DOCSLIB.ORG

The Arctic and Antarctica Within China's New Silk Road

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Arctic and Antarctica Within China's New Silk Road SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE The Dragon Spits Fire on Ice: The Arctic and Antarctica Within China's New Silk Road O Dragão Lança Fogo no Gelo: o Ártico e a Antártida no Quadro da Nova Rota da Seda Chinesa El Dragón Lanza Fuego en el Hielo: El Arco y la Antártida Bajo la Nueva Ruta de la Seda Chino PAULO DUARTE1 ABSTRACT RESUMO RESUMEN This paper aims to contribute to incre- Este artigo visa contribuir para aumen- Este artículo tiene como objetivo ayudar ase knowledge about the importance of tar o conhecimento sobre a importância a crear conciencia de la importancia del North and South Poles within China’s do Polo Norte e Polo Sul no quadro da Polo Norte y del Polo Sur como parte de New Silk Road. The central argument is Nova Rota da Seda marítima da China. la Nueva Ruta de la Seda marítima de that there are several logistic and econo- O principal argumento reside no facto de China. El argumento principal es que mic issues which explain Beijing’s inte- que existem vários interesses logísticos e hay varios intereses logísticos y econó- rests in these two regions, less studied in económicos, que explicam o interesse de micos que explican el interés de Beijing comparison to other areas where China’s Pequim nestas duas regiões, menos estu- en estas dos regiones, menos estudia- New Silk Road is more active. The quali- dadas em comparação com outras áreas dos en comparación con otras zonas en tative method, through the hermeneutic onde a Nova Rota a Seda chinesa é mais las que la nueva ruta de la seda china analysis, is the methodology supporting ativa. O método qualitativo, através da es más activa. El método cualitativo, a this investigation. We argue here that análise hermenêutica, é a metodologia través del análisis hermenéutico es la the Chinese maritime New Silk Road em que assenta a presente investigação. metodología que subyace a esta investi- does not, and should not, have necessa- Acreditamos que a Nova Rota da Seda gación. Creemos que la Nueva Ruta de la rily to be confined to the Atlantic, Indian marítima chinesa não tem, nem deve, Seda marítima china no hay, y no debe, or Pacific Oceans. No matter how impor- necessariamente confinar-se ao Atlân- necesariamente limitarse al Atlántico, tant these may be, China can and must tico, Índico ou Pacífico. Por muito im- Índico y Pacífico. Por importantes que continue to try to build a polar New Silk portantes que estes sejam, a China pode sean, China puede y debe continuar rea- Road, also serving as a steersman to e deve continuar a esforçar-se por edi- lizando esfuerzos para construir también other powers that also look for various ficar, também, uma Nova Rota da Seda un polar nueva ruta de la Seda, incluyen- opportunities in the melting of the ice. polar, servindo inclusive de timoneiro a do servir como guía a otros poderes que However, in any case, the crossing of outras potências que procuram igual- también buscan diversas oportunidades the Arctic must fully replace the con- mente oportunidades várias no derreti- en el deshielo. Por importante que sean, ventional sea routes, which, along with mento do gelo. Contudo, em caso algum China puede y debe continuar realizan- the polar routes, must be understood, a travessia do Ártico deve susbstituir-se do esfuerzos para construir también una by now, and at most, in a perspective of integralmente às rotas marítimas con- nueva Ruta de la Seda polar, serviendo complementarity. vencionais, as quais, juntamente com as como un guía a otros países que también rotas polares, devem ser entendidas, por buscan oportunidades en la el deshielo. Keywords: China. Arctic. Antarctica. ora, e quanto muito, numa perspetiva de Sin embargo, en caso de que el cruce del New Silk Road. complementaridade. Ártico debe sustituir totalmente las rutas marítimas convencionales, que junto con Palavras-chave: China. Ártico. Antártida. las rutas polares, deben entenderse, por Nova Rota da Seda. el momento, y en el mejor, una perspec- tiva complementaria. Palabras clave: China. Ártico. Antártida. Nueva Ruta de la Seda. 1 Université Catholique de Louvain - Belgium E-mail: <[email protected]> Doctors student in International Relations - Université Catholique de Louvain (Belgium) Researcher of the Instituto do Oriente (Lisbon, Portugal) Coleç. Meira Mattos, Rio de Janeiro, v. 9, n. 35, p. 471-483, maio/ago. 2015 471 THE DRAGON SPITS FIRE ON ICE: THE