain, people wait at the intersection below the resort centre.

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Accessibility and Transport

DISABLED ACCESS Sidewalk Condition (by km) What does this measure? The availability and condition of sidewalks, the proportion of the in-town trail 1.1 network which is universally accessible, and community opinions on mobility 3.2 Excellent for wheeled users.

Why does it matter? Good This is important to ensure that all community members (including wheelchair users and parents with strollers) can access facilities and services and are able to enjoy Fernie’s recreational amenities to the greatest extent possible. 14.3 Fair Accessibility is an issue which affects public health, safety, and individuals’ independence. 8.4 Poor What are the trends and current conditions?

Over half of the City of Fernie’s 27 km of sidewalks is rated by the City as being in excellent condition, similar to 2006, four percent of sidewalks (1.1 km) are in poor condition according to the City’s operations inventory.

Community Survey results indicate that the majority of surveyed residents (57%) consider that the availability and condition of sidewalks in the City is good or very good, while 26% consider it to be average. Opinions on the mobility for wheeled users is somewhat polarized with 25% of respondents consideri n g i t good or very good, 24% consider it is average, and 19% considering it poor or very poor.

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Accessibility and Transport

Other considerations Any route is only as accessible as its weakest link. Sidewalks that are in otherwise excellent condition may feature curbs or other elements that reduce accessibility for wheel-based use. A comprehensive, route-based assessment that identifies links between key destinations could be an effective strategy for identifying gaps and recommending targeted solutions (infrastructure, operations) for increasing accessibility.

The US Forest Service provides useful guidelines for assessing and improving recreation areas and trails that may be useful for future trail audits or for informing the construction and maintenance of Fernie’s in- town and dike trails. These guidelines can be found at: http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/accessibility/

In addition to sidewalks, Fernie features an in-town pathway network that covers a further 8.4 kms (including all of the Dike trails as well as double- track connections in outlying neighbourhoods). While this network is extensive, anecdotal reports suggest that several critical links between Maintown and outlying neighbourhoods such as Mountview, Castle Mountain, and Parkland Terrace are not passable for those with restricted mobility. Pedestrian and cyclist safety while crossing Highway 3 and while using the Elk River bridges were also identified as key concerns.

The in-town network of dike trails and other connections useful for everyday mobility measures 8.4 kms, of which 71% (6.0 kms) is accessible to wheelchairs and strollers.

Photo credit: courtesy of Flickr.com creative commons archive It is important to keep in mind that despite being designed for accessibility, most of these trails are not regularly cleared of snow in the winter and include grades and features that can be difficult to navigate in a wheelchair or with a stroller.

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Accessibility and Transport

WINTER ACCESSIBILITY AND SNOW REMOVAL

What does this measure? The proportion of trail and sidewalk network which is regularly cleared by the City and community satisfaction with snow removal.

Why does it matter? Snow removal is essential to ensure that community members can walk to destinations regardless of the season or their fitness level.

What are the trends and current conditions? Regular snow removal is carried out by the City on nearly a third of the sidewalk network (8.4 km). Several blocks of Second Avenue in historic Maintown are also kept clear by business owners. Most of the in-town network of Dike trails does not receive regular City snow removal service, and are instead groomed for xc skiing and walking in winter.

Statistics Canada – 2011 Community Profiles see: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ The results of the Community Survey indicate that 60% of respondents City of Fernie data and GIS think that snow removal in the City is good or very good. BC Transit – Maps and Schedules see: http://www.bctransit.com/regions/elk/?p=2.txt Fernie Trails Alliance GPS and GIS

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Learning and Wellness

SECONDARY SCHOOL PASS RATES SATISFACTION WITH LEARNING AND EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES What does this measure? The proportion of public school students graduating grade 12 and transitioning from grade to grade. Note: Fernie Academy results are not What does this measure? included due small class size and to the limited data available from the Degree to which the community is satisfied with the learning opportunities Ministry of Education. available in Fernie.

