Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul

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Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA ANÁLISE FILOGENÉTICA DA FAMÍLIA RHINOCRYPTIDAE (AVES: PASSERIFORMES) COM BASE EM CARACTERES MORFOLÓGICOS Giovanni Nachtigall Maurício Orientador: Dr. Roberto E. Reis TESE DE DOUTORADO PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2010 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ...............................................................................................................................vi ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................vii 1 INTRODUÇÃO....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Sistemática e distribuição dos Rhinocryptidae .............................................................. 1 1.2 Classificação adotada................................................................................................... 15 2 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Terminologia................................................................................................................ 17 2.2 Escolha dos terminais .................................................................................................. 18 2.2.1 Grupo interno ........................................................................................................ 18 2.2.2 Grupo externo........................................................................................................ 19 2.3 Escolha dos caracteres ................................................................................................. 21 2.4 Preparação e exame do material .................................................................................. 22 2.4.1 Determinação dos espécimes ................................................................................ 22 2.4.2 Preparo e exame do esqueleto............................................................................... 23 2.4.3 Preparo e exame da siringe ................................................................................... 23 2.5 Análise filogenética ..................................................................................................... 24 2.6 Material examinado ..................................................................................................... 27 2.6.1 Grupo interno ........................................................................................................ 28 2.6.2 Grupo externo........................................................................................................ 30 3 RESULTADOS .................................................................................................................. 33 3.1 Análise de caracteres.................................................................................................... 33 3.1.1 Caracteres osteológicos......................................................................................... 34 3.1.2 Caracteres siringeais.............................................................................................. 68 3.2 Considerações sobre alguns caracteres ........................................................................ 91 3.3 Análise filogenética ..................................................................................................... 94 3.3.1 Dados morfológicos .............................................................................................. 94 3.3.2 Evidência total – dados morfológicos e moleculares combinados...................... 108 4 DISCUSSÃO.................................................................................................................... 110 4.1 Monofiletismo de Rhinocryptidae ............................................................................. 110 4.2 Relações internas em Rhinocryptidae........................................................................ 111 4.3 Relações mais inclusivas na infraordem Furnariides................................................. 113 4.4 Biogeografia............................................................................................................... 114 4.5 Implicações taxonômicas........................................................................................... 115 REFERÊNCIAS .................................................................................................................. 119 APÊNDICE ......................................................................................................................... 128 ii AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar, é necessário dizer que o presente trabalho é o resultado de esforços coletivos. Sem o empenho e o apoio de amigos como Juan Ignacio Areta (Nacho), Marcos Ricardo Bornschein, Márcio Repenning e Carlos Antonio Rodríguez quase nada poderia ter sido feito sobre o que se discorre aqui. Não há palavras para descrever a gratidão que tenho para com eles. Gratidão ilimitada tenho para com a minha família, nas pessoas da minha mulher Aline Montagna da Silveira, meus pais José Luiz Braga Maurício e Seli Nachtigall Maurício, irmã Rita de Cássia Nachtigall Maurício, tias Maria Elisabete Braga Maurício, Clarisse Braga Maurício e Vera Regina Braga Maurício, minha sogra Dona Marília Montagna da Silveira e meu sogro Sr. Paulo Gilberto da Silveira, pela constante atenção em todas as etapas que se sucederam ao longo do trabalho. Aos queridos Augusto M. da Silveira e Eduardo M. da Silveira pela ajuda em vários momentos. Profunda gratidão tenho para com vários amigos que fiz na Argentina, em especial Adriana Centeno e família, que nos abrigaram (a seu filho Nacho Areta, a mim e Márcio Repenning) em seu lar na Patagônia neuquina; a Carlos Darrieu, do Museo de La Plata / Universidad de La Plata, pelo desprendimento demonstrado, e a Luiz Pagano e “Lalo”, da mesma instituição, pelo empréstimo de material. Ingrid Holzman nos deu apoio fundamental em La Plata. Maurício Failla (província de Rio Negro) e Romina Scandalo (Buenos Aires) proporcionaram toda a informação e documentação necessárias para o trabalho na Argentina. Agradeço à famíla Kovacs, nas pessoas de Carlos, Ors e Carlos Mariano Kovacs, que proporcionaram uma excelente estada em El Bolsón, província de Rio Negro. Agradeço com profundo respeito à Carla S. Fontana, brava guerreira que, com seus esforços e ajuda de colaboradores, construiu a coleção científica de aves do Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, da qual é curadora. O apoio e a base logística proporcionados pela Carla foram um dos pilares fundamentais para concretizar esse trabalho, e tem sido importantes para o desenvolvimento de vários outros trabalhos em ornitologia. A meus queridos amigos do laboratório de Ornitologia, além da Carla, Mariana Gonçalves, Helena Mata, Cristiano E. Rovedder, de novo o Márcio Repenning, Ismael Franz, Úrsula Rasquim e Cybele Marques, devo um abraço pela constante atenção, amizade e ajuda em diversos aspectos. Gratidão imensa tenho para com Helena Mata, que conduziu com grande dedicação um belo estudo sobre a sistemática molecular dos tapaculos brasileiros, e sempre me iii encorajou a ir adiante, compartilhando suas idéias sobre a evolução dessas aves, sempre com muito entusiasmo. Agradeço de coração ao meu orientador, Roberto E. Reis, pela constante atenção, orientação e coragem por ter me aceito como seu orientado, num momento em que eu não tinha a menor segurança sobre a viabilidade desse trabalho. Agradeço a Carlos A. Lucena e Margatere Lucena, do Laboratório de Ictiologia do MCT, além do Roberto, pelo apoio material indispensável, além da agradável companhia. Aos colegas do mesmo laboratório, Edson Pereira, Fernando Jerep, Viviane Santana, Mariangeles Arce, Bárbara Calegari e Hector Alcaraz, pela disposição constante em ajudar. Agradeço imensamente a Christian Cramer pelo desprendimento e atenção ao ajudar com algumas análises e debater temas relacionados à sistemática. A confiança depositada por Elisa A. Bonaccorso, do Museo de Zoologia da Pontifícia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, em meu trabalho, mesmo conhecendo-me minimamente (apenas por troca de mensagens), foi altamente gratificante. Os agradecimentos são extensivos a outros amigos do Equador que ajudaram em diferentes aspectos: Juan Manuel Guayasamin, Alberto Quintana e, novamente, a Carlos A. Rodríguez e seus familiares. Agradeço imensamente a Carla S. Pavanelli, Norma Hahn, Luciano Wolf e Cláudio Zawadski, do Nucleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aqüicultua, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (Nupélia / UEM) por oferecer apoio logístico fundamental em sua instituição num período crítico da tese. Na mesma instituição, agradeço enfaticamente à Vivian Nunes, que organizou grande parte do conjunto de dados genéticos incluído aqui. Agradecimentos especiais dirijo a James Van Remsen Jr., do Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, por apoiar o trabalho com o empréstimo de espécimes de grande valor, os quais, via de regra, não podem ser enviados para países fora da América do Norte; esses agradecimentos são extensivos a Santiago Claramunt, e Steven W. Cardiff, da mesma instituição, pela atenção em fornecer numerosas informações sobre os espécimes sob empréstimo. Santiango, ainda, providenciou fotos excelentes de vários esqueletos (emprestados para esse fim pelo AMNH) e forneceu informações detalhadas sobre vários caracteres presentes nos mesmos. Mark B. Robbins
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