The NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

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JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OCTOBER, 1937 The American Horticultural Society

PRESENT ROLL OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS April 12, 1937

OFFICERS President, Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Washington, D. C. First Vice-President, Mrs. Charles Walcott, Washington, D. C. Second Vice-President, Mrs. Fairfax Harrison, Belvoir, Fauquier Co., Va. Secretary, Mrs. Eugene Ferry Smith, Bethesda, Md. Treasurer, F. J . Hopkins, Washington, D. C. DIRECTORS Terms Expiring in 1938 Terms Expiring in 1939 Mrs. J. Norman Henry, Gladwyne, Pa. Mr~. Robert Woods Bliss, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Peekskill, N. Y. Mrs. Dement S. Houghton, Chestnut Hill, Dr. ]. Horace McFarland, Harrisburg, Pa. Mass. Mrs. Chester Welles, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott, Media, Pa. Mrs. William Holland Wilmer, Washing- ton, D. C.

HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Mr. James H . Porter, Pres., Mrs. Clement Houghton, American Azalea & Camellia Society, American Rock Garden Society, Macon, Ga. 152 Suffolk Road, Chestnut Hill, Mass. Mr. Tom H. Smith, Pres., Mr. Leonard Barron, Pres., American Hegonia Society, American Rose Society, 3601 East Broadway, 2049 Grand Central Terminal, Long Beach, Calif. New York, N. Y. Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, Pres., Mr. Howard E. Gates, Pres., American Fern Society, Cactus & Succulent Society of America, University of Pennsylvania, 6162 N. Figueroa St., Philadelphia, Pa. Los Angeles, Calif. Dr. H. H. Everett, Pres., Mr. Edward Steichen, Pres., American Iris Society, Delphinium Society, 139 East 69th St., 417 Woodmen Accident Bldg., New York, N. Y. Lincoln, Nebr. Mrs. John H. Cunningham, Pres., Mr. Chas. F. Wassenberg, Pres., Herb Society of America, American Peony Society, 53 Seaver St., Van Wert, Ohio. Brookline, Mass.

SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1937 Alexandria, Virginia, Garden Oub, American Fuchsia Society, Mrs. Charles Holden, Miss Alice Eastwood, Secretary, Rosemont, California Academy of Sciences, Alexandria, Va. Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Calif. American Amaryllis Society, Bethesda Community Garden Club, Wyndham Hayward, Secretary, Mrs. B. T. Elmore, Winter Park, Fla. 103 Locust St., Bethesda, Md. American Begonia Society, California Garden Oub Federation, Tom H. Smith, President, Miss E. Marlow, Lib., 3601 E. Broadway, 992 S. Oakland, Long Beach, Calif. Pasadena, Calif.

Publication Office, 32nd St. and Elm Ave., Baltimore, Md. Entered as second-class matter January 27, 1932, at the Post Office at Baltimore, Md., under the Act of Au,gust 24, 1912. California Horticultural Society North Carolina Garden Club, Miss Cora R. Brandt, Secr~tary, Miss C. S. Black, 485 California St., Wake Forest, N. C. San Francisco, Calif. Northern Nut Growers Association, Chestnut Hill Garden Club. Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Pres., George Baldwin, Lib., 32 S. 13th St., Heath St., Ha·r6sburg, Pa. Chestnut Hill, Mass. Ohio Association of Garden Clubs, Chevy Chase (D. C.) Garden Club. Mrs. Silas B. Waters, Mrs. J. E. FLtzgerald, 2005 Edgecliff Point, 5519 Chevy Chase Parkway, Cincinnati, Ohio. Chevy Chase, D. C. Chevy Chase (Md.) Garden Club Rock Garden Society of Ohio, Mrs. Richard F. J ackson, Pr~s. , Mrs. Frank Garry, 5 Oxford St., 5800 Wyatt Ave., Chevy Chase, Md. Kennedy Heights, Cincinnati, Ohio. Cleveland Garden Center, East Boulevard at Euclid Ave., St. George's Garden Club, Cleveland, Ohio. Baltimore, Md. Takoma Horticultural Club, Dayton Garden Center, Takoma Park, D. C. % Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio. The Federated Garden Club of Cincinnati and Vicinity, Fauquier and Loudoun Garden Club, Mrs. Bart H. Hawley, Mrs. John T . Cochran, 242 Greendale A venue, The Plains, Va. Cincinnati, Ohio. The Garden Club of Darien, The Little Gate Garden Club, Darien Free Library, Greensboro Public Library, Darien, Conn. Greensboro, N. C. Garden Center Institute of Buffalo, Sta. H, Box B, The Little Garden Club of Sandy Spring, Buffalo, New York. Mrs. Wm. Hough, Sandy Spring, Md. Garden Club of Kentucky, Mrs. T . F. Roemele, The San FranciscC! Garden Club, 3214 Wren Road, Room 133, FaIrmont Hotel, Louisville, Ky. San Francisco, Calif. Garden Club of Ohio, Town and Country Garden Club of Cleveland Mrs. Frank B. Stearns, Mrs. W. H. Wood, • 15830 S. Park Blvd., Anderson and Green Road, Cleveland, Ohio. S. Euclid, Cleveland, Ohio. Garden Department. Hemet Women's Club, Trowel Club, Mrs. David K. ' White. Mrs. Theodore Joslin, Pres., Box 564, Hemet, ·Calif. 4934 Indian Lane, Washington, D. C. Georgetown Garden Club, Mrs. Edmund M. Talcott, Washington Garden Club, 3229 R St., N. W., Mrs. Frederick H. Taylor, Washington, D. C. 817 Prince St., Alexandria, Va. Lake Washington Garden Club, Mrs. J. M. Blackford, Woodridge Garden Club, 3048 E. Laurelhurst, 'Woodridge Branch Library, Seattle, Wash. Washington, D. C.