Why does it matter? Why does it matter? Reflects the extent to which learning opportunities are responsive to local This is an indicator of quality of education, the learning environment and local educational attainment in Fernie. It is a consideration for people learning needs and aspirations. considering moving to Fernie, as well as for those wishing to remain in Fernie and raise a family here. What are the trends and current conditions? The Community Survey indicated that just under 60% of respondents who What are the trends and current conditions? had an opinion of pre-kindergarten to Grade 12 learning in Fernie were Transition rates to higher grades were generally above 90% with Grade 12 satisfied or very satisfied. Forty two percent of survey respondents who graduation rates at 93% in 2012/13. These rates are generally consistent had experience of postsecondary and lifelong learning reported they are with the Provincial average, though 3-7% points less than the Fernie results satisfied or very satisfied with these programs. over the last three years. The % of Honours graduates was also down over the same time frame to 35% from a high in 2010/11 of 45%.

Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton

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Learning and Wellness

What are the trends and current conditions?

With 17 practicing physicians based in Fernie, the Greater Fernie Area population of 6,500 (est. 2014) had 2.62 practicing physicians per 1,000 residents. This result is slightly up from 2.31 in 2009.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average in 2012 was 3.2 doctors per 1,000 population. Canada’s average 13 in that same year was 2.5 doctors per 1,000 people.

14 Medical Practitioners 2009 2010 2015 The Fernie Heritage Library is a vital learning resource. At the end of 2013 Family Practice 10 10 13 the library had 3,369 active card holders. Total circulation of all materials Permanent Locums 3** 3** 3** in 2013 was 51,837 with 49,251 in-person visits to the library occurring in the same year. This amounts to 6.8 materials loaned and 7.6 library General Surgery 1 1 1 visits per capita in 2013. Internal Medicine 1 1 1 Orthopedic Surgery 1* 1* 1* LOCAL AVAILABILITY OF HEALTHCARE OPTIONS Midwifery 1 0 0 Psychiatrist 0 1 1 What does this measure? TOTAL 17 17 20 Total number of medical practitioners in Fernie. Total number of medical

practitioners per capita in Fernie, unscheduled emergency department

visits at Elk Valley Hospital and average per capita number of visits outside

the community required to access non-specialist health care services. *In 2015, the orthopedic surgeon was not based in Fernie and had extremely limited Why does it matter? availability for patients in the Fernie area. Communication with East Kootenay Reflects ability to meet local medical care needs in place, thereby reducing Midwives has confirmed that midwife services are no long available in Fernie in residents’ need to travel in order to access essential services. 2010 **In 2015, Locums only work when replacing general practitioners on leave and cannot accept new patients.

13 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/33/38979719.pdf 14 Data derived from Interior Health personal communication dated Jan 20, 2015

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Learning and Wellness

In addition, Interior Health reports in 2015 that Elk Valley Hospital is staffed Medical practitioners in Fernie are currently providing health services to by the following nursing professionals15: a larger catchment that extends beyond the GFA in their private clinics as well.  1 full time Registered Nurse Patient Care Coordinator  10 full time Registered Nurses ( up by one since 2010) Past communications with medical practitioners in Fernie, input from past community workshops and surveys suggests that similar to other resort  9 part time Registered Nurses municipalities, considerable stress is placed on medical practitioners by  1 part time Registered Nurse-Discharge Planner(down by 1 since 2010) the on-call hours logged during ski and bike seasons. Seasonally-variable  2 full time Licensed Practical Nurse(s) demands placed on the system by visitors and patients from outside  2 part time Unit Clerks the region further impact the availability of health care to Fernie  1 full time Medical Device Reprocessing/Logistics professional residents during different times of year. This demand has grown since 2009.  1 part time Nurse Educator  1 part time Registered Nurse Patient Care Coordinator in the OR, 2 part time Registered Nurses, and 2 part time Licensed Practical Nurse OR Unscheduled Emergency Technicians Department Visits at Elk 2009 2013 18 PatientValley HospitalResidence Number of Visits Number of Visits - Within Fernie 5,501 5,548 Notwithstanding Interior Health data with respect to medical practitioners, - Outside Fernie (Within BC) 2,393 3,094 past communication with Fernie’s medical practitioners along with input from past community workshops and surveys suggests that several - Outside BC (Within Canada) 1,099 1,573 practitioners do not work full time and very few are accepting patients. - Outside Canada 167 150 This suggests that the actual availability of medical practitioners is less TOTAL VISITS 9,160 10,365 than the data indicate.

The Elk Valley Hospital based in Fernie is a community level hospital In addition to medical practitioners, Fernie has a large and diverse group of serving the residents and visitors of the Elk Valley and is part of a network allied health practitioners that contribute to community health. Based on of hospitals within Interior Health. Hospital staff and practitioners are the 2011 national household survey, a total of 245 persons were identified providing inpatient medical services for a much larger population than the with the Health field as their occupation. This amounts to approximately GFA, though the EVH can refer patients to larger centres as part of a 9% of the people employed in Fernie. Regional healthcare system.

