Who would not ʃingfor Lycidas?

ARTICLES POETRY Isaiah Berlin Bertolt Brecht Notes on the Foundation of A Worker Reads, and asks these Wolfson College Questions 30 Nigel Derrett 2 Vietnamese Haiku 28 Jerome Bruner Henry Graham Human Development Good Luck to you Kafka/ You'll need it Boss 30 5 George Jones Stephen Gardiner The Yellow Submarine 13 The White Space 16 Philip Larkin Arnold Mallinson Mr Bleaney 30 Introducing Numismatology 18 Arnold Mallinson Andrew Prentice Joan (or The Relic) 20 The Origin of the Solar System 11 Geoffrey Masefield John Wain One Poet's Advice to Others 31 Poet in Residence? 14 Peter Redgrove Brothel Allotment 30 REVIEWS Tao Tao Sanders Michael Argyle The Psychology of Two Chinese Ballads from the Han 21,34 Interpersonal Zaituna f/mer(with Elizabeth Jennings) Behaviour (Vincent Hetreed) 22 Compass Round the Soul 31 The Social Psychology of Work (Edmund Rolls) 22 COLLEGE RECORD Isaiah Berlin Construction of the College Buildings: Fathers and Children (Angus Walker) 23 Principal Dates 38 Michael Brock 1972-1973 35 The Great Reform Act (Kim Roberts) 24 Lists 40 Michael Chanan Logic Lane: films on College Officers 40 Oxford philosophy Elections and Admissions 40 (Christopher Schenk) 29 Degrees and Diplomas 49 Geoffrey Masefield A History of the Professional News 50 Colonial Agricultural Books 51 Service (Kenneth Hunt) 25 Personal News 51 Kurt Mendelssohn Wolfson College Trust 52 The World of Walter Nernst: the Rise and Fall of German Science EDITORIAL (Margaret Gowing) 26 David Robey (ed.) 1 Structuralism (Samuel Guttenplan) 27 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 33 Geza Vermes ACADEMIC LIFE 32 Jesus the Jew (Tessa Rajak) 28

The editor would like to thank all those who have contributed to this issue: Photocopying of any part of this magazine is prohibited: extra copies may both those who provided articles, poems, photographs etc., and those who be purchased from the College Office, 47 Banbury Road. assisted in various other invaluable ways, especially Bill Beaver, Cecilia Dick, Colin Kraay, Derek Wyatt, Edward Larrissy, Keith Fosbrook, Keith For acknowledgements, credits and recommendations for contributors to Scorer, Linda Dymarczyk, Nicky Tayler, Paul Boddington, Robert the next issue see p.52. Dugdale, Samuel Guttenplan, Sheila McMeekin, Sophie Dick and Sue Hales. Without whom not. Set in English 49 and printed photolithographically. Printed by PARCHMENT (Oxford) LIMITED, 60 Hurst Street, OXFORD. OX4 1HD

Edited by Henry Hardy Copyright ©reserved paʃtures new Lycidas. The physical structure in which an institution is housed clearly affects its character. The cramped conditions of temporary buildings foster a communicative and friendly No 1 1972-73 atmosphere: spacious modern purpose-built palaces with their long corridors and wide concourses tend to allow anonymity, and so formality, to set in. Until recently there have been too few past members of When we finally move into the new buildings some time Wolfson to justify printing a College record, and too few during the coming year, will Wolfson become quite a members of any kind to make a more general magazine a different sort of place, and arriving in Wolfson as a new practical proposition. But this year we stand on the (ever- member quite a different sort of experience? It would be sad receding) threshold of the new buildings, with our numbers if it were so: new arrivals and visitors are frequently steadily increasing to match; and the number of past impressed by the personal tone of Wolfson — how members who would be glad of news of Wolfson is no satisfactory, one visitor said, to be able to phone the hall at longer insignificant. 60 Banbury Road and as often as not to find that whoever Lycidas aims to combine two functions. First, it includes answers knows what the person one wants to speak to is a record of the College's activities during the year (at doing, or can at any rate find out in a few seconds whether present, Lycidas is envisaged as an annual publication; but he or she is in College: no clueless porter to reckon with. Of there is nothing fixed about this), and of the public events course, the small numbers in the College have been in the personal and professional lives of its members. important in making this kind of thing possible: but it is Secondly, it provides a place where members of the College also significant that all the rooms at 60 Banbury Road lead may publish their creative writing, or their views on the aims off one hall, through which one is bound to pass, and that in and organisation of the College, or accounts of their work dining and common rooms one's company is often chosen written for the non-specialist, to mention only three by the gaps available. In the huge expanses of public rooms possibilities. The third is particularly important, in arts as like those at St Antony's it is too easy for cliques to well as science, and between the two as well as within each. develop. The 'cultural' split between most artists and scientists is It is interesting that architects appear not to learn the well known, and regrettable: within science (and to a lesser often repeated lesson of experience in makeshift extent within the arts, where the smog of technicality is not accommodation. The sheer size of the new Psychology- so dense), as research becomes more specialised, the need Zoology building, not to mention its unnecessarily vast grows for reliable accounts of recent advances, written by public areas and its featureless corridors with their rows of experts but comprehensible to people in other fields. identical, inscrutable doors, has not been good for the social Insularity is bad for progress, let alone on social grounds. or academic life of the departments housed in it: the What more appropriate place for such accounts to appear distances which now separate different parts of the same than the journal of a community of practising researchers? department are so large that members of the department We may not become Medawars, or Bronowskis, at a stroke: interact far less than they used to do when each department but we can try. Spontaneous response to the circular had its own building. It is a mistake to put so many people inviting such contributions to this issue was less intense in one building in the first place: but if it has to be done, it is than might have been hoped (Andrew Prentice's article a pity to maximise the impersonality of the architecture. being a notable exception): perhaps next year, with this The new Wolfson building, as far as one can tell without issue in front of them as a sample, more people will having lived in it, is much better than this. But will the lofty volunteer. square hall come to be regretted? With larger maximum The first, recording function is essential for any numbers a larger floor space is inevitable, but low ceilings established institution which wishes to keep in touch with its and irregular floor plans help to create a feeling of intimacy past members, and also provides an opportunity for the when few people are dining, which may often happen. After building up of a basic College archive. Accordingly, it is Banbury Road the sumptuousness of the new hall may seem being financed by the College. The other function is seen as embarrassing, an anomalous imitation of a bygone ape. a luxury, and this year the College has not felt able to offer Good relations flourish naturally at 60 Banbury Road: in any financial support in this direction. So the parts of this Linton Road they may need more conscious cosseting. We issue which are not concerned with recording the year's don't want to find ourselves having to long for the good old events and achievements have been financed by the profits days at 60 (already there are some fond backward glances to made from two showings, under Wolfson's auspices, of the sparsely populated early days of the College), and we Michael Chanan's films on Oxford philosophy. (These films don't want the move to be used as an opportunity to make are reviewed on p.29.) Wolfson more like other Oxford Colleges in ways which This kind of subvention cannot be counted on for every have been impossible hitherto. The differences, in issue. If the contents of this first issue of Lycidas show that particular the single common room organisation and the the venture of producing a general Wolfson magazine is absence of rank-revealing rituals, are essential parts of the worth while, then perhaps the College or the Common nature the College has chosen for itself, and should be Room will be able to find some way of offering financial jealously preserved. It would be nice to believe that once help in the future; for example, a small charge might be things have been as relaxed as they are in Wolfson at the made for the magazine in the case of current members. moment, it is impossible to go backwards. But in fact Otherwise Lycidas may have to shrink in future years to a maintaining the status quo on this front may take some mere record, which would be a pity. working at. 1 Isaiah Berlin

Notes on THE FOUNDATION OF WOLFSON COLLEGE

It is reported that when, sometime in the mid-thirties, developed historically, imponderable elements, unanalys- the President of Harvard, who was then visiting Oxford, able patterns which gave its own unique character to each asked the Vice-Chancellor — at that time A. D. Lindsay, college, all that engaged the affection and loyalty and sense Master of Balliol — to explain (if possible in a nutshell) the of solidarity of its members past and present: in short, the constitution of his University, he replied that it was conflict of values that has been with us for at least two somewhat like the kind of constitution the United States hundred years: Burke versus Bentham, history and might have had if the Southern states had won the Civil impalpable ties and a sense of community versus general War. The University was, in effect, a decentralised principles, rational organisation, central planning, the rule federation of powerful, sovereign states which differed in of laws not men. size, population, social structure and wealth, held together The consequences of Jowett's victory — that is, the by a feeble central authority, each pursuing highly triumph of the college system over the German (and independent policies within a pretty loose framework of American) university system — led, among other things, to general rules and regulations. This was substantially a situation in which a good many teachers in the University, correct. A great battle between two doctrines had been for historical reasons, or because their fields of knowledge fought out in the mid-nineteenth century and they were attracted few undergraduates, or for even less defensible symbolised respectively by Benjamin Jowett, Master of reasons, found themselves largely excluded from Governing Balliol, and Mark Pattison, Rector of Lincoln. The conflict Bodies, with votes in Congregation but not at College ended in a victory for Jowett, and ever since then the power Meetings. It was in part to cure this anomaly, to which all of the colleges and what they stood for, versus the University Burkean hierarchies are liable, and which is a well known and what it stood for — or Pattison believed should stand source of discontent leading to radical reform or even to for — had been assured. Pattison was a dedicated scholar Jacobin revolutions, that the new foundations of St Cross and believed that the principal function of the university and Iffley were created by the University eight years ago. was the promotion of learning, the training of the critical The remedy of an injustice is a full and sufficient reason for faculty for the purpose of the discovery and dissemination of reform: it justifies as well as explains the creation of these truth. No less than Thomas Arnold, Jowett believed in institutions: but it cannot by itself constitute a function and education, Bildung: the formation of character, the shaping a purpose, or a form of life designed to promote specific of men to maintain and promote the kind of society that he, ends. and those who thought like him, wished the country and the British Empire to be. The emphasis was on life rather than learning, the training of Platonic Guardians rather than the the development of science pursuit of knowledge. Nowhere was Jowett's victory more Let us leave the local scene and, for a moment, turn to evident than in elections to Fellowships; since (with the wider issues. It would not, I think, be absurd to maintain exception of Professors) colleges are entirely free to choose that every age has its own peculiar shape and dominant their Fellows as they please, the natural tendency was to characteristics. We tend to think of the seventeenth century appoint men, and later women, whose principal task was as characterised by religious wars and the rise of the teaching undergraduates in the more populous schools. sciences, and a flowering of poetic literature in the West; Since the natural sciences arrived on the Oxford scene later the eighteenth century as dominated by a desire to than the older humanities, Oxford was traditionally introduce symmetry and reason and intelligibility into every dominated by arts subjects and their practitioners. Each walk of life, thought and imagination; the nineteenth college developed its own unique and peculiar century as preoccupied by social questions. What are we to characteristics; nowhere were the principles of self- say about our own century? How will it look, not to expert determination of peoples, as expounded by President historians, but to reasonably civilised persons in, say, the Wilson after the First World War, practised more faithfully twenty-fifth century, if any human beings are then alive and than in these small but largely independent sovereign capable of contemplating the past? All such conjectures are academic communities. There have at all times existed rash and precarious; although none of us is likely to be in a competing claims, not altogether irreconcilable, but liable position to verify it, my guess, for what it is worth, is that the to pull in different directions: teaching versus research; features of our age which will stand out from the rest will be character building versus pursuit of pure knowledge; the the Russian Revolution and its worldwide aftermath, and arts versus the sciences; the claims of church and state and the development of pure and especially applied sciences; society versus individual self-improvement; demands for a both have transformed our lives to a still not completely single, systematic, universally applicable set of rules and recognised degree. To continue as if these were not fields of practices throughout the University — a code designed to study of major importance is to condemn the University to eliminate privilege, injustices, differences that were not the status of one of those great medieval foundations which rationally justifiable — as against the growth of each still continue as institutions of higher learning, but are, and institution along its own peculiar lines, rules and practices are seen to be, hopelessly imprisoned in their past. adapted to the traditional peculiarities of each college as it Salamanca, too, was a great source of light to Europe once; and it took a revolution and Napoleon to transform the scientists who came from outside were stultified and Sorbonne. paralysed by this lotus-eating city: the fact that this The role of the sciences in our time, and the fact, at once contention was totally absurd did not prevent it from being cause and effect of this development, that exceptionally advanced from at least one important (external) scientific gifted persons are attracted to the natural sciences; the quarter. specialisation which is the natural consequence of progress in a field of knowledge, and the new importance of graduate and postdoctoral studies; the lack of sufficient attention to this in a good many centres of influence at Oxford; the price that the University would inevitably have to pay if friends and adversaries conditions were not improved for those engaged in these The road to Wolfson College was beset by many vast, absorbing, fast spreading fields of research — all this obstacles. Opposition in Oxford itself to the actual aims of seemed to point towards the desirability of directing any the college — directly connected, as they were, with the new institution to an interest in the natural sciences in University's stated policy of developing both graduate general and postgraduate specialisation in particular. These studies and fields, especially new fields, in the natural were among the considerations that moved the Fellows of sciences — was confined to the most intransigently the newly created Iffley College, the more naturally since the conservative fringe. To use Lord Lindsay's simile again, majority of them were scientists, to seek resources to enable some of the colleges in the Deep South feared that the new them to perform this particular task. I should like to testify college would not act as an infinitely absorbent sponge that the Fellows of Iffley seemed to me, when I met them in designed to mop up a literally unlimited number of non- 1965, a genuinely enlightened body, remarkably free from Fellows in search of an academic home. Leading petty preoccupation with the status and claims to scientists in Oxford, headed by the late Lord Florey, consideration of their own particular subject, whether in the welcomed the idea of the new college — a college and not a sciences or the arts; more so, I felt, than one had any right faculty Club — unreservedly. The central government of the to expect. It may be that because they had not hitherto been University, led by the Vice-Chancellor, Sir Kenneth involved in college politics their views were unusually large Wheare, then Rector of Exeter, favoured the scheme, and and rational; there was uncommonly little evidence of the both he and the Registrar, Sir Folliott Sandford, proved phobias, prejudices and fanaticism which, at times, distort stout-hearted and sagacious allies, true friends in hours of the judgement of even the most eminent academics in some need. The sympathy and understanding that we received ancient and introverted establishments. from the former, when, with incomparable charm and brilliance, he presided over the Conference of Colleges, saved us from unfavourable winds and uncharted reefs on more than one occasion. So, indeed, did the firm support of the Provost of Worcester, Lord Franks, which turned the conservative fears scale on at least one memorable occasion. The full tale of There was much opposition to the new idea of a graduate our hopes and fears, the critical turning points, the college with a fellowship of researchers, founded on a degree positions taken by our friends and adversaries, the series of of equality between members of the college, 'entitled' discouragements, the moments of despair, relief from fellows, fellows by special election, research fellows, junior unexpected quarters — all the ups and downs, the dark research fellows, graduates and other associates, gathered tunnels and level crossings and rickety bridges that the in a single common room, untrammelled by the traditional thirty-six Fellows of Iffley and its friends had to negotiate hierarchy of the older foundations — high tables, gowns — at home and abroad before they reached their final goal — ceremonial that had no roots in their own past. All this, that story still remains to be told, but its place is not here. which had seemed to develop naturally, and which it was Suffice it to say, for the present, that the most formidable resolved to perpetuate, caused a good deal of uneasiness in objections were not administrative, still less intellectual or conservative circles elsewhere in Oxford. Where would it all academic, but, in the literal sense, political: at least one end? Would other colleges be affected? Would the miasma Minister whose advice was sought by some among the of social egalitarianism spread, and mark the beginning of potential donors at first reacted unfavourably on the ground the end of the hallowed University structure in which so that to them that have should surely not be given: not only much emotion had been invested for so long? Moreover, if should state aid be confined to universities poorer and less an adequate financial grant made it possible for a large grand than Oxford or Cambridge, less fashionable than number of graduates to be admitted, would this not prevent Sussex, but private benefactors should act likewise. It is Iffley College from absorbing an indefinite number of only fair to add that the individual in question later went 'entitled' persons who otherwise might have to be absorbed back on this view in the light, so it seems, of the convincing by other colleges, none of them too welcoming, and some argument of the Report of the Franks Commission on how bitterly hostile to such immigration? Other voices, again, the University could best serve the country as well as its own were raised, to all appearances more disinterested, which members. Yet a certain feeling that Oxford and Cambridge maintained that if money for academic purposes was to be had had their day, and should, in the words of a writer of a obtained, there were better causes than natural sciences, letter to the New Statesman, 'be allowed to wither on the under-financed 'minority' subjects, homeless dons and bough', lingered in the minds of some of those who, perhaps graduates at Oxford. Would not the money be better spent inspired by a touch of envy rationalised as populism, on supplying badly needed books for, let us say, the expressed hatred of centres of excellence as a form of University of Hull, or for supporting student hostels in intellectual meritocracy. So far as the donor foundations Heriot-Watt? Some went so far as to maintain that Oxford themselves are concerned, two arguments, in the end, seem was the graveyard of the natural sciences — that gifted to me to have prevailed. The first, powerfully advanced on our behalf by Lord Florey and Sir Patrick Linstead (then by dissident voices from the north-east. We lived from day head of Imperial College), was simply that if discovery and to day, often in a state of suspended animation, praying that invention in the sciences was to be promoted in a country reason and justice would finally prevail. They did. The die with severely limited resources, better results were likely to was finally cast in June 1966. The Wolfson Foundation be obtained by materially improving facilities where such would provide for our building, the Ford Foundation for our resources were already concentrated, Oxford, Cambridge, maintenance, on a scale which argued real conviction of the London, where both plant and personnel were in richer validity of our central conception. It was a moment of supply than elsewhere, than by spreading the butter more genuine exaltation: not unmixed (on the part of at least thinly and seeking to build up institutions the development some of us) with terror before the task that we had offered to of which to the required level would call for more funds and perform. Neither feeling has faded: both have been our experts than were likely to be available in the foreseeable companions, intermittently, ever since. future. The sheer needs of education, indeed, did require A press conference held jointly with St Antony's, our greater support for inadequately equipped scientific fellow Ford Foundation beneficiary (how this came about is installations up and down the country: the demands of yet another not uninteresting story, but wild horses could social justice reinforced this powerfully: these claims meant not drag it from me at present), was held in London by the that the state could not, perhaps, be expected to attend to Vice-Chancellor (our never-to-be-sufticiently-thanked the needs of Oxford, Cambridge and London to the extent friend in many a dark hour), Sir Kenneth Wheare, flanked justified by the purely scientific merits of their case. But if by Mr McGeorge Bundy, the head of the Ford Foundation, even private donors were persuaded to set aside the claims and General Redman, Director of the Wolfson Foundation. of scientific progress then the cause of expanding Blessed by Professor A. L. Goodhart and his successor as knowledge would suffer a serious setback. Nearly every Master of University College, Lord Redcliffe Maud, by Fellow of the Royal Society with whom I discussed this — Lords Robbins and Annan, by The Times, the New particularly those who had come to Oxford from other Statesman and the Oxford Mail, we were launched into an universities, or alternatively had left Oxford for other institutions — agreed with this: the two who were dubious put social equality above the progress of knowledge: neither of these had for some years been conspicuously active in scientific research. The second argument which favoured our cause was one that particularly appealed, I believe, to the Ford Foundation: that the mounting 'brain drain', then at its height, particularly of scientists, to the Western hemisphere, threatened to denude the British Isles of talent; and that the chief reason for this emigration was the lack of adequate recognition of the value of scientific research and researchers in Britain, which took the form both of inadequate facilities and of insufficient status. Anything, therefore, which could retard this process, especially in those centres of academic excellence, which, despite all criticisms, Oxford and Cambridge could scarcely be denied to be, would be of help in preserving the intellectual health and intellectual progress of Western Europe, which wars h(l Banbury Road and post-war dislocation had done much to weaken. Oxford was its colleges: if any real corporate spirit was to be unknown future. The rest of the story — our 'years in the developed, it must be in a college, not an institute, or a galleys' in the Banbury Road; the early organisation of the 'centre'. This point of view was vigorously supported by College; our happy relations with the Wolfson College leading personalities in the British educational world, and Trustees, and the great Foundations which gave us birth; finally found a favouring echo in the highest quarters. our fascinating relations with the University; the journeys of a reinforced building committee in a private bus to inspect recent academic architecture in the United Kingdom, our welcome at the hands of hospitable Vice-Chancellors, Registrars, Building Officers, the high spirits of the party June 1966 itself, which seemed to rise in inverse ratio to the quality of the buildings presented to our gaze (many of them dreary 1966 was a worrying and exciting year in the pre-history beyond description); the steps leading to the final choice of of the college. The steeplechase continued. Some riders were architects, our early months with them, the laying of the unhorsed, others cleared their fences, some easily, others by Foundation Stone; our first graduates; our intensive study the narrowest of margins. News from the battlefields was of graduate tastes and ambitions in Oxford, and the carried to the various posts of command in the Clarendon conclusions we drew; the evolution of our own ideals and Laboratory, in All Souls, in the dining room of the Oxford institutions — all that must wait for another chapter of this Union, but above all, in the Department for External history, composed by another, perhaps less obviously Studies in Rewley House, by letter, by telephone, by committed, historian. breathless couriers. Every time there was a setback dark suspicions developed about their causes and instigators. Unexpected allies appeared, spontaneous support was given by dons and Government advisers and at least one editor of a progressive weekly, who was duly beaten on the head for it

Jerome Bruner

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT I have set myself the task of trying to discern some major recounting. The prevailing theoretical orientations were still trends in the study of human development over the past very much reflections of the so-called 'schools' of psychology twenty-five years, not so much as an historical exercise, but that had flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. The most as a preliminary to extrapolating into the future — a risky powerful and fashionable point of view was psychoanalytic. enterprise with which I shall conclude. Freud, his daughter Anna, and even his critics were chiefly There is something about this task that makes it differ concerned with issues like identification, toilet training and crucially from a comparable review and prospectus in weaning, hostility, and the vicissitudes of presumably physiology, in radio astronomy, or even in the study of the instinctual cravings as they collided with and adjusted to the relation between brain and behaviour. The study of human demands of the society and the family, demands which are development, while it has a momentum that grows from its at first external and later internal, embodied in the own findings as do all fields of scientific enquiry, is rather superego or conscience. Books and journals published special. For developmental studies are shaped by factors between 1945 and 1948 show an enormous concentration on besides those intrinsic to scientific growth. phenomena such as guilt, anxiety, psychosexual The study of human development cannot be an development, defence, displacement of aggression, 'acting exclusively descriptive science, involving only the out' and school phobias. The model of development that formulation of paradigms and gathering of data to choose marked this work treated the achievement of adulthood between competing theoretical interpretations. It is a major almost as a minimisation of neurosis. On the rare occasions policy science as well, a science in which the formulation of when the word 'normal' was used, it was embarrassedly problems, the framing of hypotheses, and the kind of wrapped in inverted commas. The principal tools of investi- research carried out reflect our need to make policy gation were 'projective tests': doll play, the Rorschach and decisions. For in the nurturing of the young, a society is Thematic Apperception Tests, and a host of ingeniously required to make a continual series of decisions about its indirect methods. Reason was a rider on the plunging horse norms. Child rearing is neither totally a private activity nor of the Id and the journey was a compromise between the is it totally 'factual' or dispassionate. Human development two. The prevailing image was the Romantic one of Man is as much a reflection of the society as it is an expression of against Society, and the chief mechanism of socialisation the intrinsic growth of the nervous system. For while child was the control of impulses — notably sex and aggression. rearing may give the impression of shielded intimacy in the At the same period three interesting enterprises were bosom of the family, it is nonetheless public in the sense beginning: all were to hasten the demise of the that a parent is bound by an implicit contract to make the psychoanalytic and psychodynamic views of growth. One child into a certain kind of human being, to prepare him or grew from the effort to establish an experimental basis for her to take a place in a certain kind of society, to conform to studying psychoanalytic mechanisms, to render the certain kinds of standards in order to be assured of dramatic metaphors of psychoanalysis into the more opportunity and reward. scientifically robust if arid concepts of learning theory or at So the study of human development inevitably mirrors least of more manageable personality theories. The effort issues of policy: how to bring up or even to define an failed interestingly. Psychoanalytic mechanisms did not intelligent human being, how to ensure the growth of proper translate into more manageable concepts. But the moral judgement or logical capability, how to increase investigations devoted to this daunting task nonetheless independence or loyalty or tenderness, how to prevent generated new and often fruitful questions that became alienation or anonymity in technological societies or to prominent in their own right. Thus Neal Miller and James maintain identity in the face of urban mobility. As students Olds moved on from the study of needs and their of human development, we obviously do not ask these transformation when they become blocked, to psycho- questions of ourselves each morning as we enter our clinics, physiological investigation of the neural basis of need laboratories, or experimental schools. Nor are we exclusively patterns and the minimal physiological conditions needed dominated by them. Rather, they are implicit questions of for establishing and extinguishing acquired drives. At the policy that it is in our interest to answer. For to be able to other extreme Mischel, initially concerned with the answer or even better to formulate questions of this kind is transformation of'primary process' into 'secondary process' to participate powerfully in the culture. (how the simple wish-fulfilment demands of the young child become modified), became involved in a self-sustained and fruitful study of the factors leading to the capacity of children to delay gratification in the expectation of receiving larger rewards, and laid groundwork for later studies of the impact on children of certain forms of poverty. Ingenious

