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Wisconsin Magazine of History (ISSN 0043-6534) WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY 'Ife .Slate Hi.sKn-ical Stnicty of Wisconsin • Vol. 80, No. 2 • Winter, 1996-1997 ,«_^|jjpr:^;. THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN GEORCE L. VOC;T, Director Officers GLENN R. COATES, President RICHARD H. HOI.SCHER, Treasurer GERALD D. VISTE, First Vice-President GEORGE L. VOOT, Secretary PATRICIA A. BOC.E, Second Vice-President The State Historical Society of Wisconsin is both a state agency and a private membership organization. Founded in 1846—two years before statehood—and chartered in 18.53, it is the oldest American historical society to receive continiiotis ptiblic funding. By stattite, it is charged with collecting, advancing, and disseminating knowledge of Wisconsin and of the trans-Allegheny West. The Society serves as the archive ofthe State of Wisconsin; it collects all manner of books, periodicals, maps, manuscripts, relics, newspapers, and aural and graphic materials as they relate to North America; it maintains a musetmi, library, and research facility in Madison as well as a statewide system of historic sites, school services, area research centers, and affiliated local societies; it administers a broad program of historic preservation; and publishes a wide variety of historical materials, both scholarly and popular. Membership in the Society is open to the public. /nrfaxWufli/membership (one person) is $27..50. Senior Citizen Individual jnetuberahip is $22.50. Family membership is $32.50. Senior Citizen Family membership is $27.50. Supporting mcmbersh'ip is $100. Sustaining membership is $250. A Pct/ron contributes $500 or more, /j/?membership (one person) is $1,000. Membership in the Friends of the SHSW is open to the public. Individual membership (one person) is $20. Family membership is $30. The Society is governed by a Board of Curators which includes twenty-four elected members, the Clovernor or designee, three appointees ofthe Governor, a legislator from the majority and minority from each house, and ex officio, the President of the University of Wisconsin System, the President of the Friends of the State Historical .Society, the President ofthe Wisconsin History Foundation, Inc., and the President ofthe Administra­ tive (Committee of the Wisconsin Council for Local History. A complete listing of the Ctirators appears inside the back cover. The Society is headquartered at 8Hi State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 5370(i-l488, at the Juncture of Langdon and Park streets on the University of Wisconsin campus. The State Historical Museum is located at 30 North Carroll Street. A partial listing of phone numbers (Area Code 608) follows: General Administration 264-6400 Hours of operation 264-6588 AlTiliated local societies 264-6583 Institutional advancement 264-()585 Archives reading room 264-6460 Library Circulation desk 264-6534 C'ontribiition of manuscript materials 264-6477 Maps.! 264-64.58 Development 264-6589 Membership 264-6.587 Editorial offices 264-6461 Microforms reading room 264-6536 Fax 264-6404 Museum tours 264-6555 Film collections 264-6470 Newspaper reference 264-6531 Cienealogical and general reference inquiries.. 264-65.35 Picture collections 264-6470 Government publications and reference 264-6525 Public information office 264-6586 Historic pieseivation 264-6500 School serAiccs 264-6579 Historic sites 264-6586 Aichives Division http://v\-ww.wisc.edii/shs-aichivcs ON THE COVER; Nesouaquoil, a Fox chief. An article on the Mesquakie in Wisconsin begins on page 83. WHi(X3)48336. Volume 80, Number 2 / Winter, 1996-1997 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY Published quarterly by ihc State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin'.s Fox River Valley Wisconsin 53706-1488 and the Mesquakie: Distributed to members as part of A New Local HLstory 83 their dues. Individual member­ ship, $27.50; .senior citizen individual, $22.50; family, $32.50; Neil Schmitz senior citizen family, $27.50; supporting, $100; sustaining, $250; patron, $500 or more; life (one person), $1,000. Single Theodore W. Goldin: numbers from Volume 57 forward are $5 plus postage. Microfilmed Little Big Horn Survivor copies available through and Winner ofthe Medal of Honor 106 University Microfilms, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan Larry Sklenar 48106. Communications should be addressed to the editor. The Society does not assume responsi­ bility for statements made by contributors. Periodicals postage Book Reviews 124 paid al Madison, Wisconsin. PO.ST.MA.STER: Send address changes to Wisconsin Magazine of History, Book Review Index 132 Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1488.' Copyright © 1997 by the Stale Wisconsin History Checklist 133 Hisloricai Society of Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Magazine of History Accessions 135 is indexed annually by the editors; cumulative indexes are assembled Proceedings of the One Hundred and Fiftieth decennially. In addition, articles 141 are abstracted and indexed in Annual Meeting ofthe State Historical Society America: History and Life, Historical Abstracts, Index to Literature on the Contributors 158 American Indian, and the Combined Retrospective Index lo Journals in History, 1838^1974. Editor PAUI, H. H.