15 Data derived from communication with Interior Health Jan 20, 2015

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Learning and Wellness

On average, those surveyed as part of the past Community Survey reported that they travel outside of the Fernie Area to access non-specialist Living and Wellness Data Sources medical services about 1.67 times per year. This is considered high for a BC Ministry of Education Grade to Grade transitions community whose self-reported state of health is very good to good. Interior Health Service Directory: http://servicedirectory.interiorhealth.ca Elk Valley Hospital, Fernie, BC Health Status Self Reported 2012 Interior Health Statistics Canada 2011 Census and National Household Survey How would you describe your general level of mental and spirtual health? 1.6% 0.6% 0.6% Very Poor 11.7% Poor

Average

Good 52.8% 32.6% “Our doctors are amazing, but they are working with limited resources. Very Good

Don't Know

Just over 85% of survey respondents considered themselves to be in good or very good health, testimony to healthy lifestyles.

“It feels great to be part of such an amazing community and would suggest that this is the basis for our mental and spiritual health.”

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Natural Environment

These lands, through status in the Regional District of East Kootenay's FERNIE’S DEVELOPMENT FOOTPRINT (RDEK) Fernie Elk Valley OCP, inclusion in the provincial Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR)20 and the City of Fernie's Zoning Bylaw, are either already What does this measure? developed, or may be developed without recourse to amendment of the Total developed and currently developable area of the Greater Fernie Area, Strategy or Bylaw. which encompasses the developed area of Fernie, its surrounding area and includes the City of Fernie, West Fernie, Dicken Road, Cokato and Fernie A total of 94 square kilometres (78%) of the land in the Greater Fernie Area Alpine Resort. is protected or designated as less intensive built development use, either as 21 open spaces, parks, or watershed protection areas ; or as very low density Why does it matter? resource conservation land with limited uses and a 60 acre minimum parcel size. Conversely, 27 square kilometres (22%) of land is considered developed The development footprint is managed to ensure the protection of or developable. wilderness, agricultural land viewscapes and recreational areas and to progress toward a more compact and sustainable community.

Greater Fernie Area Development Footprint

ALR, 7.3%

OSRT, 24.0% Developed or Developable Other, 75.3% GFA, 22.5% WP, 19.3%

RES-R, 17.2% RR-60, 5.6% Protected (City), RES- Rec, 1.3% WP-1, 0.7% 2.1%

LEGEND DETAILS See specific protect/restricted land use definitions and associated OCP Bylaws on the following pages. Photo credit: Desmond Bliek 20 The Agricultural Land Commission (ALC) recently delegated authority to the RDEK to make decisions in respect of development within the Agricultural Land Reserve What are the trends and current conditions? (ALR) on their behalf. There are 27 square kilometres of developed or developable land in the 21 Development within the watershed protection zone is limited to those activities Greater Fernie Area (22%). Virtually unchanged from 2009. that do not have a negative impact on water quality or quantity.

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Natural Environment

Protected areas outside of the City include the majority of the Island Lake Figures 1 and 2 which follow indicate the extent of the City and GFA which area, the Fairy Creek drainage, Mount Fernie Provincial Park, and the lower is protected through designation as open spaces, parks, or watersheds, or slopes of Mount Proctor, along the west side of the Dicken Road area. as very low density resource conservation land with limited uses and a 60 Within the City of Fernie, the City's park system accounts for the bulk of acre minimum parcel size, including Zones P-2 and PP in the City of Fernie. protected areas. The majority of developed and developable lands are Source: Fernie OCP: https://fernie.civicweb.net/Documents/DocumentList.aspx?ID=24984 concentrated within the City's existing boundaries along Coal Creek, in West Fernie, along Anderson Road, and in the vicinity of Fernie Alpine Resort. The Island Lake area is subject to an additional Official Community Plan (OCP) that allows for some land to be developed for multi-family housing and resort activities.