25 YEARS IN RETROSPECT demonstrations of quasi-psychoanalytic displacement The study of human development a quarter of a century mechanisms in the rat led to research on conditioned ago lacked then as it does today coherent foundations or helplessness in dogs and monkeys, which in turn has led to even universal agreement on the nature of problems worth important reformulations of the nature of depression. What investigating. Yet there was an extraordinary vigour and was fruitful about psychoanalysis during this period was its enthusiasm, a naivete and contentiousness, that is worth collision with other traditions. It altered our ways of 5 thought, though few became true believers. much so as its substantive insights. The same can be said of the second enterprise: the The rejection of the theory goes beyond the particularities collaboration between psychoanalysis and cultural anthro- we have looked at. For one thing, even its conception of pology. Here the principal task was a search for universal mental illness turned out to be parochial and time-bound, relationships between culture and personality. As a search rather 19th-century. For in the period dominated by Freud's for universals it failed not simply because, for example, theory, the mechanisms of neurosis were thought to produce severe toilet training 'led to' suspiciousness in one culture not only most varieties of mental illness, but also many of the but open-handed trustfulness in another, but for a deeper components of creative activity in the arts. But the change reason. To be able to formulate questions about culture and in atmosphere of the 1950s shifted fashion from the neurotic personality in such a specific way required a greater hero and the neurotic sufferer to the 'acting out' structural appreciation of both phenomena: neither culture revolutionary and the 'howling' protestor engaged in traits nor personality traits could simply be isolated and confrontation, and it became apparent that these then correlated out of context. Weaning, toilet training and phenomena could not be accounted for in terms of neurosis: family interaction cannot be separated from kinship their origin had to be sought elsewhere. Indeed, Laing could structure, and individual traits like trustworthiness mean become a cult figure by arguing that even psychotic little when separated from the distribution system of the behaviour is better understood as the honest reaction to a culture in question. But again, the spin-off from the failure fragmented society than as evidence of some intrinsic may have been worth the struggle. If the categories of the disorder in the individual 'patient'. Genuine cases of famed Yale cross-cultural index can no longer be used as a neurosis came to seem socially quaint and psychologically bank of isolated variables to be correlated in pursuit of marginal when compared with the new waves of militancy growth universals, at least developmental psychology and — the Blood Revolution, the Weathermen, the Angry anthropology are stronger for the effort, in ways specified Brigade. What had failed was the psychoanalytic view that below in the discussion of structuralism. 'psychic reality' rather than social reality was primary. For It was a third enterprise that hurt psychoanalytic theory society as envisaged by psychoanalytic theory was little more most (though probably for the wrong reason): the than a projection of internal states. One does not find development of modern chemotherapy and its tranquil- reference in its literature to vested interests, economic lisers, psychotomimetic drugs and anti-depressants. The exploitation, or the defeating effects of generations of success of chemical agents is due largely to processes that poverty. Freud was himself devoted to the ideal of biological are still virtually a mystery because of our ignorance and explanation: but psychoanalytic theories of human neglect of biological factors in human stress and of genetic development failed to take into account the shaping of predispositions to certain reactions. Emphasis upon man's destiny not only by his social environment but by his environmental sources of stress and behavioural reactions to genetic structure, his biochemical reactions, and his them had prevailed over all other research.-But the success evolutionary history. The subjective fictions of psychic of chemotherapy led too easily to the conclusion that there reality were not enough. were no psychodynamics involved in mental illness but only chemistry, as insufficient a view as a preemptively psychodynamic one. The upshot of the confrontation has PRESENT TRENDS been a reformulation of the relationship between constitutional and environmental factors, which we shall The present stream of work on human development consider below in discussing new conceptions of nativism, seems to be fed by three roiling freshets: structuralism, behavioural biology and genetic endowment. nativism, and a new immediacy of social concern. I discuss The main conclusion to draw from the record of these them not so much in the spirit of giving a 'synopsis of work years is that the way m which theories in this field succeed is in progress', but rather as philosophical-scientific postures by absorption into the main bodies of psychology, biology, adopted in response both to the contemporary cultural and social science. Their success, as Kuhn has pointed out, scene and to the past. consists in altering or transforming or giving support to the prevailing paradigm that exists in the scientific culture. The structuralism more sharply and narrowly focussed the theory, the more The essence of structuralism is its emphasis upon the likely it is to have such an impact — and at the same time to systematic interplay of constituents in creating a generate a counteraction against its specialism. phenomenon. Structuralism is a method, not a theory, and Psychoanalysis had a very considerable impact. It also bred it is best illustrated by modern linguistics where it has a reaction that has already been hinted at above and will be produced its greatest successes and possibly its deepest considered in more detail below. troubles. Undoubtedly the success of the psychoanalytic model in Levi-Strauss, the chief proponent of structuralism in altering our description of human development reflects anthropology, commenting on linguistic structuralism as many social and political trends inside and outside the represented by its founder Trubetzkoy, writes: scientific community. Much has been written on this theme, 'N. Trubetzkoy, the illustrious founder of structural linguistics, himself and there is much to commend the view that Freud was a furnished the answer to [the] question[of what is the revolutionary nature of structuralism]. In one programmatic statement, he reduced the powerful agent in the struggle to free mankind from structural method to four basic operations. First, structural linguistics conventional moralities and irrational attachments to shifts from the study of conscious linguistic phenomena to study of their archaic beliefs, though his ideological profile looks unconscious infrastructure; second, it does not treat terms as independent conventional in the glare of contemporary ideological entities, taking instead as its basis of analysis the relations between terms; third, it introduces the concept of system — "Modern phonemics does not debate about man and the nature of the human plight. merely proclaim that phonemes are always part of a system; it shows Surely its ideological message gave psychoanalytic theory its concrete phonemic systems and elucidates their structure" —; finally, allure and attracted the attention of psychologists to it, as structural linguistic aims at discovering general laws, either by induction "or ... by logical deduction, which would give them an absolute orderly and comprehensive course of its growth. He ignores character".' all dissociated and 'ragged' ways of gaining knowledge — Thus, for the anthropologist, the task is to look for after all, an understanding achieved in one domain does not organising structures within the society: the kinship necessarily 'transfer' to or shed light on other domains, and structure is a central one and a good illustration. When one we often wait to bring our ideas into correspondence until finds that for a male ego. the mother's brother is a their discordance creates a conflict in action. Raggedness is particularly favoured figure in many societies, one looks not rendered orderly in a pragmatic sense: disordered for a functional or 'immediately behavioural' explanation information is accepted on the implicit assumption that it (for example that he gives support but need not discipline), will fit in later. but for a structural one. LeVi-Strauss interprets the By now Piaget's empirical approach to the development phenomenon of a favoured mother's brother as an instance of intelligence is well known. At whatever level one tunes in of the solidification of kinship ties by permitting and on his analysis, structural description is central. The young approving links with kinsmen on the mother's side —just as infant's 'general coordination of actions . . . that are he interprets the incest taboo as a utilisation of a rare common to all sensorimotor coordinations' reflect the resource, women, to form alliances outside the nuclear structure of the nervous system as it has adapted to the family. Indeed, for him society itself is to be viewed as a gravitational and energy patterns of the species habitat. system of reciprocal exchange — of symbols, of affiliation, With continued use of these reflex structures new structures and of goods and services. begin to emerge — the order of the constituent elements in a We need not concern ourselves with the tangled history of reaching movement of the hand and arm becomes structuralism in psychology. It is more useful to concentrate appropriate to the task and 'subordination schemata' form, on the lively example of it that has become so dominant in whereby a grasp response is subordinated to the developmental psychology today, as dominant as requirements of a more comprehensive reach-and-take psychoanalytic theory was a quarter of a century ago. The action. As such schemata are formed, they become example, of course, is the work of Jean Piaget, and it is an assimilated to one another and develop logic-like properties irony of history that a theorist so reviled a generation ago in that can then give shape to the next stages of intellectual America for his 'absence' of experimental methodology has growth. now become a cult figure. Let me set forth the gist of Piaget Wherever one looks in this system, there is connection and then relate him to the modern structuralist trend. and structure of this type. The best known aspect of the Piaget puts it well himself in a little book on the subject: work is, of course, the study of the child's understanding of the conservation of quantity — before a certain stage of 'As a first approximation we may say that a structure is a system of development, quantity is not seen as invariant across transformations. Inasmuch as it is a system and not a mere collection of elements and their properties, these transformations involve laws: the transformations in its composition or appearance. The structure is preserved or enriched by the interplay of its transformation child's failure to grasp that water poured from one beaker laws, which never yield results external to the system nor employ elements into another taller but narrower one remains the same in that are external to it. In short, the notion of structure is comprised of three amount is not a matter of lack of experience, but rather an key ideas: the idea of wholeness, the idea of transformation and the idea of outcome of the logical structure inherent in the child's self-regulation.' actions. Once the logic of invariance is grasped, the fact of His work reflects the view that one must conceive of the it, whatever its material embodiment, is obvious. It may development of intelligence in terms of the gradual look different, but it is the same. But even at this stage the construction of a comprehensive system of operations for young child's mental operations deal only with concretely generating intelligent action. New material is assimilated given objects in his environment, for he possesses a logical from the environment into this system through action and structure appropriate only to these. Later he comes to deal encounter. Not only is there change by assimilation, but the with merely possible ranges of objects, but only when his system must also accommodate in order to meet new actions come under the dominion of the sixteen binary demands or 'problems' posed by the environment. The operations of logic. interplay of assimilation of reality to internal structure and There are many devastating criticisms of Piaget's theory. of accommodation to reality produces a self-preserving For one, his theory is not a psychological one but a equilibrium. 'Experience' in a general sense is necessary for recounting of formal structural properties that are mental development, but experience is selectively presupposed by the acts observed. One hears the complaint: assimilated to structures that exist. The forms of order that 'All that logic and so little psychology besides the two emerge in thought are neither a reflection of the order magical but unspecifiable processes of assimilation and inherent in the environment (as they are according to accommodation.' His experiments, moreover, usually empiricists who depend upon the principle of association to require of the subjects not action but justification or reflect the order of nature), nor merely an evocation of explanation of an action — is there the same to drink, and if Platonic or Kantian categories native to the mind. The not, why? If there were opportunity to obtain feedback system of operations is changed by assimilated experience directly, the child would seem less like a little scientist with and eventually transforms itself in a way more appropriately an inadequate theory than like a feeble information specifiable logically than psychologically. Assimilation does processor with the same theories as everybody else, only with for Piaget what association does for the empiricist, though less attention span, less of a capacity to scan displays, a assimilation is the more puzzling of the two concepts. more limited repertory of acts to combine in pursuit of his Assimilation to pre-existing structures sets up the famous ends. And, finally, logicians have severely attacked the Piagetian schemata which, in their turn, are converted into logical theory he uses as a structural description. new structures — natural, structural modes of thinking and For all that, and even granting the validity of all perceiving. By giving so crucial a role to assimilation, Piaget criticisms against him, I believe that he has given a probably exaggerates the unity of intelligence as well as the permanent new shape to our conceptions of development. Ad hoc studies of this mental capacity or that, each psycholinguistics with its stress on generativeness, on deep correlated at some low-grade level one with the other, but structure, and on the distinction between competence and without regard for their structural connection, are of the performance. But it was no small leap from an emphasis past. Piaget's work may be very off-putting to the next upon inner sources of ordering to the doctrine of innate generation of psychologists because it is so exclusively ideas. That leap was an extraordinary event and it may tell concerned with logical operations. But his emphasis on the something not only about the past, but about the future. interconnection of mental processes will continue to be the Probably the beginning was Chomsky's famous review of order of the day. B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behaviour. Chomsky pointed out So we have come a long way from the age of tallying and that Skinner was not describing language in its structural correlating the child's vocabulary and his kit of concepts sense at all but only isolated fragments of it, that language and the number of graded arithmetic problems he can solve learning could not be a chaining of isolated responses, if per unit time. Indeed, our progress on the structural side of only because of its embedded structure, that typically the cognition may have cost us a certain price, even led us to speaker of a language generated unique utterances that adopt a certain heuristic blindness, perhaps soon to be could not have been learned by reinforcement, if only on cured, to the Sturm und Drang of growth — a matter to be grounds of insufficient time, and that the rules by which considered below. sentences were generated must have been acquired by some means other than simple induction from hearing the language, or imitation, since the forms of the child's grammar were quite standard yet different from those of the adult models around him. There followed a series of studies by Roger Brown and his co-workers, inspired by the nativism transformationalist grammarians, that made good these A second major and still snowballing trend is nativism, claims — at least in the sense of indicating that child or perhaps it should be called biologism; I use either word grammar was not an imitation or a simple 'learning' of with a certain trepidation. Nativism conventionally recurrent regularities in adult speech. Then Lenneberg, also presupposes either genetic preformation or immutable inspired by the Chomskyan school, marshalled a vast morphological constraint — that behaviour involves a fixed amount of evidence on the universality of maturational action pattern or derives, say, from the fact that man is dates, and pathological phenomena at different ages, all about two metres tall and has overlapping visual fields. By pointing again toward the innateness of language. By 1970, nativism I shall mean emphasis upon 'inner' in contrast to David McNeill could boldly begin his book on the 'outer' determination in the nature and growth of mental life acquisition of language with the statement and behaviour. Nativism in this light does not mean that the environment does not have a powerful effect in shaping 'Not only do children acquire knowledge of sentence structure — itself an important fact — but virtually everything that occurs in language growth, but rather that it does so by transforming internal acquisition depends on prior knowledge of the basic aspects of sentence factors. Perception, attention, memory, learning itself, structure . . . The facts of language acquisition could not be as they are motor skills, thought, motivation, language, and ironically unless the concept of a sentence is available to children at the start of their enough even acculturation have come increasingly to be learning. [This] ... is the main guiding principle in a child's attempt to organise and interpret the linguistic evidence that fluent speakers make seen in this way. Let me discuss the emergence of nativism available to him.' in three domains where it has perhaps been most symptomatic of the new approach to growth: studies of No psychologist, save the most doctrinaire empiricist, language acquisition, of perceptual development, and of would doubt for a moment that human language is innately early social behaviour. based — however silent we have been over the long lean Linguistic development: Empiricist theories usually years about its innate features. Rather, it was how the reduce thought to the apposite use of memory: all that is linguists went about establishing their claim that strained involved is the appropriate recovery from memory store of credibility and, thereby, brought us to a new era, of which correct connections. Little productivity or generativeness is more presently. The linguists rested their case principally involved, and little concern for the 'mental' aspect of upon the acquisition of syntax. It was assumed that the thought was evinced so long as only memory had to be child, treated simply as a Language Acquisition Device, the evoked. Bruner, Goodnow and Austin's A Study of famous LAD, had a knowledge of language universals, Thinking in 1956, Newell, Shaw and Simon's work in 1958 innately, and when faced with instantiations of these in on the General Problem Solver, Broadbent's Perception and adult speech, in a particular language, he achieved Communication in that same year, Miller, Pribram and competence in that particular language, since each Galanter's Plans and the Structure of Behaviour in 1960 language is an embodiment of the universal case. Surely one were all rumblings signalling a 'growing dissatisfaction with must side with Donald Broadbent's psychological objection a somewhat narrow and strident behaviourism', as Hilgard and with Nelson Goodman's philosophical one and has put it. All four works were concerned with the issue of recognise that the linguist had fallen into the trap of 'productivity' or 'generativeness', the means whereby an assuming that all the child had contact with was a flow of organism produces new and appropriate combinations of speech. All the data on language acquisition indicate that acts that, while novel, are still variations on a general rule the child knows a great deal about the world to which correctly recognised as applying to a present situation. All language is being applied and that he uses that knowledge presupposed people's grasp of the 'meaning' or significance to help him decode language. Perhaps if linguists had used of the stimulus, some comprehension beyond its videotape rather than audiotape recorders they would more specification in centimetres, grammes, seconds, or even often have been reminded that the child constantly uses probability of occurrence. This was a crucial period that non-linguistic knowledge of the world and of his own acts readied psychology for the coming of the new and their consequences to 'carry' his own utterance, or to comprehend another's; that early grammatical utterances seem to be guided by 'innate' hypotheses based on notions most often occur in the presence of the referent and are about the structure of space — hypotheses that seem to have comments upon it (the earliest form of predication); and little to do with learning. Bower summarises the that whenever one explores the acquisition of an artificial experiments of Papousck on the baby's mastery of turning language one finds that its initial acquisition depends upon the head in an appropriate direction to receive a reward: mastery by the subject of a set of related referents. 'Examination of the behaviour shows that the activity is not random. The In short the psychologist is not troubled that language is infant seems to be testing hypotheses, trying out sequences of movement, to innate, but rather by the claim that it stems from innate discover which one operates at the moment. When the correct sequence is 'ideas' of the language in isolation from all else. Recall an discovered, it is tested a few times and then dropped . . . While hypothesis early assertion of Chomsky's: testing is going on. even after the first success, the light is barely looked at. A scant glance to check whether it is on or not is all that it receives. After '. . . a child cannot help constructing a certain transformational grammar the confirmatory glance, the infant may manifest behavioural signs of to account for the linguistic data presented to him. any more than he can pleasure . . . and these are displayed with no attention to the light . . .' control his perception of solid objects or his attention to line and angle.' Yet perception does develop; the child does show striking The claim of the psychologist, increasingly expressed in the changes in his mode of scanning the environment, of form of research studies, is that the organisation of recognising correspondences in space, and in learning to experience, of action, of skill, are the predisposing modes of represent recurrent regularities so that he may use the organisation that underlie language and from which redundancy of the visual world for predictive purposes and language has emerged. So the impact of the study of minimise its potential surprises. But the progress of language, with its strong claim of some form of innateness, development seems more to be a matter of representation or has been to move us in the direction of inquiring about the 'model building', of the deployment of capacities that are 'innate' or 'inner' or biological basis of other forms of given in the nature of the species. processing information in our environment. And so we may Ethology and early social behaviour: Ethology entered the turn to perception, our second instance. consciousness of most experimental psychologists as an Perceptual development: The trend is undoubtedly irritant. Lorenz's popular King Solomon's Ring was towards a more nativist view of perceptual development: published in 1952. Tinbergen's more systematic The Study indeed, one can speak of 'nativist development'. The earlier of Instinct in 1951. What was the impact on the study of views of Huxley and Spencer that development went from development? Efforts to find releasers, fixed action less organised to more organised must on the basis of patterns, or imprinting in human infancy and childhood modern evidence be severely qualified. Indeed, even met with failure — though the role of the human face as a William James' more cautious view seems questionable: stimulus for releasing smiling and capturing attention is an exception. The fixed patterns of early ethology may have 'Infants must go through a long education of the eye and ear before they been bird-specific, present in species where speed in flight can perceive the realities which adults perceive. Every perception is an acquired perception.' may dictate reduction of alternatives, sharper tuning to crucial stimuli. Yet James was no fool about the structure of initial But it was the general contribution of ethology that perception, and I quote him to expunge from the record his mattered: the idea of species-specific behaviour as reflecting purported remark about the 'blooming buzzing confusion' evolutionary adaptation to habitat as well as the importance of the infant's world. He said instead: of interaction within the species for assuring survival of the individual. Today, we have finally come to realise the '. . . the infant encounters an object in which (though it be given in a pure sensation) all the categories of the understanding are contained. // has importance of'the evolution of man's readiness for culture'. objectivity, unity, substantiality, causality, in the full sense in which any The resurgence of interest in primate evolution had become later object or system of objects has these things. Here the young knower evident by the time of the Darwin celebrations in 1959. meets and greets his world; and the miracle of knowledge bursts forth, as Speculation on the manner in which man's changed social- Voltaire says, as much in the infant's lowest sensation as in the highest technical way of life as a tool and symbol user altered the achievement of a Newton's brain.' criteria for his further evolutionary selection came as a The evidence is compelling in support of this view. An fresh draught. Culture, rather than being seen in each infant under two months, far from being tolerant of visual instance as merely shaping special personalities, finally confusion, finds it aversive and turns away from blurred achieved biological status as a universal. In spite of displays that would ordinarily attract him when not blurred. best-selling paperbacks that leap haphazardly and Day-old infants, presented with a simple figure such as a scandalously from fish to birds to jackals to baboons to triangle, will inspect its high information features (corners) man, and then to women, the biological changes in man in preference to the rest. When filter-spectacled infants are which adapt him for culture have become increasingly shown 'virtual' objects for which they may reach, those at appreciated in theories of development. It is at this juncture the beginning of their reaching careers are surprised and that developmental studies become a new cross-road for the upset when the object is not there, while those slightly older biological and social sciences, a matter to which we shall treat the object's absence as an occasion for play. And note revert at the end. that the way an infant shapes his hand, even before he has reached the age at which he can reach out properly, is appropriate to the size of the visual object presented. It is very questionable indeed whether Bishop Berkeley's coach immediacy is ever in all that much of a disconnected heap. For if a Consider now a final contemporary trend in mother's voice is made to issue from a point that does not developmental studies — the sense of social urgency. It correspond to her visual location the baby will be upset. would be banal to remind anyone that the tide is not Even more striking is the degree to which overt actions running fair, that the West is gripped in a crisis of values 9 and weakened by a loss of confidence in its aims. One of the never before of the connectedness of things. This I take to results (or perhaps one of the causes) is a conflict between be part of the same spirit that produces structuralism as a generations, with the-emergence of what for want of a better method in our science — though one cannot tell which term is called Youth Culture. Experts agree that the nuclear caused which. family of Western technical society is not carrying out its The trend towards nativism is also an expression of a traditional function as a socialising agent. And it may be search for sources of stability and inherent order. that the very nature of the society — notably its urban, Psychoanalysis in retrospect looks like a search for leverages technical, and competitive mode of life — creates conditions to produce change in a time when conventions seemed like of racism, war and poverty inimical to confidence and holdovers of earlier, non-functional forms of life. The skilled growth in the young. Does technology produce immediacy of much of today's research is a recognition in coarseness? How are we to explain the world's richest action of the point I made at the very beginning — that nation, the United States, proclaiming its concern for the developmental psychology is not only a descriptive study but young while achieving the 18th highest rate of infant a normative one, part of the enterprise that shapes the fate mortality in the world? of a new generation. The response among developmental scientists to this I implied rather darkly earlier that I felt there would be a crisis has been, if not effective, then surely deep and strong. reaction against the purely 'cognitive' aspects of In the United States there has been Head Start, the development, a return to the Sturm und Drang approach. I Parent-Child Centres, Sesame Street, the extraordinary see two sources here. One is a return to a consideration of flourishing of finely conceived and executed research on the the biological functions of different forms of cognitive impact on children of poverty and racism. Within the last activity; another, more political and humane. The first decade there have appeared major books on the subject comes from work in ethology, the kind of concern for the from prestigious university centres as well as from such functions of, say, attention in primate evolution illustrated Federal Agencies as the Office for Economic Opportunity. by the work of the primatologist Chance. What role does The American Association for the Advancement of Science attention play when directed socially upward toward more sponsored a programme on the subject of poverty and early dominant animals? Does it reduce intra-specific fighting? childhood and a report has duly appeared. There has been The second arises from the findings on blighted comparable activity in the United Kingdom, for instance development, which reveal the role of non-cognitive factors the Plowden Report and the 1972 White Paper on in development. Already we have commented briefly on the Education, the pioneering work of Basil Bernstein, of the role of 'hope' and of 'powerlessness' in determining Newsomes, of Himmelweit, of Halsey, and of many others. intellectual development, whether in rats, dogs, monkeys or It is no American phenomenon. man. One begins to see already a change in orientation just There is little doubt that the rush of work in the last beginning — studies of cooperative behaviour and its decade has brought an air of realism to- developmental growth, of the mechanisms of primate cooperation, of the psychology, located its studies, so to speak, in vivo where control of aggression. And, by the same token, one can before they risked being confined in vitro. What the studies discern the beginnings of studies on the role of supporting have shown, first in an ad hoc way by discovering the and disrupting social environments — a new form of human 'hidden curriculum' involved in middle-class upbringing, ecology. and then in a more general way by recognising the The practical demands of the period ahead should call a importance of a surrounding culture in determining halt to the futile and enervating debates about the whether the individual grows to feel effective or only the 'percentage contribution' of heredity and environment to pawn of external fate and chance, is that the growing child intelligence. Hopefully our need to foster our children's lives within a system, a social structure, and that his mental growth will bring us to recognise the extent to which growth cannot be understood without reference to that environment is a factor in helping to produce 'readout' from system. This is a far cry from the heyday of culture- the genetic code. Admittedly, a decade hence there will still and-personality. It has brought us closer to an appreciation be those who firmly believe that there is no difference in the of universal requirements in development. At a minimum, genetic code with respect to 'innate' intelligence. That is not we know that whatever creates hopelessness in the the problem. One hopes that by that time we shall have been subculture of the parent is echoed in myriad ways in the able to reach a working agreement that one must make child, often making him a newly delivered victim for the opportunities for everybody to achieve his fullest potential, system. whatever it is and in whatever style expressed, and remove the barriers that now exist in making that aspiration real. Developmental psychologists will be forced, and to good advantage, to become more deeply engaged in the design of AN EPILOGUE ON THE FUTURE educational systems than they have been in the past. Historical explanations, as Isaiah Berlin often warns us, Finally, the strategic position of developmental studies as risk being exercises in the projection of consistency, a necessarily socio-biological study will surely lead to a congruence, and causality. So too extrapolations. Yet I strengthening of the rapprochement already growing cannot resist a few. The turn towards structural analysis, between the biologist and the social scientist. That will be a towards a search for internal sources of order, or towards benefit to us all. direct involvement reflect the deep crisis within the culture. Shallow scientific optimism based on 'fix-it-up' empiricism This article is based on a hitherto unpublished Inaugural and the simple engineering of environmental contingencies Scientific Lecture read by Professor Bruner on 14 December rings increasingly hollow, as do utopianisms in general. 1972 at Birkbeck College, London, to the newly founded Critics of society, particularly among the young, talk about Division of Developmental Psychology of the British the need for structural changes. There is a consciousness as Psychological Society. 10 Andrew Prentice

THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

D. ter Haar and I hope soon to publish the results of initial rotation began to spin faster and faster. Gaseous several years' research into the origin of the solar system. rings were supposed to form near the outskirts of the cloud, This problem has perplexed the minds of astronomers and and these were successively abandoned at the equator of the cosmogonists since the time Copernicus discovered that the sun during its collapse whenever the centrifugal force planets all revolve about the sun along nearly perfect overcame the gravitational force. Later on, by some circular orbits. Perhaps the most plausible explanation was unspecified process, the planets were supposed to have the famous nebula hypothesis of P. S. Laplace, published in condensed from the system of concentric orbiting rings. 1796. Laplace was impressed by the remarkable order which This attractive hypothesis held sway for almost one exists in the planetary system, especially the circularity and hundred years. In 1884, however, Fouche pointed out that near coplanarity of the planetary orbits. He felt that these there were certain observational features, notably the orderly features were the ones most deserving of attention. present distribution of angular momentum in the solar Laplace proposed that at one time the sun was much system, which could not be reconciled with what Laplace hotter than it is today and, like a hot balloon, occupied a had proposed. Objections were also raised by others, region of much larger dimension, so large in fact that it including Clerk Maxwell. The Laplacian hypothesis fell into encompassed the orbits of all the planets (Fig. 1). As the disrepute and soon became largely abandoned. Numerous early sun cooled off it contracted inwards and because of its other theories have appeared in its place, none with the same simple appeal, and so far no satisfactory explanation has been found for a single feature of the solar system.

a new Laplacian theory Whilst studying toward a D.Phil some three years ago I came to the conclusion that the original objections to the Laplacian hypothesis were, when reviewed in the light of recent knowledge, probably incorrect. Both Fouche' and Maxwell, for example, had overlooked the vast amounts of hydrogen and helium gas which must have originally been present in the solar system when the planets were being formed and which must have radically affected the dynamics of the evolving system. I therefore attempted to develop a modern Laplacian theory during the tenure of a post-doctoral appointment at Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, U.S.A. However, fresh difficulties soon appeared which seemed to be more serious than those advanced by Fouche'. For example, Jeans had noted in 1928 that if the young sun had lost its angular momentum in the manner proposed by Laplace, then its mass must have been concentrated towards its centre. This follows from the fact that the sun is so massive compared to the planetary system. In mathematical terms we should require the sun to have a very small moment-of-inertia coefficient f for an exchange of angular momentum to take place. In addition, no efficient exchange could take place unless the sun rotated almost uniformly, like a rigid body. Unfortunately it seemed impossible to understand from present day physics how stars could have a very low f and also rotate rigidly. A second and perhaps more serious difficulty was to explain why the early sun should, as Laplace had conjectured, shed a system of concentric rings at discrete intervals. Surely we should expect the material at the equator to be shed continuously, thus forming a vast disc-like nebula from which a great sheet of rocks and ices Fig. I Laplace's contracting nebula hypothesis. A large rotating cloud of gas and dust sheds a system of gaseous rings at its equator as it collapses might emerge covering the plane of the solar system. under its own weight. The planets were later supposed to condense from It was apparent that if the formation of the planets could the rings. (Drawings by Scriven Bolton, F.R.A.S.) not be understood in terms of known physics, then some 11 hitherto undiscovered physical phenomenon must have Even more exciting was the discovery that, in a rotating been responsible for their origin. My colleague D. ter Haar star, turbulent stress causes the development of a very dense had suggested 25 years ago that some form of supersonic ring of non-turbulent gases at the equator of the star. As the turbulence may have played a vital role in the formation of star collapses and begins to rotate faster it tends to bulge the solar system. I now attempted to develop, with the out at the equator, as illustrated in Fig. 3. At the same time assistance of a computer, a new concept of supersonic turbulent convection, which now forms the basis of our theory of the solar system. From a study of very young objects called T Tauri stars, which are thought to be young suns producing new planetary systems, I proposed that in the interior of the early sun there may have existed rising and falling columns of hot and cold gas called convective elements or eddies, as shown in Fig. 2. So much energy is

Fig. 3 Typical shots taken from a computer-simulated film of the collapse of the large primaeval sun. Each sequence shows a polar cross-section of the rotating protosun at various stages of its gravitational collapse, beginning near the present orbit of Pluto. The protosun loses its angular momentum through the detachment at its equator of discrete Laplacian rings, from which the planets later condense. the mass of the equatorial belt increases until a critical stage is reached where the centrifugal force just balances the Fig. 2 Turbulent convective eddies in a convectively unstable region of a gravitational force. At this point the ring of gases is young protostar. These eddies are rising and falling clumps of hot and cold perfectly balanced in a circular Keplerian orbit of radius R0 gas, driven by buoyancy, which become long and needle-like at supersonic near the present orbit of Neptune. The star continues its speeds. In this diagram a collision is taking place between the long inward contraction, leaving behind the non-turbulent, supersonic eddy E and the irregular subsonic eddy E 2. dynamically balanced ring of gases. The collapsing star, in released during the gravitational collapse of the star that order to maintain pressure equilibrium at its surface, now these eddies, often thousands of miles long, can travel many begins to develop a new equatorial ring. Soon this ring times faster than the speed of sound. When they travel that reaches critical size and is in turn left behind by the sun at a fast they become long and needle-like and frequently smaller radius RI. The whole process repeats itself until, collide. halted by central pressure, the sun reaches its present size. The motion of the eddies creates an additional source of Supersonic turbulent convection thus causes the sun to pressure in the star. This pressure, known as supersonic dispose of its excess angular momentum through the turbulent stress, can be many times larger than the normal successive detachment of a system of concentric gaseous gas pressure produced by the motions of the individual rings. The orbital spacings of these rings Rn (n = 0,1,2,...) molecules. A detailed analysis shows that the net effect of form a simple geometric sequence which is very similar to this additional stress is to cause the star to become very the orbital spacings of the planets, whose distances from the centrally condensed (f ~0.01) and to rotate almost rigidly sun obey what is known as the Titius-Bode law. because of a large turbulent viscosity. These two features The origin and meaning of the Titius-Bode law has until are the very ones required by the original Laplacian theory. now been one of the mysteries of cosmogony. According to 12 our theory, the Titius-Bode constant, which is the mean The key to the formation of the solar system lies in the ratio of one planetary orbit radius to the next, is given by the physical process of supersonic turbulent convection. We are formula certain that the formation of a planetary (or satellite) system B=R /R = (1 + m/Mf)2 cannot be explained without this newly discovered process. n ,-,-fl It will be interesting to see, in a field of research where where m is the mass of the disposed ring, M that of the sun, theories often do not survive for more than a few months, and the moment-of-inertia coefficient f ~0.01. Setting the whether this theory, especially the explanation of the observed value 1.7 equal to B, we predict from this formula Titius-Bode law, is capable of standing for longer. that the primeval rings each consist of the order of 1000 Me (1 Mffi = earth mass) of solar material. Such a mass of Andrew Prentice is a Lecturer in Applied Mathematics at material, consisting mostly of the light gases hydrogen and the Department of Mathematics, Monash University, helium, contains approximately one earth mass of rocks and Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3168. He was Wolf son's first about 15 M® of ice-like materials. It is interesting therefore Junior Research Fellow. to note that the earth for example weighs exactly one earth mass whilst the ice-like planets, Uranus and Neptune, weigh References 15® and 17 respectively. e Laplace, P. S. de (1796) Exposition du Systbme du Monde. Paris. Much work remains to be done before all the details of Fouche, M. (1884) Comptes Rendus. 99/103. Jeans. J. H. (1928) cosmogony are settled. Nevertheless we feel that our work Astronomv and Cosmogony. London: C.U.P. ter Haar. D. (1948) Proc. restores the validity of the original Laplacian hypothesis. Rov. Danish Acad. Sci.. 25. Mr 3.