ARCTIC AND ANTARCTICA WITHIN CHINA'S NEW SILK ROAD 1 INTRODUCTION and the South Pole, where China progresses subtly and gradually, through the construction of scientific stations Throughout this article we will analyse the and revolutionising the toponymy of the region. We argue contours of the Chinese presence in the North Pole and that the Chinese maritime New Silk Road does not, and the South Pole. Harsh continents, and the least known should not, have necessarily to be confined to the Atlantic, of all by man and by science, the Arctic and Antarctica Indian or Pacific, no matter how important these may be. are not, for now, Beijing’s priority target. However, as a China is undeniably a polar power, being that the coming result of climate change that has caused the melting of the years will continue to confirm the continuity and even ice and the consequent possibility of seasonal transit by expansion of Chinese dynamism in the two ‘last’ and a significantly shorter sea route between East and West, inhospitable continents where science and man will be the Arctic, thus, seems to serve the logistical and strategic able to harmoniously cooperate and revolutionise. That ambitions of the Chinese New Silk Road. In addition, the being said, we believe that the asset of this article lies North Pole has been gradually regaining a geopolitical precisely in showing another facet, less known, of a polar and geo-economic importance – after the long years of maritime New Silk Road, with all that is surprising, benign the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United or dangerous resulting to China and, in a broad sense, to States – in a current context in which Humankind needs, humanity, if science, and the States’ energy and economic more than ever, to securitise its access to energy, mineral ambitions want to impose themselves on ecology by and food resources. putting an end to the sanctuarisation of the Poles. Although the South Pole does not provide, in Convinced that the behaviour of the states, the turn, any shortening of distances to the Chinese maritime power or influence are not likely to translate into tangible New Silk Road, China has been actively engaged in scientific realities, mathematical formulas, or mere statistics, we research in this region which, like the North Pole, seems assume, from this point, that the use of the qualitative to hold extraordinary energy, mineral and food reserves. method, through the hermeneutic analysis, is, certainly, The next years will be promising in that they will enable the methodology supporting the present investigation. us to realise whether the ecological imperatives – present In this sense, it is imperative to penetrate the sphere of in the careful safeguarding of polar ecosystems, while subjectivity, i.e. the understanding of causality inherent in ‘untouchable’ heritage of Humankind – will tend, or the action of the various actors, that reaches us through not, to sag vis-à-vis the ‘temptation’ to explore their so the analysis of a whole panoply of scientific articles, precious resources. 2007 was a particularly symbolic, monographs, theses, among other available sources and simultaneously strange, year, since History seemed regarding the subject of this study, in order to try to to retreat to medieval times, when a 21st century understand what drives China to act in this or that way. Russia associated a nationalistic pride to a titanium flag immediately placed in the depths of the Arctic. Either a 2 THE RATIONALE: ENERGY SECURI- sign, or not, of the times that lie ahead, the International Community is right when it feels alarmed if this is the TISATION AND THE MARITIME NEW beginning of the end of the Poles ‘sanctuarization’, as a SILK ROAD sign of affirmation of pragmatism and realism, the struggle for survival and for resources, in a world where the (new) The race to the Poles cannot be dissociated balance of power is unstable, and where the superpower is from the context that rules today’s Chinese foreign no longer potent to contain the ambitions of the emerging policy, namely the importance of energy supply and the ones. emergence of the maritime New Silk Road concept. We will start by making a brief contextualisation Starting with the energy security issue, this can of logic and levers underlying the Chinese incursions in the be considered, according to Nayoon Lee, "a question of, North Pole and South Pole. As such, we can only allude to at the same time, international and national security" (LEE, the subjects of energy securitisation and of the