Magnolia Circle, vVorcester Co unty H orticultural Society, 950 Bay St., N. E., 30 Elm Street, St. Petersburg, Fla. vVorcester, Mass. [ i ] The National Horticultural Magazine

Vol. 16 Copyright, 1937, by THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY No.4

OCTOBER, 1937

CONTENTS

Garden Ecology. R. S. STURTEVANT ...... 219 Sun Roses and Rock Roses. SYDNEY B. MITCHELL...... 224 Iris in the Garden, 1937. SHERMAN R. DUFFy...... 229 Training the Kwanzan ·Cherry Tree. VV. E. WHITEHOUSE ...... 236 For Better Tulips, Omit Fertilizers, R. M. CARLETON ...... 249 Rhododendron N otes ...... 253 Rhododendron catabiense album. POWELL GLASS ...... 253 Some Azalea N otes. JOSEPH B. GABLE ...... 253 Notes. CLEME NT G. BOWERS ...... _ ...... 256 Rhododendron se1Tulatu111 ...... 260 A Book or Two ...... 261 The Gardener's Pocketbook:

Thalietnm~ roeh ebru111·a ll"ll111. F. E. McILVAINE ...... 264 A Dilemma and A Question. F. E. McILVAINE ...... 266 Que1'Cus Robblr var. peetillata. BERNARD HARKNESS ...... 266 his t£nguiettlaris. ROBERT C. iON CURE ...... 268 Aq'L£ilegia longissi11la. ROBERT C. MONCURE ...... 268 Agastae he eana ...... 268 H yme·nocallis A 1na'l I-we s ...... 270 H ymenocallis ea1--ibaea ...... 272 Hip peastrU11'L ea lyp tratum ...... 272 L onie em s emp e1'V i1' e1'1s ...... 274 Cole h-ieu1ns ...... 274 A Chance to Save the American Chestnut ...... 276 Index ...... 277

Published quarterly by The American Horticulbural Society. Publication office, 32nd St. and Elm Ave., Baltimore, Md. EdLtorial office, Room 821, Washington Loan and Trust Building, Wash· ington, D . O. Oontributions from all members .. re cordially invited and should be sent to the Editorial office. A subscription to the magazine is included in the annual dues to aU members; to non-members the price is seventy-five cents the copy, three dollars a year. [ ii ] Garden Ecology

R. S. STURTEVANT

TI-IE gardener seeks success with tained as in nature many efforts are plants. To one, success may be a due to a transitional stage. selected plant grown to perfection; My interest is primarily in a maxi­ to another it is a group of plants so mum effect with a minimum amount arranged as to please the eye. In of care and my ten to twenty year either case we must consider both experience is wholly in New England the needs of the plant for varying though with two very different types amounts of light, air, and water at of soil; the first a very light gravelly various seasons and our own require­ loam, the second a rather poor and ments as to ease of culture and de­ poorly drained -clayey loam. Natu­ sired effect. rally there have been areas of sun Each plant has ·certain periods of and shade, low wet spots and high active growth that alternate with pe­ dry slopes, and varying amounts of riods of rest. In the tropics or un­ root competi tion of different sorts, der cultivation activity may be al­ and yet so difficult is it to analyze most continuous. To the far north the conditions that I know not how or in certain types of vegetation the to classify my experiences in a way resting period is prolonged. We gar­ that may prove helpful. den in a certain climate but we may Over large areas cat-tails or wil­ seek to maintain optimum conditions lows, alders or larch may indicate to secure a maximum growth of flow­ varying amounts of wetness in the ers (and weeds) or we may prefer to lowlands and nut trees or white pines make the most of what nature pro­ relatively good well-drained areas vides and thus limit our plant mate­ but within the limits of a yard we rial. The gross feeders quickly over­ may grow almost all of them cheek grow their weaker neighbors despite by jowl and it is the character of the our efforts at restraint. Hence the individual that will permit or pre­ labor is continuous; whereas the lazy vent close association of other plants gardener (and I am one) tries to group for our enjoyment. A white pine plants that will live together as a may self-sow in a sunny border; in happy family with little need of regu­ ten years it may be sufficiently bushy lation. to ·crowd out its neighbors or its A study of plants in relation to neighbors may have left it with only their habitats is the science of ecology a scrawny leader that in another ten but the grouping of plants in a select­ years still permits sunlight to reach ed spot of our own is wholly an ex­ the ground about its trunk. That one periment based on experience and ob­ difference of light changes our prob­ servation and, incidentally, rarely lem completely. Again a row of elms successful to any large extent at the to the south is struck by a heavy first trial. Furthermore the measu-re ice storm and for the next decade of success can be judged only over a at least the garden to the north en­ period of years which, in itself, indi­ joys more sun-light. cates that some control must be main- With our objectives and our limita- [219 ] 220 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 tions both in mind two general prin­ Abelia and Japanese Quince supple­ ciples may be offered that are marked­ ment one another to advantage, the ly helpful in securing attractive group­ first with more spreading habit, more ings. First, the poorer the growing winter foliage, the second with its blaze conditions the more easily we may of color and, eventually, greater height. achieve an effect that will be perma­ In light soil a well-established hedge nent when once established. Second, of Japanese barberry makes a delight­ the more varied the habits of the plant ful support for climbing roses par­ material the more interesting the com­ ticularly those with more of the wich­ position or succession of bloom or what you will. As a reverse, probably our uriana fine foliage and sprawling hab­ most difficult problem would be the it. In this case the rose may smother keeping of a rich open meadow (al­ even a vigorous barberry unless pine or otherwise) in more continuous thinned. Incidentally any really hardy lovelier bloom than nature could pro­ climber may .be il1'terplanted with vide. We often need trees, shrubs, or Prairie roses (for succession) and vines, perennials and almost invariably Scotch or wild roses as an under­ bulbs to get the maximum of effect. growth but they take space and then Nature is usually far better than we more space as the years pass. Once are at mixing tree with tree or shrub and once only and in good heavy loam with shrub and for a brief span of I had a happy mixture of Spirea van years may offer us a wider variety of Boutte and a rose. A hybrid per­ piants within small area for our guid­ petual (for lack of time to pr~pare ance. another bed) was planted between new­ A happy mixture of like material for ly set spireas and forgotten. Shortly succession of fruit or flower and with­ the stock took hold and some years out too great a contrast of texture to later the white of the spirea gave way disturb the eye is not easy. In fact, to the magenta red (unfortunately) I have had few successes. Buddleia of the rose rather pleasantly for a alte1'ni folia planted with a hybrid neglected corner. Sweetbrier has been lovely from a dis­ Either by close planting or by graft­ tance of fifty feet or more and less ing one can achieve variety of color good when one felt the differences of within the same species; apples, cher­ foliage. I could wish for a more free­ ries, or lilacs for exampl~, and without flowering rose as the lavender is only sufficient differences of habit or foliage lit with pink. With me the buddleia to distract at other seasons. On a alone is a bit floppy in habit and none larger area one may mix azaleas of too attractive as a shrub. similar foliage and height and inter­ For color combination also bUlt this plant with ferns and bog lilies for suc­ time in poorer, drier soil, the rose of cession of color and interest. Robi1~ia l?els eyi rising above the white Curiously enough all these groupings of Rosa spinossissima alta:ica has been require sun and I can think of no lovely. K elseyi is much lighter in fo­ happy mixtures that are really effective liage and sparser in increase than the for shade. Equality of vigor has been usual Robi1'lia hispida and hence better a necessity and similarity of foliage with the fine foliage of the Scotch rose. texture and color most desirable. What Both are interesting in fruit and we have done is to maintain a certain warmth of twig. mass effect in a larger composition Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE ~21