The Yellow Submarine

He askjlthe waves, And. queftiondtverygtift of rugged vtingt, That Howes from tf««uh foal Atlantis is a sleeping city, closed To warfare; piled deeply round her head Green pillows baffle threats of radiant death — Where she and hers may breathe Careless of missiles launched about her head And nourished plagues still waiting to be spread. The legend of the Hydra was not told When she submerged, an innocent, but we Unlucky angels followed — down we sped Inside the Nautilus whose turrets hold Some modern snakeheads, your security From earnest counterparts in black and red Displayed with various venoms on each neck, Each threat excised as each is overbred. Yesterday we were spellbound with our load, Servants of the Hydra; slowly hands Moved to prevent the close of each command — So be it, if the sequel was delayed, Obediently afraid: Listening while on our lips from half the crew Some murderous excuse Blabbed — when the captain called out 'Who is for Atlantis where the nymphs are found in green' — And we in yellow with our submarine. Call off the flotilla, probe no more For us or for our souls; where you have searched A thousand fathoms down the precious hulk Lies on a ledge where albatrosses perched When Mars was young, beneath where whale sharks lurk. Repair to base, observe the Hydra's law, Salvage as best you can the straw-blown shell Of circling fear where we no longer dwell.

George Jones 13 John Wain

POET IN RESIDENCE?

On November 23, I take up for five years the duties of matter, was I. This fact should be accepted at the outset of Professor of Poetry, University of Oxford. (And will those any discussion. The university will not again, at any rate in seekers after counsel who have already deluged me with the foreseeable future, elect a Professor of Poetry who is not manuscripts please accept that while I am willing to do my a practitioner. This may be a mistaken decision, but it is a best, I don't feel morally obliged to do much about them decision that has, in fact, been taken. Perhaps the thought before that date?) The Chair of Poetry is one of those may help to console those distinguished non-practising university institutions that have, in recent years, come in for critics and scholars who have offered themselves for election criticism and questioning; so perhaps it may be of some and been out-voted. There was nothing wrong with their interest if I say how it looks to me. turn of speed, but they were competing in the wrong race. Rightly or wrongly, the choice will now fall on a practising poet; one of demonstrable achievement (a few expensively produced volumes from a vanity-press won't be accepted) Warton, Arnold, Bradley and, preferably, one in active production. The university, if I judge its mood correctly, doesn't want an extinct volcano; Writing this in the remote countryside, with no possibility it wants someone who is wrestling, from day to day, with the of research, I am astonished to find how little I know about problems of trying to write good poetry, and whose critical the history of the Chair. I have, for instance, always believed remarks are offered from a position of involvement. that Thomas Warton, in the mid-eighteenth century, was the first holder; but I cannot remember where I read or heard this and whether it is true. Still, if Warton was not the first holder, he might fittingly have been. He was a the future of the Chair practising poet — not very good, but good enough to be made Poet Laureate in later life — and a scholar who made Naturally, this produces a situation that is bound to have many exciting discoveries. Long before there were Faculties its difficulties, since the newer demand (that the Professor of English Literature and suchlike, Warton dug into the shall be a practising poet) has to be reconciled with the older neglected compost of mediaeval English poetry and (that he shall be a critic with some scholarly equipment, published a history of it which was not overtaken for a able to deliver intelligible and audible lectures). hundred years. The enormous labour that went into this Nevertheless, it is clear that this is the requirement; in 1973, work was undertaken purely from love; it added nothing and foreseeably, this is what the University wants its significant to Warton's income and probably little enough Professor of Poetry to do and to be. In the recent election, to his standing within the University, since to be interested for instance, there was never any doubt in my mind that the in pre-Elizabethan English poetry was still, at that time, to two serious candidates were the two who combined be slightly quaint. It was not even part of his official duties, established literary reputations with experience in lecturing since his lectures from the Chair of Poetry were all on Latin and teaching; and I was right, for in the event these two, Mr subjects and all in Latin. Spender and myself, virtually dead-heated — the eighteen After Warton there was (I stand to be corrected if votes that put me in the Chair being the academic necessary) very little of interest until Matthew Arnold. With equivalent of a photo-finish. The voice of university opinion his election, the idea became current that the Chair of could not have made itself heard more clearly. Poetry, from being a harmless academic perk, might This fact — that in a distinguished field only two entries become a means of bringing fresh ideas into the university. could be considered as realistic — underlines the highly It became conventional, though by no means inevitable, to specialized requirements for the Chair. Can we be confident invite into the Chair someone from outside whom Oxford that the University will find, every five years, someone who was interested in hearing. A. C. Bradley, who I think was is both a practitioner with a serious reputation and able to Professor at the beginning of the present century, produced give fifteen reasonably interesting lectures? It is a serious some of his best criticism in response to this challenge. problem. I know a number of poets whose work I respect but whom I would not cross the road to hear lecture. And on the other hand there are critics who have thought and written originally about poetry, and whose interest in the art a new kind of Professor has led them to make the attempt at original composition, about which the least said is the kindest judgment. After World War II, the Chair entered a new phase in its Perhaps the problem can be staved off for a number of development. It now came to be felt, undoubtedly under the years or even indefinitely. After all, there are not a few influence of the American idea of the Poet in Residence, people who can point to a reasonably consistent record of that the Oxford Professor of Poetry should be a writer of achievement, and a continuing involvement, in both sides. poetry as well as a talker about it. Cecil Day Lewis, I am But the essential difficulty remains, however a contingent convinced, was elected on this ticket; so was Mr Auden; and solution may be found time after time. And I suppose it is Mr Graves; and Mr Blunden; and Mr Fuller. So, for that this feeling that is breaking surface in the various criticisms 14 of the institution of the Chair that have lately been made. ruling elite is apt to be insipid, and so is art produced to The most constructive of these criticisms, made as long gratify the taste of a proletariat. ago as the previous time round, is Dame Helen Gardner's. However, whether I approve of it or not, the convention Her suggestions will be too well known to need stating in that the artist belongs inside the university is firmly here to detail, but broadly speaking she is in favour of stay. Already this tidal movement has been felt in Oxford; diversification. The available funds should be split, part as I remarked earlier, the Chair of Poetry has undoubtedly going on a series of lectures by invited speakers, and part to been influenced in its development by the American idea of subsidize a practising poet to come to Oxford and sit about the Poet in Residence. But Oxford does things in her own for a time. way. The Oxford response to a situation is always highly This is excellent sense, and personally I have no doubt individual and always exploits the dual nature of Oxford that some such measure will sooner or later be adopted; life, the symbiosis (if that's the word I want) of College and probably not very soon, because change in Oxford is never University. very precipitous; when you have a history of seven hundred At this point, inevitably, one thinks of Brasenose College years, you tend to favour a patient and evolutionary view of with its courageous innovation, a couple of years ago, of a these matters; but sooner or later. I wonder, though, Fellowship in the Creative Arts. The Fellowship is for one whether the diversification will necessarily stop there. If the year (very sensibly, since this is a field in which funds for the Chair of Poetry are to be used to invite one misjudgments are highly probable from time to time, and if poet, qua poet, to Oxford, how long will this be an isolated they get a real lemon they need only sit back and wait for the case, a solitary zoo-animal? Great Healer to rectify the mistake in a mere twelvemonth) and can embrace any kind of artist including the executant (a concert violinist or an actor would be as welcome as a painter or writer). The stipend is negotiable, again a wise practising artists in education decision because artists in mid-career tend to have (sometimes staggering) domestic commitments, where a There is, obviously, a general point here. For the last fifty young 'promising' might with luck work out a bit cheaper. years, there has been an increasing interpenetration It is clear that the Brasenose experiment is being watched between the arts and the educational system general, with a great deal of interest in the University generally, and particularly the higher educational system. The reasons are I know I speak for many people in wishing the college many clear enough. For one thing, the status of the imaginative lucky choices and much benefit. But my immediate reason artist has been rising, or perhaps it would be truer to say for mentioning B.N.C. is to point out that once the notion of that it has remained high while most other forms of prestige employing a practising artist per se gets into the life-stream have been declining. In an age that has so largely of the University, it might very well proliferate. I was the abandoned religious values, the standing of the individual first of these Fellows in the Creative Arts, and it seemed to seer has naturally risen; there is a vague and perhaps me an interesting landmark; someone who knows more desperate notion that, in the absence of full-scale systematic than I do about the history of the University might correct beliefs, the problems of humanity might — just might — be me, but to the best of my knowledge and belief I was the solved by intuition. On another level, there has been a first person ever to be elected to a Fellowship on the broadening of base throughout education. The universities, strength of being an artist— I mean for that reason only. If like the schools, nowadays undertake many functions that this is so, it gives me a small footnote in Oxford history that fifty years ago they would not have thought about, and one I hope I may be harmlessly proud of. But if I am worth it, so of these is to bring their increasingly large and increasingly must many people be. If the Professor of Poetry is to be barbaric student population into contact with the arts, chosen from among the ranks of practitioners, perhaps which in practice means into contact with artists. other, similar posts could be created. After all, who with any In America, where this process has gone furthest, there is interest in literature would fail to welcome a series of scarcely a university that does not provide numerous posts lectures from some eminent novelist, with fresh and original for practising artists as such. The last two words indicate ideas about the practice of fiction? Or a Chair of Drama, the difference between this state of affairs and the held by a working playwright? traditional procedure of the university. Many scholars and teachers have been artists of one kind and another, but it is At any rate, I shall approach it in that spirit. While doing a twentieth-century attitude — in fact, a post-1945 attitude, my best to give lectures that won't appear absurdly mainly — that a creative artist merits a university post amateurish in a company of scholars (and thirty years of simply by being a creative artist. Personally, I view this reading poetry have at any rate taken the virgin bloom from development with a certain misgiving. I dislike anything my ignorance), I shall assume that at least half of my raison that takes the artist out of ordinary life and puts him in a d'etre is derived from the fact that I have published six hot-house environment. The healthiest milieu for an artist, volumes of verse, and four volumes of criticism which deal surely, is one in which he lives among people, tout court, not largely with poetry; that, in a city containing so many 'young' people or any other segmented kind of people. To profound scholars, a majority of M.A.'s voted for me put a writer on 'campus' is to feed into his mind the idea because they wanted not one more profound scholar but that he exists primarily as an entertainer for the young, and someone who sees literature through the eyes of one whose I think one can already point to the disastrous result of this main ambition is to add to it; and that, so far from being idea on some of the weaker brethren. I don't mean that required to change my way of life, I am expected to go on young people do not have the right to take an interest in the being, what I am content and proud to be, a writer. arts; what I am against is any kind of monopoly. To appeal solely to one generation is as bad as to appeal solely to one particular social class. Art produced to gratify the taste of a John Wain is a Member of Common Room.

15 Stephen Gardiner

THE WHITE SPACE

There is one, still moment in the new college by Philip that make such an angry protest against all that is quiet Powell and Hidalgo Moya which has real beauty. You walk and reflective in Oxford, only contain a sequence of out of an interesting building that gazes calmly across the very ordinary bedrooms that look (annoyingly) into each landscape, and that is filled with interior slanting glimpses other. Then there is that other kind of building that is called of quadrangles, staircases, colonnades and trees, into a cool architecture: polite, sedate and boring in a thoroughly white space. It is some kind of place that leads up to the Danish way, it sits in a meadow behind the Law Library — library in one direction, and into the dining hall in another. St Catherine's College. Now this, some will say, is But this place is a space on its own, and with a presence and architecture: regard the immaculate brickwork, the fine identity of its own. You are not quite sure then, in this lines of the windows, the economy of materials — you can't beautiful moment, whether the way up the steps really does argue with that, can you? It has all the right ingredients to lead to the library, or whether that gap in the wall is the make a work of architecture — quadrangles, a community entrance to the Hall. And after you leave the space, carrying air ... and the architect has the right name. But something, the white walls in your memory, it doesn't seem to matter in all the same, is totally missing. What is that vital ingredient the least that you cannot remember how, in the end, you did that is missing and, as totally, eliminates the architecture? get to the library, or, for that matter, into the Hall. A sense of place? No; not quite. It is atmosphere. St Catherine's hasn't got any atmosphere. What is atmosphere in architecture? If you could explain that there would be no atmosphere and no architecture: a sculpture, atmosphere mathematical equation would do instead. Yet this cool white space that you suddenly come upon at Wolfson, You are standing in a piece of sculpture, which is almost by accident it seems (and this is so because the space architecture. You are immediately aware that it is very is modest and reticent), has atmosphere: despite its casual unusual to be standing looking at architecture, which is, in reticence, you are confronted by architecture. And, as reality, sculpture, but sculpture through which you walk, suddenly, you are whisked back to a time that seems to be which you use, and which you can sit down on and talk. light years away — to the romantic dream of the nineteen Normally, architecture is regarded as a series of rooms, twenties and thirties, to the sparkling white shapes of the walls, floors and doors, all of which connect with each other heroic modern architectural movement that contained a in some way that gives a pleasant unity, like those that fill fresh, youthful and, as it turned out, absurd optimism the sides of the quadrange enclosing the trees and grass at which seemed to hold out some fragile hopes for the future Wolfson. Then, again, there are times when architecture is in such masterpieces of the imagination as the Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier. This is what makes the space so startling: **"• it holds in focus, for a single flashing moment and seen through the wrong end of a telescope, a tiny image — but one which is exact, perfect and real — that captures the atmosphere of an entire period.

a frame for jewels What Powell and Moya have done here is to carry the sculpture that you normally associate with the outside of a building, inside. At the art gallery for Christ Church by the same architects the sculpture has a greater presence on the outside, in the shapes of the ramps and the dark triangular glass. This is not the case at Wolfson, which is a large and highly complex building, and where, correspondingly, the scale is enlarged and the detail simplified, and the architecture retires into the background as a frame in which certain jewels — like the space — are set; and from this frame they shine out, or gleam. Because of the modesty of the frame, and because the jewels are sparingly used for the special occasion, they shine out more strongly, and with a greater intensity and certainty than they would if there was i/ competition from the frame: you can savour them in isolation: gradually become familiar with their subtleties of seen as synonymous with some daring risk, taken at the shape and surface: sit and see another jewel that you had expense of everything around it, like the Florey building on the Plain. Yet when you are inside the Florey building you discover that the great red walls of the amphitheatre, 16 not noticed before. For architecture is not an art that is brandished in front of your eyes like variously coloured flags. It is more an art that you discover slowly, that you find you become close to as you live with a building — in the corners of your room, or in views across the fields. There is that island at Wolfson with the concrete plank across the narrow slip of water. Someone thought of that island with its trees and bushes and made it for your pleasure, to excite your imagination with fantasies as it excited the architect's imagination when he made the line with a pencil on a drawing. Someone saw that the slip of water must be very narrow if the excitement was to be intensified, if the game was to be an adventure and the island a mystery to explore. Someone shaped the banks and drew the sensual profile of the concrete rampart. Someone arranged those quadrangles, and realised that the corners did not necessarily have to be square. And someone noticed that if you took a whole piece of grape cheese — the cheese that has a thick coating of grape pips on the outside — and then cut through that piece of cheese, a white interior would be revealed to the world. And this discovery, made perhaps over lunch one day, suggested the idea for the building. The grey granite coating that covers the walls and part of the White Space structure makes the frame that accepts the detail — the surfaces that are cut away and are white, the innumerable variations in the windows, the different shapes of the quadrangles, the immense complexities of the plan in which you become involved, immersed and pleasantly lost, the sunlight filtering into the monastic library from somewhere overhead, the shaped staircases carrying you out into the garden that rolls away like a green carpet down to the river — and, right at the heart of it all, the cool, still, white space.

Stephen Gardiner is a practising architect, and also architectural correspondent for The Observer. He has just completed a book on Le Corbusier which is to be published next year in the Fontana Modern Masters series. 17

Arnold Mallinson

INTRODUCING NUMISMATOLOGY

Why the archaic word for coin study? Anatolia found it convenient to have their metal money To be sure, 'numismatics' embraces not only the 'types' stamped with a design or symbol of some authority which (i.e. designs) on the coins and their 'legends' (i.e. guaranteed the weight and genuineness of the piece inscriptions) but also metrology, weight standards, die links, concerned. The metal used at first is called electrum, a frequency tables and many other aspects of 'pure' (except at natural alloy of gold and silver, regarded by them as pale the Greek island of Thasos, whose coins show an ithyphallic gold. This was found in the washings of the river Pactolus. satyr abducting a nymph) coin study. But these are not Some of the earliest coins show a lion's head, the heraldic unlikely to cause a little ennui to the less enthusiastic. sign of the wealthy rulers of Lydia. The idea caught on and 'Numismatology' stresses the historical aspect visible in flew like wildfire round the Greek world. The ancients did coins, a no mean feature; it could also include a certain not apparently understand the chemical difference between mystique that many people feel about coins. Whether this gold and silver though they did understand the difference in could be objective or merely subjective I do not attempt to value. In mainland Greece silver was used first at Aegina. determine here. Gold was rare. Gold had a mystique for mankind from the Many coins are of great age: two thousand years old. beginning of civilisation. Gold was a lifegiver, a symbol of Many are in pristine condition as if freshly emerged from eternal life. The golden mask of Tutankhamun in Egypt the mint. This could be because they have just been found in and of Agamemnon at Mycenae, the golden bowls of the earth or elsewhere, in hoards or singly. There they have Knossos and the gilded chalice of the Christian sacrament lain; the while all the coloured and blood-stained story of of life are all witnesses. mankind has gone over them. Purest romanticism says the mere numismatist. But is it not of some fascination to hold in your hand a small Roman gold coin of Emperor Claudius minted with a design of a Roman triumphal arch with a the beginnings of a numismatologist mounted warrior on top of it, or perhaps the bust of a nice young boy, Nero, for as such he started? Or a coin of This little boy aetat. c. 5 at the beginning of the reign of Antonia Augusta, mother of Claudius, who remained pure the 'King' (i.e. Edward VII) had to be carried out of the and good in the midst of all that corruption? Another thing sermon in church howling with frustrated rage. It was the would be a denarius of Tiberius, with a seated lady on the first day he had been adorned with velvet trousers, au petit reverse said to be his mother; this found in Israel and often milord Fount Le Roy, into the pocket of which a generous called the 'tribute penny' which Jesus wished to see. uncle had placed a solid golden sovereign with the 'King' on There is many another aspect on which I would like to one side and St George and the Dragon on the other. A dilate such as the emotions aroused by coins. Some far from cautious mother fearful of its loss or theft had replaced it good; greed and covetousness; the power that money can with a new farthing. The little boy was activated by an bring; alternatively the good it can do. atavistic sense of the numinosity of the gold — though he There is one I must touch on and that appertains to gold. would not have put it in such words. All was wrong. A This extraordinary metal has had an enormous influence on pagan goddess Britannia instead of the Christian saint; the mankind which started at the dawn of history and is still one colour wrong, the weight wrong. No life. No comfort against of the most potent forces in human motives. Utterly that intolerable sermon. beautiful and incorruptible it is also completely useless As children we used to play in the summer sunshine on except for Chinese acupuncture needles and a tiny bit of the spreading beaches of north Lancashire. If the mood something in the skylabs. took us we would fling off our clothes and rush madly into what we called the 'briny' and towelless chase about in the altogether to dry. I fell down amongst the unpleasing flotsam and jetsam and there among the skeletons of sea urchins and corks that had bobbed over the seven seas were the beginnings of coinage some little round objects that looked like chocolates but The earliest metallic money started in Egypt. A bas-relief were little coins made of a kind of ancient bronze called shows a man weighing gold rings in a weighing scales. potin (Fr. patang). Minted in Alexandria they had heads of About the same time the earliest metallic money in Europe Roman Emperors, inscriptions in Greek and wej-e of the appeared in the Minoan and Mycenean civilisations. Here it times of such potentates as Probus and Diocletian. took the form of gold roundels. I recently examined a tiny That day was a field-day for a budding numismatist. On weighing scales in the museum in Athens. It was quite the the way home I bought two coins in a little jeweller's shop. same as a Dutch scales used to weigh gold money in the One was a gold solidus of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, seventeenth century except that the Minoan scales had little purchase price eight shillings, forty new pence. The other gold pans, and three thousand years separated them. This was silver, one of the Ptolemies of Egypt, purchase price early money was used by weight and not by tale. The half-a-crown, the weight of the silver. Thus in one day I was invention of the coin as such was due to the nimble-witted introduced to three aspects of ancient civilisation, Greek Greeks whose pedlars working up and down the valleys of and Roman Egypt, and the Byzantine Empire. 18 Britain was minted in British gold. There are other light on history supposed sources of metal. The first massive issues of English gold — the Nobles of Edward III — were thought to A general view of the corpus of coins of the great be the product of the labours of alchemists! One of the most civilisations following the line of their history tends to show attractive of all coins is the famous Bonnet piece of James V a slightly different picture from that found in relatively made from Scottish gold from the mines of Corehead and elementary history books such as are found in schoolboys' Crawford Muir. satchels. Some examples. The splendid coins of Cymbeline (Cunobelin), showing wonderful horses and ears of wheat, minted by a monarch hardly remembered except as a semi- mythical character. A most unexpected art group of silver pennies of Offa, Rex Merciorum as he is described: the art the religious department here is to be compared only with the book of Kells or the The religious content on all this body of coin is immense. Lindisfarne Gospels. There is no visible change in the coins To mention one alone we find possibly the earliest portrait of Willian the Conqueror from those of his Saxon of Christ on Byzantine pieces of Justinian II, and the predecessors. The art and workmanship is quite the same. remarkably life-like Madonna Hodegetria on the money of Even his name is spelt in Anglo-Saxon, Pilelm. While the Romanus IV (c.1066 and all that). 'Decline and Fall' of the Roman Empire is just scribble, One coin is worthy of special mention. It was minted in scribble, scribble. The magnificent series of golden nobles Apamea in Asia Minor, a Greek city acknowledging of Edward III force a point in the economics of the Hundred amongst others Trebonianus Gallus and Septimius Severus. Years War. Delicate gold coins bearing a picture of the Their portraits on the obverse accompany on the reverse an Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, minted in Paris, iconographic picture of Noah's ark. There is no doubt that remind us by their inscriptions that saintly boy-king Henry it is Old Testament Noah, for there he is with Mrs Noah VI was crowned king of France in that city. looking out and sending off the raven with the side of the But sometimes the text-book and numismatological ark inscribed NOE. pictures fit: the Civil War is depicted clearly in much of its sad variety, by the sorry contrast between the horrible crudity of what are known as 'blacksmith halfcrowns' and the resplendent silver pound pieces with a Van Dyck Charles I on horseback, and the crown piece with a view of

How does this coin come? Basically Greek, with a Roman Imperial head, and on the reverse the famous Hebrew story. Was the mountain behind the town regarded as Mt Ararat? Was there some strong Christian element there? Who knows? Certainly a great curio. Here are the three foundation stones of our civilisations, like the inscription Oxford beneath the horse. We made a close study in the over Christ's cross in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. And here I Ashmolean Museum of this view. It is taken from a position should like to expatiate on the total splendour of the art on in North Oxford now obscured, and shows Magdalen and Greek coins and the portraits on Roman. Merton towers, the Bodleian Library, Christ Church, houses and other things. The piece is signed with the engraver's initial 'R' for Rawlins. He was one of the last of the Elizabethan playwrights and the greatest of English coin some other characters artists. These pieces were struck in the New Inn Hall, where But finally a few personalities. In the course of the mint was set up. The failure of official historians to numismatological wandering one meets hundreds. I select recognize numismatic material as a source of historic one or two. First Sir Arthur Evans, small in stature and evidence was a source of indignation to the Oxford school of gigantic in achievement; he and his father whom my numismatics. grandfather met were the greatest pair of numismatologists ever. Last year, not for the first time, I paid a visit to his shrine in Crete, and sat on the throne of the bull-king Minos, an eerie but fascinating experience not of this world. beer mugs and alchemists I was with Sir Arthur at a coin sale on the day they bombed It is interesting to speculate on the source of the metal. Crete during the war. News was brought into the sale room. You look at your Oxford coins and think they were once Sir Arthur went frantic. He shed tears, wanted to send a beer mugs from which Tudor students quaffed their ale. telegram. He did not last long, only a few days after that. He Gold came from Wales and it is now thought that the was ninety. Romans mined there extensively. Curious to speculate that Another one I remember well was my research supervisor the Roman gold aureus commemorating the conquest of at Oxford. Professor Percy Gardiner. He was ninety when he supervised me. He was one of the founders of the great 19 series of catalogues of Greek coins in the British Museum. Small, bearded and greatly interested in Christianity to which he wanted to give a new look. A close personal friend to whom I owed much was history professor Sir Charles Oman, last university member of parliament where he created much mirth by his drawing attention continually to the poorness of the coinage during the wars. Tall, distinguished, with a head of curly white hair, his striking appearance in grey morning coat caused him to be referred to as the uncrowned king of Oxford. I regularly took tea with him on Tuesday afternoons in Frewin Court where we went through his vast assemblage of coins. He knew every coin by heart without label or catalogue. He was known as the master of fact. Two Oxford clergymen come now. First the Reverend Mr Cracherode one of my predecessors at the little church of Binsey in the eighteenth century. He was wealthy and the shattering collection of Roman gold and patinated large bronze coins in the British Museum, the envy of all great museums, was largely his work. Some of his coins he left to Christ Church. The other was the Reverend Mr Sydenham who with Mattingly of the British Museum started the now famous corpus of Roman Coins. Sydenham's coins came instalments from 1944-1946, on the subject of the Gospel under the hammer in the war. During the sale somebody Story, entitled The Triumph of Yeshua; a number of other rushed in and interrupted things to announce that the charming poems also appear at this period. Or a six- German ship, the Bismarck, had been sunk. Whereupon instalment account (1967-1968) of a tour of the Holy Land, the auctioneer promptly knocked down to me a beautiful entitled 'Palestine: The Gospel in Stone'. Or a five- large bronze Roman sesterce with about the best picture of instalment unfinished socio-historico-architectural tour of the wolf feeding her two little sons under the holm-oak tree. Osney Island (1971-1972). Or any number of delightful individual pieces. Finally on the purely entertainment side he contributed 'The Grads Observed by a Gentleman Landlord' to the second issue (Hilary 1970) of Pelican, the restyled magazine of Corpus Christi College. Below is a previously unpublished poem dating from before the Second World War, found in the cupboard under the stairs. Photographs of coins by courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum. And now bibliography. One book. English Coinage by C. H. V. Sutherland, Keeper and 'architect' of the Oxford Heberden Coin Room. This magnificent work is at once authoritative and easy reading. It contains everything you need to usher you into English Numismatology. JOAN

(or The Relic)

Arnold Mallinson B.A. (Durham), B.Litt. (Oxon.; 'The Numismatics of Palestine'), F.S.A. (Scot.) is President of the Oxford Numismatic Society. He has also been Vicar of St Joan, Joan, Frideswide's, Osney, since 1933 and of St Margaret's, I have been Binsey, since 1950, and is currently landlord to two In the oak dark wood members of Wolfson. His writings are strikingly individual Where with my keen and varied, and plans are afoot to publish them together in Knife I twice one volume. On the numismatic side he has published 'A Encarved the heart entwined device. Rose-Marked Pound of Queen Elizabeth' flSumismatic In your muslin pink and sprigged Chronicle, Fifth Series, Vol. XIII, 1933, pp. 8-14) and Corkscrew gilt wire curls bewigged, 'Historical British Coins' rTransactions of the International Pantalette, gold croisette Numismatic Congress, 1936,1938, pp. 382-382); he has also written a study of Thomas Rawlins, the playwright and Shew no surprise in your china blue eyes coin-engraver, which he hopes to publish shortly in a As you usually do numismatic periodical. On the pastoral side he writes a At something new contribution to the quarterly (formerly monthly) local When you spy Parish Magazine: many of these are gems. In particular one My new coat velvet blue might mention an 'Epic Poesy' which appeared in twenty And my nankin yellow trowsers. 20 Shew no alarm slip your dimpled arm Saints have their being In the curled volute Round the frill at my neck of the missal's initial And the aureole's Where you'll find a locket vitreous light Enshrined in the gaunt And little ring, undo its spring. lettered legend Of old Muscovy's And quickly slide into your pocket menalogion. Something new Seek them in the ikon's ruby glow A present for you The lengthened visage, bearded and slow. A piece of the Criss Cross Old and true. In fair Iberia have I seen them Waxen faces Joan, Joan, Come In glass cases alone To the trysting Dressed about with paper laces tree And there kiss Ice cold fingers lightly hold me. Their chaplet beads well-worn and gold. Then in my cynic heart I said Alas, these antic saints are dead Around each head Their halo glows when they're in bed. Not even the aura Round Rejoicing, as from the piper pied's Petrarch's Laura Mouth, a sweet oaten note Or the glances chance and slanty Curls from a glass transparent throat Given by Beatrice to her Dante Its quickly following brethren Or the dark lady of William's sonnet Like a mote Wearing a sky blue satin bonnet To Or two of gold dust shew her dark curls glossy sweet Must Rise Went down to dank posterity From the divine jeweller's bench With half the sweetened ecstacy To the pale blue skies My new born saint was seen to be To fall again and give surprise The rusty cassock And To soft green eyes, musty hassock Were And round her quick and swansdown hair changed in a rush To Finally to settle there velvet and plush Making a double circling pattern Like baby stars encircling Saturn. And even the babies that came to be christened Sat up in their bassinettes and listened. Her china fingers will avail To straighten the glorious azure veil Arnold Mallinson Of Mary which streams, an ethereal trail, Over the golden altar rail For Mary's daughter is full of grace Fair of voice and sweet of face.