Figure 1: FERNIE OCP Scheduled D

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Natural Environment

Figure 2: NE2, GFA, RDEK Elk Valley OCP In the GFA, this includes the following lands in the map and legend below. Source: City of Fernie GIS TECH

Elk Valley OCP Bylaw 2532

Fernie Alpine Resort OCP 2362

Island Lake Lodge OCP Bylaw 2170

Elk Valley Zoning Bylaw 829

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Natural Environment

Note that much of the land designated as part of the ALR can be developed WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT at densities that some would not consider as 'protected'. Agricultural activities are permitted and encouraged on these lands and in some cases, subdivision for further development is allowed. Removing ALR protected What does this measure? lands from the total brings the proportion of protected lands down to 70%. The amount of solid and liquid municipal waste generated by the Greater Furthermore, in 2014 the Agricultural Land Commission excluded a bulk Fernie Area. number of GFA land from the ALR. Lands removed were meant to be those with little agricultural value. Why does it matter? Waste provides an indication of overall resource use and has implications Other considerations for energy use. Disposal to landfill also has environmental implications. Resource management and protection were identified by the community as important aspects of Fernie’s Livability. Preservation of habitat, access to What are the trends and current conditions? recreation opportunities, and resource extraction are all issues that In 2013, a total of 4,401 metric tonnes of municipal waste generated in affect the ecosystem. To the extent that the City can contribute to the the Greater Fernie Area was sent to landfill, a significant decrease from the identification and protection of wildlife corridors in the Elk Valley, such 6793 tonnes in 2010 (These exclude waste which was diverted/recycled.) data may be integrated into future versions of the Quality of Life Index.

Landfilled waste from 2013 equates to approximately 677 kilograms of waste per capita (with allowance made for non-permanent households and for the population of West Fernie) in 2013. These results are an improvement since the 970kg in 2009, though still significantly more than the BC average of 570 kg per capita in municipal waste generated each year, and less than the RDEK average of 818 kg.22.

Other cities such as Revelstoke exceed Fernie and the BC per capita average 23 for waste generation whereas Whistler is slightly under the BC average.

22 See: http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/soe/indicators/waste/municipal_s olid_waste.html 23 In 2012, for example, the average per capita waste sent to landfill in Revelstoke was about 1000 kg per person. Whistler 2020 reports that in 2013, solid waste equated to 550kg of waste Photo credit: Fernie Trails per capita. Alliance

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Natural Environment

Currently, the amount of waste directed to landfill is substantially greater The total volume of liquid waste treated decreased from 1.7 million than the proportion which is recycled. A total of 4,570 tonnes of materials cubic metres in 2012 to 1.6 cubic metres in 2013, though it is an increase were diverted/recycled in the Elk Valley as a whole. (Note that data specific 24 from 2009. to the Greater Fernie Area is not available.).

Does your household recycle or compost domestic waste? Total Liquid Waste Volumes (cu.m)

100.0% cu.m cu.m/ capita 90.0% 2,000,000 400 1,800,000 80.0% 350 1,600,000 300 70.0% 1,400,000 282 60.0% 1,200,000 241 250 224 50.0% 1,000,000 200 800,000 40.0% 150 cu.m/capita 600,000 30.0% 100 20.0% 400,000 50 10.0% 200,000 0 0 0.0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Recycle Compost Neither

The reduction in sanitary flow volumes compared to 2008 is partly the result of changing the flow meter as part of 2009/10 upgrades to the water treatment plant. A further variable which impacts results weather related 25 flow and infiltration affecting the system flows.

As part of the Community Survey, a relatively high proportion of Other considerations respondents (96%) reported that their households do recycle waste. A Limited data is available in respect of the quantity of domestic waste which smaller proportion (38%) reported that their households compost organic is recycled. Liquid waste volumes are affected by inflow and infiltration waste. and thus may not accurately reflect actual waste quantities.

25 Inflow is typically surface water that enters Fernie’s system (such as through roof drains or parking lot drains, household sump pumps.). Infiltration is groundwater that finds its way into the system when groundwater tables reach higher levels than the elevations of the pipes. Because many of the City’s pipes are old, cracked and 24 Data provided by RDEK have poor joints, groundwater can infiltrate into the system causing higher flows.

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Natural Environment

DRINKING WATER QUALITY What are the trends and current conditions?