and yet to gain added seasonal in­ on the sunny side a drift of Iris Doro­ terest. thea K . Williamson gives more and When we group for a more com­ richet purple in its season but the plete picture we begin to think not arching leaf blades are almost ever­ of a single mass but of ground-covers green. On the shady side is Leucothoe blending into specimens of interest, the with its bronzy new growth. The whole perhaps beneath a canopy of tree. whole occupies perhaps a four foot From a distance the height of tree or square and practically without atten­ vine counts while near at hand, the tion this last ten years. intricacy of ground covers may charm. When first planted, some prepara­ In the smallest of planting areas. tion of the ground and weeding is a and where suitable support is avail­ necessity but with luck the selected able we must depend on vines for plants supplant the weeds. height, possibly for spread as well, A high-corner with dry walls to and for herbaceous material at their south and west has become a happy feet perhaps. tangle again within the decade. A My t errace paving is set in loam. twelve foot tree lilac gives character Close spaci ng of doors and windows to one side. Rosa, 11!u.ltifiora and Bit­ offer but a few square feet for plant­ tersweet mound high and far, while ing. From one springs a wisteria, bare from below a Trumpet creeper gives at the base but festooned above and even bolder foliage where needed. bunching heavily at the peak of a gable. Japanese barberry edges the group. At its foot is a Bearded Iris and a self­ Within the last few years a seedling sown New England Aster which I tuck grape has appeared and will need re­ back behind the trunk of the wisteria moval I fear before its big leaves ruin each summer. A bit of husky sedul1l the composition and its vigor smother creeps out along the crevices between everything. What more could one the stone. Dead fl owers and leaves' want without effort : fall color, three must be removed, the vine may need kinds of ' winter fruit, four seasons of pruning away from the windows but bloom! that is all. If it were not a south ex­ Another corner has been less suc­ posure I should add English Ivy for cessful. It drops away from the house winter effect. undesirably to start with and the soil Another corner has been less suc­ is poor. A rather thin. tall Euolty­ cessful in its lower ranges, A wild nnls alatus arches delightfully by the grape ranges high and wide, some thirty window. Beneath it E '!tOl1y1/1.~tS vege­ feet in three directions. A Trumpet tus is all too slowly making a carpet,­ Creeper is slowly taking hold (none the poor soil which keeps the shrub in too vigorous in this climate) and at bounds is too poor for the ground­ their base is a tuft of day lilies . Origi­ cover. To the north is a low canopy nally there were violets and daffodils of the laciniate sumach its fall color also but the lilies have won the day. less good than that of Rhus glabra of Off a corner of the gray-shingled similar height. Both are unpleasantly house is a vase-shaped purple plum. thin at the base which I have thick­ From below the groundnut (Apios ened with Japanese barberry as I was tubcrosa) tangles pleasantly each sea­ not willing to enrich the soil for a mere son, its dull purple blooms only appar­ ground cover. Grape hyacinths and ent as we approach closely. Beneath and bugbane have been a pleasant tempo- 222 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 rary ground-cover but my problem is sonia has settled in to stay and rise::. still unsolved. from a heavy mat of wild ginger and an An existing birch beyond the lawn occasional tuft of epirnedium. proved a start towards a naturalistic In using perennials for permanence glade. At its foot early orange day it must be remembered that some are lilies have thrived but not so well as to naturally short-lived, some very slow crowd out a planting of lungwort and of increase, some easy from seed, some English primroses. The latter self-sow quick runners either above or below but rarely need division and replant­ ground so that they may never get '1 ing every few years. A bit to the hold or may usurp the whole neighbor­ rear and close behind the white trunk hood. Lily-of-the-Valley in shade will are spires of cimicifuga, its bold fo­ weave itself through thin grass and lia.ge handsomer as the years go by. with little help become a solid mass If it had not been for trees to the while the uvularias of similar habit south I should have been using Joe­ stand little competition. I have a happy Pye-weed, Siberian irises, with my day colony under a dwarfish pine but as lilies with even less culture. they edge out into the sun they are Beneath alders, in drifts across a too easily crowded out. Goutweed run-out .field, beneath an apple, in fact (Aegopodiu111.) either plain or varie­ almost anywhere the daffodils will at gated advances slowly but very surely least live and, if the soil be good, in­ and in moderately good soil will swamp crease most thriftly. Generally the most herbaceous material though Trumpets like the better loam, the nar­ it does no harm to deeper rooting row-leaved Incomparabilis vanetJes shrubs. The common ajuga, money­ enduring light with better grace. One wort, and ground ivy all run madly for planting of Barri consplcuus has light, they like sour spots in the lawn mingled with mertensia these last but not too much shade or any crowd­ twenty years at the foot of a black ing while vinca and pachysandra will locust in almost pure gravel. Only thrive even under a thrifty forsythia. the mixed ground cover of lamium Our associations of plants always and ajuga is really happy but they do need ground-cover to prevent the continue. Narcissus triandrus has self­ growth of weeds. It may be relatively sown both in a low spot where ferns low or relatively tall, it may be shallow run riot and on a sunny, gravelly bank or deep rooting as its companions per­ among neglected rock garden things mit, it may be sun loving or shade en­ N. cycla111,ineus has persevered only in during, but unless we realize habits of the low spot. Narcissus seem to crowd growth below ground as well as above themselves into extinction much more and balance periods of active growth freqt:lently than otherwise, while tulips with periods of rest we cannot succeed rarely continue even with help. in. a close planting. On a sunny slope at the foot of an In a pasture we find a spreading old larch, now draped in Virginia juniper in full sun. As the years go Creeper, SedU111! stoloniferu111. makes a by its center thins, active growth i~ carpet through the thin stalks of a wild above and on its perimeter. A seed­ rose which apparently can do little more ling birch, rose, or cedar finds foot­ than exist in such pure gravel. hold and develops shade and with the Again on a bank of gravel where a increase in shade the juniper dies away. Hybrid Sweet Brier rears high, am- To the south side it will remain ef- Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 223