CHINESE BALLAD FROM THE HAN

East of the mound Grow pine, cypress and wu-t'ung trees Someone unknown has taken my Lord They have taken my Lord To the great hall Ransom him with a million taels and two swift steeds Two swift steeds Are hard to find I look at the pursuing officers my heart aches My heart aches My blood drains away Now back to tell our people to sell the yellow calves.

*2nd Century B.C.—2nd Century A.D. Translated by Tao Tao Sanders 21 Review of Books

of innocence. It is to Michael Argyle's credit that he A Serious Hobby recognises the ethical and social problems. I don't think he deals with them adequately, but this book is a fairly cursory MICHAEL ARGYLE, The Psychology of Interpersonal treatment of its subject in any case. Its failings are mainly to Behaviour, Second Edition, Penguin Books, 1972. be put down to that. What reader will not, upon taking up this slim volume, Its good points are: its directness and clarity; the manner feel some unease at seeing the author's hobbies proclaimed in which concepts from other branches of psychology (for as 'Utopian speculation and playing the goat'? Does this example the approach-avoidance conflict) are used; the suggest earnest scientific enquiry? Surely the symbol of the author's constant reference to cross-cultural differences in Pelican and the pale blue cover are not deceiving us? It is social behaviour, a most important caveat in social not reassuring, either, to find 'interpersonal behaviour', the psychology; that it does not attempt to be a review of all the subject of the book, the substance of the author's material in the field, which would be a short road to chaos, profession, linked as a hobby with the two above mentioned. but concentrates on clear and consistent presentation of one Social psychology is still a small science in a very large point of view. The new chapters, particularly the one on field, with something of the frontier-town glamour of a verbal and non-verbal communication, are useful relatively new discipline; perhaps the enthusiasm of a complements to the material of the first edition. The hobbyist's approach may still be more asset than ignorant can't complain: it's interesting, has a few jokes. embarrassment. What do you expect then? This is a serious And the informed may make allowances, for it is aimed at book; the goat has been excluded. It is obviously not the general reader with considerable accuracy — A very intended for the specialist: the assertions it makes are palpable hit. seldom backed by explicit experimental evidence, and some VINCENT HETREED of what is presented as evidence is laughably inadequate. Figure 1, the rising sun of effective effort over the horizon of Vincent Hetreed is a general reader. motivational arousal, can only be justified by the need for a

Work

MICHAEL ARGYLE, The Social Psychology of Work, Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1972. Michael Argyle has written a very readable account of empirical investigation into the social factors which operate at work. His particular contribution is to make it clear that arousal experimental methods can be applied very usefully to the analysis of social interactions at work. Even if conclusions about how social factors affect work output cannot be made picture every few pages to relieve the eye. There is, though, a confidently at present, we are given a stimulating account of well organised further reading and bibliography section at how these conclusions may be reached. the back which gives the curious or conscientious ample After an outline of the problems in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 encouragement in their search for more evidence, or more provides a summary of the biological and historical origins information. of work. In Chapter 3 the effects of technology on social Michael Argyle's approach to his subject is individual, organisation are discussed. It is pointed out that the same depending on minute observation of behaviour in fairly free technology can often be combined with quite different kinds experimental situations, and on feeding back the results of of social organisation. For example, groups of men involved observation, testing the effect of this or that behaviour in in mechanical coal-mining can all work in different shifts, otherwise unconstrained interaction. This approach has or the different groups can all work in one shift. The latter produced a wealth of practical information as to how we form of social organisation leads to greater output per achieve our goals, and how we are influenced by others in man-shift, and less absenteeism. The reasons for this are social intercourse. discussed. Chapter 4 is about personality and work. The The book may be disturbing to some, and would seem effects of both intelligence and motivation on occupational cynical if it were not for the fervour of the Utopian choice are considered. The interesting chapter on the speculator, and his obvious conviction, expressed in the motivation to work concludes thus: 'While it is clearly a epilogue, that application of techniques of social interaction mistake to suppose that men work only for money, financial will tend to the general good. Nobel prize for optimism. But incentives are nevertheless important in industry, though who can stand in the way of progress? The insatiable their effects are variable and complex. Intrinsic motivations curiosity of the scientist must always push back the frontiers such as the needs for achievement and self-fulfilment are 22 important for many people, and much more use could be State extract from the peasants the means with which to made of these needs as incentives. People become finance the soldiering, there was little to do. committed to the goals of an organization under certain The authorities needed educated men to provide senior conditions, such as participation in decision-making. Social officers and to supervise the administration; at the same motives are important in bringing people to work, and have time they were aware that education encouraged self- an important effect on their behaviour in groups.' Clearly consciousness and social criticism while exciting empirical work here has some very important implications ambitions and expectations which the regime could not, for social organisation at work. both on the grounds of its poverty and its own survival, hope Working in groups — for example the optimum design to satisfy. Consequently, it is not surprising that the Tsarist for decision-taking groups — is described in Chapter 6. One regime should have been niggardly in its encouragement of point of great interest in the context of committee work is the development of education or that it should have been that when subjects make individual decisions and later nervous about the political effects of such education as there reconsider their decisions in groups there is often a so-called was. So although there were only some 5,000 university 'risky shift' to a less safe decision. In Chapter 7 the students at mid-century out of a population of some seventy importance of social skills at work is emphasized. It is million, the authorities viewed them with a suspicion which pointed out that managers spend about two thirds of their the political disturbances of the next half century were fully time with people. to justify. It was indeed young people, drawn from the ranks Chapter 8 on working in organisations is supplemented of a highly politicized and radical student body, selfless, with an appendix on the very different types of work dedicated, religious in their devotion to their cause, who organisation found in Israel, Yugoslavia and Japan. Job were to form the hard core of revolutionary groups which satisfaction is the subject of Chapter 9. In one study it was constituted a serious political threat to the regime and found that factors affecting job satisfaction were, in order: whose ideas were carried to a triumphant conclusion in the security, promotion prospects, interesting work, company, coup of October 1917. pay, co-workers, supervisors, hours of work, and lastly The student disturbances of the last decade in the West working conditions. (The order does depend somewhat on are, of course, by comparison, politically unimportant, but social and economic conditions.) In Chapter 10 the effects of although it is also true that they have made their the social psychology of work on the future of work are appearance in societies apparently quite different from discussed. The future of work should be greatly influenced nineteenth century Russia, they are nevertheless not as by the type of study that Michael Argyle reviews in this dissimilar in their origins as might at first appear. In book. industrialized countries tertiary education has to a significant degree ceased to be primarily a response to EDMUND ROLLS economic and commercial need; it is now a good which is politically desirable for its own sake. As a result too many people have been educated too much, or, to put it another way, it is no longer possible in some industrialized countries to provide for all educated people employment of the kind Like Great-Great-Grandfather which their education has qualified them to undertake. like Great-Great-Grandson Considerable success has been achieved by the authorities in damping off some of the frustration which such underemployment generates, by providing yet further SIR ISAIAH BERLIN, Fathers and Children (The education and financing a flood of research where hope and

Romanes Lecture for 1970), Clarendon Press, 1972. unhappiness alike are drowned in a sea of footnotes and Soviet assertions that Russia has often anticipated the bibliographies. But the general malaise is pervasive, and the West are sometimes too lightly disregarded; there is more disruptive potential of a student population, a significant substance than is commonly supposed to Russian claims to proportion of whom are faced with the prospect of a lifetime have made independent discoveries in the natural and of work in the service industries or shuffling paper in the applied sciences as soon as or before Western scholars and lower echelons of the administrative organs of the State, is a investigators. But the shadows cast forward by the broader factor with which educational administrators and bulk of Russian social, economic and political history are governments must now reckon as a permanent element in yet larger and more important. The nineteenth century their calculations. Russian experience of social engineering, of social and The peculiar nature of the student problem, especially as political control and of economic management on the one it presented itself to university authorities in the 1960s and hand, and their intuition that 'progress' has a cost on the to the Russian liberals a hundred years earlier, lay in the other, are phenomena which strike students of moral cogency of the premises on which student arguments contemporary politics as historically precocious. for rapid and radical change rested. Russian and American On the face of it, Russia was quite unlike modern liberals were appalled at the challenge to gradualism, to industrialized society. It was very poor. In a country where 'reasonableness' and to the fundamental liberal values agriculture was (and still is) extremely unrewarding, most embedded in the idea of the social contract. At the same people were peasants. Life expectancy was no higher than, if time they were sensible of the ethical impeccability of as high as, that of the contemporary West Indian Negro. In student assumptions about the desirable organization of a large, empty semi-continent, where the rivers still society and the part in its control which they claimed for provided the main means of communication, there were themselves; the attack caught them on their weakest more soldiers and administrators than manufacturing quarter — their inability, as liberals, to identify the point at employees. Apart from soldiering, supervising heavily which coercion might be justified in the defence or mortgaged and undercapitalized estates, or helping the advancement of radical propositions. 23 enthusiasm for a subject and for too long the Reform Act has been treated and presented, with few exceptions, in an unappealing manner. The author's lucid, penetrating and entertaining style made it a pleasure to read the book and his comparison of and contrast between historical periods was a successful technique. The book is a definitive rather than a revolutionary study. It does not concern itself merely with the events of 1831-32, the actual years of the Reform Bill, but it also covers the electoral system which the Act reformed as well as the background of the Reform movement and the political and economic factors which contributed to bring the Reform movement to fruition in 1832. It clearly reflects the exhaustive treatment of sources and it is a pity that there is no complete bibliography. The Great Reform Act opens with an investigation of the pre-Reform electoral system. Despite familiarity with the system, one never ceases to be amused and amazed at the colourful pageant which was pre-Reform politics. No doubt generations of undergraduates will save themselves the exercise of tackling Porritt's volumes by reading this chapter. Brock quite rightly states that the system may well It is with this moral dilemma that the President is have had a blacker reputation than it deserved. The venality concerned in his Romanes lecture for 1970. In the person of of boroughs has always been emphasised, yet, as he points Ivan Turgenev he has found a type of the bewilderment and out, the idealised county electorates were as corrupt as the distress of the morally sensitive liberal, who, hostile to the boroughs. A very pleasing aspect of this early chapter is that values embodied in a repressive establishment, finds himself the Irish, Welsh and Scottish systems are dealt with and confronted by extremists from the left with whose aims he their differences and unique features emphasised. sympathises but whose methods seem to him to threaten the One reason given by Brock for the lack of support for very purposes to which they are put. Turgenev was Parliamentary Reform in the early decades of the fascinated by the radicals of his day and used some of his nineteenth century was that many Members viewed it as a novels, most notably Fathers and Children, from which Sir criticism of the Protestant constitution. As Brock shows, it Isaiah has taken the title of his lecture, to analyse their was the breakdown of the Protestant constitution by Roman attitudes and motives. Turgenev's detachment and honesty Catholic emancipation in 1829, combined with a growth in in this task made him the centre of controversy and the the desire for Reform and the dissatisfaction of many object of attack from both left and right. Members caused by currency and agricultural problems, This review cannot pretend to reproduce or adequately to which led to the fall of the Duke of Wellington's Tory describe the subtlety and brilliance with which the President government in 1830. All the connections between 'Cash, brings out the contemporary relevance of a problem often Corn and Catholics' are skilfully charted. An important thought to be peculiar to a society far removed in time, point which Brock makes is that by this late stage reform space and character from our own. Suffice it to say that all lacked a clear expression or unity of purpose. Wesleyans, those who have felt upon their own skin the effects of anti-slavers and the Political Unions all had a different idea student discontent whether on this side of the barricades or of what Parliamentary Reform meant. that (or even straddled across them), will find this analysis A point of contention amongst historians has been the illuminating and thought-provoking. effect which the French Revolution of 1830 had on the English general election of that year. Brock fairly conclusively shows that events in France had little direct effect on the election. His important contribution is his illustration of the effect which the Revolution had upon the English ruling classes. Lord Hertford invited Huskisson to go shooting 'unless revolution comes here meanwhile'. The outcome in England was a turn against reactionary aristocrats who might cause the same to happen in England as the Bourbon monarch had in France. This meant that a Political Change firm stand against change would not be supported. Wellington did exactly this and declared against the need MICHAEL BROCK, The Great Reform Act, Clarendon for any Reform. The fall of his government occurred within Press, 1973. several weeks and the whigs were presented with the Michael Brock's The Great Reform Act admirably opportunity to implement their Reform Bill. reflects the years of work, dedication and enthusiasm which Traditional interpretations of the Reform Bill have went into its creation. If the future historical publications emphasised the introduction and accession to political emanating from the College attain the excellence of this power of the middle classes. Brock's interpretation is that at book, then Wolfson will have the basis of a strong historical the heart of Reform was the desire to end agitation and yet tradition. leave power in the hands of the aristocracy. Power was not Many scholars fail to pass on to the reader their to go to the middle classes as they were to be admitted to the 24 system as reinforcements for the aristocracy, thus ending involvements and coalitions of the Reform Bill, which the danger of a middle and working class alliance. The vividly contrasts with the 'Facts and Acts' approach of so middle classes' concern was perhaps not so much to many of the general texts of the period. challenge the aristocracy, but more to win their recognition. The advent of the whigs to power did not make Reform a KIM ROBERTS formality. There was substantial opposition in the Commons and the ministers' economic policies were no more successful than those of the previous administrations. The success of Reform was to depend not so much on the internal politics of Westminster, but on the external British Farming Abroad pressure being exercised by the constituencies and in particular by the petitions from the county meetings. The importance of public feeling is a point which Brock keeps G. B. MASEFIELD, A History of the Colonial Agricultural before the reader's attention. The tension as to the future of Service Reform builds up as the crucial second reading vote is taken The Colonial Agricultural Service was established in 1935 and, like Grey, the reader experiences great relief when the and might be considered to have ended its existence in 1966 bill achieves victory by a solitary vote. Continually the when all the major members of the 38 territories with which excitement and emotion of the times are evoked; the fear of the British Colonial Office was concerned in 1935 had revolution, the ardent desire for Reform and the sense of the become independent. South Africa, Southern Rhodesia. enormous coalition behind it. The idea of Reform had Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, India and Burma were not the captured the imagination of the people. No matter whether concern of the Colonial Office and their agricultural staff they understood it or not, they wanted it. were not members of the Colonial Agricultural Service. Nowhere was this popular support better shown than in Officers of the Service were university graduates or holders the 1831 General Election when opponents of the bill were of an equivalent diploma in a relevant science with at least cast from their seats in the Commons. As Brock emphasises, two years post-graduate training or approved experience. 1831 was an atypical election. Its main effect was the This sets the formal boundaries to the subject matter of this creation of a large and determined Reform majority. The book. But to regard its concern as lying wholly within these progress of the bill through the Commons was virtually limits of time, space and status would be misleading. Thus assured. There were to be some disruptions and the earliest publication in the list of references relates to amendments in the Commons but the main battle was to be 1777; the careers of many officers of the Service were in the Lords. The progress of the bill through the Commons influential well beyond the 38 territories; and these largely was handled by Althorp and it is pleasing to at last see this expatriate professional staff were in their working life an under-rated politician given his full due. integral part of departments with many other staff, most of The actual details of the Reform Bill are skilfully woven them born in the countries where they served and trained by amongst the political events surrounding it. The intricacies the Agricultural Service Officers. All told, about 1000 of the changes in the electoral system are so well handled officers were appointed from the inception of Agricultural that one wonders why they always seemed so complicated. Departments to their close and this book is perhaps best In particular the treatment of the Borough Freeholder described as the story of their professional achievements. clause is excellent. The book is arranged in three parts. The first deals with The crises over the rejection of the bill by the Lords and the framework of the service, and the second — and largest the threats to create peerages by the whigs are particularly — with specific activities, opening with a review of the trend vivid. One is taken behind the scenes and becomes party to in agricultural thought and policy over the period and the the discussions and thoughts of the opposing sides, almost way it found reflection in the activities of departmental to the point of feeling intrusive. The events of May 1832, staff. It deals mainly with the trend in thought since the when after passing its second reading in the Lords the bill British never really formalised their policy for agriculture in was rejected in committee, emphasise the seriousness of the the colonies. The following four chapters deal with the three external situation. England was virtually at a standstill, men main activities of an agricultural department, research, were secretly arming, there was rumour of revolution and extension and regulatory work, and with agricultural the Political Unions were actually threatening it. The education — activities which often had to be carried out by situation had its effect, the opposition failed to form a the same officer. Research, financed and organised in ministry and the King returned the whigs to office and different ways at different periods and in different victory. This section well exemplifies one of the great countries, is shown to have yielded results which made strengths of the book, the presentation of the Reform Bill possible many of the growing points of colonial agriculture. and its crises in their total environment. Research is probably a generally accepted term, but In concluding Brock looks at the effects of the Reform 'extension' is less familiar. It is used here to cover activities Bill in the years after 1832. He points out the defects of the for which 'propaganda', 'farmer training' or 'farmer's bill; the fears of the whigs that they had created a radical technical education' might be used on other occasions. monster; and the contribution 1832 made to the Reform Regulatory activities included the enforcement of movements of the middle and late nineteenth century. He regulations controlling water use, produce grading and pest rightly points to the drawbacks of revolutionary traditions control. as opposed to relatively peaceful political evolution. It was The book achieves its aim of giving the reader a clear, to England's great benefit that her orderly progress towards often vivid, picture of the professional goals and working democracy occurred 'uninterrupted by revolution or lives of the officers of the Colonial Agricultural Service and episodes of dictatorship'. One continual fascination of the of the institutions in which they worked. The author's book lies in the discovery of the underpinning ideals, studies for this book, for his earlier Short History of 25 Agriculture in the British Colonies (Oxford, 1950) and his them were men who had worked on very low temperatures own experience in the Service has given him a deep and and its associated problems — Francis Simon, with Fritz balanced knowledge of the outcome of various approaches and Heinz London, Nicholas Kurti and Kurt Mendelssohn. to agricultural problems in which is now called The Third Schrodinger, who came to Oxford also, took a lively interest World. We have been seeing in recent years a great wave of in this work. activity on this front; not all of it with achievements The Simon group and Lindemann himself had been matching hopes. students of Walther Nernst, who with remarkable insight One cannot help feeling a tinge of regret that the concept used electrochemistry to bring together atomistic ideas with of this book did not invite the author to add a concluding the traditional type of thermodynamics. In 1894, when chapter giving his final reflections on the lessons to be learnt Nernst was only 30, Althoff, the Permanent Secretary at the from this story of 1000 lives and the setting in which they Prussian Ministry of Education who was intent on building carried out their professional work. Perhaps we may look an 'empire of scholarship', created for him a special chair forward to reading his views on these matters on another and a purpose built laboratory at Gb'ttingen. It was in the occasion. middle of a lecture, soon after he moved to Berlin in 1905, KENNETH HUNT that Nernst suddenly saw his theorem that became known as the third law of thermodynamics — the merging of total and free energy near absolute zero. During the First World War he worked on non-poisonous chemical warfare and explosives, and after the war he was concerned with the accommodation of gases within his law and with

Science and Politics astrophysics. Throughout he was a great professor and leader of research. He was also very influential in the K. MENDELSSOHN, F.R.S., The World of Walther organisation of science. It was his persuasion which led the Nernst: The Rise and Fall of German Science, Macmillan, Kaiser to strengthen German science still further with a new 1973. government laboratory. The Kaiser's imagination was taken It is forty years since Hitler came to power in Germany, so by the idea and the new laboratory, to be worthy of imperial that the generation of German scientists who were then at patronage, had to be 'of a grand design, unique in its the beginning of their university careers are now retiring. function and unparalleled anywhere in the world'. The Kurt Mendelssohn is one of them. He and his Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft for Advancement of the contemporaries had been students in the 1920s when the Science's was founded in Berlin in 1911 with a capital of 11 new quantum mechanics, mainly centered in Germany, was million marks. Four magnificent institutes were built (3 of causing a revolution in physics; they were on the touch-line, them with Jews — including Einstein — as directors). experiencing all the excitement. Moreover, many of their Nernst was also responsible for the institution of the Solvay professors belonged to the older age-group of German conferences. scientists who had been pre-eminent before 1914, laying, Mendelssohn has taken Nernst's life and interwoven it sometimes unwittingly or unwillingly, foundations for this with the history of Germany and of science. The result is a revolution. Mendelssohn at the beginning of his book writes most absorbing book which can be recommended to of the Friday afternoon colloquia in Nernst's laboratory in scientists and historians alike. Since later parts of this book Berlin where he himself was a student. One or two recent are about Lindemann and the Clarendon Laboratory it is scientific publications were introduced by young scientists also important for the history of Oxford University. When and the main performance was put on by the audience Lindemann became professor at Oxford, writes headed by a formidable array of Nobel Laureates — Nernst, Mendelssohn, the Clarendon Laboratory resembled inside Planck, von Lane, Schrodinger, Gustav Herz, Hahn, Lise and out a stage decoration for Goethe's Faust. When he Meitner and distinguished visitors such as Heisenberg, retired, it had become one of the largest and most Debye, Franck or Born, flourishing physics departments in the world. "That his This was a heroic age of science, the peak of a German plans for safeguarding the future of his low temperature achievement which had begun in the first half of the 19th physics school were not accepted, was a tragedy for Oxford.' century, and had accelerated in the last years of that century The book is not a scientific treatise nor a history (there are and in the years up to 1914. In 1933, within twelve months, for example no references or indications of sources) nor a this achievement was tossed away. From then on, Rust, the full-scale biography. It is rather a memoir, of one man — 'hopeless moron' who had become Nazi Minister for Science Nernst — of a group of scientists, and of a period of time. It and Education because he had written an early party book is well and tautly written, and the different themes interlock and believed implicitly in Aryan superiority, had dismissed smoothly. It is sometimes very amusing — for example, almost 3000 university teachers for being non-Aryan or about Nernst's motorcars — and sometimes very poignant politically unreliable — a quarter of the total. By 1939 the — for example, about Planck's last years when his two enrolment of students in science and technology had daughters had died in childbirth and his son had been dropped to half the number of 1933. The Jews were the horribly put to death for his part in a plot against Hitler. It main victims and this hit German science especially hard; is very perceptive about places and about some of the people they amounted to only one percent of Germany's population who appear in it — not only about Nernst but about but won one third of her Nobel prizes. The 'new diaspora' Lindemann (to whose memory the book is dedicated) and began and those 'who had inherited its spirit carried it others. It contains a moving tribute to the British scholars abroad to the far corners of the world'; of those from Berlin without whose 'understanding and willing sacrifice the alone, 14 collected Nobel prizes on the way. Through the heritage of German science and learning might have energy and zeal of Professor Lindemann and the generosity perished without trace'. Its scientific explanations are for of I.C.I, an important group came to Oxford. Chief among the most part beautifully clear; only in the chapter on 26 quantum mechanics, where a complicated story is too Lukas-Teuber. and one gathers from David Robey's brief compressed, would a layman find real difficulty. but clear introduction that the goal of expostion is still the In addition to all this, the book provides evidence on main one. I will concentrate then on the degree to which this many important issues about science: the inseparability of goal is achieved. science and politics in the twentieth century; the realities Let me begin by noting that this collection is not just a beneath many of the stereotypes and myths about Science transcription of the lectures as heard. Even those who and Scientists; scientific method; the conditions of scientific attended all the lectures will find that much is to be gained research and discovery; the interrelationship of pure and by consulting the book. But what of the reader who did not applied science (Nernst himself sold a patent to the attend the lectures, and is baffled by all he has heard about electrical firm AEG for a million marks and had the structuralism? It is by what it can teach this reader that the pleasure of shouting into Edison's ear trumpet, 'the trouble book should properly be judged. How much can he learn with you is that you are just not a businessman'). Other from it? My feeling is that he will learn a great deal, though scientists might well place the emphasis in the history of not without some rough going and some disappointments quantum mechanics differently but the atmosphere of on the way. For what does emerge from this collection is a confusion and the role of 'the terrible Pauli. the scourge of view of social phenomena which is somewhat rambling but the Lord' in quelling it are especially well drawn. none the less recognisable and intelligible. Whether it is The book contributes equally to the history of Germany. right or new is not considered at any length in this volume It illustrates again the crucial role of the universities and (though there are reasons for thinking it not much of either). science in the rise of German power — a theme still ignored This view begins with the assumption that social by many ordinary historians. It illuminates some of the phenomena resemble linguistic systems in certain profound scientific consequences of instability and inflation after ways. That is, ways which transcend the obvious fact that 1918. It demonstrates the absurdity of the hypothesis that language is social and that social behaviour is often Hitler was a genius, albeit an evil one, since he ruined his linguistic. Very briefly, the resemblance comes to this: just country's science and technology through unbelievable as the very existence of linguistic signs depends upon the incompetence and stupidity. The treatment of the rules and conventions within a particular language, so the underlying political themes in the book is not always existence of social phenomena depends upon systems of consistent — there is very little, for example, about the rules and conventions within a culture. Jonathan Cullen contributions of the universities to the growing nationalism says it as well as anyone: and fanaticism in the years just before 1914 and 1933, and 'The rules of English enable sequences of sound to have meaning; they the analysis of the political attitudes of the scientists who make it possible to utter grammatical or ungrammatical sentences. And. remained in Nazi Germany is too brief. The more recent analogously, various social rules make it possible to marry, to score a goal, to write a poem, to be polite. It is in this sense that a culture is evidence on the German atomic bomb project, which the composed of a set of symbolic systems.' author does not take into account, would reveal other Now, this description shows that an understanding of scientific-political themes. But Mendelssohn, as a scientist contemporary linguistics is required for an understanding deeply conscious of the social and political context within of structuralism. Thus, Lyons' rather watered down which science is conducted, has set an example which other discussion of these matters is somewhat disappointing; also, scientists and historians should follow. Professor Eco's contribution on what would appear to be MARGARET GOWING central issues is too superficial to be very enlightening. An interesting issue which does arise is that of precisely what is the proper linguistic model for structuralist interpretation. Margaret Gowing is Professor of the History of Science, and Leach thinks it is Prague circle phonology while Culler, a Fellow of Linacre College. Mepham and others seem to lean more heavily towards the contemporary grammatical theories inspired by Chomsky. Of course, these two views are compatible in that the two movements are closely related within linguistics, but Society and Language somehow Trubetzkoy's phonology and Chomsky's grammar are too bloodless to support the structuralist talk of the 'meanings' of social phenomena. Linguists are concerned DAVID ROBEY (Ed.), Structuralism (Wolfson College with 'meaning' as used in Lectures, 1972), Clarendon Press, 1973. (1) II pleut means it's raining. Perhaps the least controversial thing one can say about and not as in structuralism is that it is 'in'. Unfortunately, it does not (2) Her encouragement meant a good deal to him. follow from this that there is widespread knowledge about Surely, getting married has meaning in sense (2) and not in the nature and aims of its programme. For intellectual sense (1). Cultural items are not so much symbolic as fashions are made as much by people pretending to, or important (except in so far as these items are part of a conspicuously refraining from, 'wearing' them as by those community's language). who actually do so. In particular, structuralism seems to In any case, I would invite the reader to discover for have a 'following' of writers who are either so committed himself the details of the view of social systems which that they are hopeless at explaining it, or so antipathetic unfolds in Structuralism. (I have said very little so far about that they are hopeless at explaining it. I think it fair to say the 'structure' in structuralism, but one couldn't find it that a major purpose of the 1972 Wolfson Lectures on more clearly described than in Candy's contribution.) I structuralism was exposition to the uncommitted and have strong reservations about this view but the struggle to uninitiated, in order to remedy this situation. The book understand it does seem worth while. includes all the lectures except that of Professor SAMUEL GUTTENPLAN