\SS Photographs identified with WHi negative numbers are from the Historical Society's collections. Associate Editors WILLIAM C. M.ARTEX JOHN O. HOLZHUETER Augustin Grignon, as painted for the Historical Society by Samuel Marsden Brookes al Buttes des Moris in October, 1858. It is reproduced here for comparison to the more widely known daguerreotype of him from the first lialf of the 1850's, tuhich is reproduced on page 92 and discussed by the author. Wisconsin's Fox River Valley and the Mesquakie: A New Local History By Neil Schmitz HE Wisconsin Fox Indians, in their mal bones, Jesuit rings, musket parts. Jeffery T language, were Mesquakie, People of A. Behm's recent article "Excavations of the Red Earth. "A party of Indians of the Tox' Village at Buttes des Morts Confirm Fox clan were once on a hunt," so the French Bombardments and Burnings" Mesquakie story goes, "when they met up counts the scarce pieces. The site, already with men of another race—the French. scavenged, he tells us, is currently "endan­ The French asked who they were and the gered by residential development."- Indians replied by giving the name of their The "Fox" do not figure largely in our clan, Wakohagi [Fox]. The French then local history. They come into central Wis­ named them les Renards, which the En­ consin in the seventeeth century, probably glish later turned into Foxes. This meeting from Michigan, probably fleeing the was north of the Great Lakes. The whole Iroquois/English/Huron/French war tribe was then known as Utagamiagi."' zone. Other displaced Algonquian nations Utagamiagi (Outagamie) was the Ojibwa (Sauk, Mascouten, Kickapoo, Potawatomi, name for the Mesquakie, and was some­ Miami) also resettled in central Wisconsin. times used by the French in referring to the In The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Renards. Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650- Fox Hardware, Fox Liquor, Fox Cities, 1815 {\99l), Richard White vividly describes the Appleton Foxes, the Fox River Valley central Wisconsin at the end of the seven­ Golf Club—such are the weak linguistic teenth century as a vast refugee center, its traces ofthe Mesquakie in our everyday Fox situation volatile, nations socializing, coop­ River Valley discourse. We are Foxes, of erating, feuding, fighting, constantly ad­ central and east-central Wisconsin, sort of. justing their strategies to shifts in French Some of us live in Outagamie County. At trading policy, which was always the domi­ the Bell Site on the southern shore of Big nant reality. Louise Phelps Kellogg's The Lake Buttes des Morts, these are the physi­ French Regime in Wisconsin and the Northwest cal traces of the Mesquakie: charcoal, ani­ (1925) counts two Franco-Mesquakie wars: ' William Jones, Ethnography of the Fox Indians, ed. -Jeffrey A. Behm, "Excavations of'Fox' Village at by Margaret Welpley Fisher (Bureau of American Butte des Morts Confirms Erench Bombardinents Ethnology, Bulletin no. 12.o, W'ashington, 1939), 8. and Burnings,"in Uoyag-eMr( Summer-Fall, 1992),44. C^opyrighl © 1997 by Ihc Smie Hisloricai Society of Wisconsin 83 All righls of reprocliiclion in any form reserved. f*' '..H'/ •^ -=•' . ..,---.\ • .** *. •*'m: ,/'' A Mesquakie archaeology site on the tuest bank ofthe Wolf River being studied in 1914. thefirst, 1701-1712; thesecond, 1727-17.38. ans. Caught up in Sauk history, in the Black In R. David Edmunds andjoseph L. Peyser's Hawk War (1832), the Mesquakie next lost The Fox Wars: The Mesquakie Challenge lo Neiu their upper Mississippi Valley dominion, France (1993), chapters 5 and 6 are entitled hard-won and held in strong alliance with "Armageddon" and "Genocide." The the Sauk, and were put on reservations in Mesquakie had several strongly fortified Kansas and Oklahoma. Eventually, with villages in the Fox River system, the princi­ great exertion and sacrifice, they reestab­ pal village on Lake Buttes des Morts a major lished a homeland in Iowa: the Tama Settle- fortress. A radical Mesquakie leadership ment, on the Iowa River. In 1857 challenged French authority in the region. Maminwaniga, a Mesquakie "chief by right The French effecti\'ely declared the of clan (bear) and tribal custom,"'^ led rem­ Mesquakie a terrorist nation and attempted nant Mesquakie back to central Iowa, to an exemplary genocide. By the time land they had purchased. Tama is, one Augustin Grignon, Kaukauna's Creole fore­ supposes, the last redoubt ofthe Mesquakie, father, established himself at the Grand Kau-kau-lin Chute in 1813, the Mesquakie were gone from the Fox River Valley. The ' William Jones, Fox Texts (Publications of the Mesquakie are no longer Wisconsin Indi­ Airierican Ethnological Society, Leyden, 1907), 1:2. 84 SCHMITZ: WISCONSIN S FOX RIVER VALLEY .-iiND LI IE MESQUAKIE this Algonquian people of the Eastern last, but still holding claim to the country, Woodlands, renowned in the eighteenth they moved southward to the Rock River century for their emergency fort construc­ country, where their friends the Sauk lived."'' tion.
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