Chinese 2012, p. 1). As Waco Worley suggests, "a country should maritime New Silk Road, without which we would hardly have, permanently, access to energy resources, taking a understand the reason for China’s interest in the Polar minimal risk that these are exhausted" (WORLEY, 2006, p. Regions. After all, this article shares the postulate that the 2). So, that leads many States to try to better exploit their melting of the ice may create new and promising economic, domestic energy reserves. However, these are not always commercial, scientific, logistic and even political horizons enough to provide the energy needs of a country, which (since the continuity of the Communist Party in power will represents, of course, a source of insecurity for itself.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inventory of Networks – Phase II
    Inventory of Networks – Phase II ICELAND Compiled by Rannís and Arctic Portal 1/20/2012 Iceland Preface The Arctic Council and IASC agreed in 2011 to establish Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON). Yet preparation for SAON had been underway since 2007. The purpose of SAON is to support and strengthen the development of multinational engagement for sustained and coordinated pan-Arctic observing and data sharing systems that serve societal needs, particularly related to environmental, social, economic and cultural issues. SAON promotes the vision of well-defined observing networks that enable users to have access to free, open and high quality data that will realize pan-Arctic and global value-added services and provide societal benefits. Its goal is to enhance Arctic-wide observing activities by facilitating partnerships and synergies among existing observing and data networks (“building blocks”), and promoting sharing and synthesis of data and information. SAON also is committed to facilitating the inclusion of Arctic indigenous people in observing activities, in particular by promoting community-based monitoring (CBM) efforts. Iceland has a unique feature – alongside Greenland ‐ of being the only state that is fully situated within the Arctic. Iceland is also an interesting case study since it is an island in the midst of the north Atlantic, where changes of climate and other aspects of nature can be viewed in a relatively isolated ecosystem. This report introduces the contemporary monitoring institutions and networks in the country. These institutions cover many fields of research and monitoring and they belong to six different ministries. As one of the roles of the Icelandic Centre of Research (RANNIS) is to coordinate and promote Icelandic participation in collaborative international projects in science and technology, RANNIS has been appointed as the national contact point for SAON in Iceland.
    [Show full text]
  • Iceland (Háskóli Íslands) Otago's Second Semester 2009 Degree Programme While on Exchange: Earth Science My Majors: Geology and Zoology Iceland
    Z. Hynd University of Iceland (Háskóli Íslands) Otago's second semester 2009 Degree programme while on exchange: Earth Science My Majors: Geology and Zoology Iceland Ísland - Fire and Ice Pronounced “eesland” ( ís is ice). This is definitely the coolest (but not coldest) place you can go on exchange with Otago! It's not as frigid as its name suggests, everyone knows Iceland is green and Greenland is ice. The capitol city, Reykjavík (pronounced “rake-ya-veek”) enjoys positive temperatures almost the whole year round. On the odd occasion it does drop below 0°C it will rarely reach double digits. Yes they speak English! Though Icelandic (or Íslenska) is the main language, almost everyone except for young children and the extreme elderly can speak very good English. Reykjavík means “smoky bay” in Icelandic. The original Norwegian settlers ~870 AD named it this because of the steam rising from the geothermal springs. The country sits atop the diverging North American and Eurasian tectonic plates and the reason it is not underwater like the rest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is because of the Iceland Hotspot. Centred beneath Europe's largest glacier Vatnajökull (“vatna- yerk-idl”), this suspected mantle-plume is responsible for all the excess volcanism on the island. Iceland is geological wonderland on a par with Hawaii and New Zealand and is obviously a fantastic place for geologists, but before tourism focused on its natural wonders, people came to Iceland for its literature. The legendary Icelandic Sagas are the most famous of Icelandic literature, from which it is said J.R.R.