fective for many a year. The low get higher and higher and more and yew (Tax'L£ s canadensis) is equally more leggy at the base. Lilacs without low and spreading but it will stand a bloom, Philadelphus gmndifiO?'us, haw­ lot of shade and form a carpet close thorns, C O?'nus altenvifolia, and Mas­ up to a tree trunk in good soil. There. bush honeysuckles all serve their pur­ our difficulty is to provide shade be­ pose but only forsythia and the hy­ fore the hot sun burns into ill-health. drangeas radiata and Hills of Snow, It will mix most attractively with Kerria and xanthorhiza fill the lower Euonymus vegetus but it would stand ranges of my screen. Beneath all these the weedy Viola cucullata, Aster 111,ult'i­ the smother of a forsythia as poorly fior'Lls, and polygon urn ramp. There are as would the sun-loving juniper. occasional patches of pachysandra and The problems presented by a row of vinca but the mulch of leaves left in trees to the south are intriguing to sav from year to year are helpful to neither the least. A row of thirty year old Close to the north of the house where white pines, only ruined in places by the sun comes for but a late hour, a quick-growing ash and maple is solved place shaded also by a vigorous young only in part. Each year they become maple I have watched even more than thinner at the base and yet I need a I have planted. An oxydendron, small screen. I preserve existing low branch­ but thriving is brilliant in autumn es by encouraging ground-covers of color; Tiger lilies and Japanese bar­ periwinkle and aegopodium; hemlocks berries self-sow and spread most grace­ have been inserted here and there; fully; there are ferns and ginger and hornbeam and buck-thorn thrive but lots of moss. In another equally poor are none too thick in winter; forsythia spot handicapped by shade from both and Tatarian honeysuckle take advan­ the house and an elm tree, Euonymus tage of every ray of sunlight; rhodo­ alatus is taking hold; there are elder­ dendrons are none too happy as they berries, wild grape, honeysuckle and are as shallow rooting as the pine and thimble berries, all so thin that I can at best I would be getting little color get a carpet or hosta, ferns, Phlox di­ on my north side; some ferns are varicata, J ack-in-the-Pulpit and vinca thriving though few like a mulch to mention but a few of my successes. of pine needles. Until my pines get Podophyllum is grand but, when thick, high-branohed I am out of luck ex­ gives almost too much shade for many cept where the plan permits planting companions of smaller stature. out from under them. If you like my haphazard methods Another row is that of old e1ms­ study nature but study also neglected street trees-and again a screen in a plantings in your vicinity and set as limited space was desirable. Here, ill your objectives not masses of bloom time and with feeding, many a shrub but decorative arrangements of foliage continues to thrive even after two dec­ with or without flowers that will be of ades. But though they thrive. they seasonal i 11 terests. Sun Roses and Rock Roses

