The Other End of the Wormhole
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Brigid Cherry The Other End of the Wormhole: The Case of “Stargate SG-1” on British Television Recent decades have seen increasing convergence between British and American forms of popular entertainment, though signifi cant cultural and national differences remain.1 As Manuel Alvarado states, there is an economically driven tendency to gloss over the differences between British (independent and American fi lms and television programmes.2 from the US-based However, as Marnie Carroll proposes elsewhere, communities) with discussion lists, the production, scheduling, and reception of web rings and other Internet locations as a popular cultural products are subject to national focus for British fandom. The study of national differences which need to be explored further.3 groupings within the fan audience highlights a This not only impinges upon debates about number of problematical issues. In particular, the cultural autonomy of regions and nations a converging international, yet American in Europe and elsewhere, but also impacts the dominated, entertainment industry is important viewing preferences and behaviour of audiences. to debates about cultural imperialism regionally These issues are examined here in a case and globally.5 Audience research carried out study of the science fi ction series Stargate SG- between 2001 and 2004 amongst the Stargate 1, which, like the majority of science fi ction fan communities on- and off-line focuses on programming on British television is produced how the tensions between national identity and in the US.4 A highly rated programme in the global participation are played out within fan UK, where it premiered on the satellite channel cultures. In particular, the fi ndings highlight the Sky One and subsequently began to be broadcast national and cultural differences surrounding on the terrestrial network Channel Four (with Stargate and its fans, known as ‘Gaters. a two-season lag), Stargate has proved to be In general, the majority of Science Fiction- immensely popular amongst science fi ction focused Internet groups and websites are audiences in the UK. The series has generated its located in the USA. This refl ects the overall own highly active on-line community in the UK geography of the Internet with the majority GET A LIFE?: FAN CULTURES AND CONTEMPORARY TELEVISION 61 Lauri Mullens, editor, Spectator 25:1 (Spring 2005): 61 - 70. THE OTHER END OF THE WORMHOLE of servers and portals—and therefore groups and other interactive spaces serving the fan communities—based predominantly in the USA.6 Non-American on-line fans, therefore, participate in an environment predominantly based in North America. This has implications, especially in the developing nations, for all Internet use, as well as for the nature of the Internet itself. However, this research also raises the issue of the cultural dominance of American media products in the overseas Anglophone marketplace, and it is this context which is addressed here. It is important, as a part of this project, to understand the state of British broadcasting and the position of science fi ction and other related genres (or, as the fans refer to it, telefantasy) within the various generic formulations of television drama, particularly in respect of the prevalence of American product in the marketplace. A Colonised Television Landscape Analysis of the UK television schedules shows a preponderance of American-produced drama (see table 1). Of all drama programmes shown during the period surveyed, 40% originated in the UK, Christopher Judge as Tealʼc on Stargate SG-1 whilst 57% are of American origin. However, the ratio varies according to genre. Soap operas A number of issues are raised by these fi gures. are predominantly home-produced, and there is a In terms of quantity, the output of drama on more even split within the ‘cops-and-docsʼ genre. British television may not have declined rapidly in Within the telefantasy genre, however, American recent decades, but generic output on mainstream programmes predominate. Of the total number channels may now be skewed towards soap of prime-time drama programmes, 33% can be opera, medical and crime dramas and heritage classifi ed as telefantasy; of these the majority television. However, there has certainly been a (79%) are broadcast by Sky One and the specialist steep decline in long-running science fi ction genre Sci-Fi Channel. Such narrowcasting illustrates that programming. The few new programmes in this there is a signifi cant niche audience for telefantasy, area have been short run dramas (for example, and further suggests that these audiences are the four-part vampire-crime series Ultraviolet). important to minority terrestrial channels such as This has, to some extent, been a deliberate policy BBC2 and Channel Four as well.7 