27 In search of Jesus GEZA VERMES, Jesus the Jew, Collins, 1973.

There have been numerous biographies of Jesus since the eighteenth century, ranging from unswerving fundamenta- lism to the wildest ideas. A disconcertingly large number were produced by scholars, and laid claim to historical scrupulousness. In fact, not only the religious (or irreligious) convictions of their authors, but also the gaps in the available material meant that they were in varying degrees tendentious or imaginary. There was one characteristic which they tended to have in common — the ability to provoke a strong response in readers. That is not a bad thing; and I am glad to report that Dr Vermes's book too is capable of causing a stir. with the Jewish view of the special position of a That Jesus was a Jew has, on the whole, not escaped miracle-worker. After Christ's death, the titles became notice. Nor have the implications of his Jewishness gone imbued with new significance. These contentions involve, of unexplored. Some of those who wrote about him, like course, certain assumptions about the development of the Wellhausen or Bousset, made it their business to explore his Gospel traditions. That is one reason why the author's Jewish background. Judaism has appeared on the scene radical solutions to time-honoured problems will not be the most of all when Christ's Messianic role has been under last word. But they are certainly an authoritative word. discussion. Sometimes his ethical teaching has been The strength of Vermes' arguments lies, as much as compared to or contrasted with that of the Pharisees. anywhere else, in his mastery of the 'ars difficillima Sometimes he has been linked with the Essenes. But rarely nesciendi'. In that respect he can truly claim to be a sober were Christian theologians prepared to face fully the fact historian, in contrast to the theologians. But I doubt that their man was through and through a Jew. Judaism was whether the historian can really keep his hands quite as not the background but the picture itself. clean as Vermes maintains: for explanations are demanded Geza Vermes has had the great advantage of writing at a of him too. The result of depriving Jesus of any un-Jewish time when the study of Judaism in the Second Temple activities, conceptions or claims is to make it puzzling how a (inter-testamental and New Testament) period is new religion emerged at all. As the Believer said in flourishing, and when knowledge has greatly increased as Voltaire's Dialogue du Douteur et de I'Adorateur, 'This . . . the result of the Qumran discoveries, of new approaches to is a great contradiction: though he was a Jew, his followers apocryphal, pseudepigraphic and Targumic literature, and were not Jews.' Joseph Klausner, whose noteworthy book on of the consequent raising of all sorts of fundamental Jesus of fifty years ago was written from a Jewish questions. A great variety of types of Judaism must now be standpoint, was deeply aware of this problem, and had to reckoned with. Vermes is very much au fait with all these solve it by suggesting that Christ was a 'super-Jew', so developments. And so he has been able to present Jesus as perfect that he threatened Jewish society with dissolution. an unexpected kind of Jew. The answer probably lies somewhere within Jesus' ethical He classes him not among straightforward Rabbis and teachings. And it is those teachings which, as Vermes teachers but as one of a tradition of more marginal, and also himself says, make Christ so much more than a more popular figures: Galilean holy men, close to God, who 'charismatic'. I am sure that in the promised sequel to this dispensed miraculous cures and possessed prophetic gifts. book, we shall discover our author's own resolution of the Undoubtedly, this is a move in the right direction: but how contradiction. far does it take us? Vermes can find only two typical Jewish 'charismatics' — Honi 'the circle-maker', of whom we know TESSA RAJAK next to nothing; and Hanina ben Dosa, of whom we know a certain amount. True, the Rabbis may well have suppressed information about these sorts of activities. But still, are we Tessa Rajak is joining Wolfson as a Junior Research entitled to talk of a 'trend'? At the same time, most if not all Fellow in October. ancient societies must have had their holy men — one thinks immediately of Apollonius of Tyana. How far, then, is it a specific stream of Judaism which we have here? The second part of the book is the most intricate. It VIETNAMESE HAIKU examines, by way of investigation of Talmudic and other Jewish texts (many of them previously ignored in this context), and of the Gospel narratives themselves, the Thundery clouds Hide significance of the different titles and descriptions applied the sight of American to Jesus. It is concluded that the appellation 'lord' was bombers Shitting simply a term of respect; that Jesus personally made no death. Messianic claims; that the term 'son of man' which he used of himself might be no more than an Aramaic circumlocution for T. As for 'son of God', that fits in Nigel Den-eft 28 Talking of the techniques he used Chanan says that 'To Logic Lane anyone with some knowledge of European philosophy the word dialectic springs to mind.' Well, the theses and antitheses abound, but syntheses seem to elude him. The a review of Michael Chanan's films Berlin-Hampshire conversation (one would hesitate to call it a dialogue) consists of an hour spent looking at two seated men, from only two different angles, relieved only by a photograph of Austin in army uniform and the usual Six colour films on Oxford Philosophy, directed by picture of Wittgenstein, with the camera zooming in on his Michael Chanan, were shown twice earlier this year under eyes as it did every time it was shown. At the other extreme, the auspices of Wolfson. The profits from these showings we saw Gareth Evans plodding for miles through made it possible to expand Lycidas to include material over Cardiganshire countryside and mending windows in and above that necessary for an annual report, such as this between writing philosophy. All very charming, but, like the review of the films. sequence of Iris Murdoch trying to cross a London street, it went on for far too long. The most interesting film as far as content was concerned After watching Michael Chanan's philosophy films, I had was, I thought, the Ayer-Williams conversation — though it two questions uppermost in my mind: Why were they was Williams who did most of the talking. However, the made? And what audience were they intended for? Brechtian captions, like BRUTE FACT, which Chanan interspersed were, though at first amusing, in the end very annoying. He also put in 'clips from educational science films showing, at points where they refer directly or obliquely to such phenomena, atomic structures, crystal growth, diffraction patterns and so forth. On one level I wanted to give the viewer a chance himself to wonder at the things which gave rise to this philosophising . . .' But all we wondered at was Chanan's extraordinary choice of clips. Does he really think that seeing a diagram of the nucleus of an atom with a flashing arrow pointing to the neutrons is going to set his audience thinking about the relationship between observation and theory? The Ryle-Urmson chat was also rather pleasant. Once again, Chanan's intervention near the end seemed quite out of place. In any case, Ryle refused to give him the answers he wanted. Perhaps the best verdict on the film was that given by Ryle himself. Just after it was shown he remarked in a loud voice to an inquirer: 'I thought I was rather good actually.' So did I. Perhaps the best way to find an answer to these In a passage of his article which perhaps the President of questions is to look at an article written by Chanan in the Wolfson would call 'argy-bargy', Chanan says 'Unlike the first issue of Radical Philosophy. Transcribed on paper' he printed page, celluloid has a built-in alienation effect always admits 'the content of these films may seem to some to have available to the film maker: the viewer can apprehend the only a marginal interest. But to see and hear, not in strange totality of manner, appearance and so forth, characterising surroundings but in their natural habitat, the Oxford the background out of which any set of ideas, any life style, philosophical sub-species, is one of the main opportunities comes, but at a distance and without himself being these films are intended to provide.' physically involved in the scene. Whatever people say is Well, certainly we saw such exhibits as A. J. Ayer mediated by the phenomenological facts, and it may not prowling through the thick vegetation of New College even be necessary for the film-maker to add directives, garden, and even peeped right into David Pears' lair deep in although it is established documentary technique that he the heart of Blue Boar Quad. But unfortunately the habitat should do so. These films, therefore, are intended not just to was the only aspect of the films that seemed at all natural. be seen, but to be used.' 'One of my first aims in this series' Chanan writes 'was to set But by whom? And how? up real conversational situations (insofar as anything in CHRISTOPHER SCHENK front of film cameras and contained by them is real) between pairs of philosophers.' 'Yes', as the Warden of Wadham might say, or possibly 'No'. The trouble is that however real the conversations were, only the Ryle-Urmson garden chat appeared at all natural on the film. One remembers Ayer strangely nervous and diffident for a man who has talked to more cameras than students; Pears and Murdoch struggling to fill in an hour, without eating a banana or touching the cheese; Strawson and Evans forced to repeat, because the camera ran out of film the first time through, the sort of conversation that is exciting to have (the first time) but not to listen to. 29 GOOD LUCK TO YOU KAFKA/ A WORKER READS, AND ASKS YOU'LL NEED IT BOSS THESE QUESTIONS

the man from the finance company Who built Thebes with its seven gates? came again today he wants to know In all the books it says kings. when i'm going to pay but what he won't say Did kings drag up those rocks from the quarry? is what it was i bought And Babylon, overthrown time after time Who built it up again as often? What walls one morning perhaps when i was high In dazzling gilded Lima house the builders? on poetry and corned jock butties When evening fell on the completed wall of China i must have wandered threepartsmental Where did the stone-masons go? Great Rome into a department store and bought something Is thick with triumphal arches. Who erected them? Who was it a three-piece suite for my sweet The Caesars triumphed over? Had famous Byzantium a frigidaire to keep frozen my despair Nothing but palaces, where did the people live? Atlantis a fitted carpet for the inside of my head itself, The drowning roaring for their slaves. he just won't say what it was and when i laugh he looks the other way apparently i have only fourteen days left he won't even The young Alexander took India. say what happens then By himself? Caesar hammered Gaul. i suppose they will come and take away my eyes Had he not even a cook beside him? (which i know i haven't paid for) Philip of Spain cried as his fleet or the words that live inside my head Foundered. Did no one else cry? or my surprise at raindrops or the use Frederick the Second won the Seven Year War. Who Won it with him? of my legs or my love of bread Someone wins on every page. Who then again they just might forget cooked the winner's banquet? One about me and go away/fat chance great man every ten years. Who paid the expenses? Henry Graham So many statements. So many questions.

Bertolt Brecht BROTHEL ALLOTMENT Translated by Edwin Morgan

The house where the smoke from the chimneys is as red as blood. MR BLEANEY The woman in the house who is also the floor: her dress flows into her long skirt which weaves into the carpet. The old man in the kitchen who is also the oven. 'This was Mr Bleaney's room. He stayed The young woman of the house who enters from the The whole time he was at the Bodies, till drains, wearing green. They moved him.' Flowered curtains, thin and frayed, The young lad who visits, smelling of grass-cuttings. Fall to within five inches of the sill, The meal of appleseeds served. The hot petrol drunk. Whose window shows a strip of building land, The stairs that are the keys of the piano that musics Tussocky, littered. 'Mr Bleaney took them upstairs. My bit of garden properly in hand.'

The bed that is an inlet of the sea. Bed, upright chair, sixty-watt bulb, no hook The covers that are white and salt and the bedlight that goes down red. Behind the door, no room for books or bags — The awakening to gulls and sleet. 'I'll take it.' So it happens that I lie Where Mr The breakfast of loose change. Bleaney lay, and stub my fags On the same The street home that is a well. saucer-souvenir, and try

Peter Redgrove Stuffing my ears with cotton-wool, to drown The jabbering set he egged her on to buy. I know his habits — what time he came down, His preference for sauce to gravy, why

30 He kept on plugging at the four aways — Likewise their yearly frame: the Frinton folk COMPASS ROUND THE SOUL Who put him up for summer holidays, And Christmas at his sister's house in Stoke. I could not dance in your presence, my dearest one, But pride exalts me since I'm dancing for you alone. But if he stood and watched the frigid wind Tousling the clouds, lay on the fusty bed Telling Every moment you seem to be singing and it is not by himself that this was home, and grinned, And chance That your voice in my heart is always part of shivered, without shaking off the dread my dance. I am so linked and lost in you that it seems to me That how we live measures our own nature, And That I dance, like a compass, round my own soul mystically. at his age having no more to show Than one hired box should make him pretty sure He warranted no better, I don't know.

Philip Larkin

These poems come from The House That Jack Built, poems for Shelter, published by George Allen and Unwin Ltd., price 85p, paperback. All royalties from this book go to Shelter. See letters to the Editor, p.33.

ONE POET'S ADVICE TO OTHERS

If you've nothing to say, Keep your mouth shut, chum; Just wait for the proper old day, Sure, the day'11 come.

You'll be lifted up, like, Same as it happened to me, Cold and lonely and splendid To where you can see All the people in the streets

Of your little home town Just like kings and queens, mate, But I am not free. There is a murderer who for sight of my As you look down: blood Made me dance for his pleasure. I was prisoner to Fitters with spanners in then- pockets his mood. And brickies with hods My love, come and watch me dance for the reckless ones in Walking along the pavements

Just like gods. this place And the old girl coming out of the fish-shop, Who only for the panoply of public disgrace And the tarts at the transport cafe, Try to include my dancing, my private grace. They don't look like ordinary people, I am the drop of dew who cannot remain on a thorn, They don't feel safe I am the drop of dew, and to rest on that spike I was born. They might suddenly turn into roses My name is Usman Haroon, disciple of Shaikh Mansur, Or grow beautiful wings, under his spell The crowd revives me a little, but I'm They might suddenly start saying poems dancing for death I Or extraordinary things. know well. I don't know if you've taken my meaning — Shahbaz Qallander Aw, chuck it, chum; You don't want to pretend to be a poet, Translated from the Persian by Zaituna Umer and Let poetry come. Elizabeth Jennings You just want to kind of get ready Shahbaz Qallander was a sufi poet of the 13th century And be patient, see. about whom little is known for certain, though there are Sure, it can happen to you, mate, many legends about him. He lived most of his life in Sindh As it happened to me. (Pakistani, and his shrine continues to attract countless Geoffrey Masefield pilgrims every year. His poetry echoes with his mystical and at times unorthodox expressions of love for God. The image of the dancer and the dance is a recurrent one in mediaeval sufi poetry: Shahbaz uses it frequently. 31 Academic Life tragedy of a Greek fragment

on the carpet In the proposition 'The cat is on the mat', 'the cat' designates the cat, 'on' designates the relation of being on, and 'the mat' designates the mat: the proposition asserts that the first (the cat) and the third (the mat) in that order, A fragment of a poem by Alcman, from Oxyrynchus are related by the second (the relation of being on). The fact Papyrus 2387 IDenys Page (ed.), Poetae Melici Graeci, 3, jr. that the cat is on the mat consists of the cat and the mat, 33). A dot below the line marks an illegible letter; a square related so that the former is on the latter. bracket marks the point beyond which the papyrus is George Pitcher (ed.), Truth, p.11 missing or totallv undecipherable.

very touching cheese spread The extent to which bodily contact occurs between people The procedure of putting a lump of cheese on a balance depends very much on their age and the relation between and fixing the price by the turn of the scale would lose its them. There is a great deal of contact between mothers and point if it frequently happened for such lumps to suddenly infants, which declines as the child gets older. There is a grow or shrink for no obvious reason. This remark will certain amount between pre-adolescent children of the same become clearer when we discuss such things as the relation sex, and rather more between adolescent and older opposite of expression to feeling, and similar topics. sex couples; it is fairly extensive between husbands and Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, I, 142 wives. Michael Argyle, Social Interaction, p.93

translate into Greek In a certain house, which has only one bath, live two young men, Xanthias and Orestes by name. Xanthias likes the bath, but Orestes is already washing in it. Xanthias says savagely to Orestes, 'Get out of that bath, young man.' Orestes, however, who is an insolent fellow and does not like Xanthias, does nothing but wash himself. Xanthias therefore seizes an axe with which he cuts off Orestes' head. Thus Orestes dies and Xanthias washes himself in the bath. Phew! What young men! C. W. E. Peckett and A. R. Munday. Thrasymachus: a New Greek Course, Ch.VI, Exercise 7, p.123 Competition for rooms in the new buildings with private baths is particularly fierce. C.R.D.

guide to scepticism If I know that I doubt whether I doubt, then I know reprinted from Radical Philosophy 5 enough to resolve the doubt. But this does not prevent me from doubting that I doubt, unless it is also the case that if I doubt then I know that I doubt. But if we can add the extra mea culpa premise 'If I doubt, I know that I doubt', then we can show the indubitability of my doubt without appealing to the ... I am much indebted to conservations I have had with self-resolving nature of the doubt that I doubt. For if others over the years ... I will not indulge in the whenever I doubt I know that I doubt, then I cannot doubt conventional fatuity of remarking that they are not whether I doubt, since one cannot doubt what one knows. responsible for the errors this book may contain. Obviously, only I can be held responsible for these: but, if I could Anthony Kenny, Descartes, p.48 recognise the errors, I should have removed them, and, since I cannot, I am not in a position to know whether any of The editor would be glad to receive any contributions to them can be traced back to the opinions of those who have this feature for the next issue — anything obscure, or influenced me. pretentious, or ridiculous out of context, or just plain Michael Dummett, Frege: philosophy of language, p.xii ridiculous. Please quote source.

32 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Poems for Shelter Mercurius Wolfconiensis

The editor has received a letter from Pat Krett of the St To Master Hardy: This Copy was purloined at Great Risk Albans Shelter Group asking for help in publicising a new

33 dare not hope that time will improve their condition. The first element of Greek Lukidas ('Lycidas' is the But the evening, badly started, did improve. Our Latinised form) is lukos, 'wolf. Or so it is averred by A. President, the Squire of Headington, made a most eloquent Pick, Die griechischen Personennamen, Gottingen 1894, speech — though to say truth I caught but ev'ry third word. p. 192 f., and F. Bechtel, Die historischen Personennamen The subject was Childern, of which the Squire knows much des Griechischen, Halle 1917, p.584, and there is no reason for he lectured once for an hour in Sheldon's Theatre before why they should not be believed. Master Vice Chancellour on Childern, Fathers et al:. He -idas need not mean 'actually the son of, but is rather a said that Childern, if admitted to the Common Room, Sippenzugehorigkeitssuffix, though in poetry the meaning would jolt us from our slumbers and break in upon our 'son of is predominant. Since English '-son' has also Ackademickall Meditations, which was not to be thought acquired a more general sense, 'Wolfson' seems a perfectly on. Besides 'twould never do to have a toddler crawling up acceptable equivalent for 'Lycidas', and vice versa. the legs of Master Quine or other men of eminence who The bearers of the name in antiquity were a motley crew. came to sup with us — though I could not but bethink me One, Herodotus tells us, recommended acceptance of the that 'tis a poor look out for paederasts for we have no quire terms of Mardonius, a Persian General under Xerxes, and boys, having no chapel for 'em to sing in. was stoned to death by patriotic Athenians, whose wives co- Lastly the Squire announced that even if we did not agree operated to the extent of stoning his wife and children. with all he said we should exclude Childern for his sake — Another, an Aetolian, was given a governmental post in which I thought bravely spoken & should put a stop to Egypt by Alexander. There were also a mill-owner, a 'sorry Democratick twaddle. knave', and a Tanagran, to name but three. Who should leap up and gainsay the Squire but Master After this the name appears in Pastoral poetry, first in Hulin who had earlier seemed a paragon of sense. 'Exclude Theocritus VII where we find a goatherd called Lycidas, the students,' he seemed to say, 'but let the Childern in. whom 'no one would have failed to recognise when they saw Their parents will see to't that they wash and cut their hair him, since he looked remarkably like a goatherd'! We are and are behaved, which (here he sighed) alas, the parents of also informed, however, that he had a fantastic reputation the students do not do', and he magnanimously guaranteed as a pipe-player. Then a spry new Lycidas appears in Latin that if any of his own brood behaved like a student in the poetry as the embodiment of the boyish charms that appeal Common Room he would send 'em to bed without any to sportive shepherds: cf. Vergil, Eclogue VII, 67 (Thyrsis supper. wishes that 'lovely Lycidas' would often visit him) and But, God be prais'd, his was a voice crying in the Horace, Odes I, 4, 19-20, where Sestius is urged to make the Wilderness. There were some rough, rude echoes from a best of life while there is still time: for once he is in Hades, group of fanatiques sitting at the back with their feet on the he will have no chance any more to 'marvel at tender chairs, but 1 doubt they did his cause much good. At all Lycidas, for whom all youth is now hot, and soon the girls events the vast generality of our Common-weal followed the will be warm'. Squire and voted sensibly. With such an array of antecedents, it is perhaps as well So I hope soon to be ensconced in our fine, new Ivory not to agree too decidedly with the Duchess that there is a Tower on the banks of the Cherwell, free from Childern, but moral in everything. not (alas!) from Students. But whether this be at Michaelmas, Christmas or Lady Day do not ask Your loving brother to serve you, Mercurius Wolfsoniensis CHINESE BALLAD FROM THE HAN

P.S. Be sure that this letter do not miscarry into the hands High is the tree on the hilltop The of Master Hardy, who is to bring out a gossipy rag call'd wind blows away a fallen leaf It Lycidas — a merry, but polyglot pun, which few here will flies thousands of miles When will chuckle at for there are scarce any Grecians among us, the it return to its home? Fellowship being for the main Foresters, Vets and the like. At fifteen I was conscripted / have received a number of enquiries which show that At eighty I obtained release the 'merry, but polyglot pun' needs explaining. So, with On the way home I met a man from my village, apologies to the Grecians among us, and thanks to John 'Who is there left at home?' Pennev for philological research, I append a note on our title. Ed. 'See over there is your house, Where pine and cypress grow in mounds.' Hares go in by Why 'Lycidas'? the dog-door Pheasants fly from the beams In the courtyard grow wild oats The main thing about the title 'Lycidas' is that it isn't On the well grow sunflowers 'Wolfson College Magazine'. A secondary consideration is I husk the oats to make a gruel that 'Lycidas' is, roughly speaking, Greek for 'Wolfson'. It I pluck the sunflowers to make a soup is also the title of a poem by Milton, but that has nothing to Gruel and soup are both prepared With do with its choice as a title for this magazine, beyond having whom shall I share them? I go out of the endowed it with a suitably titular ring: we do not herein bewail any learned Friend, unfortunatly drown'd, nor do gate and look to the east My falling tears we by occasion foretel the ruine of our corrupted Clergy now wet my coat. in their height. But we have borrowed some artwork from a Translated b\ Tao Tao Sanders first edition of the poem in Bodley.

34 •—•"—-'—

RETIREMENTS studies. The leading part which Britain has played, under Alec Peterson's direction, in establishing the Kurt Mendelssohn International Baccalaureate is still Kurt Mendelssohn came to the 1972-1973 more likely to appear in the history Clarendon Laboratory in 1933 from the books. fertile atmosphere of the Germany of Nernst and Since 1969 Roger Peacock has been the Executive Heisenberg, bringing with him an enthusiasm and Secretary of Oxford's new University and Industry imagination which Oxford physics badly needed at that Committee. The links between Oxford and the world of time. Almost immediately, he became a major force in his industry have been, will be, and should be strengthened. chosen field of low temperature physics. He established the When Roger was appointed that statement would have existence of the superfluid helium film, which 'magically' aroused the most violent controversy. That it now seems appeared to defy gravity, and did pioneering work in near to a truism symbolises his achievement at Oxford. superconductivity. He soon built up a large and flourishing research group which at one time contained over twenty students, to whom 'K.M.'s energy and rigorous standards were both a trial and a delight. The prominence of the THE NEW BUILDINGS Clarendon as a low temperature physics laboratory is due in no small way to the efforts of Dr Mendelssohn, and it is a Our architects Messrs Powell and Moya were appointed great tribute to him that its past students can be found in June 1967. Work on the site began in September 1969. It occupying the highest positions in universities all over the is hoped that a section of the residential accommodation world. will be ready for occupation towards the end of this year, In later years, his eminence spread to other fields. He and the rest of the buildings early in 1974. 47 and 60 became a renowned globe-trotter, entertainer and author on Banbury Road will then revert to the University. diverse topics. It was not unusual for him to fly 60,000 miles Meanwhile, with a net increase in Michaelmas Term 1973 of in one year, hopping from continent to continent on 65 graduate students alone, we face some months of even journeys of heroic length. He was, and still is, immensely more severe overcrowding in the Banbury Road than we respected by the governments of India and China, have endured so far. The College could scarcely have frequently visiting these countries to advise on science survived in the past without the help of St Antony's College, policy, and being one of the very few Europeans to be which has given us hospitality since October 1970, and our invited to Red China during the Cultural Revolution. debt to them will increase immeasurably in the coming Amongst the fruits of his wanderings are a wonderful months. historical art collection from all parts of the world, a book The new buildings will provide accommodation for about on modern China, a unique selection of films and 130 members of the College, and the families of about a photographs and a deep fund of general knowledge. third of them. It is assumed that the number of graduate At the end of September, Kurt Kendelssohn retires from students will rise to 250, and that about half of these will be the Clarendon after 40 years. Before lamenting the 'passing resident in College. There are also 40 small private studies of an era', we should remember that he undoubtedly has in the library, which will be used primarily by non-residents. enough travel plans, new ideas, and committee The flats in Linton Road will be used to accommodate chairmanships in reserve to keep him busy for another 40 Visiting Fellows, and 10 Chadlington Road will ultimately years. May his great productivity continue for a long time to become the President's house. The College also owns the come. freeholds of a number of houses adjacent to the site. Wolfson will be the largest graduate College in Britain. It will also be exceptional in housing such a high proportion of its students in the College itself, and in the provision made for families. The view across the harbour and the river, and