SYDNEY B. MITCHELL

IT is often said that the garden is being without moisture except from the a reflection of one's personality, or high fogs common in July and Au­ some expression of it. May there not, gust. In an average winter the great­ however, be occasions when it reflects est cold is rarely over 6 degrees of even more the conditions, physical and frost, but in 1932 and 1937 it was climatic, even financial, under which much colder, this year as low as 18 de­ said personality may be horticulturally grees above zero in January. Sum­ expressed? Must my addiction to mers are so cool that the wearer of a drought resistant shrubs be considered straw hat or a linen suit is at once the expression of some personal char­ marked as a stranger in our midst. acteristic? I think that it came rather Overcoats are common wear in sum­ with the acquisition of a large garden mer evemngs. on a hillside which in a California I have about an acre in garden. summer drought of six months it would Only a small area around the house, have taxed my resources to irrigate. which is in the upper part of the south· Perhaps, too, it may reflect my feeling ern third, is watered and cared for with advancing years that it is best to in summer. The northern boundary make an ally of nature rather than of Monterey pines, Monterey cypress, fight her, a feeling which leaves me toyons, madrones and California live cold to the attractions of Mecanopsis oaks makes a green background for Baileyi or of rhododendrons but gives drought resisent shrubs which face interest in trying out shrubs which southeast. As far as sun, drought. come from conditions somewhat like and neglect go they must be able to my own. For an understanding of take it. I am willing to water them my interest in sun roses and rock roses occasionally the first season, after among other drought resistent shrubs, which they must take care of them­ let me briefly describe my garden. selves. There are a couple of long It is located in the Berkeley hills paths from the house north ; these like which rise from the eastern shore of cowpaths on a hillside are so cut into San Francisco Bay, going as high as the bank that their upper margins are 2,000 feet. Most gardens are on the high and their lower one drop off below western face but mine happens to be the paths, presenting problems of just over the ridge-a couple of miles planting. Furthermore I should add north of the University of California. that the flowering period of the whole It faces east at the 900 foot level, look­ cultivated area excepting that part im­ ing down into Wildcat Canyon. The mediately around the house is in our grade varies from 10 to 20 per cent. spring, from February to May, and The soil is a heavy loam a couple of that the main effects then, apart from feet deep overlying clay, but the slope sun roses, rock roses and brooms, affords excellent drainage. The an­ comes from flowering fruit trees, from nual rainfall is about 22 inches but daffodils and irises. vanes considerably. It all comes be­ The he1ianthemums or sun roses tween October and May, the summer came first into my ken because my [ 224] Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 225

previous California garden was a mountains, like Ben Nevis, and this smaller one on a dry sunny slope and Ben series is now occasionally repre­ these evergreen shrublets filled a need sented in Pacific coast lists such as that in covering the steeper grades due to of \,yilliam Borsch, Maplewood, Ore­ the formation of terraces. These were gon. From my seedlings I selected a what are generally listed as' H elian­ few quite different ones for propaga'­ the1num vu,lga~'e, though ,the variety of tion, emphasizing size and clearness of leaf size and color and the diversity color. Some of these are offered by of habit would certainly suggest a hy­ Victor Reiter, Jr., of San Francisco. brid race. I found only a few varie­ I called them after colleges, a big pure ties in our California nurseries of a white Notre Dame, my best red Har­ decade or more ago, and these without vard, and on the recent occasion of names. All were single with little one of my students becoming librarian rose-like flowers an inch or less across. of Wellesley I named a nice apricot mostly pinks, but from Carl Purdy I pink after that college: it has the very got a nice apricot form with larger v'aluable habit of holding its flowers flowers and heavier, glossier foliage. far into the afternoon when all others I had learnt that they were readily have dropped their petals. propagated by inserting in sand, prefer­ In the Journal of the Royal Horti­ ably under glass, the somewhat ripened cultural Society I noted that se:Veral tips of branches which were produced years ago in the trials of helianthe­ after flowering and which were ready mums the awards were about equally to become cuttings by July or August. divided between John Nicholls' and I also knew they came fairly well from W. M. Christy's varieties, the latter seed, in fact they occasi'onally self­ apparently being stronger in yellows sowed in my garden but without inter­ and oranges. I found that Mr. Christy esting variation. was a member of the Iris Society and Then in one of the English garden­ so wrote offering to trade him Ameri­ ing weeklies I saw an account of a can irises for some of his selected seed. visit to the garden of an old Scotch­ From his English seed I raised further man, John Nicholls, who by seeding batches of plants and got the best deep and selection had developed a fine lot golden yellow I have seen, naturally of these helianthemums. Knowing the naming it California. He also sent practical impossibility of importing plants to a friend of mine in V anCQ1,lVer, plants I wrote and asked if he would B. c., shipping them in soil as is pos­ part with some seed, and by return sible under the Canadian regulations. I received perhaps half an ounce for After they recovered from the voyage which I made return in dahlias. It they were propagated and so I have was fortunate that I acted at once as a nice series of named ones, including he died the following spring. From the lovely clear yellow Goldilocks, this seed I raised hundreds of plants Jock Scot Improved, and Jersey to cover a steep slope caused by a Cream. For a park in Seattle I got fill, and after ten years many of these cuttings of a fine big chocolate bronze originals persist and paint the grade which I am told is Fireball though it with white, pink, rose, deep red, apri­ is a single and I find that name ap­ cot and bronze every morning in late plied quite often to a double red. From spring. Mr. Nicholls had apparently various sources I have picked up sev­ named his best seedlings after Scotch eral double forms which have the ad- 226 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937