    [Show full text]
  • ICELAND Journey to Iceland and Explore How Its Geography Helped Shape Its Unique Culture and Its Independence from Fossil Fuels
    Faces® Teacher Guide: November/December 2018 ICELAND Journey to Iceland and explore how its geography helped shape its unique culture and its independence from fossil fuels. CONVERSATION QUESTION How does Iceland’s geography influence its culture? In addition to supplemental materials TEACHING OBJECTIVES focused on core Social Studies skills, • Students will learn about Icelandic geography and this flexible teaching tool offers culture. vocabulary-building activities, • Students will describe how the physical characteristics of places are connected to human questions for discussion, and cross- cultures. curricular activities. • Students will analyze the combinations of cultural and environmental characteristics that make places different from other places. • Students will explain how cultural patterns and economic decisions influence environments and the SELECTIONS daily lives of people. • In the Kitchens of Fire and Ice • Students will use details from a text to write a story. Expository Nonfiction, ~1150L • Students will conduct research using print and digital • Weathering the Weather sources. Expository Nonfiction, ~1150L • Students will create a multimedia presentation. • The Eco-Friendliest Country on Earth Expository Nonfiction, ~1150L U33T http://www.cricketmedia.com/classroom/Faces-magazine Faces® Teacher Guide: November/December 2018 In the Kitchens of Fire and ENGAGE Ice Conversation Question: How does Iceland’s geography influence its culture? pp. 12–15, Expository Nonfiction Explore how the rugged geography and Explain that Iceland’s geography is dominated by rocky soil and climate of Iceland have influenced its mountainous terrain with many active volcanoes. Also explain it is an farming practices and its cuisine. island in the far north, near the Arctic Circle. Ask students to hypothesize how the geography of Iceland influences the types of foods that are commonly eaten there.
    [Show full text]
  • The Feasibility of Meeting the Demand for Fresh Food from Horticulture in Iceland
    Final Thesis for MS-Degree in Environment and Natural Resources The Feasibility of Meeting the Demand for Fresh Food from Horticulture in Iceland Azusa Yamada Supervisor: Sveinn Agnarsson Ragnheidur Inga Thorarinsdottir The Feasibility of Meeting the Demand for Fresh Food from Horticulture in Iceland Azusa Yamada Final Thesis for MS Degree in Environment and Natural Resources Supervisors: Sveinn Agnarsson Ragnheidur Inga Thorarinsdottir Faculty of Business Administration School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland Graduating February 2020 1 The feasibility of meeting the demand for fresh food from horticulture in Iceland. This is a 30-credit thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for an MS degree in Environment and Natural Resources linked with the Faculty of Business Administration, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland. © 2020 Azusa Yamada This thesis can be copied only with the author’s permission. Printed by: Háskólaprent Reykjavík 2020 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Ragnheidur Inga Thorarinsdottir and Sveinn Agnarsson. Thank you, Ragnheidur, for seeing the potential in this topic at an early stage and encouraging me with constructive advice. Sveinn, thank you for your profound belief in my work and unparalleled support. I couldn’t have come this far without your support and guidance. I would also like to acknowledge and thank all of the interviewees and experts, whose names cannot be disclosed, who were involved in this project. Their passionate participation and input were indispensable to this work. I am also grateful to the Watanabe Trust Fund of the University of Iceland scholarship programme for allowing me to explore my passions and cultivate my intellectual curiosity in this beautiful country.