Alec Peterson and Roger Peacock the domestic scale of the buildings, should provide one of Alec Peterson and Roger Peacock retire this summer. The the most attractive and peaceful settings in the country for first has been an Official Fellow since 1967, the second a the life of an academic community. Special Election Fellow since 1970. In spite of their C.R.D. responsibilities and preoccupations both have made a notable contribution in the Governing Body and College WOLFSON COLLEGE LECTURES, committees. The time for assessing what the University owes them has not come. When the historians of British higher 1973 education go to work on our era they are likely to rank Alec Peterson's Gulbenkian Report, Arts and Science Sides in The topic for this year's lectures arose from the the Sixth Form, as a prophetic document. This Report discussions on the future academic profile of the College in established in 1960 that there was a large unsatisfied the spring of 1972, when the crucial importance of human demand in England for less specialised sixth form courses. populations on environmental problems was stressed. With Anyone who feels inclined to belittle this achievement the World Population Conference planned for the summer should recollect that in 1960 the follies of the Crowther of 1974, the time seemed appropriate to use the Wolfson Committee constituted the accepted doctrine on sixth form College Lectures to provide scholarly reviews of the background of current population problems. As a number of University Departments are deeply interested in this 35 field, we enlisted their collaboration and the programme during the Second World War'. was arranged jointly with the Professors of Biomathematics, Professor R. Lowenthal, Freie Universitat Berlin, Geography, Medicine, Social Anthropology and Zoology, addressed the Society on 'New Prospects for Socialism in and the reader in Physical Anthropology. Advanced Societies' and Dr David Goldey (Lincoln) talked It was decided that the lectures should be devoted to on 'Students and Workers in Paris, 1968'. Professor Gwyn consideration of the principle determinants of population Williams of York spoke on 'Gramsci: Intellectuals and the size and to follow these with a Workshop Weekend at which Party (CPI)'. With such a varied programme it is not selected topics might be explored in more detail. The main surprising that many of the audience were from outside the series of eight weekly lectures were on the general theme College. Population Size and its Determinants, starting with the W.C.B., U.V. factors determining the size of animal populations and passing to human populations firstly in pre-industrial societies and thence to the complex communities of the ASIAN DEVELOPMENT TALKS developed world. The Workshop Weekend was held on A series of successful talks was held on 'Aspects of Asian Some Aspects of Population Size in the United Kingdom to Development' in Hilary Term. The subjects of these talks 2001 A.D. 80 persons from many different academic ranged from agricultural communes, foreign policy, science disciplines, half from Oxford and half from elsewhere, took and technology in China to problems of developmental part. The Workshop began with 20 papers, most of which planning in southern Asia. The series evoked a promising were original and unpublished studies, being read to five response, and it is hoped to continue it in the near future. different working groups: the subjects these groups R.K.J. addressed themselves to were the biomathematical base for demographic data, the economics of population changes in the U.K. and elsewhere, some biological considerations PHILOSOPHY-PSYCHOLOGY operating upon populations, reproductive performance and SEMINAR social constraint, and the newer medico-social technology of Founded on the uncertain belief that epistemologists and fertility control. psychologists have (or should have) interesting and relevant The ensuing discussions by small groups of 15-20 persons ideas to share, an interdisciplinary seminar met irregularly were particularly well-informed and disclosed differences of throughout Hilary and Trinity terms. Discussions centered view, especially between economists and biomedical on a consideration of the psychological and physiological scientists, and even between economists, upon the mechanisms postulated to underlie veridical and non- immediacy and magnitude of the problems of population veridical form and pattern perception, and of what is meant size and probable consumer demands. The urgency of the by 'veridical' and 'non-veridical' in the first place. In need to reconcile these conflicts of view between those addition, an outside speaker from the Department of Social working in different disciplines became very evident. Anthropology reviewed some of the major assumptions and The Clarendon Press has agreed to publish the lectures issues in the work of Levi-Strauss, and addressed himself to and the proceedings of the workshop, under the provisional the legitimacy of recruiting mathematical and logical title Population and its Problems: A Plain Man's Guide structures to describe instances of human behaviour and (edited by H. B. Parry) in the spring of 1974. I'esprit humain. H.B.P. If, as Stephen Toulmin argues, the separation between a philosophical theory of knowledge and the empirical The 1974 Wolf son College Lectures will examine certain neurosciences is the temporary by-product of the 17th philosophical issues under the rubric 'Mind and Language'. century conception of 'matter' and 'mechanism' (a Professors G. E. M. Anscombe, D. Davidson, D. Fllesdal, conception which 20th century physics has abandoned), P. T. Geach and W. V. Quine have already accepted then we would benefit by remarrying these disciplines. With invitations to lecture, and it is hoped that two or three this end in view, the seminar hopes to continue to meet next additional speakers will participate. This series will be held term. in Hilary term and, with some good luck, it will take place in A.M. the hall of the new Wolfson buildings. S.D.G. COLLEGE SEMINARS

The series of informal seminars given by members of the HISTORY SOCIETY College on their work was continued this year. In the Michaelmas term Professor Jerome Bruner talked about his When Philip Rousseau created the Wolfson College work on child development; in Hilary John Wain described History Society, he insisted that it present topics of a wide his work as poet, novelist and critic, and Dr Stanley historical interest for members of the College. His successor, Woodell discussed 'Plants under Stress'; in Trinity Ursula Vogel, agrees that the Society should not develop Professor Benson Snyder revealed the 'Hidden Curriculum' into a 'seminar for professionals' and has expanded the in higher education, Dr Christopher Perrins conducted a programme during the past year to reflect this. seminar walk in Wytham Wood, Martin Wood arranged a Frank Manuel, the George Eastman Visiting Professor of visit to the Oxford Instrument Company and talked about History from New York University, spoke on 'the Pre- its activities and objectives, and Dr Joan Mott spoke on History of a Banderole'; Vice-President Brock on the 'Great circulatory mechanisms in the foetus and newborn, in Reform Act of 1832; and Dr. A. J. Sherman (St Antony's) particular the renin-angiotensin system. on 'Jewish Immigration into the UK before and S.A.M. 36 last day of Eights, Wolfson moved up four places by DEVELOPMENT FUND bumping the top boat in Division VIII and then half an hour later made an overbump, rowing as sandwich boat at In November 1972 a Fellow, who wished to remain the bottom of Division VII. The College provided the crew anonymous, and from whose generosity the College had with a bump supper for its efforts in Eights. After Eights the already benefited, intimated that he wished to make a crew entered the 'Never Won' competition in the Oxford further donation. His first gift, of £300, had gone towards Regatta. In the first round it beat Balliol III (a Division IV the cost of Mr Derek Hill's portrait of the President. The Eights crew), but lost to the eventual winners in the next donor had no immediate object to suggest for his second round. The second annual row against Darwin took place in contribution; but he naturally did not want it to be lost in Cambridge on June 29th: the full Eight could not be present the College's general revenue. It was therefore decided to and, supplemented by members of the Darwin second boat, establish a Development Fund to help in paying for those we were beaten. additional academic facilities, and common room or athletic amenities, which the College would greatly like to acquire but hesitated to buy out of its none-too-adequate Cricket general revenue. Because of the interest shown in cricket last summer, the The Development Fund now stands at more than £650. College bought a full set of equipment. A lack of All of it has come from anonymous Fellows. The original experienced players gave the team a bad start to the season; donor has contributed to it more than once. One Fellow has but the use of nets at the Dragon School and fortnightly given £500. matches led to a great improvement all round, with some Some months before the Fund was established Professor notable individual performances. Earlier it was hoped to E. A. Mitler of Fulton University, U.S.A., who had studied raise a football team to play friendly matches, but a lack of at Oxford under the President, gave the College £123. A enthusiasm meant that only one match was arranged. proposal will be made next term that this gift, with accrued interest, should be paid into the Development Fund. Minor Sports M.G.B. The College entered a table tennis team in the inter- College League for the first time, and lost only one match. SPORT In Cuppers the team lost to Balliol in the quarter finals Rowing after beating Plater Hall and St Edmund Hall in previous rounds. It should be noted that St Edmund Hall finished With all but two of the successful 1972 Eights crew still in fourth in the First Division of the League. Within the College, continued improvement was expected in Wolfson College, knockout tournaments have been organised in rowing in 1973. Expectations were fulfilled by the Torpids croquet and squash. crew gaining three places and the Eights crew six. On the A.C.B.

In the 1973 Eights: Michael Woolridge (Bow), Nigel Derrett, Andrew Rowan, Guy Parkhurst, Samuel Guttenplan, Brendan Buckley, Paul Callaghan, Alan Bamford (Stroke), Janet Berg (Cox). 37 CONSTRUCTION OF THE COLLEGE BUILDINGS Principal Dates

Before . . .

'Cherweli previously stood on part of the Union Road site: its last occupant was Mrs Lois Godfrey (MCR 1970) 27 June 1966 New York Press Release, 7 February—19 May 1967 Members of the Governing Body tour 29 June 1966 London Press Conference. College to receive: Britain, in parties of varying size, inspecting modern buildings and From the Wolfson Foundation. £l'/2 million tor building; discussing them with their occupants, the total distance travelled being From the University, the Cherwell site (approx. 9 acres); about 4.000 miles. 26 April—4 May 1967 A party inspects modern From the Ford Foundation a matching grant of $4'/2 million for buildings in Finland and endowment. 26 July 1966 Congregation passes, without Holland. 31 May 1967 Governing Body recommend the appointment of opposition, decrees Powell and accepting these grants, allocating Cherwell site to College, changing Moya as architects for the new buildings. 15 June 1967 Wolfson College's name from Iffley to Woltson, and appointing Sir Isaiah Berlin College Trustees accept the recommendation. as first President. Architects given College's schedule of requirements, with survey of site, geological map and tree analysis.

At I/if ceremony for the laving oj the foundation stone, Sir Isaac Wolfson (lejit watches the President presenting Lady Berlin to Her Majesty the Queen.

38 September 1967 Architects discuss their 'first ideas' with Building Committee. 27 December 1967 Demolition of Cherwell House begins. 10 January 1968 Governing Body approve outline design for buildings. 1 February 1968 Trustees approve outline design. March 1968 Method of heating, by gas boilers and hot water radiators, agreed. 2 May 1968 Foundation stone laid by Her Majesty the Queen. 17—18 June 1968 Tour of Edinburgh and Clydeside areas to inspect facing materials. 15 July 1968 Trustees approve sketch designs for buildings. 17 July 1968 Committee on Elevations recommends to Hebdomadal Council to approve sketch designs. 22 July 1968 Sketch designs approved by Hebdomadal Council. 11 September 1968 Sketch designs approved by Royal Fine Art Commission. 24 September 1968 Sketch designs approved by Planning Committee, Oxford City Council. 30 September 1968 Permission for 'building start' given by University Grants Committee. 7 October 1968 Sketch designs approved by Oxford City Council. 15 November 1968 Trustees approve list of five firms which are to be invited to tender to build the College in a single contract: tenders to be based on outline bills of quantities, quantity surveyor then to negotiate with winning tenderer and contract to be signed on basis of detailed bills. 5 March 1969 Governing Body approve cladding material, concrete aggregate with granite facing. End March 1969 Tender documents despatched to five selected firms. 9 May 1969 Tender documents opened; lowest tender by Shepherd Construction Ltd. 28 May 1969 Trustees authorise accelerated procedure; contract to be signed on basis of outline bills of quantities. 18 July 1969 Trustees, after reviewing negotiations with Shepherd Topping out Construction Ltd since opening of tender, authorise contract with that firm. 30 July 1969 Letter of intent despatched to Shepherd Construction Ltd. February 1970 Details of harbour/island scheme settled. 2 September 1969 Site handed over to Shepherd Construction Ltd: pile May 1970 Design for bridge over River Cherwell accepted. driving begins. 22 June 1970 Sir Isaac Wolfson makes a personal gift of marble facing 15 September 1969 Revised planning permission, taking changes in for interior of entrance to the Hall. February 1971 Stand-by diesel design into account, granted by Oxford City Council. electric generators added to scheme, to 3 November 1969 Work begins on main contract. maintain essential services in case of extended interruption to electricity 10 November 1969 Contract signed with Shepherd Construction Ltd for supply. 15 December 1972 The President performs 'Topping Out' completion of buildings by 31 December 1971. ceremony. M.G.B., P.B.

After . . . 39

LISTS

The period covered by these lists begins on 1 July 1972, except in the case of the lists of College Officers, of Elections an d Admissions, of Degrees and Diplomas, and of Deaths, all of which go back to the founding oflffley College, tin subsequent issues all the lists will be c onfined to the preceding year.) The lists aim to be final and authoritative, so that they can be used by the College Office as a reliable archive. But however diligent the, compilers may have been, mistakes are bound to have crept in: so it would be greatly appreciated if you would communicate to the College Secretary any mistakes or omissions of any kind which you may notice either in your own or in anybody else's entry. A list of errors and omissions will be printed in the next issue. The editor apologises for any incompleteness in the information contained in these lists: the forms returned often provided insufficient m aterial for compiling an adequate entry, and it has not been possible to undertake the research necessary to plug the gaps. Abbreviations: GBF— Governing Body Fellow: GS — Graduate Student: /JtRF— (Junior) Research Fellow: MCR — Member of Common Room: VF — Visiting Fellow.

COLLEGE OFFICERS

President (1966) Vicegerent Sir Isaiah Berlin (1971-73)* Vice-President and Dr. C. M. Kraay Bursar (1966) Domestic Bursar M. G. Brock (1967) Senior Tutor (1968) Tutor Mrs. C. R. Dick Previous Vicegerents 1965- for Admissions (1967) Dean of Dr. W. S. McKerrow 1967-69 Degrees (1968) Buildings Officer A. H. Maunder 1969-71 (1970) Dr. H. G. A. V. Schenk P. Boddington 67 F. W. Jessup G. B. Masefield Dr. J. C. Mott

ELECTIONS AND ADMISSIONS This list is designed as the first instalment of a cumulative catalogue of all members of Wolfson, past and present. An asterisk indicates that the per m concerned is no longer a member of College (except that Visiting Fellows have not been given asterisks/, a dagger that he has died. The allocation of tha symbols can only be an accurate guide at the time of going to press: as time goes on, the absence of either kind should be decreasingly relied on. Governmj Body Fellows are Official Fellows (i.e. Fellows by entitlement) unless otherwise specified.

IFFLEY COLLEGE 1965-1966 Michaelmas GOVERNING BODY FELLOWS ARDRAN, Gordon Melville, M.A., F.R.C.P.. F.F.R. (M.D. Liverpool) Radiologist, Nuffield Institute for Medical Research ARGYLE. John Michael. M.A., F.B.Ps.S. (M.A. Cambridge) University Lecturer (Reader 1969) in Social Psychology (Professorial Fellow 1970) BROCKINGTON, Revd. Leonard Herbert. M.A. (B.D. London) BULMER. Senior Lecturer in Aramaic and Syriac University Lecturer in Michael George, M.A., D.Phil. CALLENDER, Sheila Theodora Elsie (Mrs. Biomathematics First Assistant and University Lecturer. Monostori), M.A., F.R.C.P. Nuffield Department of (B.Sc., M.D. St. Andrews)(D.Sc. 1970) Clinical Medicine CUMMINGS, John Radford, B.Litt. M.A. Secretary, Delegacy of Local Examinations DICK, Cecilia Rachel (Mrs.), M.A. University Lecturer (C.U.F.) in Modern History EDWARDSON, Thomas Edmondson, B.Sc., M.A. (B.Sc. Edinburgh) University Lecturer in Forestry University H1RSCH, Guenther Paul Hermann, M.A. HOBBY, Bertram Maurice, Lecturer in Rural Social Organisation University M.A., D.Phil. HUL1N. Peter, M.A. Lecturer in Entomology University Lecturer in HUNT, Kenneth Edward. M.A. (M.A. Cambridge) Near Eastern Archaeology University Lecturer in HULIN. Peter, MA. HUNT, Kenneth Edward, M.A. Near Eastern Archaeology University Lecturer in (M.A. Cambridge) Near Eastern Archaeology University Lecturer in Agricultural Economics JESSUP. Frank William (C.B.E. 1972), M.A., F.S.A. (B.A., LL.B. London) (Director, Institute of Agricultural Economics, 1970) (Professorial Fellow 1970) KETTLEWELL, Henry Bernard Davis, Secretary, Delegacy for Extra-Mural Studies M.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (Director, Department for External Studies, 1971) (M.B., B.Chir. Cambridge) KRAAY. Colin Mackennal, M.A., Senior Research Officer. Department of Zoology D.Phil., F.S.A. "LAMBERT, Richard St. John, M.A., F.G.S. (M.A., Ph.D. Cambridge) University Lecturer in Greek Numismatics University Lecturer in Geology (Professor and Chairman, Department of Geology, tLEACH. Ernest Humphrey, B.Sc., M.A. University of Alberta, 1970) University Lecturer in Physiology McKERROW, William Stuart, D.S.C., M.A., D.Phil., F.G.S. (B.Sc. Glasgow) University Lecturer in Geology University Lecturer in Germanic *McLlNTOCK, David Robert, M.A. Philology and Medieval German Literature (Reader in German, Royal Holloway College, University of London, 1967) 40 MASEFIELD, Geoffrey Bussell. M.A. University Lecturer in Agricultural Science MAUNDER. Allen Howard. M.A. (B.Sc. Reading; M.S. Cornell) University Lecturer in Agricultural Economics MENDELSSOHN. Kurt Alfred George. M.A.. F.R.S., F.Inst.P. Reader in Physics (M.A.. D.Phil. Berlin) (Professorial Fellow 1970) MILLS, James Raymond, M.A. (B.Sc.(Agric.) Reading) MOTT. Joan Culver. M.A.. D.Phil. (M.A. Land Agent to the University Cambridge) MULVEY, John Hugh. M.A. (B.Sc.. Ph.D. Bristol) PARRY. Herbert Research Officer. Nuffield Institute for Medical Research Butler, M.A., M.R.C.V.S. (M.A. Cambridge) PIRENNE. Maurice Henri Leonard, Senior Research Officer in Nuclear Physics M.A. (Dr.Sc. Liege; Ph.D.. S.Dr. Cambridge) *POCOCK, David Francis. B.Litt. Research Worker. Nuffield Institute for Medical Research M.A., D.Phil. University Lecturer in Physiology University Lecturer in Indian Sociology (Reader in Social Anthropology 1966. Dean of School of African POLGAR, Nicholas. M.A., D.Phil., D.Sc. (D.Phil. Vienna) and Asian Studies 1970. University of Sussex) University tROLLIN, Bernard Vincent, M.A.. D.Phil. *SAINSBURY. Lecturer in Organic Chemistry (Emeritus Fellow 1971) University Norman Cecil, M.A. Lecturer in Physics Sub-Librarian. Bodleian Library University SCHENK, Hans Georg Artur Viktor, M.A., D.Phil., F.R.Hist.S. (Dr.Jur. Prague) Lecturer (Senior Lecturer 1967) in European Economic and Social History Research Officer, *SPRAY, Geoffrey Hill. B.Sc., M.A.. D.Phil. VERMES, Geza, M.A. Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine Reader in Jewish (D.Theol., Lie.Hist, and Philol.Or. Louvain) Studies (Professorial Fellow 1970) tVOLLUM. Roy Lars. M.A.. D.Phil. *WATKINS. John Frederick. M.A. (M.B.. B.Chir., M.A.. M.D. Cambridge) University Lecturer in Pathology (Professorial Fellow 1971) WHITE. University Lecturer in Bacteriology Frank, M.A. (M.A. Cambridge) WYATT, (Reader in Experimental Pathology 1971) University Derek Gerald, M.A., D.Phil. Lecturer in Forestry Research Officer (First Assistant 1971). Nuffield Institute for Medical Research

WOLFSON COLLEGE 1966-1967 Michaelmas PRESIDENT BERLIN, Sir Isaiah, C.B.E., M.A., F.B.A. (Hon.D.Litt. HullXO.M. 1971; Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory (until 1967) Hon.D.Litt. Glasgow, East Anglia 1967, Cambridge 1970, London 1971; Hon.LL.D. Brandeis 1967, Columbia 1968. Liverpool 1972; Hon.D.Phil. Jerusalem 1971)

GOVERNING BODY FELLOWS ADAMS, John Bertram, C.M.G.. M.A.. F.R.S., F.I.E.E. Director, Culham Laboratory, U.K.A.E.A., and Controller. (Hon. D.Sc. Geneva. Birmingham. Surrey). Fellow by Special Election Ministry of Technology (Director, 300 GeV Programme, CERN, Geneva, 1970) DUDBRIDGE. Glen. M.A. (M.A., Ph.D. Cambridge). Fellow by Special Election University Lecturer in Modern Chinese University Lecturer GOMBRICH. Richard Francis. M.A. (D.Phil. 1969MA.M. Harvard), in Sanskrit and Pali Fellow by Special Election (Official Fellow 1970) *PENNYBACKER, Joseph Buford, C.B.E.. M.A., F.R.C.S. University Lecturer in Neurological Surgery (M.D. Edinburgh; B.A. Tennessee), Fellow by Special Election SIXSMITH, Herbert, M.A.. F.Inst.P. Senior Research Officer, Department of Engineering Science (Ph.D. Reading; B.Sc.. M.A. Trinity College. Dublin) STRACHEY, Christopher. M.A. (M.A. Cambridge). Fellow by Special Election Leader. Programming Research Group.. Computing Laboratory (Official Fellow 1967; Professorial Fellow 1971) TINBERGEN, Nikolaas. M.A., (Reader in Computation 1967; Professor of Computation 1971) F.R.S. (D.Phil. Leiden) (Professorial Fellow 1970) Professor of Animal Behaviour

Hilary GOVERNING BODY FELLOW BROCK, Michael George. M.A.. F.R.Hist.S.. Vice-President and Bursar University Lecturer (C.U.F.) in Modern History (until 1970) (Fellow by Special Election 1970)

1967-1968 Michaelmas GOVERNING BODY FELLOWS CARTON, Geoffrey, M.A., D.Phil. Senior Research Officer. Department of Physics JONES. George Thomas. M.A. (M.A. Cambridge) Research Officer. Institute of Agricultural Economics KAY, Desmond, M.A., D.Phil. (B.Sc. Birmingham) Senior Research Officer, Department of Pathology LIENHARDT, Ronald Godfrey. M.A.. D.Phil. (M.A. Cambridge) Senior Lecturer (Reader 1972) in African Sociology (Professorial Fellow 1972) MORRISON, George, M.A. PETERSON. Alexander Duncan Campbell. O.B.E.. M.A. University Lecturer in Persian (Professorial Fellow 1971) WISE. Director, Department and Institute of Education Bernard, M.A. (M.A. Cambridge) University Lecturer in Engineering Science

41 WOOD. Martin Francis. M.A. (B.A. Cambridge; B.Sc. London) Senior Research Officer. Department of Physics (Supernumerary Fellow 1969) WOODELL. Stanley Reginald John. M.A. (B.Sc., Ph.D. Durham) University Lecturer in Botany

LEE-HEMMING RESEARCH FELLOWS BLAKE. Colin Charles Frederick. M.A. (Ph.D. Birmingham) Senior Research Officer. Molecular Biophysics Laboratory MILLER, Andrew, M.A. (Ph.D. Edinburgh) Senior Research Officer. Molecular Biophysics Laboratory

JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS PRENTICE. Andrew John Riggall (M.Sc. Melbourne) (D.Phil. 1970) Theoretical Physics; 1851 Commission Research Scholar

1968-69 Michaelmas FOUNDER FELLOW WOLFSON, Sir Isaac, Bt., Hon. D.C.L., F.R.S.

HONORARY FELLOWS FRANKS. Rt. Hon. Baron (Oliver Shewell Franks), P.C., G.C.M.G.. Provost of Worcester College K.C.B., C.B.E., F.B.A.. M.A., Hon.D.C.L. tHARRISON, Alick Robin Walsham, M.A. NORRINGTON. Sir Arthur Lionel Pugh, Warden of Merton College (until 1969) M.A. WHEARE, Sir Kenneth Clinton, C.M.G., F.B.A., M.A., President of Trinity College (until 1970) D.Litt. Rector of Exeter College (until 1972)

GOVERNING BODY FELLOW HUGHES, Joseph Frederick, M.A. (B.Sc. Sheffield) University Lecturer in Forestry

VISITING FELLOWS 1968-69 CAMPBELL, Donald Thomas (A.B.. Ph.D. California) Professor of Psychology, Northwestern University. Illinois EZORSKY, Gertrude (Ph.D. New York) Assistant Professor of Philosophy, Brooklyn College, City University of New York Professor of OGATO. Michi-Liko(M.D. Kyushu) Physiology, Kyushu University, Japan

JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS * BUCHANAN, John Gordon St. Clair (M.Sc., Ph.D. Auckland) Organic Chemistry; I.C.I. Research Fellow Inorganic *HITCHMAN. Michael Anthony (B.Sc., Ph.D. London) Chemistry; I.C.I. Research Fellow Physical *HITCHMAN, Michael Leslie, D.Phil. (University College) (B.Sc.London) Chemistry; I.C.I. Research Fellow Metallurgy; SMITH. George David William, M.A., D.Phil. (Corpus Christi College) S.R.C. Research Fellow Physics; Gulbenkian *SOUSA, JoSfo Antonio Bessa Meneses, D.Phil. (Linacre College) (D.C.S. Oporto) Foundation Research Fellow Pharmacology; I.C.I. *WATKINS, Wayne Brynmore(M.Sc., Ph.D. Auckland) Research Fellow WOODHEAD-GALLOWAY, John (B.Sc. London, Ph.D. Sheffield) Molecular Biophysics; Nuffield Foundation Research Scholar (Research Fellow, New College, 1969; MCR 1969)

GRADUATE STUDENTS *BARLEY, George Christopher (G.R.I.C. Flintshire College of Technology) Organic Chemistry *BEARDSWORTH, Timothy Ivo Michael George, B.A. (University College) Modern History *BISBY, Mark Ainley, B.A. (St. Peter's College) *CALEF, Charles Ellis Physiology (B.A. Chicago) Geology CHANAN, Michael AsheHB.A. Sussex) *CUNNINGHAM, Philosophy Vincent Joseph, B.A. (Brasenose College) *DICK, Margaret Biochemistry; Graduate Scholar Catherine Dorrans(B.Sc. Birmingham) *DREWETT, Robert Botany Francis (B.A. Hull) *GOODWIN, Guy Manning, B.A. (Exeter Experimental Psychology; Graduate Scholar College) Physiology; Graduate Scholar (Fellow, Magdalen College, 19' GROUNDS, Stephen (B.Sc. London) Theoretical Physics (MCR 1972) *HENSON, Patricia, B.A. (St. Hilda's College) Biochemistry; Graduate Scholar KELLY, Aileen Mary (B.A. Manchester) (Somerville College) Modern Languages, Russian; Graduate Scholar (JRF, Linacre College, 1970; MCR 1970; RF, Reading University, 1972) Latin American *KIRK, David Cameron, B.A. (University College) Studies; Graduate Scholar Town Planning MINETT, Michael John (Dip. Arch., Dip. Town Planning Manchester) Forestry * NG, Francis Say Pink (B.Sc. Tasmania) Biochemistry * PAGE, Margaret Ann (B.Sc. Bristol) Engineering; Graduate Scholar * PARKER, Maureen Ann (B.Sc. London) Philosophy PETERS, John Henry (B.A. New College, Sarasota) Metallurgy; Graduate Scholar (JRF 1969) RAY, Ian Leslie Frederick (B.A. Cambridge) (Oriel College) Zoology, Animal Behaviour (Graduate Scholar 1969) * SHAFFER, Lawrence Charles (B.A. Plattsburgh) Modern Languages, Comparative Literature * SMITH, Jennifer Farley (B.A. Indiana) 42 * WOODCOCK, Christopher Francis, B.A. (Balliol College) Mathematics; Graduate Scholar (Lecturer in Mathematics, University of Kent, 1970) *WRAY. John Stephen. B.A. (Merton College) Molecular Biophysics; Graduate Scholar Modern *ZAWADZKI, Waclaw Hubert, B.A. (Keble College) History

Hilary TUNSTALL PEDOE, Dan Sylvester. M.R.C.P. (M.A., M.B., B.Chir. Cambridge) Medicine. Cardiology (Senior Registrar, Radcliffe Infirmary, 1970; MCR 1970)

1969-70 Michaelmas SUPERNUMERARY FELLOWS PEACOCK, Roger Beauchamp, B.Sc., M.A. Executive Secretary. University and Industry Committee (Fellow by Special Election "l 970) Chairman, WOOD, Martin Francis, M.A. (B.A. Cambridge; B.Sc. London) Oxford Instrument Company Limited (Official Fellow 1967-69)

RESEARCH FELLOWS DIGBY. Simon Everard (M.A. Cambridge) Oriental Studies. Medieval Indo-Muslim History MORRIS, Desmond John. D.Phil. (Magdalen College) (B.Sc. Birmingham) Zoology

JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS BEVIR, Michael Keith (B.A. Cambridge; Ph.D. London) * DOVER, Magneto-Hydrodynamics (MCR 1971) Stanley David, M.A. (M.A. Cambridge; Ph.D. London) *LEAKE, Robin Molecular Biophysics "Edward, B.A. (St. Peter's College) (D.Phil. 1971) RAY, Ian Leslie Agriculture; S.R.C. Research Fellow Frederick (B.A. Cambridge) (D.Phil. 1971) (GS 1968-69) SANDERS, Tao Metallurgy; Departmental Demonstrator Tao (Mrs.), B.A. (Lady Margaret Hall) (D.Phil. 1973) UMER, Zaitun (B.A. Oriental Studies, Chinese Keele) (St. Antony's College) (D.Phil. 1970) VITEK, Vaclav (R.N. Dr. Oriental Studies Charles University, Prague; Metallurgy; I.C.I. Research Fellow C.Sc. Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague) (S.R.C. Departmental Research Assistant 1971) *WOOLLEY, Anne Miller (Mrs.) (B.Sc. Glasgow) Physical Chemistry