vantage of 'holding their petals longer of bright yellow flowers, each dotted than the usual morning; otherwise at the base with a dark brown blotch. they have less merit than the singles My original plant came from Golden in my eyes. Besides being useful to Gate Park, but I raised from Mr. cover banks I find sun roses fine to Christy's seed a form with lighter edge paths as they don't resent being brown blotches and by great luck found occasionally stepped on . All this late the self-yellow form among the seed­ April and May they were patches of lings, usually dubbed variety concolor the most brilliant and lovely color in or unicolor in English catalogues. The the garden. After flowering they taller, more upright H elia'nthemum ocy- ought to be trimmed back to remove 1noides (syn. H. algarvense) differs seeds. I don't prune them enough. from H. fonnosu111, also in that the One winter the rabbits from Wildcat brown blotches at the base of the pet­ Canyon did it for me, and the show als so run together as to form a ring. of flowers next spring was grand. This species is certainly less hardy as These common sun roses are hardv well, in fact a few branches were killed in many parts of the United States. in the recent cold winter here but it is certainly in gardens on both coasts, but recovering quite well. Not unlike this the taller, comparatively unknown is H. hali111,ifolium, but its wider fo­ shrubby species from around the Medi­ liage is very gray, it is more compact terranean are likely to go out in win­ though as tall, and flowers are even ter colder than those of England. Some later and of a little paler yellow. All will however take a good deal of frost, these are shrubs of the easiest culture. as I noted from Vancouver gardens drought resistent and readily propa­ this summer. H elianthemu111, lumu­ gated by cuttings in their proper sea­ latum is a small cushion of evergreen son, late summer or early autumn here. leaves with bright yellow evanescent So much for my sun roses. flowers. My plant is in what might be In the old botanical gardens oppo­ generously called my rock garden site the University of California Li­ where it thrives but is not very con­ brary in Berkeley I remember seeing spicuous. I prefer H. libwnotis (syn. some species of cistus or rock roses H. rosmarinifolium and possibly H. growing years ago, rather dry looking alysavides), a small, slow growing up­ shrubs with small white single rose­ right shrub of perhaps 18 inches, cov­ like flowers under such names as C. ered in its season with dime size yel­ salvifolius or C. 11wnspeliensis, and low flowers, and the somewhat simi­ some others with lilac or magenta pink larly habited H. umbellatum., with flowers labelled C. villos~ts or C. albi­ comparable white flowers. Both do eas­ d~ts. I gathered that they formed a ily in the aforementioned rock garden large part of the mesquite of the north with no care but occasional watering Mediterranean littoral, the underbrush from adjacent lawns. The others I which corresponds to the California grow are real shrubs. The best, I chapparal but differs from it in being think, is H, f01'11wsum (syn. H. lasian­ aromatic. A winter trip to southern themum), a plant of somewhat horizon­ France some seven years ago and a tal habit often developing into a shrub meeting later in England with Sir Os­ four feet across and about half that car Warburg aroused my interest in height, its gray foliage almost covered this family of tough, drought resistant in spring by its daily replenished crops shrubs and since then through the Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 227 kindness of English friends I have ing outdoors both in England and in raised most of the species from seed Victoria, B. C. Its laurel-like foliage and in one way or another secured is a bit funereal particularly in winter several of the hybrids. They all come and its stiff, upright habit suggests that quite readily from seeds and in Cali­ it is the puritan of the family, but in fornia if set out from the flats in spring early summer when it is crowned with while they are still small they establish clusters of rosy buds which open into very easily, but thereafter move very large pure white flowers it seems quite badly. N early all of them root quit-e worth growing. It is reputed hard to easily from cuttings of the current sea­ propagate by cuttings, but I can't write son's unflowered growth, best started of this from my own experience as I in sand urider glass in late summer or raised all my plants very readily from early autumn. By far the best de­ seed. " The .only true species with "scription of this family is that of. Sir -white spotted flowers is Cistus ladani­ :Oscar Warburg in the Journal of the ferus, a tall, rangy narrow-leaved Royal Horticultural Society, January, shrub, the stems covered with the gum 1930. lada"num which gives it its name and I have flowered most of the ~pecies makes it unpleasant to handle. I doubt but unless one has a large garden many if " the real thing is to be found in can be dispensed with as too much American nursery catalogues, though alike, crude in color or surpassed for it is .now obtainable. Most growers of­ garden effect by some oth'er species or fer under this name a hybrid, C. cy­ hybrid. From a gardener's standpoint pn:l£s; which I will discuss later. Cis­ the rock roses may be divided "into tus ladaniferus has only a single flower those with pure white flowers, those in each head and is so readily distin­ with white flowers with red-brown ba­ guished from its hybrids, its flowers sal blotches, and those which are some are large, often five inches across ancl shade of pink or rose. While I have in the type are pure white with red­ "grown the smaller white-flowered Cis­ brown spots at the base of each petal. tus monspeliensis, C. salvifoZ'ius and Out of some seed sent me by Sir Os­ C. populifolius, if I had place for but car Warburg I got not only the one of these smaller pure whites I blotched type but several plants of the . would certainly select C. corbar'iensis, a pure white "immaculata" form, with hybrid of C. salvifolius and C. populi­ flowers so large as almost to suggest folius, fairly compact and dwarf, per­ R01nneya' Coulteri, the Matilija poppy, haps two feet high, with rather pleas­ though it lacks the golden center which ant green foliags, very attractive bronzy ITlakes the latter too suggestive of fried pink buds in clusters, and nice white eggs. This pure white form has the flowers in countless numbers in spring. peculiar capacity of carrying its flow­ To get this true it must be propagated ers for two or three days when all by cuttings, as seedlings very consider­ other members of the family lose theirs ably in height though otherwise a great the afternoon of the day they open. I deal like C. corbariensis, which gets grow two white hybrids of which C. la­ its name from the town of Corbiers on daniferus is one parent, C. Loreti and the French Riviera. Of the taller pure C. cyprius. The latter is a broader white forms Cistus laurifolius is best leaved rock rose than C. ladaniferus; known and considerably hardier than its other parent being C. laurifolius it the smaller whites, for I saw it thriv- is much hardier than its spotted parent, 228 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 which probably accounts for its fre­ B. c., who imported it from England, quent substitution. It can always be propagated it and sent me four plants recognized by its heads of several flow­ under the V.S,D.A. permit which al­ ers and, if you grow it long enough. lows of bringing in plants with soil by its tendency to die young, in spite on the roots from contiguous countries. of which I do not think it as good as From my plants Victor Reiter, Jr., C. lada'wife-rus, though its hardiness and propagated the stock now offered by the Armstrong Nurseries, Ontario, compact habit may fit it for colder or California, and others, It has proved a smaller gardens, It comes very read­ medium-sized shrub of grayish greell ily from cuttings. foliage and single rose-like flowers of The older pink species, Cistus vil­ a perfectly lovely shade of silvery pink losus and its varieties and C. crisp us, I am a little concerned that it may not are hardly good enough for choice gar­ b~ ,long lived at least under my con­ dens but are grand to clothe dry hill­ dItlOns, but I am giving it an occasional sides with evergreen foliage so dense summer watering as the plants which that it keeps out all weeds, Cist ,~ts vil­ have done best are in a mixed border losus and its variety C.V, c1'etic~(s are which gets casual irrigation, The other :-!1l1ch alike, rather sprawly, grayish pink, hybrid recently offered by Cali­ green, a couple of feet high, with flow­ forl1la nuresries as a novelty is C. pur­ ers of a self-lilac pink of which I am pureus, a chance plant found in Fran'ce not fond, Cish£s crispus is much bet­ over a hundred years ago which has ter in habit, hugging the ground, and been in English gardens for decades, its deeper green crisped foliage is less One of its parents is doubtless C. la­ dry looking, but whether you prefer damfer1ls and the other probably a its smaller magenta green flowers de­ form of C. villosus. The plant in fo­ pends on your reaction to that color, lzage and growth is somewhere be­ which I would call a rosy red if I were tween them and its large rosy crimson trying to sell it. Both these species deeper blotched flowers are attractive hold their seed pods too long, A much to most gardeners, It doesn't seed with daintier pink ;s Cistus parvifiorus, with, ~ne but comes cheerfully from cuttings as its name suggests, small flowers, but 111 late summer and is strona and they are of a nice pale pink and appear healthy, in fact, I have never blost a on two foot plants of such gray and plant and in Victor Reiter's San Fran­ pleasant foliage as to be in keeping, I cisco garden there are large old plant;; have found it hard and slow to raise six or seven feet high, very bright and from cuttings, but not impossible; gay in early summer and with occa­ from seed it is easy, The best pure sional flowers later. pink rock rose is the natural hybrid, My apology for interest in these Silver Pink, from Hillier's nursery. evanescent flowers is that under my Winchester, England, It is reputed cCJ!1,ditions they are cheap, gay and hardy anywhere in England, but as it eaSIly pleased ground covers, and with only got into commerce in America little labor, less strength, and more lanll this year I cannot report on its be­ than -I should have in aarden they to J havior anywhere but in my own gar­ serve a purpose similar to that of my . den, I had coveted it for years and other drought resistent friends the finally found a friend in Vancouver, brooms. Iris ln the Garden, 1937