What does this measure? The number of days with turbid water has decreased since a high in 2009, 26 but increased compared to the last three years. There were 46 days with The number of water advisory days, including water boil advisories. turbidity between 1 and 5 NTUs and 11 days with turbidity above 5 NTUs in 2013. Why does it matter? Drinking water quality has direct implications for human health. The higher 1-5 NTUs = FAIR Rating Above 5 NTUs = POOR Rating the turbidity level, the higher the risk that people may develop gastrointestinal diseases. This is especially problematic for immune- Part of the reason for this is the fact that the City’s water supply is from compromised people because contaminants like viruses or bacteria can groundwater that is under the influence of surface water. Fairy Creek is an become attached to the suspended solids in drinking water. artesian spring (groundwater that surfaces as a spring) which is in the same surface water channel which carries snow melts in spring and run off during severe rainstorms. On the occasions when there is runoff or severe rain storms, the surface water has an influence on Fernie’s drinking water, despite attempts made to separate them.

High results in water quality notices in 2009, is likely the result of spring runoff and severe rain events having had a higher impact than that of previous years. The cycle changes as the weather changes. In the absence of new infrastructure or a complete new system, water quality is not predictable. In order to combat this issue, the City is examining options for a new groundwater supply which is not influenced by surface water. The current goal is that the new water source will be in place within 2015/16 following which the incidence of water advisories will be substantially reduced.

Days Turbidity Exceedence

100 Turbidity 78 above NTU1 80 Turbidity 26 Turbidity refers to the relative clarity of water. Measured in nephelometric turbidity units 57 above NTU5 (NTUs), turbidity ranges from less than 1 NTU to more than 1,000 NTU. At 5 NTU water is visibly 60 46 cloudy; at 25 NTU it is murky. Water Quality Advisory Notices are issued if turbidity levels exceed 44 1 NTU. If turbidity levels exceed 5 NTU Boil Water Notices are issued and users are advised to 40 drink boiled water or a safe alternative. 19 23 13 20 11 2 2 1 5 2 2 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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Natural Environment

What are the trends and current conditions?

In 2013, there was an increase in overall water consumption in Fernie compared to 2012, but the trend from 2008 is down. The estimated average consumption of residents of the Greater Fernie Area in 2013 was 0.6 mega litres per capita (including non- permanent residents) which amounts to 1,529 litres per capita per day.

This is extremely high when compared to domestic water consumption in other mountain communities.27 With the absence of consumer metering, it is not possible to ascertain what proportion of consumption is due to household use, irrigation or leakage. A review of reports prepared by the City’s consultant and CBT’s WaterSmart program on water demand estimate up to 75% of Fernie’s water consumption is unaccounted loss due to leakage and bleeding of water services to prevent freezing. The City is Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton actively pursuing leak detection and pressure reduction to reduce these unaccounted losses.

Drinking Water Consumption (Mega-litres) cu.m litres per capita per day WATER CONSUMPTION 5,000 3,000

4,000 2,500 What does this measure? 2,000

Total amount of potable water consumed. 3,000 litres

- 1,638 1,529 1,500 2,000 Why does it matter? Mega 1,000 While water is essential for life and good health, it is an increasingly scarce 1,000 500 Litres/day/person resource. Climate change is expected to shrink freshwater availability. 0 0 Further, water supply, purification for human consumption, and the 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 treatment of wastewater has an impact on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

27 By comparison estimated per capita domestic demand is 483 l per day while demand in Invermere is 353 litres per capita per day 2009. See: http://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/7677 Page 33

Natural Environment

Other considerations The per capita figure is based on an estimate of full time resident equivalents and takes into account non-resident population, but excludes visitors.

GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS What does this measure? Quantity of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) emitted, measured as the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e).

Why does it matter? GHG emissions contribute to climate change which has implications for the natural environment, the local economy and way of life, and ultimately for human survival.

What are the trends and current conditions? A total of 44,168 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) was emitted in Fernie in 2010. The most significant contributor was transport (56%) followed closely by buildings (43%). In 2007, total emissions were 42,623. Photo credit: Raven Eye Photography

Average GHG emissions in 2010 are estimated at 10 tonnes per capita which is about the same as the 2007 results.

In 2010, Non-commercial vehicles and residential buildings are the most significant source of emissions, accounting for 42% and 27% of total emissions respectively. Fernie’s per capita emissions are above those of the province in general (6.0 tons per capita), and are generally higher than those in other mountain communities when only residents are considered. For comparison, Nelson: 7.0; Rossland: 7.5; Revelstoke: 8.6; Golden: 8.9; Cranbrook: 9.9; Invermere: 10.5; Whistler: 11.7. Metro Vancouver’s emissions (residents only) are 5.1 tons per capital.