VISITING FELLOWS 1969-70 BASINSKI. Zbigniew Stanislaw. M.A.. D.Sc.. D.Phil. (Campion Hall) National Research Council, Ottawa; Commonwealth Visiting Professor, Department of Metallurgy Professor of DAWSON, John Lewis Mergyn, M.A., D.Phil., Dip. Anthrop. (B.A. California) Psychology. University of Hong Kong Research GASTESI. Paloma(Mrs. Bevir 1971) (M.Sc., Ph.D. Madrid) Assistant, Institute Lucas Mallada. Madrid; Royal Society European Science Exchange Programme Fellow; Geology (MCR 1971) Libero Docente, Department of GLORIA. Ercole(Laur.Med.Chir. Rome; Spec. Oftalmologia Pisa) Ophthalmology, University of Pisa KLEIN. George de Vries, M.A. (B.A. Wesleyan University; M.A. Kansas; Ph.D. Yale) Associate Professor of Geology, University of Pennsylvania McKILLOP, William Lawie Mitchell Associate Professor of Forestry, University of California, (B.Sc. Aberdeen; M.Sc. New Brunswick; M.A.. Ph.D. California) Berkeley OPPENHEIM. Felix Errera (Docteur en droit Brussels; Ph.D. Princeton) Professor of Government, University of Massachusetts PODLECKI, Anthony Joseph. M.A. Associate Professor and Head, Department of Classics. (B.A. Holy Cross College, Worcester, Mass.; Ph.D. Toronto (Linacre College) Pennsylvania State University Professor SCOTT. Dana Stewart (Ph.D. Princeton) of Logic, University of Princeton (Professor of Mathematical Logic 1972; MCR 1972) SULLI.RenatoMarcello Lecturer in Ophthalmology, University of Pisa (Doctor in Medicine Modena; Spec. Oftalmologia and doctorate Rome)

GRADUATE STUDENTS ANDREW, Joseph Matthew. B.A. (University College) Modern Languages, Russian; Graduate Scholar * BACKHOUSE. Nigel Bristow, B.A. (Jesus College) Mathematics; Graduate Scholar "COCKSHY. Brian James, B.A. (Worcester College) Physical Chemistry; Graduate Scholar * COHEN, Tova (Mrs.) (B.A. Bar-Han, Israel) Oriental Studies DAVIDSON, Stanley Moore (B.A. Cambridge) (Oriel College) Metallurgy; Graduate Scholar (MCR 1972) DAVIES, Clifford Edward (B.Sc. Liverpool) Zoology, Animal Behaviour * DONOVAN, Patricia Louise (B.A. Sydney) Modern Languages. Comparative Literature * FREEMAN, Alan (B.Sc. London) Mathematics. Computing *GEZA, Samuel (B.A. Zambia) Agricultural Economics; Commonwealth Scholar HARDY, Friedhelm Ernst, B.A. (Campion Hall) Oriental Studies; Graduate Scholar *HARRISON, Simon John (B.Sc. London) HAUSHEER, Physics Roger Neil, B.A. (St. Catherine's College) Politics; Graduate Scholar HIMMELWEIT. Susan Felicity (B.A. Cambridge) Mathematics; Graduate Scholar RITTER, Mary Alice (Mrs.), B.A. (St. Hilda's College) Physical Anthropology; Graduate Scholar (Lecturer in Physical Anthropology, Oxford Polytechnic, 1971; MCR 1971)

43 ROBSON, John Michael, B.A. (Merton College) Mathematics; Graduate Scholar * ROUSSEAU, Philip Henry, B.A. (Campion Hall) Medieval History; Graduate Scholar *SANZEN-BAKER, IsobeKB.Sc. London) Geology TOME, Maria Amalia Migjfes Campos (Mrs.) (B.A. Lisbon) Physics TOYE, Peter Nicholas (B.A. Cambridge) (Christ Church) Mathematics * WEATHERLEY, John William (B.A. Cambridge) Metallurgy (Graduate Scholar 1970) YOUNG, Leslie (B.Sc. Victoria, New Zealand) Mathematics, Commonwealth Scholar (Graduate Scholar 1970; JRF, Lincoln College, 1971; MCR 1'

Hilary GOVERNING BODY FELLOWS *BURNS, Roger George, M.A. (M.Sc. New Zealand; Ph.D. California) University Lecturer in Geochemistry (Professor of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1970) DALZIEL, Keith, M.A. (B.Sc., Ph.D. London) University Lecturer in Biochemistry GANDY, Robin Oliver, M.A. (M.A., Ph.S. Cambridge), Professorial Fellow Reader in Mathematical Logic JAIN, Ravendra Kumar, M.A. (M.A. Lucknow; Ph.D. Canberra) University Lecturer in Indian Sociology KENNEDY, William James, M.A. (B.Sc., Ph.D. London) University Lecturer in Palaeontology MARRIOTT, Francis Henry Charles, M.A. (M.A. Cambridge; Ph.D. Aberdeen) University Lecturer in Applied Mathematics PERKINS, Christopher Miles. M.A., D.Phil. (B.Sc. London) Senior Research Officer, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology ROBEY, David John Brett, M.A. Faculty Lecturer (University Lecturer 1973) in Italian

1970-71 Michaelmas GOVERNING BODY FELLOWS PEACOCK. Roger Beauchamp, B.Sc., M.A.. Fellow by Special Election Executive Secretary, University and Industry Committee (Supernumerary Fellow 1969-70) (Camden SYME, Sir Ronald, M.A., F.B.A. Professor of Ancient History and (Hon. D.Litt. Durham, Belfast, New Zeland, Emory, Graz, Ohio; Fellow of Brasenose College 1949-70) Dr.h.c. Paris, Lyon), Fellow by Special Election

SUPERNUMERARY FELLOW BODDINGTON, Paul (B.Sc. Birmingham) Buildings Officer

JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS BACSICH, Paul Dunlop(B.A. Cambridge; Ph.D. Bristol) Mathematics; S.R.C. Research Fellow (MCR 1973) CHOPRA, Vinod Kumar (Ph.D. Kanpur) Physics; Nehru Memorial Scholar * COOPER, Alan (B.Sc., Ph.D. Manchester) Molecular Biophysics; S.R.C. Research Fellow * DENNY, William Alexander (B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Auckland) Organic Chemistry; I.C.I. Fellow HARRIS, Philip James (B.A. Cambridge) (M.A., Ph.D. Cambridge 1971) Biochemistry; Departmental Demonstrator (MCR 1972) * LIVETT, Bruce Grayson (B.Sc., Ph.D. Monash) Pharmacology; Nuffield Dominions Demonstrator *NABHOLZ, Markus (Ingdnieur Agronom. Zurich; Ph.D. Stanford) Biochemistry SELLWOOD, Bruce William (B.Sc. Reading) Geology (Lecturer in Geology, Oxford Polytechnic, 1971; MCR I1 VOGEL. Ursula (Mrs. Mason) (Ph.D. Free University, Berlin) Political Philosophy

VISITING FELLOWS 1970-71 CLAUDEL, Jacques Jean Louis (Docteur es Sciences Physiques Nancy) Charge de Recherche, C.N.R.S., Nancy; Physical Chemistry GROLL, Sarah (Mrs.) (M.A., Ph.D. Hebrew University Jerusalem) Senior Lecturer (Professor 1972), Department of Egyptology. (for long vacations for 3 years) Hebrew University, Jerusalem KAUFFMAN, Erie Galen (B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Michigan) LONERAGAN, Curator of Palaeobiology, U.S. National Museum. Washington Jack Frederick (B.Sc. Western Australia; Ph.D. California) Associate Professor of Plant Nutrition. University of Western Australia Lecturer in Botany, Kumasi NEWTON, Leonard Eric (M.Sc. London) University of Science and Technology, Ghana VAUGHAN, Frederick (M.A., Ph.D. Chicago) Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Guelph ZAJONC, Robert B. (Ph.D. Michigan) Professor of Psychology, University of Michigan

GRADUATE STUDENTS AHMAD, Naheed (B.A. Elphinstone College, Bombay; M.A. Delhi) English ALP, Philip Rodney (B.Sc. University College, Rhodesia) (Christ Church) Zoology; Commonwealth Scholar ARLINE, Barbara Jean (Mrs. Flynn 1971) Social Anthropology (B.A. City College, New York; M.A. Fordham, New York) BAMFORD, Geoffrey Michael, B.A. (Pembroke College) Oriental Studies; Graduate Scholar BROOKS. Charles Bernard Nuclear Physics

44 BUDGEN. David Edward. B.A. (Merton College) Modern Languages. Russian CALLAGHAN, Paul Terence (B.Sc. Victoria, New Zealand) *CHAGANTI, Physics; Commonwealth Scholar Seetha Raman (Mrs.HB.A., M.Sc. Andhra) *CONVERSE. Carolyn Ann (Mrs. Applied Statistics Cooper 1972) (Sc.D. Brown; Ph.D. Harvard) Organic Chemistry CORNISH, Derek Blakie (B.A. Reading) Sociology DESROCHERS. Jean (B.A. College Saint Ignace, Montreal; L.es.L. Montreal) Politics (Commonwealth Scholar 1971) FEWTRELL, Clare Mary Sanders (B.Sc. London) Pharmacology GERMAN. Alun. B.A. (Jesus College) Inorganic Chemistry * HAZARD, Barbara Peace (Mrs. Nabholz 1970) (B.A. Stanford) Social Anthropology Sociology HEEB. Dolores Elizabeth (B.A. Syracuse) Mathematics; Graduate Scholar * HITCHIN. Nigel James, B.A. (Jesus College) Mathematics (MCR 1972) HOWARD. Susannah Virginia. B.A. (Lady Margaret Hall) (M.S. Michigan) Agricultural Economics * JEKAYINFA, Adeyeye Oladokun (B.Sc. California) English; Graduate Scholar LINDOP. Grevel Charles Garrett, B.A. (Wadham College) (Lecturer in English, Manchester University, 1971) McGRATH. Graeme John. B.A. (Keble College) Physiology MACHLIS, Lee Ellen (B.Sc. California) Zoology, Animal Behaviour *O'DONOHUE, Revd. John Francis (M.A. St. Andrews) (Greyfriars) Social Anthropology Geology English Zoology; Graduate PALMER. Timothy John. B.A. (Keble College) Scholar PENNINGTON. Abigail Ruth (Mrs. Cunningham 1972), B.A. (Somerville College) (RF,~St. Hilda's College, 1971; MCR 1971) POND. Caroline Margaret. B.A. (St. Hilda's College) Modern History

RAVINDRANATHAN. Tachat Ramavarma (B.S. English Utah State; M.A. Simon Fraser, Canada) Modern Languages, French; Graduate Scholar SCHIFF. Hilda (B.A.. M.A. London) Mathematics THOMPSON, Margaret Jane, M.A. (M.A. Cambridge) Psychology; Graduate Scholar *THWAITES. Geoffrey Noel. B.A. (Balliol College) *VAN Psychology (Graduate Scholar 1972) HOORN ALKEMA. Florisse Corina (B.A. Cape Town) Agricultural Economics WALKER. Michael Bruce (B.Sc. Western Australia; B.A. Adelaide) Geography (Graduate Scholar 1971) WALSH. Colin Francis George (Diploma Battersea C.A.T.) Medieval History WHITE. Susanne RaelMrs. Walker 1972) (B.A.. M.A. Victoria, New Zealand) Zoology. Graduate Scholar WHITTON. David Raymond. B.A. (Corpus Christi College) Modern History WHYTE. Susan Angela (Mrs. lies 1971) B.A. (St. Hugh's College) *WINTERBOTTOM. Dudley Walter Gordon (B.A. Kent) Modern Languages. Spanish; Graduate Scholar WRIGHT, Roger Hugh Peter. B.A. (Corpus Christi College) (Lecturer in Spanish, Liverpool University, 1972) Pathology ZAUDY, Ann Elizabeth (Mrs. Wakefield 1971) (B.Sc. Edinburgh)

Hilary GRADUATE STUDENTS HAQUE. Zulekha (Mrs.) (M.A. Dacca) Oriental Studies. Indian History LLOYD. Clare Seton (B.Sc. London) Zoology, Ornithology

Trinity GRADUATE STUDENTS BROADBENT. Kieran Patrick Agricultural Economics * CHUDNOVSKY, Alicia Chprintzer (Mrs.) (Lie. en Ciencias Quimicas Buenos Aires) Organic Chemistry HERSEY, Peter, M.R.A.C.P. (M.B., B.S. Adelaide) MURRAY, Margaret Medicine. Immunology Alexandra Frances (Mrs.) (B.Sc. Reading) Medicine, Endocrinology

1971-72 Michaelmas GOVERNING BODY FELLOWS BUCK. Brian. M.A.. D.Phil.. Fellow by Special Election (Official Fellow 1972) University Lecturer in Theoretical Physics University CRANSTOUN. George Kennedy Lyon, M.A. (B.Sc., Ph.D. Glasgow), Research Assistant in Inorganic Chemistry Fellow by Special Election QUIRK. Thomas William. M.A., D.Phil. (M.Sc. Melbourne) University Lecturer in Nuclear Physics

EMERITUS FELLOW POLGAR, Nicholas, M.A., D.Phil., D.Sc. (D.Phil. Vienna) (Official Fellow 1965-71) (University Lecturer in Organic Chemistry 1950-71)

RESEARCH FELLOW DODSON. Guy George (M.Sc.. Ph.D. Auckland) Research Officer. Molecular Biophysics Laboratory

JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS CASSELLS Alan Condon (B.Sc., M.Sc. National University of Ireland; Ph.D. Wales) Biochemistry; M.R.C. Research Fellow HARRAP. Keith Adrian, M.A., D.Phil. (St. Catherine's College) Forestry; Research Officer

45

SA| r HEARN. Milton Thomas William, M.A. (B.Sc., Ph.D. Adelaide) Organic Chemistry; I.C.I. Research Fellow *JEFFCOAT, Roger (B.Sc. Manchester; Ph.D. Leeds) JENKYNS. Biochemistry; I.C.I. Research Fellow Geology; Hugh Crawford (B.Sc. Southampton; Ph.D. Leicester) N.E.R.C. Research Fellow (Demonstrator, Cambridge University, 1972; MCR 1972) MORGAN, Janet Patricia, M.A. (M.A. Sussex)(D.Phil. 1972) Politics (RF, Nuffield College, 1972; MCR 1972) Sociology ROGERSON, Alan Thomas (B.Sc., M.Sc. London) (Balliol College) (D.Phil. 1972) Mathematics, Computing; Research Assistant. WADSWORTH, Christopher Peter, B.A. (Trinity College) (M.A., D.Phil. 1972) Programming Research Group

VISITING FELLOWS 1971-72 CANN, Howard M. (B.A., M.D. Colorado) Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine Associate Professor of Chemistry, University DOOLITTLE, Russell F. of California. (B.A. Wesleyan Univ.; M.A. Trinity Coll., Hartford; Ph.D. Harvard) San Diego Professor of Microbiology, University of ENGLESBERG, Ellis (M.A., Ph.D. California) California. Santa Barbara HALLO. William W. (B.A. Harvard; M.A., Ph.D. Chicago) Professor of Assyriology, Yale University Associate Professor HUFFMON, Herbert Bardwell of Old Testament Studies, Drew University (A.B., Ph.D. Michigan; B.D. McCormick; M.A. Johns Hopkins) MAHDJOUB, Mohammad Da'far(B.A., Ph.D. Tehran) Professor of Persian Literature. Tehran MIDDLETON. Gerard Viner (B.Sc.. Ph.D. London) Professor of Geology. McMaster University

GRADUATE STUDENTS *ALEJO LOPEZ, Francisco Javier (Lie. en Econ. National University, Mexico) Economics * ANDREW. Judith (Mrs.), B.A. (St. Anne's College) Certificate in Education ARDEN, John Walter Geochemistry BACKUS, Maxine Claire (B.A. London) Philosophy BAILEY. Margaret Jill (B.Sc. Bristol) Botany BAKER, Margaret Jane (Mrs.). M.A. (Somerville College) Geology BAMFORD. Alan Charles (B.A. Cambridge) Mathematics. Computing; Graduate Scholar BAYOUMI, Abdel Aziz Mohd Said (B.Sc. Edinburgh) Forestry BEAVER. William Carpenter, II (B.A. The Colorado College) Modern History BELL, David Scott (M.A. Aberdeen; M.Sc. Southampton) Politics BERG, Janet Ellen (B.A. California) Philosophy; Marshall Scholar BERRICK, Alan Jonathan (B.Sc. Sydney) (Balliol College) Mathematics; Graduate Scholar (RF. St. John's College. 1972; MCR 1972) *BIN-NUN, Shoshana Rosa (Mrs.) (M.A. Hebrew University. Jerusalem) Oriental Studies Biochemistry Social BUCKLEY, Brendan Mary Oliver (B.Sc. National University of Ireland) Anthropology Engineering; Graduate BULOOKBASHI, Ali-Asghar (M.A. Tehran) Scholar Nuclear Physics CASEY. Michael Victor, B.A. (New College) Mathematics. Computing; Graduate Scholar COBB, John Henry, B.A. (Keble College) Agriculture Modern History Politics DERRETT, Nigel Penrith. B.A. (St. Edmund Hall) *DIXON. Physiology (Graduate Scholar 1973) Margaret Mary (Mrs.) (B.Sc. University College, Dublin) Medicine, Endocrinology; Graduate Scholar FELDMAN. Yitzhak (B.A. Tel-Aviv) Zoology, Animal Behaviour Philosophy of GA1NES, Judith Andrea (A.B. California) History Geology Mathematics Oriental GARDNER. William Norman (M.B.. B.S. Sydney) Studies GIBBONS. Christopher Peter. B.A. (Keble College) Zoology (Graduate Scholar 1972) Theoretical Physics; GILBERTSON, Daniel Walker (B.A. Liverpool) Commonwealth Scholar Social Anthropology HADDOCK, Bruce Anthony (B.A. Leicester) (Certificate in Education 1972) Human Biology HURST, John Malcolm (B.Sc. Hull) Mathematics, Computing; Associate Student, KATZ, Michael (B.Sc.. M.A. Bar-Han) Darwin College, Cambridge KATZ. Sofia (Mrs.) (B.A. Bar-Han) Modern History KELLY. Susan Jane, B.A. (St. Hilda's College) Mathematics, Computing; Graduate Scholar KIRCZENOW, George (B.Sc. Western Australia) Molecular Biophysics; Graduate Scholar KIRKWOOD, Marion BewleylB.A. Sussex) Physiology *MILLAR. Sheila Ellen (B.Sc. Sussex) Mathematics, Computing; Graduate Scholar MILNE. Robert Ewen (B.A. Cambridge) English; Graduate Scholar Political Philosophy; MOSHINSKY, Ruth (Mrs.) (B.A. Monash) Dantbrth Scholar Zoology MOSSES. Peter David, B.A. (Trinity College) Medieval History; Associate Student, California State College NIXON. Phillip Edward. B.A. (Christ Church) Philology; Graduate Scholar OSIFO. Bola Olufunke Ayodele (Mrs.) (M.Sc. Cornell) (University Lecturer in Classical Philology 1972; MCR 1972) OWLETT, John, B.A. (Brasenose College) Modern Languages, Russian Inorganic Chemistry; Graduate PALLISER, Charles. B.A. (Exeter College) Scholar Mathematics PARKHURST, Guy William Harold, M.A. (Lincoln College) Physics; Graduate Scholar Physical PARTRIDGE, Linda, B.A. (St. Anne's College) Chemistry; Graduate Scholar * PELOSE, Sandra Jean (B.A. California) Philosophy Modern History PENNEY, John Howard Wright, B.A. (New College) (M.A. Pennsylvania)

PFOTENHAUER, Frances Hubertine (B.A. Hawaii; M.A. North Carolina) PYKE, David Roger, B.A. (St. Catherine's College) QUINNEY, Douglas Anthony (B.Sc. Nottingham) * REID, John, B.A. (Jesus College) (M.A. McMaster) RITCHIE, Andrew Grahame, B.A. (Merton College) ROBERTS. Colin Emrys(B.A. Newcastle) ROBERTS. Kim (M.A. Western Australia)

46 ROWLAND-HUGHES, Dafydd Mael (B.Sc. Birmingham) Mathematics SHEPPERD, Christine Mary (B.Sc. East Anglia; M.Sc. Manitoba) Geology SHORLEY, Christopher Michael John, B.A. (Exeter College) Modern Languages. French SIRIDHAMMA. Revd. Labuduwe (B.A. Ceylon; B.A. London) Oriental Studies * SMALL. Lawrence Gordon Geodesy SMITH, Jennifer Lesley Botany SYKES. Richard Martin, B.A. (Christ Church) TOWNSEND. Geology Stephen Phillip (B.Sc. Woolwich Polytechnic) Mathematics. Computing * UZOECHINA. Victoria Chikaodili (B.Sc. Nigeria) Botany *VONHOFF. Werner Ernst (Vordiplom Freiburg) Forestry; Associate Student. Freiburg University WALTON. John Richard, B.A. (Keble College) WARN. Geography Richard Mackenzie. B.A. (St. Catherine's College) WEISS, Zoology Daniel Elie (Lie. es Lettres Sorbonne) WELCH. Martin Oriental Studies Godfrey. B.A. (Keble College) W1LDGOOSE. James Archaeology; Graduate Scholar Richmond (B.Sc. Edinburgh) WOOLRIDGE. Michael Agricultural Economics William (B.Sc. Wales) Zoology. Animal Behaviour (Graduate Scholar 1972)

Hilary JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOW LUMBERS, Eugenie Ruth (Mrs. Forbes) (M.D. Adelaide) Reproductive Physiology; C.J. Martin Travelling Fellow. Australian National Health Service

GRADUATE STUDENTS BRIDGES. Douglas Sutherland (B.Sc. Edinburgh; M.Sc. Newcastle) Mathematics GUTTENPLAN, Samuel David (B.A. City College. New York) Philosophy; Graduate Scholar

Trinity JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOW RADHAKRISHNAN. Thimmakkudi Sambasiva (M.Sc. Madras) Physics; Royal Society Commonwealth Bursar

GRADUATE STUDENTS CAPP. Douglas James (B.Sc. New South Wales) Metallurgy PARASKEVOPOULOU. AikaterinUB.Sc. Athens) Forestry

1972-73 Michaelmas GOVERNING BODY FELLOWS BRUNER. Jerome Seymour. M.A. Watts Professor of Psychology (A.B. Duke; A.M.. Ph.D. Harvard), Professorial Fellow McGREGOR. Oliver Ross, M.A. (B.Sc.lEcon.) London). Fellow by Special Election Director. Centre for Socio-Legal Studies; Professor of Social Institutions. Bedford College. London WALKER, Angus Henry, M.A. University Lecturer in Russian Social and Political Thought

HONORARY FELLOW SANDFORD. Sir Folliott Herbert, K.B.E.. C.M.G. M.A. (Registrar of the University 1958-72)

JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS ANDERSON. Alun Mark (B.Sc. Sussex; Ph.D. Edinburgh) Zoology, Animal Behaviour; I.C.I. Research Fellow Engineering BLAKE, Richard (M.Sc. Sussex) Science; Lecturer. Royal Military College of Science. Shrivenham HOBBS. Linn Walker. D.Phil. (B.Sc. Northwestern) (St. Edmund Hall) Metallurgy; National Science Foundation Research Fellow

XAVIER, Antonio Augusto de Vasconcelos, D.Phil. (B.Sc. Lisbon) (Wadham College) Inorganic Chemistry; Calouste Gulbenkian Research Fellow KNIGHT. John (M.A.. Ph.D. Cambridge) Inorganic Chemistry; Shell Research Fellow

VISITING FELLOWS 1972-73 GARRISON. Robert Edward (M.S. Stanford; Ph.D. Princeton) Associate Professor of Earth Sciences. University of California. Santa Cruz; John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow 1972-73 McGEE. Henry Wadsworth, Jr. (B.Sc. Northwestern; J.D. De Paul; M.L. Columbia) Professor of Law. University of California. Los Angeles MINTZ, Samuel Isaiah (B.A. Brooklyn College; M.A.. Ph.D. Columbia) Professor of English, City University of New York Professor of O'CONNELL, Jeffrey (A.B. Dartmouth; J.D. Harvard) SNYDER. Benson R. (M.D. Law. University of Illinois Professor of Psychiatry, New York) Massachusetts Institute of Technology

47 GRADUATE STUDENTS ARCH, Jonathan Robert Sanders, B.A. (Jesus College) Zoology; Graduate Scholar ASHCROFT, Ruth Elizabeth, B.A. (St. Anne's College) (M.Sc. Aberdeen) Zoology, Ornithology BALD1CK, Robert Julian, B.A. (Merton College) Oriental Studies, Persian BARRETT, MarylB.Sc. Birmingham) Organic Chemistry BIRKHEAD, Timothy Robert (B.Sc. Newcastle) Zoology, Ornithology BREAUX, John Joseph (B.A. Washington; M.A. Boston) Psychology CORREIA, Lia Noemia Rodrigues (Lie. en Filologie Germanica Lisbon) Modern Languages. Portuguese; Leitora in Portuguese DE HENSELER. Alexandre SyneslLic. es Lettres Geneva) Oriental Studies, Hinduism DILLER, Kazimierz Marian (B.Sc. Liverpool) Metallurgy DRABEK, Zdenek (M.Sc. Prague; B.A. Cambridge) Economics DRAFFAN. Joan Winifred (Mrs.) (B.Sc. Liverpool; M.Sc. Edinburgh) Clinical Psychology ELLIS. Richard Salisbury (B.Sc. London) (Corpus Christi College) Astrophysics; Graduate Scholar FAHN, Jay (B.A. Williams College) International Relations FORGHANY, Seied Kamal Eddin (B.Sc. Tehran) Inorganic Chemistry FRASER. Donald Gordon (B.Sc. Edinburgh) (University College) Inorganic Chemistry; Graduate Scholar GALUSHA, Joseph Gardner, Jr. (B.A. Walla Walla College; M.A. Andrews) Zoology, Animal Behaviour Inorganic Chemistry; Graduate Scholar GARDNER. Philip Charles, B.A. (Jesus College) Zoology, Ornithology GARNETT, Martin Charles (B.A. Lancaster) Inorganic Chemistry GERALDES, Carlos Frederico de GusmaTo Campos (B.Sc., Lie. Chem. Coimbra) Biochemistry GOODFELLOW. Peter Neville (B.Sc. Bristol) Medieval History GRDSELOFF, Ruth (B.A. California; M.Phil. Yale) Biochemistry GREEN. Anita Agnes (B.Sc. Monash) Nuclear Physics; Graduate Scholar; Rhodes Scholar GRISHAM. Larry Richard (B.Sc. Texas) (University College) Modern History GROSS, Izhak (B.A. Haifa) Physiology HAJDUKIEWICZ. Paul Stasiek (B.Sc. London) Human Biology HANCOCK. Caroline Douglas (Mrs. Palmer 1973), B.A. (St. Hilda's College) Russian and East European Studies HARDY, Doris Frances Stickney (Mrs.MA.B. Princeton) Philosophy; Graduate Scholar HARDY, Henry Robert Dugdale, B.A. (Corpus Christi College) Mathematics, Computing HONES, Clifford Donald (B.A. Cambridge) Physiology HULL1GER, Manuel (Dip. Basel) Biochemistry; Graduate Scholar HYDE, John Edwin, B.A. (Christ Church) Mathematics JALALI-NAINI, Seyed Assadollah (M.Sc. Tehran; M.Sc. Birmingham) Modern Languages, French; Graduate Scholar JEFFERSON, Ann Margaret (Mrs. Glees), B.A. (St. Anne's College) Biochemistry JOHNSTONE, Alan Paul (B.Sc. Manchester Institute of Science and Technology) Mathematics KELLY, William (B.A. Alberta; M.Sc. Ohio State) Sociology KING, Imogene Veronica Lisa (B.A. Sheffield; Dip. London) Human Biology; Commonwealth Scholar *MEASDAY. Helen Mary (B.Sc. Adelaide) Psychology MELTZOFF. Andrew N. (A.B. Harvard) Oriental Studies, Hittitology MOORE, George Chapman, II (B.A. California) Astrophysics MURRAY. Gordon (B.Sc. Edinburgh) Theoretical Physics NG, William Sing Wai (B.Sc. London) Medicine, Histology P1RIS, Juan (Lie. en Medicina y Cirugia Navarra) Philosophy PUNTIS, Ann (Mrs.) (B.Sc. Cardiff) Theoretical Chemistry RA YMENT, Trevor (B.Sc. Durham) Pathology RIDDLE. Veronica Geraldeen HuberiB.A. Cambridge) Biochemistry ROWAN, Andrew Nicholas, B.A. (Oriel College) (B.Sc. Cape Town) Philosophy SAPIRE, David Michael (B.Sc.. B.A. Witwatersrand) Philosophy; Graduate Scholar SCHENK, John Christopher William, B.A. (Jesus College) Botany SCORER, Keith Norman (B.Sc. London) Psychology SHAPLAND. Joanna Mary, B.A. (St. Hilda's College) (Diploma Cambridge) Oriental Studies SIEGEL, Lee Albert (B.A. California; M.F.A. Columbia) Geology SKELTON, Peter William (B.Sc. Bristol) Medicine. Endocrinology SLOAN, Helen Edith (M.B., B.S., B.Med.Sc. Monash) * Psychology STEPHENS, Eleanor Denise (Mrs.), B.A. (Somerville College) Modern Languages, Spanish; Graduate Scholar STOPP, Christine Rachel (B.A. Cambridge) (Somerville College) Biochemistry TULLY, Michael John (B.Sc. London) Mathematics, Computing WALLIS, Peter John Llewelyn (B.Sc. London; Dip. Cambridge) Politics WEBB, Nigel Roy(B.Tech. Brunei) Zoology, Ornithology WEBBER, Michael Ian (B.A. York) Pathology Modern History WESTMORELAND, Diana (B.A. Cambridge; M.Sc. Birmingham) Philosophy; Graduate Scholar WIGODER. Lewis Justin, B.A. (Oriel College) WRIGHT, Joan Margaret, B.A. (St. Anne's College)

Hilary

RESEARCH FELLOW First Assistant, University Department of Psychiatry and GATH, Dennis Hanson, M.A.. B.M.. B.Ch.. M.R.C.P. (M.A. Cambridge) Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist (D.M. 1973)

JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOW ROLLS. Edmund Thomson. M.A., D.Phil. (B.A. Cambridge) (Magdalen College) Psychology; M.R.C. Research Fellow

48 ANAND, Bhupinderjit Singh (M.B., B.S. Punjab) Medicine, Gastroenterology ANDREWS, Anthony John (M.Sc. Essex) Physical Chemistry BRADLEY. Judith Miriam (Mrs.) (B.A., M.A. Essex) Education BURNAY, SuzannaGay Metallurgy GALE, Diana Gwendolen Leigh (M.B.. B.Ch. Witwatersrand) Medicine, Immunology SPRY, Marion (Mrs.). B.Sc. (St. Anne's College) Medicine

Trinity GRADUATE STUDENTS KELLOGG. Elizabeth Anne (B.A. Harvard) LIGLER. Frances Hart Medicine, Biochemistry Smith (Mrs.) (B.S. Furman) MEDA PONTAROLO, Giovanna (Mrs.) Biochemistry (Dottore Milan) VANRYCKEGHEM, Leon Gabriel Francois (B.Sc., Economics M.Sc. Cape Town) WALL1S, Paula Gwendoline (B.A.. M.A. Auckland) Theoretical Physics WILLIAMS. Paul Martin (B.A. Sussex) Modern Languages, German Oriental Studies. Buddhism

DEGREES AND DIPLOMAS

1969-70 S. F. HIMMELWEIT (GS 1969) Diploma in Advanced Mathematics J. F. SMITH (GS 1968-70) B.Phil.. General and Comparative Literature (French and English) D. S. TUNSTALL PEDOE (GS 1969-70: MCR 1970) D.Phil., Medicine. Vi'locilv Distribution of the Blood Flow in Major Arteries of Animals and Man.