SHERMAN R. DUFFY

No one knows and realizes any more for to admire and for to see and the thoroughly than do iris growers that two years vacation from viewing irises you can talk about the weather and tear seemed to have been valuable in giving your hair and wring your hands but a new and cold perspective,-that is we that is all you can do about it. The were looking at them with no predis­ weather in the last year has done plenty position or predilections of the pre­ to us here in the middle west with the vious season to affect judgment. result of the most tremendous losses To me, the most striking and inter­ in plants in years and about one-tenth esting feature of the season was Hans of a crop of bloom in many gardens Sass' new series of blended plicatas this season. ot the old King Karl-Jubilee type But, by way of compensation, the brought up to the size and height of bloom this season was of the most mag­ other giants of the iris world and with nificent quality we have enjoyed in more vivid and intensified coloring. many seasons and we learned what the This accompli shment was particularly irises can do when they really do their fascinating as I knew that both Hans best. They showed everything in the and Jacob Sass had worked for year" way of height and size and frequent to carry this type farther but had been heavy rains and gales of wind tested unable for several years to accomplish their enduring quality to the limit. We anything at all with them. Hans told found out those that can stand up and me four or five years ago that he hadn't those that cannot which is valuable been able to get anywhere with this knowledge. type. Both brothers have worked for Last summer's searing drought, the at least ten years on them and as Jacob worst we have known in years, checked remarked, "Hans beat me to it.» the usual late summer and fall growth. It struck me as a to'LW de force of Many plants made no increase at all iris ibreeding and Hans was reluctant and produced no side shoots until this to tell just how he did it except to spring, the fall rains in many sections say that he had to do several years of coming too late. With no anchorage criss-crossing and breeding around oi the usual new roots, we found many corners to produce them. He now has irises lying on top of the soil this a series of a dozen or so. One, Sieg­ spring. After the drought came a win­ fried, has been introduced, a giant in ter with a solid coating of ice over size and more than 3 feet tall, an in­ everything for weeks at a time. The tensified King Karl in coloring, the irises that survived we can tab as the standards having a fine yellow ground iron clads and there were many sur­ but the ground color of the falls being prises in those suspected of being ten­ a creamy white with heavy stippling der, such as Purissima, standing up and suffusions of brown purple. better than some of the old timers we Orloff, if I got the name correctly, felt nothing could feaze. I liked even better than Siegfried. It After a depression iris moratorium has not been introduced, a beauty, in o( two seasons we sallied forth again general effect a soft brown, which [ 229 1 230 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 would plant beautifully with the me­ den ones, showing that it does not need dium toned blues or with the pinks. It any coddling. It was one of the most is big, but not so large as the giant admired things in her garden this year Siegfried. Neither was it in the sin­ where an amazing variety of new and gle plant I saw so tall, Siegfried being dazzling irises were shown. It has around 38 inches but it was not as come through a two-year test in her strongly grown a plant and may make garden under most adverse conditions better height and size. They should unscathed and in a season where she make' beautiful companion pieces to suffered tremendous losses due to the Jacob's fine series of big blue trimmed drought and ice coating of the winter. plicatas and to Hans' fine pink trimmed The stellar attraction in Mrs. Patti­ ones, son's garden and one of the most out­ Maid of Astalot, a new plicata intro­ standing irises I ever sighted was a duced this year by Jacob, is a Los new yellow seedling under number, Angeles type with much deeper and 142-2, from the garden of Mr. Howard more brilliant coloring on the haft, a Glutzbeck, of Lynbrook, N. Y. fine thing, It looks like the daddy of all the Next in interest was Morocco Rose, yellows to date. the first real advance in pinks that While I have always believed that it I have seen or heard of since Pink was the best policy to rate a new seed­ Satin. The latter was in the finest ling as conservatively as possible and form I had ever seen it this year. Other increase the rating if the iris merited sister seedlings of this Trost ringer­ it after a trial of a season or two, I Aphrodite cross such as Pink Opal couldn't give this seedling less than 98 were equally fine but Pink Satin is the and that on suspicion, as I couldn't pinkest of the lot and the only one of finger any definite defect. It seemed the series with good branching dis­ to me to be distinctly better than Hap­ played this season the best I have ever py Days to which it is closest. It is a known it to be. The sister seedlings little deeper in color and a little more are all typical pallida stalks, perfect in form with a better branched, Morocco Rose, which Dr. Loomis in fact a beautifully symmetrical stem, has given us is far and away the big­ and is nearly as large and when es­ gest pink yet shown. It comes close t<: blished may be as large as that giant. to being a rose pink and deep rose pink A specimen stalk of Happy Days bicolor of the Ridgway chart. It which was the outstanding one far and should rate wen up in the 90's. The away and got the unanimous verdict only criticism that could be made of it of the judges at the Freeport Iris Show and that would be a carping one is was the biggest iris ever displayed at that it is a little bunched and high Freeport with two enormous blooms. branched, but one can't expect perfec­ The new seedling had one distinct tion reasonably. advantage over Happy Days that was It stands out as the premier pink. made plainlv evident. The two were I should say, with no rival for size or growing in direct competition within color so far reported. Apparently, it a few feet of each other, the Happy is a strong vigorous grower as Mrs. Days specil'lllen not being as well grown Pattison had it both in her display gar­ as some of the field stalks, but both den and in the field. The open field irises had to withstand a heavy ram stalks were better than the display gar- followed by a gale of wind. Mr. Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 231