    [Show full text]
  • Marla J. Koberstein
    Master‘s thesis Expansion of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon L. onto juvenile plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. nursery habitat in the Westfjords of Iceland Marla J. Koberstein Advisor: Jόnas Páll Jόnasson University of Akureyri Faculty of Business and Science University Centre of the Westfjords Master of Resource Management: Coastal and Marine Management Ísafjörður, February 2013 Supervisory Committee Advisor: Name, title Reader: Name, title Program Director: Dagný Arnarsdóttir, MSc. Marla Koberstein Expansion of the brown shrimp Crangon crangon L. onto juvenile plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. nursery habitat in the Westfjords of Iceland 45 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master of Resource Management degree in Coastal and Marine Management at the University Centre of the Westfjords, Suðurgata 12, 400 Ísafjörður, Iceland Degree accredited by the University of Akureyri, Faculty of Business and Science, Borgir, 600 Akureyri, Iceland Copyright © 2013 Marla Koberstein All rights reserved Printing: Háskólaprent, Reykjavik, February 2013 Declaration I hereby confirm that I am the sole author of this thesis and it is a product of my own academic research. __________________________________________ Student‘s name Abstract Sandy-bottom coastal ecosystems provide integral nursery habitat for juvenile fishes, and threats to these regions compromise populations at this critical life stage. The threat of aquatic invasive species in particular can be difficult to detect, and climate change may facilitate the spread and establishment of new species. In 2003, the European brown shrimp Crangon crangon L. was discovered off the southwest coast of Iceland. This species is a concern for Iceland due to the combination of its dominance in coastal communities and level of predation on juvenile flatfish, namely plaice Pleuronectes platessa L., observed in its native range.
    [Show full text]
  • Christou V8U 1..264
    www.ssoar.info Narratives of place, culture and identity: second- generation Greek-Americans return 'home' Christou, Anastasia Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Dissertation / phd thesis Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Christou, A. (2006). Narratives of place, culture and identity: second-generation Greek-Americans return 'home'. (IMISCoe Dissertations). Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-329816 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Narratives of Place, Culture and Identity IMISCOE (International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion) IMISCOE is a European Commission-funded Network of Excellence of more than 350 scientists from various research institutes that specialise in migration and integration issues in Europe. These researchers, who come from all branches of the economic and social sciences, the huma- nities and law, implement an integrated, multidisciplinary and interna- tionally comparative research program that focuses on Europe’s migra- tion and integration challenges. Within the program, existing research is integrated and new re- search lines are developed that involve issues crucial to European-level policy-making and provide a theory-based design to implement new re- search. The publication program of IMISCOE is based on five distinct publication profiles, designed to make its research and results available to scien- tists, policymakers and the public at large.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caucasus Globalization
    Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 1 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies Conflicts in the Caucasus: History, Present, and Prospects for Resolution Special Issue Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 2 Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 FOUNDEDTHE CAUCASUS AND& GLOBALIZATION PUBLISHED BY INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS Registration number: M-770 Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press® Sweden Registration number: 556699-5964 Registration number of the journal: 1218 Editorial Council Eldar Chairman of the Editorial Council (Baku) ISMAILOV Tel/fax: (994 12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Kenan Executive Secretary (Baku) ALLAHVERDIEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Azer represents the journal in Russia (Moscow) SAFAROV Tel: (7 495) 937 77 27 E-mail: [email protected] Nodar represents the journal