by programme makers and producers. Although Less than 3% of the telefantasy programmes British science fi ction television has a highly are of British origin; all of the remaining 97% regarded history (Quatermass, Doctor Who, originate in the US.8 It should also be noted that Blakeʼs 7, and series such as The Prisoner and all of the telefantasy programmes broadcast by the The Avengers), in recent years there has been little Sci-Fi Channel were American in origin. There support for telefantasy by television producers is thus a signifi cant scarcity of home-produced in the UK. This has not necessarily been linked telefantasy despite the popularity of the genre, the with low audiences for the genre, but is often part wide range of archive releases on DVD and video, of an ongoing debate about taste which codes and the rich history of British science fi ction. telefantasy as a devalued genre.9 In addition, the 62 SPRING 2005 BRIGID CHERRY high cost of special effects and CGI work required Files due to being broadcast on cable, subsequent for contemporary science fi ction have often left syndication has opened up larger audiences. On British programme makers unable to compete balance, however, it appears that UK audiences with well-funded American series. It is within (despite the much smaller overall population) are this particular set of circumstances that British almost as large as those in the US. This indicates telefantasy fans build attachments to American that Stargate has a relatively large audience in telefantasy programmes, and in this context that I overseas territories. This situation, potentially examine the popularity of Stargate in the UK. larger foreign audiences than domestic, at least in terms of reach, is no longer unusual within Viewing Figures, Transmission telefantasy. It has occurred previously with Circumstances and Screening Babylon 5 and has recently been repeated with Situations Farscape. This is highly signifi cant when it comes to considerations of fan cultures, since a Stargate attracts large audiences for Channel Four variety of factors exist that may cause overseas with the programme frequently in the channelʼs fans to feel excluded. Table 1: Number of drama programmes on British television in week ending April 19, 2002 by country of origin (during peak hours of 6pm till midnight Monday to Friday, 10am till midnight at weekends). Drama here is taken as scripted, fi ctional programming and includes soap opera, and sitcom as well as telefantasy. UK US Other Total Total TF Total TF Total TF Total TF Terrestrial 56 2 41 15 7 0 104 17 Satellite 41 0 97 63 1 0 139 63 Total 97 2 138 78 8 0 243 80 Terrestrial = 5 UK terrestrial channels (BBC, BBC2, ITV, Channel Four, C5) Satellite = 5 main satellite cable channels showing fi rst-run drama (Sky One, BBC Choice, ITV2, E4, The Sci-Fi Channel) TF = telefantasy top ten. BARB ratings show that episodes on A key factor in the development of Channel Four attract an audience of around two international fan cultures centered around million viewers (ranging from 1.7 million for the American programmes is the considerable delay week ending September 9, 2001 to 2.35 million in broadcasting episodes in the UK. As with the for the week ending October 28, 2001), while traditional release dates of fi lms, screening is fi gures for Sky One have risen from over 500,000 often delayed in overseas markets, in some cases viewers per episode in 2001 to over 900,000 in by several years. In the past, British fans have 2004.10 In the US, the Nielsen ratings for US often had to wait some time to see the most recent Showtime runs of Stargate were “averaging a episodes of their favourite American series. This more-than-acceptable 2.8 rating in cable homes is at its most extreme on the British terrestrial on Friday” and have been as high as 3.7 million.11 networks, where American series (including Though American viewing fi gures might be Buffy the Vampire Slayer, various Star Trek titles expected to be low in comparison to other popular and The X-Files) screened in the UK by the BBC science fi ction series such as Star Trek or The X- and independent networks have been between GET A LIFE?: FAN CULTURES AND CONTEMPORARY TELEVISION 63 THE OTHER END OF THE WORMHOLE one and two years behind the American fi rst runs. this audience study complain that the channel Episodes of Stargate on Channel Four have been unnecessarily “hack[s] great chunks out it” until subject to a two-year lag. Fans, who are now episodes no longer to make sense.13 Furthermore, keenly aware (and not just through the Internet, some ‘Gaters object to the fact that the timing of though this is certainly a contributory factor) that the advertising breaks in episodes does not match UK broadcasts are often subject to these lengthy the obvious cues for such breaks built into the delays, are increasingly displeased with this.