1970-71 B. J. ARLINE (Mrs. FLYNN) (GS 1970) N. B. Diploma in Social Anthropology BACKHOUSE (GS 1969-70) D.Phil.. Mathematics. Some Aspects oj the Theory of Group Representations with Applications to Physics S. T. E. CALLENDER (GBF 1965) V. J. D.Sc., Medicine CUNNINGHAM (GS 1968-71) A. M. KELLY (GS D.Phil., Biochemistry. Studies on Tissue Clearing-Factor Lipuse D.Phil.. Modern Languages. 1968-70; MCR 1970) Attitudes of the Individual in Russian Thought and Literature with Special Reference to the Vekhi Controversy D.Phil., Theoretical Physics. A. J. R. PRENTICE (JRF 1967-70) Applications of Many-Body Theory to Astrophysics I. SAN7F.N-BAKER (Mrs. GF.DDES) (GS 1969-71) B.Sc., Geology. Sedimentology of the Silurian Rocks of Pembrokeshire and Adjacent Areas

1971-72 J. ANDREW (GS 1971-72) Certificate in Education M. A. BISBY (GS 1968-71) D.Phil., Physiology. Studies on Transmitters D.Phil., C. E. CALEF (GS 1968-72) Geology. British Ludlow Fossil Communities B.Phil., T. COHEN (GS 1969-72) Modern Jewish Studies S. M. DAVIDSON (GS 1969-72: MCR 1972) D.Phil.. Metallurgy. Electron Microscope Studies of Ion-Bombarded Silicon S. GEZA (GS 1969-71) B.Litt., Economics. The Economics oj'Zamhian Agricultural Policy 1953-1970 S. GROUNDS (GS 1968-72: MCR 1972) D.Phil., Physics. Theoretical Astrophysics P. HENSON (GS 1968-71) D.Phil.. Biochemistry. Studies on the Structure and Function of Nuclcoprotein S. V. HOWARD (GS 1970-72; MCR 1972) Diploma in Applied Statistics Diploma in Social Anthropology Diploma in Human M. B. KIRKWOOD (GS 1971-73) Biology S. E. MILLAR (GS 1971-72) D.Phil.. Forestry. A Taxonomic Study oj the Ebenaceae with Special Reference to Malesiii B.Litt., F. S. P. NG (GS 1968-71) Social Anthropology. Traditional Religion in Buganda and Bunvoro D.Phil., Medicine. Aspects of J. F. O'DONOHUE (GS 1970-71) Caloric Homeostasis 1971)D.Phil., Zoology. The Mechanism of Initiation of the Insect Flight M. A. PAGE (Mrs. LASKEY) (GS 1970-71) System C. M. POND (Mrs.JANZEN) (GS 1970-71; MCR D.Phil., Metallurgy. High Resolution Electron Microscopy of Lattice Defects in Crystals I. L. F. RAY (GS 1968-69; JRF 1969) D.Phil., Physical Anthropology. Cellular Differentiation in the Developing Lymphoid System M. A. RITTER(GS 1969-71; MCR 1971) D.Phil.. Medieval History. Monks and Bishops: Studies in the Background Development and P. H. ROUSSEAU (GS 1969-72) Influence of Ascetic Literature and the Concept of Spiritual Authority from Jerome to Cassian D.Phil., Zoology. Specialisations in the Feeding Behaviour of Gulls and Other Birds L. C. SHAFFER (GS 1968-72) C. F. D.Phil.. Mathematics. Some Problems in Algebraic Geometry D.Phil., Zoology. WOODCOCK (GS 1968-70) J. S. Structural Studies of Biological Fibres WRAY (GS 1968-72)

1972-73 J. W. ARDEN (GS 1971-73) M.Sc., Geology. Trace Element Separations for Precise Meteorite Chronology A. A. M. S. BAYOUMI (GS 1971-73) M.Sc. in Forestry and its Relation to Land Management S. R. BIN-NUN (GS 1971-72) D.Phil.. Oriental Studies. The Tauanna in the Hi/lite Kingdom A. A. BULOOKBASHI (GS 1971) Diploma in Social Anthropology M. C. D. DICK (GS 1968-72) D.Phil., Botany. The Ecology of Hybridisation in Selected British Plant Speeies

49 R. F. DREWETT (GS 1968-72) D.Phil., Psychology. Motivational Properties of the Estrous Cycle C. D. HANCOCK (Mrs. PALMER) (GS 1972-73) Diploma in Human Biology S. J. HARRISON (GS 1969-72) D.Phil., Physics. Superfluidity of Liquid Helium Below 1-50 K P. HERSEY(GS 1971-73) D.Phil., Medicine. Immunological Mechanisms of Tumour Rejection N. J. HITCHIN (GS 1970-72) D.Phil., Mathematics. Differentiate Manifolds S. A. 1LES (nee WHYTE) (GS 1970-73) D.Phil., Zoology. Immunological Aspects of Mammalian Pregnancy M. KATZ(GS 1971) M.Sc. in Advanced Mathematics G. J. McGRATH (GS 1970-73) D.Phil., Physiology. Studies on the Reflex Effects of Stretching Mammalian Muscles R. MOSHINSKY(GS 1971-73) B.Phil., History of the British Commonwealth and of the U.S.A. D. A. QUINNEY (GS 1971) M.Sc. in Advanced Mathematics D. M. ROWLANDS-HUGHES (GS 1971) T. M.Sc. in Advanced Mathematics T. SANDERS (JRF 1969) L. G. SMALL (GS D.Phil., Oriental Studies, Chinese. The Balladic Tradition in Yueh Fu 1971-72) S. P. TOWNSEND (GS 1971) G. M.Sc., Geodesy. The Determination of the Geoid in Territories with Sparse Geodetic Control N. THWAITES (GS 1970-73) M.Sc. in Advanced Mathematics D.Phil., Mathematics. Subgroups of Groups

PROFESSIONAL NEWS

F. J. ALEJO LOPEZ (GS 1971-2) J. Director, Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico, 1972 M.ANDREW (GS 1969) J. M. Lecturer in Russian, University of Keele, October 1972 ARCYLE(GBF 1965) Visiting Professor, University of Leuven, Michaelmas Term 1972; Visiting Professor, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, December 1972 to January 1973 Hon.LL.D., 1973, Liverpool, 1972 I.BERLIN (President 1966) Assistant Professor, University of Calgary Chairman, Delegates for Educational Studies. M. A. BISBY(GS 1968-71) Oxford University, from Trinity Term 1973; 'and M.G. BROCK (GBF 1966) off the Works Committee as a quid pro quo, a classic frying pan/lire movement' JRF, St. John's College, October 1973 Full Professor (with tenure), M.I.T., July 1972; a principal D. E. BUDGEN(GS1970) investigator in the Apollo R. G. BURNS (GBF Feb.-Sept. 1970) programme. 1972; Editorial Board of Chemical Geology, 1972 JRF October 1973 P. T. CALLAGHAN (GS 1970) Lecturer in English, Middlesex Polytechnic, 1973 S.S.R.C. Conversion Fellowship to undertake A. R. CUNNINGHAM (nee PENNINGTONXGS 1970) research study of the behaviour of institutionalised C. E. DAVIESIGS1969) children under Professor Bruner, 1973-75 Assistant Keeper, Department of Eastern Art, Ashmolean Museum, September 1973 Co- S. D1GBY(RF1969) founder, International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (Founder President; J. L. M. DAWSON (VF 1970) Professor Jerome Bruner); Organised first I.A.C.C.P. International Conference in Cross- Cultural Psychology at University of Hong Kong Staff Member, Cancer Society of New Zealand Cancer Research Laboratory Visiting Scholar, W. A. DENNY (JRF 1970-72) G. Harvard University Law School, 1972-74; American Council of Learned EZORSKY (VF 1968-69) Societies Fellow, 1973-74 Assistant Professor in History of Science and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles R. G. FRANK (MCR 1968-69) Chairman, Committee on the Official Secrets Act, Section 2 Lecturer in Politics, Swansea LORD FRANKS (Hon. Fellow 1968) University, October 1973 B. A. HADDOCK (GS 1971) Visiting Professor of Middle East Languages and Cultures, Columbia University, 1972-73 W. W. HALLO (VF 1971) Lecturer in Indian Religion, King's College, London, October 1973 Postdoctoral research F.E. HARDY (GS 1969) into D.N.A. in higher organisms in the laboratory of Dr. Charles A. P. HENSON(GS 1968-71) Thomas Jr., June 1972-July 1973; Instructor, Harvard Medical School, from June 1973 Lecturer in Economics, Birkbeck College, London, October 1972 Harwell Industrial Fellow, S. F. HIMMELWEITtGS 1969) A.E.R.E. Harwell, from June 1973 for three years Mary Goodger Scholarship, Oxford, June L. W. HOBBS (JRF 1972) 1972; Lecturer in Zoology, St. Anne's College, S. A. ILES (nee WHYTE) (GS 1970) October 1973 Vice-Chairman, Universities Council for Adult Education, April 1973 Alexander von F.W.JESSUP (GBF 1965) Humbolt Fellowship, 1972-73, to research on Late Roman and Barbarian Law S. A. JAMESON (MCR 1971 -72) at the Universities of Gottingen and Freiburg im Breisgau Lecturer in Geology, Durham University, October 1973 H. C. JENKYNS (JRF 1971-72; MCR 1972) Assessor 1973-74 D. KAY (GBF 1967) Lindemann Trust Fellowship 1973-74 Vicegerent 1973-75 Foundation Professor of Biology, W. J. KENNEDY (GBF 1970) Murdoch University, Perth (a new university opening in March R. G. LIENHARDT(GBF 1968) 1975), July 1973 J. F. LONERAGAN (VF 1971) Chairman, Board of Staff Examiners in German, London University, 1972-74 1st prize for blackberries, 2nd prizes for orange marmalade and rhubarb chutney, Wolvercotf D. R. McLINTOCK (GBF 1965-67) Horticultural Show, 27 August 1973 J. C. MOTT (GBF 1965) • G. MURRAY (GS 1972) Senior Member, Royal Astronomical Society, January 1973 Fellow in Residence, Netherlands F. E. OPPENHEIM (VF 1970) Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Science, from September 1973 for a year Lecturer in English, C. PALLISER(GS1971) Huddersfield Polytechnic, October 1972 Operator Research for RAF, M. A. PARKER (GS 1968) Scientific Civil Service, August 1972 Regent's Intern Fellowship, S. J. PELOSE(GS1971-72) University of California, Davis, 1972-73 Official Fellow, October 1973 J. W. H. PENNEY (GS 1971-72; MCR 1972) Visiting Lecturer, Faculty of Literae Humaniores, Oxford University, Hilary Term 1973 A. J. PODLECKKVF1970) Lecturer, Pembroke College, 1972-74 C. M. POND(GS 1970-71; MCR 1971) Research Assistant, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, October 1973 D. R. PYKEIGS 1971) Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Bombay University, January 1973 Computer T. S. RADHAKRISHNANURF 1971-72) A. Programmer, I.B.M. Limited, Winchester, November 1973 G. RITCHIE(GS 1971) C. E. ROBERTS (GS Proxime Accessit, John Locke Prize in Mental Philosophy, Michaelmas Term 1972; Lecturer u 1971) Philosophy, University of East Anglia, October 1973

50 D. J. B. ROBEY(GBF1970) University Lecturer in Italian. October 1973 A. D. ROGERSONORF 1971-73) Director. School Mathematics Project (Middle Years) and Lecturer in Mathematics. Westfield College, London F. H. SANDFORDfHon Fellow 1972) Hon D.C.L. Oxford, 3 March 1973 C. M. J. SHORLEY(GS 1971) Lecturer in French, Queen's University, Belfast. September 1973 Doctorate in Ottica R. SULLKVF1970) Fisiopatologica Co-director, conference on 'Language, Intentionality and Translation Theory'. ]. G. TROYER (MCR 1969-70) March 1973: to edit special edition of Synthese in which proceedings will appear; Younger Humanist Fellowship. National Endowment for Humanities, 1974 Visiting Assistant Professor, C. P. WADSWORTHURF 1971) Systems and Information Science, Syracuse University. New York. from January 1974 J. B. WAIN (MCR 1970) Professor of Poetry, November 1973 (for 5 years) Lecturer in M. B. WALKER (GS 1970) Psychology, St. Andrews, 1972-73 Lecturer in Geography. J. R.WALTON (GS 1971) Keele University. October 1972 Departmental Demonstrator, R. M. WARNIGS 1971) Department of Zoology, 1972 M. G.WELCH (GS 1971) Assistant Keeper, Department of Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum, October 1973 Chancellor, K. C. WHEAREfHon. Fellow 1968) Liverpool University, April 1972; Hon. LL.D., Liverpool; Resigned as Rector. Exeter College, September 1972; Honorary Fellow. Exeter College. October 1972 L. J. WIGODER (GS 1972) R. Leverhulme European Studentship. 1973-74 H.P.WRIGHT (GS 1970) W. H. Bought Green Shirt. November 1972 (Roger will have his little joke — Ed.) ZAWADZKI (GS 1968-72) JRF October 1973

BOOKS Unfortunately it has not proved possible to include articles in this list of publications: the number of articles written by past and present members of College over twelve months is already prohibitively large. J. M. ARGYLE (GBF 1965) The Social Psychology of Work. Allen Lane the Penguin Press. The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour, 2nd Edition. Penguin Books. Social Encounters: Readings in Social Interaction. Aldine and Penguins. SIR ISAIAH BERLIN (President 1966) Fathers and Children: The Romanes Lecture. 1970. Clarendon Press. 1972. Reprinted with corrections, 1973. M. G. BROCK (GBF 1967) The Great Reform Act. Hutchinson University Library. 1973. Mineralogical Applications of R. G.BURNS (GBF 1970) Crystal Field Theory (197). Japanese Translation by K. Omori. Uchida Rokakuho Publ. Co., Tokyo, 1972. Jointly with W. D. Halls and R. J. Griffs: P. M. E. FIGUEROAIMCR 1968-69) European Curriculum Studies (in the Academic Secondary School/ No. 6 — Physics. Strasbourg. Council of Europe, 1972 (published simultaneously in French). Jointly with three other Oxford authors: The Grace of God in the P. C. GARDNER (GS 1972-73) Gospel. Banner of Truth Trust. 1972. Sumerian Archival Texts (= Tabulae Cuneiformes a F.M.Th. de Liagre Bohl W. W. HALLO (VF 1971-72) Collectae. Vol. III). Leiden. Netherlands Institute for the Near East, 1973. Thomas Hardy and Rural M. HEMP (nee WILLIAMS) (MCR 1970) England. Macmillan. 1972. Three Open University Publications. 1973: Hardy's Jude the Obscure; Zola's Germinal; Literature and the First World War. With N. Davis: The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Portrait C.M.KRAAY (GBF 1965) Coins and History. Thames and Hudson. 1973. G. B. MASEFIELD(GBF 1965) K. A. G. A History of the Colonial Agricultural Service. Clarendon Press. 1972. The World of MENDELSSOHN (GBF 1965) A. D. C. Walter Nernst: The Rise and Fall of German Science. Macmillan, 1973. The Future of PETERSON (GBF 1967-73) D. F. the Sixth Form. Routledge and Kegan Paul. POCOCK (GBF 1965-66) Kanbi and Patidar — a study of the Patidar community of Gujarat. Clarendon Press. 1972. Mind, Body and Wealth — a study of belief and practice in Gujarat. Blackwells. 1973. The A. J. PODLECKI (VF 1970) Life of Themistocles. McGill, Queen's University Press. Forthcoming. (Ed.) Structuralism D. J. B. ROBEY (GBF 1970) (The Wolfson College Lectures for 1972). Clarendon Press, 1973. European Curriculum W.B. RUST (MCR 1971) Studies No. 7 — Economics. Council of Europe. 1972 (published simultaneously in French). Objective Testing in Education and Training. Pitman's Educational. 1973. Red Candle: T.T.SANDERS (JRF 1969) translations from the Chinese. Vivisections. Goliards Press. U.S.A. Forthcoming. (Ed.) Life L. A. SIEGEHGS1972) and Works of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. O.U.P.. Karachi. (Ed. with Intro, and Notes) An Z.UMER (JRF 1969) Anthology oflslamic Poetry. Translations; with John Wain, Peter Levi, Elizabeth Jennings, Omar Pound et al. The Political Philosophy of Giambattista Vico. The Hague. Martinus Nijhoff. F. VAUGHAN (VF 1970-71) Jesus the Jew. Collins, 1973. G. VERMES (GBF 1965) Konservative Kritik an der burgerlichen Revolution. Luchterhand-Verlag, Neuwied, 1972. U. VOGEL (JRF 1970) Animal Social Behaviour. Gen. Learning Press, 1972. R. B. ZAJONCfVF 1970-71)

PERSONAL NEWS

DEATHS And bid fair peace bt to my fable {brand GATES, Sylvester Govett, C.B.E., M.A. (Wolfson College Trustee 1967. Chairman of Trustees 1968), Deputy Chairman of the National FLOREY, Howard Walter. Baron, O.M., F.R.S.. F.R.C.P., M.D., B.Sc., Westminster Bank, on 31 October 1972 HARRISON, Alick Robin Ph.D. (Chairman of Wolfson College Trustees 1967), Provost of The Walsham, C.B.E., M.A. (Honorary Fellow Queen's College, on 21 February 1968 1968). Warden of Merlon College, Oxford, on 18 May 1969 51 KINGSBURY, Arthur William Gerald, M.A. (MCR 1968), Curator of ROLLIN, Bernard Vincent, M.A., D.Phil. (GBF 1965), on 19 June 1969 Minerals, University Museum, on 3 August 1968 LEACH, Ernest VOLLUM, Roy Lars, M.A., D.Phil. (GBF 1965; MCR 1967) on 30 Marcb Humphrey, B.Sc., M.A. (GBF 1965), on 30 October 1966 1970.

MARRIAGES BIRTHS CUNNINGHAM : PENNINGTON. In 1972, Vincent Joseph Cunningham BEVIR. On 7 September 1972, to Paloma (ne'e Gastesi; VF 1969-70) and (GS 1968-71) to Abigail Ruth Pennington (GS 1970) ELLIS. On 28 M. K. Bevir (JRF 1969-71; MCR 1971), a daughter (Christina) July 1972, at Oxford Registry Office, Richard Salisbury Ellis BISBY. On 29 April 1973, to the wife of M. A. Bisby (GS 1968-71), a son (GS 1972) to Barbara Williams GROUNDS. In April 1973. Stephen (Adam Paul) DOVER. On 25 October 1972. to the wife of S. D. Dover Grounds (GS 1968-72; MCR 1972) to (JRF 1969-71), a Pauline Hinchey HEMP : WILLIAMS. On 14 April 1973, John daughter (Anna Rachel) HITCHMAN. To the wife of M. L. Hemp (MCR 1971) to Hitchman (JRF 1968-70), a sot Merryn Williams (MCR 1970) PALMER : HANCOCK. On 7 July 1973, (Timothy) PIRIS. On 20 December 1972, to the wife of J. Piris (GS Timothy John Palmer (GS 1970) 1972), a first son to Caroline Douglas Hancock (GS 1972) RADHAKRISHNAN. On 5 (Alvaro) RITTER. On 24 October 1972, to Mary Ritter (GS 1969-71; February 1973, Thimmakkudi Sambasiva MCR 1971). Radhakrishnan (JRF 1971-72) to Ganga VITEK. On 5 August a son (Mark Jonathan) ROBERTS. On 8 September 1972, to the wife of 1972, Vaclav Vitek (JRF 1969) to Ludovita C. E. Roberts (GS 1971). j Stankovicova WALKER : WHITE. In July 1972. Michael Bruce son (Stephen Jude) VAUGHAN. On 28 June 1972. to the wife of F. Walker (GS 1970) to Vaughan (VF 1970-71), i Susanne Rae White (GS 1970) second son (Kevin Frederick)

WOLFSON COLLEGE TRUST

Until Wolfson has its own Charter and Statutes it is technically only a The objects of the Trust are: Department of the University, and is governed by a body of Trustees; but (a) To further education, learning and research. they of course leave a great deal to the 'Governing' Body. The Deed of (b) For that purpose to maintain, carry on and endow the Society known ai Trust was made on 13 March 1967 between 'the Chancellor, Masters and Wolfson College as a graduate society with the intent that it shall as Scholars of the University of Oxford' anu the following 'Original Trustees' soon as may be become a College of the University. of Wolfson College: The Vice-President and Bursar of the College acts ex officio as Secretan The Rt Hon Howard Walter, Baron Florey, O.M., F.R.S., F.R.C.P., M.D.. to the Trustees. Lord Florey was Chairman of the Trustees until his deatl B.Sc., Ph.D., then Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford Sir Isaiah in 1968. when Mr Bullock, as he then was, became Chairman and Michafi Berlin, C.B.E.. F.B.A., M.A., President of Wolfson College, George Brock, M.A. was appointed a Trustee. Mr Bullock resigned froi Oxford (O.M. 1971): Trustee ex officio Alan Louis Charles Bullock. the Trust in 1969 on taking up the Vice-Chancellorship of the University, M.A., Master of St Catherine's College. and Edgar Trevor Williams, C.B., C.B.E.. D.S.O., M.A. (Kt. 1973) Oxford (Kt. 1972): Trustee appointed by Hebdomadal Council Sir Warden of Rhodes House, was appointed in his place. Mr Gates, who hai John Galway Foster, K.B.E.. Q.C., M.P.. M.A. Sylvester Govett Gates, succeeded Mr Bullock in the chair, died in October 1972 and the Rt Hoi C.B.E., M.A., then Deputy Chairman of the Oliver Shewell, Baron Franks, P.C., G.C.M.G., K.C.B., C.B.E.. F.B.A, Westminster Bank Sir Peter Brian Medawar, C.B.E., F.R.S.. M.A., M.A., Hon D.C.L., Provost of Worcester College, Oxford, was appointed! D.§c.. then Director of the Trustee in his place and took over the chairmanship. National Institute for Medical Research. Mill Hill, London (C.H. 1972) Dame Janet Maria Vaughan, D.B.E.. D.M.. F.R.C.P., then Principal of Somerville College, Oxford Leonard Gordon Wolfson

Lycidas No 2 Photographs The deadline for the receipt of material for Lycidas No 2 is 30 June 1974. Acknowledgements and thanks are due for photographs as follows: pp,( Contributions of any kind are welcome and should be sent to and 38 (Cherwell), Richard Lambert; p.16, Josh Dick; p.17, Keith Score The Editor, p.20 (Arnold Mallinson), David Lewis; p.28, Mrs Dorothy Archbold; p.3 Lycidas, (the Queen). Oxford Mail and Times Ltd; p.39 (Topping Out). Shepheri Wolfson College, Building Group Ltd; p.39 (aerial view of Wolfson), John Adams am OXFORD. Samuel Guttenplan; p.37, Billett Potter. The ideal limit for articles is about 2000 words (about the length of John Wain's article), for reviews about 1000 words (about the length of Tessa Drawings Rajak's review), except in exceptional cases. The editor would also be Acknowledgements and thanks are due for drawings as follows: p.13 (title) interested to hear reactions to the first issue and suggestions for the future, Janet Berg (after the cover of the Beatles' L.P. Yellow Submarine); p.lj and will be glad to receive letters for publication. He will also rely heavily (submarine), the editor (from the same source); p.18 (coins in titling), fron on members of College to send in personal and professional news (full A History of Greece by J. B. Bury (Macmillan); p.22, from The Psychology details please) for 1973-74: a form is enclosed for your convenience. of Interpersonal Behaviour by Michael Argyle (2nd ed.. Penguin Booksl p.24, Richard Willson; p.29, John Tenniel; p.31, Lee Siegel; p.32, JaiW First Edition of Milton's Lycidas Vaux; p. 39, Powell and Moya. Material from the first edition of Milton's Lycidas (pp.20-25 of Obsequies to the memorie of Mr Edward King, Cambridge, 1638) is reproduced (mostly enlarged) by permission of the Bodleian Library from their Malone 302 131 on pp.1, 13, 51 and 52, and on pp.i, ii and iv of the cover.

52 1NO J_

ERRORS AND OMISSIONS

<™ p. 12. caption to Fig. 2, line 5: For 'supersonic eddy E1 read ' supersonic eddy E, f p. 20, col. 2. line 9t For ' Grads ' read ' ' Grads ' p. 24. col.. 1 .; The review of the President's Romanes Lecture was written by ANGUS WALKER, whose name should appear at its foot. ibid,? Michael Brock's book was published by The Hut chins on University Library, not The Clarendon Press. p. 25. col. 2; Geoffrey Masefield's book was published by The Clarendon Press in 1972. p. 27. col. 2. line 2; For 'expostion' read 'exposition' p» 32, col, 1, 'mea culpa ' . line 1 ; For 'conservations' read 'conversations' ibid,, col. 2. 'translate into Greek', line 10; For 'Munday. ' read 'Munday, '

P. 33. col. 2. opening of letter; For 'Vigonensis' read 'Vigornensis' p. 35. col. 1. para. 3. line 1; For 'Kendelssohn' read 'Mendelssohn1

•p. 36. col. 1. antepenultimate and penultimate lines; For ' the 'Great Reform Act of 1832;' read « 'The Great Reform Act of 1832' ;' p. 40. College Officers; For 'Vice -President and Bursar (1966)» read 'Vice-President and Bursar (1967)' and for 'Domestic Bursar (1967)' read 'Domestic Bursar (1966)' ibid.. Elections and Admissions; Delete the first HULlU and HUNT entries. ibid.. 2nd HULIN entry; For 'MA.' read 'M.A.' p. 43; Insert under 'Hilary' the title 'GRADUATE STUDENT'

P. 47. 1972-73. Michaelbnas . JUNIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS. ANDERSON; For 'I.C.I.1 read 'I.B.M.' p. 49; At top of page add title 'GRADUATE STUDENTS' ibid... Degrees and Diplomas. 1969-70. line 4; For 'Man.' read 'Man1

The editor would "be grateful if you would let him know of any further errors you may discover.

9 October 1973