in Georgia (Tbilisi) KHADURI Tel: (995 32) 99 59 67 E-mail: [email protected] Ayca represents the journal in Turkey (Ankara) ERGUN Tel: (+90 312) 210 59 96 E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Nazim Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) MUZAFFARLI Tel: (994 – 12) 510 32 52 E-mail: [email protected] (IMANOV) Vladimer Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Georgia) PAPAVA Tel: (995 – 32) 24 35 55 E-mail: [email protected] Akif Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) ABDULLAEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Volume 6 IssueMembers 4 2012 of Editorial Board: 3 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Zaza D.Sc.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh Journal of Tariff and Trade
    ISSN 2412-6209 (Print) ISSN 2413-0702 (Online) Issue 04; October-December, 2015 Bangladesh Journal of Tariff and Trade Bangladesh Tariff Commission বা廬লাদেশ 緍যারিফ করিশন Bangladesh Journal of Tariff and Trade A Quarterly Publication from the House of Bangladesh Tariff Commission Issue 04, 31st December 2015 ©2015 Bangladesh Tariff Commission First 12th Storied Government Office Building Segunbagicha, Dhaka-1000 □ Copyright and Photocopying Bangladesh Tariff Commission. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. This request should be addressed to editorial Office. □ Editor’s Office Editor in Chief, Room No: 1012, Bangladesh Tariff Commission, First 12 Storied Government Office Building, Segunbagicha, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. Tel:+88-02-9336411,Fax:+88-02-9340245,E-mail:[email protected],Web: www.btc.gov.bd □ Rates of Subscription Taka: 120.00 US Dollar: $ 05.00 □ Printing Press Bangladesh Government Press, Tejgaon, Dhaka-1208, Bangladesh. □ Declaration The views and opinions of the writings of this journal are those of the authors own and do not reflects the views of the organization with which the authors are affiliated. Advisory Board Mr. ATM Murtozaa Reza Chowdhury ndc Secretary (In Charge), Govt. of the People‟s Republic of Bangladesh & Chairman, Bangladesh Tariff Commission Mr. Sheikh Abdul Mannan Additional Secretary & Member Mrs. Afroza Parveen Joint Secretary & Member Mr. Abdul Quaiyum Member Mr. Md. Iqbal Hussain Secretary Bangladesh Tariff Commission Editorial Board Editor in Chief Mr. Mohd. Khalid Abu Naser Joint Chief Editor (s) Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • “Art Is in Our Heart”
    “ART IS IN OUR HEART”: TRANSNATIONAL COMPLEXITIES OF ART PROJECTS AND NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENTALITY _____________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board _____________________________________________ in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________ By G.I Tinna Grétarsdóttir January, 2010 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Jay Ruby, Advisory Chair, Anthropology Dr. Raquel Romberg, Anthropology Dr. Paul Garrett, Anthropology Dr. Roderick Coover, External Member, Film and Media Arts, Temple University. i © Copyright 2010 by G.I Tinna Grétarsdóttir All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT “ART IS IN OUR HEART”: TRANSNATIONAL COMPLEXITIES OF ART PROJECTS AND NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENTALITY By G.I Tinna Grétarsdóttir Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, January 2010 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Dr. Jay Ruby In this dissertation I argue that art projects are sites of interconnected social spaces where the work of transnational practices, neoliberal politics and identity construction take place. At the same time, art projects are “nodal points” that provide entry and linkages between communities across the Atlantic. In this study, based on multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in Canada and Iceland, I explore this argument by examining ethnic networking between Icelandic-Canadians and the Icelandic state, which adopted neoliberal economic policies between 1991 and 2008. The neoliberal restructuring in Iceland was manifested in the implementation of programs of privatization and deregulation. The tidal wave of free trade, market rationality and expansions across national borders required re-imagined, nationalized accounts of Icelandic identity and society and reconfigurations of the margins of the Icelandic state. Through programs and a range of technologies, discourses, and practices, the Icelandic state worked to create enterprising, empowered, and creative subjects appropriate to the neoliberal project.