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Natural Environment

OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The Fernie OCP target is to reduce community-wide GHG emissions from As part of the Community Survey, respondents were asked to report residential, commercial and industrial buildings, transportation and waste whether or not they produce any of their own food at home (including by 6% below 2007 baseline levels by 2020. fruit, vegetables, bee-keeping, chicken rearing). This question was introduced as a result of early consultation with the community during The target for City of Fernie corporate GHG emissions is to achieve a 20% which the importance of food sovereignty was emphasized. The 29 reduction below 2006 baseline levels by 2020 . The City of Fernie has also community indicated that they would like to monitor the extent of food committed to the Climate Action Charter, whereby the City must work consumed in Fernie which is sourced locally (or within 100 miles). Given towards becoming carbon neutral in its operations (excluding solid waste that it is currently not possible to measure this, a question about home management) by 2012. food production was included in the community survey.

Other considerations Note that this data is based on 2010 emissions.

29 Fernie OCP” https://fernie.civicweb.net/Documents/DocumentList.aspx?ID=24984 Photo credit: Sharon Pruitt Pink Sherbet Photography Flickr.com creative commons archive Page 35

Natural Environment

The Community Survey results show that 46% of survey respondents engage in home food production.

Natural Environment Data Sources Fernie Community Energy and Emissions inventory (2010) See: http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/cas/mitigation/ceei/RegionalDistricts/East_K ootenay/ceei_2010_fernie_city.pdf

City of Fernie data and GIS database

City of Fernie Operational Services Data

Photo Credit: Picture BC

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Recreation

Facility type 2014 Number/ size/ length Per capita provision AVAILABILITY AND DIVERSITY OF Aquatic Centre 25 metre sized competition pool (6 lanes), One lane per 1,083 full time 175’ waterslide resident equivalent (FTRE) RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 15 metre leisure pool 25 person hot tub 1 space per 260 FTRE What does this measure? 15 person steam room 1 space per 433 FTRE The variety and number of recreational opportunities, be they active, Arena 180ft * 80ft ice sheet 2.5 sq.ft per FTRE cultural, indoor or outdoor, afforded to Fernie residents. Tennis courts 4 court tennis facility Running tracks 1 at Prentice Park from 2 in 2009 1 per 6,500 FTRE Why does it matter? Recreational facilities provide residents with enjoyable leisure choices in Soccer pitches 4 (1 at Max Turyk School, 2 at Prentice Park, 1 (informal) at Ridgemont Park) the pursuit of life-balance. They enable an active and healthy population, Baseball 4 (2 at James White Park and 2 at Prentice 1 per 1,625 FTRE as well as supporting connected natural spaces which are essential to diamonds Park) biodiversity. The availability of recreational opportunities also is critical to Outdoor 1 1 per 6,500 FTRE tourism and to Fernie’s role as a year round, recreational destination. skatepark

Climbing wall 2 2 per 6,500 FTRE

Single-track 225.1km – up by 30km in 2009 30.0m per FTRE Double-track 50.9km 7.8m per FTRE In-town / dikes 8.4km 1.3m per FTRE Accessible 6.0km (71% of in-town trails) 0.9m per FTRE All dirt trails 276km 42.5m per FTRE Ski (groomed) 70km 10.8m per FTRE

Nordic Ski 12km (golf course), 9km (Nordic facility) 3.2m per FTRE

Skiable acres 2,504 0.385 skiable acres per FTRE Disc golf course 1 * 18 hole course 1 hole per 361 FTRE Golf course 1 * 18 hole course 1 hole per 361 FTRE Urban Parks 10th Ave Park, New Dr. Sparling East Nature Park, Maiden Lake (private) and Max Turyk Community Centre has new playground on site, Aquatic Centre has outdoor splash park, 5 outdoor fitness equipment and dirt jump park Children’s play Rotary Park; Ridgemont Park; Isabella Dicken; Photo credit: Fernie Trails Alliance Other Annex Park, James White Park, Dog Wood ( Boat Launch)

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Recreation

What are the trends and current conditions?

Fernie currently offers a variety of indoor and outdoor recreational opportunities. Winter activities encompass all types of skiing, snowmobiling, snow biking and snowshoeing. Summer and autumn activities include hiking, mountain biking, hunting, angling and paddling. Community Survey respondents indicated that the aquatic centre, parks, trail system and the arena are amongst their top 5 most valued recreational facilities in 2009. In 2012, more respondents indicated that the aquatic centre was the most important facility for their quality of life than any other facility.

Fernie is surrounded by a growing network of trails that, as of Fall 2014, stretch for 276 kilometres. Approximately 225km of these trails are single- track, intended for hiking and mountain biking, while 51km are double- track. These double-track trails are also an amenity for motorized recreation; including dirt bikes, all-terrain vehicles, and snowmobiles.

“I enjoy hiking, biking, fishing, hunting, swimming, snowshoeing,

cross country skiing, boarding. Where else can you live and have all of this at your back door?”

Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton

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Recreation

SATISFACTION WITH RECREATIONAL AND SPORTING FACILITIES USAGE OF RECREATIONAL AND What does this measure? SPORTING FACILITIES The level of resident satisfaction with existing facilities.

What does this measure? Why does it matter? The benefits of recreational and sporting facilities to residents and visitors. To ensure the continued use of existing facilities and to indicate priorities for future recreational and sporting investment. Why does it matter?

Provides a barometer of residents’ participation in physical activity which contributes to community health. Also gives an indication of how well facilities are used, providing the basis for future strategy development and an indication of where additional investment is required.

What are the trends and current conditions?

Residents reported through the Fernie Quality of Life survey that they 30 exercise for more than 30 minutes per day on average 3.8 times per week.

Specifically, they make use of the outdoor trail network an average of 13 times per month in the summer and an average of just over 8 times in the winter months.

Recreation Facility Usage A few of Fernie’s recreation facilities have the ability to track usage throughout the year. In 2014, 31,330 patrons visited the aquatic centre which is a 6% drop from the 33,292 patrons visiting in 2013. About 50% of the patrons are adults with the remaining patron mix made up of children, preschoolers, youth and seniors. In 2014, the arena hosted a number of public skating opportunities with Adult Shinny proving the most popular, Photo credit: Raven Eye Photography making up 55% of the 1,560 patrons. Public skate was the second most popular, followed by Youth and Family Shinny. The Arena ice is also the most booked facility with over 300 days of bookings and 3,241 hrs of use in 2014.

30 The median reported was 5 times per week

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Recreation

What are the trends and current conditions? Approximately 85% of Community Survey respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with the availability of outdoor recreational and sporting facilities. Respondents were generally satisfied with the indoor facilities offered, though less so at 52% However, several commented on the lack of indoor options compared to neighbouring communities. Survey respondents provided an overall 82% approval rating for the existing trail networks, with 35% indicating they are satisfied and 47% noting they are very satisfied.

Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton VISITOR NUMBERS What does this measure? Annual number of visitors to Fernie.

Why does it matter? Visitors are drawn to Fernie largely as a result of the recreational opportunities available. Tourism spending contributes to the local economy and employment.

What are the trends and current conditions? Although the annual numbers of visitors is not specifically tracked, the Additional Hotel Room Tax revenue (2% applied to the cost of hotel accommodation) provides an indication of annual variations in the number of overnight stays in registered Fernie visitor accommodation.

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Recreation

Data for 2012/13 indicate that hotel room tax revenues (and hence overnight stays) are up by 2% compared to 2011/12, but up by 25% compared to the last quality of life report results from 2009/10

In particular, hotel room tax revenues for all but the late winter in 2013 are much higher than 2009/2010, with summer and fall revenues showing the most growth.

Recreation Data Sources City of Fernie Fernie Trails Alliance Fernie Community Survey City of Fernie infrastructure data and aerial imagery (GIS) Tourism Fernie Destination Marketing Organization (DMO)

Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton . Page 41

Sense of Community and Identity

CULTURAL ACTIVITY AND ENGAGEMENT

What does this measure? Proportion of residents, level of satisfaction with arts and cultural facilities.

Why does it matter? Cultural activities provide spiritual upliftment and enrich life experience. Culture provides an opportunity for community interaction and is an attraction for tourists and visitors. As the second largest employment sector in Fernie, the arts, culture and tourism sector is also key to the economic well-being of the Fernie community.

Photo credit: Raven Eye Photography

What are the trends and current conditions? Community Survey respondents attended an average of 6.5 arts and cultural events in the City in 2012.

The survey also indicated good levels of satisfaction with arts and cultural activities and facilities, with 58% of respondents reporting that they are satisfied or very satisfied.

Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton

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Sense of Community and Identity

In the last twelve (12) months how many community events (festivals, exhibitions, concerts, etc.) have you attended in Fernie?

0

1-5

6-10

11-15

16-20

more than 20

The Fernie Arts Council reports active membership with 307 members currently registered as well as 31 lifetime members in 2014. What are the trends and current conditions?

Fifty five percent of survey respondents in 2012 reported volunteering their VOLUNTEERISM time to the community, 23% of respondents reporting over 5 hours a month. The average number of hours spent on volunteer activities across all survey 31 respondents is 4 hours per month What does this measure? Proportion of surveyed residents who report volunteering and average monthly hours spent on volunteer activities. 31 The median number of hours reported was 3 hours per month. Why does it matter? Volunteerism is the basis for a supportive and engaged community. Volunteering promotes community interaction and strong community ties.

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Sense of Community and Identity

CHARITABLE DONATIONS

What does this measure? Number of Fernie residents (defined by postal codes) who make donations, and the median donation value, based on the amounts claimed for tax credit on T1 income tax returns.

Why does it matter? Charitable donations are the embodiment of community-based values and can expand the scope of community inclusiveness. They can also provide an alternative to volunteer activity for those whose time is limited.

What are the trends and current conditions? Data on charitable donations in 2006 is taken from the State of the Basin Report which indicates that in 2006, approximately 22% of people filing tax returns in Fernie made charitable donations.32 The median donation was $190. Across the Basin, the proportion of donors varied between 13% and 30%. Median donations in Basin communities ranged from $410 to $100. Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton

Other considerations Note that the tax return data only reports donations to charities for which receipts Why does it matter? are given and does not include donations for which no tax claims are made. Note A sense of belonging to one’s community is the basis for sound mental also that this data pertains to 2006 and applies to residents of the City of Fernie health and for commitment to place. It is the foundation of good civic only. behaviour, accountability to the community and is a pre-requisite for local relationship building, community development and volunteerism.

PRIDE IN COMMUNITY AND SENSE OF BELONGING “My sense of belonging gets greater the longer I'm here.” What does this measure? Proportion of surveyed residents who feel a strong sense of belonging to the Fernie community and who are proud to say that they are from Fernie.

32 Detailed information is available from Statistics Canada by special request only. A fee is payable.

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Sense of Community and Identity

.

What are the trends and current conditions? CRIME RATES A total of 93% of Community Survey respondents in 2012 felt either some sense of belonging or a strong sense of belonging to the Fernie What does this measure? community. A further 81% of respondents that same year are either proud Number of reported incidents of crime and violent crime for every 1,000 or extremely proud to tell others that they live in Fernie. people.

Why does it matter? This provides an indication of the extent of disaffection within the community and area, the extent to which people look out for one another, and where people feel safe.

What are the trends and current conditions?

Overall, the total reported crime has trended downwards since 2005. The incidence of violent crime has reduced year by year from 2010- 2013.33

33 Violent Crimes include the offences of homicide, attempted murder, sexual and non-sexual assault, sexual offences against children, abduction, forcible confinement or kidnapping, robbery, criminal harassment, extortion, uttering threats, and threatening or harassing phone calls. Crime date is for the Elk Valley detachment and includes Elkford, Fernie and Sparwood. Page 45

Sense of Community and Identity

The incidence of violent crimes (assault, theft, break and enter) is 13 per 1,000 full time resident equivalent.

There has also been a notable decrease in the incidence of reported collisions over that same period. (Note however, that the motor vehicle accident reporting requirements changed in 2009 which may account for the apparent reduction in that year.)

Other considerations

Crime data is for the Elk Valley detachment and includes Elkford, Fernie and Sparwood.

POPSICLE INDEX Sense of Community and Identity Data Sources What does this measure? Fernie Community Survey Proportion of residents who consider that a child in the Fernie community RCMP reported crime statistics could safely leave their home, walk to the nearest store to buy a popsicle and return home.

Why does it matter? Provides a broad indication of levels of trust and feelings of security within the community. It is a useful summary indicator of how people feel about the community in which they live.

Eighty percent of survey respondents in 2012 consider that it is possible for a child in Fernie to safely leave their home, walk to the nearest store to buy a popsicle and return home, indicating high levels of trust and confidence within the community

Only 11 of 488 respondents considered it not safe for a child in Fernie to walk unaccompanied to the store to buy a popsicle.

Photo credit: Kyle Hamilton Page 46