    [Show full text]
  • Agreement Between Iceland and Norway on the Continental Shelf Between Iceland and Jan Mayen
    Agreement between Iceland and Norway on the Continental Shelf Between Iceland and Jan Mayen Agla Margrét Egilsdóttir 2013 Master of Law Author: Agla Margrét Egilsdóttir ID number: 080885-2619 Instructor: Catherine Banet Lagadeild School of Law i Útdráttur Samkomulag Íslands og Noregs um landgrunnið á svæðinu milli Íslands og Jan Mayen Með samkomulagi Íslands og Noregs um landgrunnið á svæðinu milli Íslands og Jan Mayen frá 1981 var kveðið á um mörk landgrunnsins á svæðinu sem skyldu vera hin sömu og mörk efnahagslögsögu þeirra. Í samningnum var einnig skilgreint sameiginlegt nýtingarsvæði sem nær yfir beggja vegna landgrunnsmarka Íslands og Jan Mayen. Samkvæmt fyrirkomulaginu um sameiginlegt nýtingarsvæði á Ísland rétt á 25% þátttöku í olíustarfsemi á norska hluta svæðisins og einnig á Noregur rétt á 25% þátttöku í olíustarfsemi á íslenska hluta svæðisins sem er þekkt sem Drekasvæðið. Markmið þessarar ritgerðar er að rannsaka lagagrundvöll fyrirkomulagsins sem kveður á um sameiginlega nýtingasvæðið þar sem lagagrundvöllur þess hefur verið umdeildur innan þjóðaréttar og þá sérstaklega hvort það sé talin vera þjóðréttarleg skylda að ganga í slíkt fyrirkomulag um sameiginlegt nýtingarsvæði. Það verður gert með því að rannsaka samspil ákvæða Hafréttarsáttmálans og annarra reglna þjóðaréttar, venjuréttar meðal þjóða og úrskurða Alþjóðadómstólsins. Einnig var kannað hvernig aðilar samningsins hafa útfært og túlkað samninginn enn frekar, sérstaklega þar sem að síðustu misseri hefur þurft að reyna á samninginn vegna útgáfu sérleyfanna. Eftir ítarlega greiningu kom í ljós að slíkt fyrirkomulag er ekki sérstaklega krafist af þjóðarétti, heldur er það eitt af nokkrum mögulegum lögfræðilegum fyrirkomulögum. Hins vegar er skylda fyrir ríki til að ganga til samstarfs og fá fram friðsamlegar úrlausnar deilumála samkvæmt sáttmála Sameinuðu Þjóðanna.
    [Show full text]
  • Icelandic Folklore
    i ICELANDIC FOLKLORE AND THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE ii BORDERLINES approaches,Borderlines methodologies,welcomes monographs or theories and from edited the socialcollections sciences, that, health while studies, firmly androoted the in late antique, medieval, and early modern periods, are “edgy” and may introduce sciences. Typically, volumes are theoretically aware whilst introducing novel approaches to topics of key interest to scholars of the pre-modern past. iii ICELANDIC FOLKLORE AND THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE by ERIC SHANE BRYAN iv We have all forgotten our names. — G. K. Chesterton Commons licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0. This work is licensed under Creative British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. © 2021, Arc Humanities Press, Leeds The author asserts their moral right to be identi�ied as the author of this work. Permission to use brief excerpts from this work in scholarly and educational works is hereby granted determinedprovided that to thebe “fair source use” is under acknowledged. Section 107 Any of theuse U.S.of material Copyright in Act this September work that 2010 is an Page exception 2 or that or limitation covered by Article 5 of the European Union’s Copyright Directive (2001/ 29/ EC) or would be 94– 553) does not require the Publisher’s permission. satis�ies the conditions speci�ied in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17 USC §108, as revised by P.L. ISBN (HB): 9781641893756 ISBN (PB): 9781641894654 eISBN (PDF): 9781641893763 www.arc- humanities.org print-on-demand technology.
    [Show full text]
  • Yearbook of Muslims in Europe the Titles Published in This Series Are Listed at Brill.Com/Yme Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Volume 5
    Yearbook of Muslims in Europe The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/yme Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Volume 5 Editor-in-Chief Jørgen S. Nielsen Editors Samim Akgönül Ahmet Alibašić Egdūnas Račius LEIDEN • boSTON 2013 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-1432 ISBN 978-90-04-25456-5 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25586-9 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS The Editors ........................................................................................................ ix Editorial Advisers ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]