Glutzbeck's wonderful iris stood up so far put out. It is in the series with through it all unscathed while Happy Col. Nicholls' Sunmist and Snow's Days was a ~10st unhappy looking iris Attye Eugenia. It has an exquisite after it. It just folded up and col­ glittering texture the rich yellow center lapsed. which melts and blends into falls and It was a yellow season, getting to standards, giving a beautiful glowing a point where you heard visitors say­ effect. It is a flower of fine size and ing, "Here's another yellow." And poise with a nicely branched stem­ they are all excellent, mostly quite dis­ one of the really good new things. tinct and none that seem to duplicate His Capri is also good, a fine yel­ each other-a wonderful selection. low and brown bicolor, the standards Prof. Mitchell's Naranja was proba­ a fine warm yellow of good carrying bly the richest colored of all the yellows, quality with the falls of golden brown. but of a distinctly orange tone, a bril­ I noted only one new blue, another liant and beautiful iris that will be from the Iowa Garden of Mr. Shuber, a fine garden plant when stock is suffi­ Television Blue, of Corrida coloring. ciently increased for general use. Mr. Shuber has put legs and arms un­ The most brilliant, rich, clear deep der Corrida, Harmony, and Wedge­ yellows were Golden Hind, a gorgeous wood in Television Blue, Dymia, and gold; Golden Bow, and an unnumbered N arain and has given them the size seedling from C. G. White of good of the modern irises. The old timers size and seemingly the richest yellow were and are still as good as the best of all the big fellows I have seen. in their respective colors which are re­ Hans Sass' intermediate, Golden produced in these three tall, large flow­ Bow, bloomed right through the tall ered, well branched newcomers. bearded season and was a glowing Shining Waters was again outstand­ clump that attracted much attention. ing as was Missouri. I prefer Shining Crysoro, Col. Nicholls' fine interme­ Waters to Sierra Blue, the latter deep­ diate, is close to it, but in my garden er and larger. was not as rich a yellow. Grinter's Garden Magic and Jacob Mr. Grinter's J ubilestra, which the Sass' The Red Douglas looked l·ike the originator says has other blood than last word in rt~ds, both magnificent iris in it, but what is not revealed is productions. There is very small stock an unusual plant of fragile appearance of both up to the present. Garden and silky texture, but apparently is not Magic may be a bit the larger of the as frail as it looks. It is curious and two, a seven-inch bloom of a lustrous attractive. I should like to know about deep red self-coloring of unusually its parentage, there being a rumor that smooth texture and finish, the falis a hemerocallis figured in it, which velvety and there being very little vena­ sounded like a nature fake to me. tion on the haft. A rich orange beard Mr. White's Lucre is another fine adds to its brilliance. yellow of rich color, one of the deeper The Red Douglas is darker than sorts that we need in the great flood Garden Magic, in fact, the finest dark of pale ones. red I have ever sighted with a fine Of the creamy ones, Bob Schrein­ stem, widely branched and with big er's Golden Treasure was the finest flowers. It is the finest of the reds thing shown and the best all around Jacob Sass has turned out and he has iris in perfection of finish that he has had a lot of them, a gorgeous bit of 232 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 color. Somebody liked it intensely in its career, Jacob Sass' Wambliska, the his garden as he complained that sev­ big blue-tinted white, staged a mag­ eral plants were missing from his mea­ nificent comeback this year, both in ger stock one evening. my garden and others. It didn't seem From the Thomas garden in Utah to like me, but this year it was as mag­ comes a red newcomer, Pi ute, an un­ nificent and stately as it was the first usually clear red. It is suggestive of time I saw it in Jacob's Nebraska gar­ a larger, taller and more intensely col­ den several years ago when it showed a ored Numa Rumestan. near four foot stalk of magnificent Mr. Lapham's Red Sails is a hand­ bloom. some brown and rich red combination r..'lr. Sass says that Wambliska, from of brilliant garden effect, making a a breeding standpoint, is the most blazing display of fine height and stem. dominant white he has ever encount­ He also had a tall pink blend on dis­ ered. No matter with what he crosses play and has a number of fine pink.:; it about 20 per cent of the seedlings on trial. are white, some warm white, some cold Hans Sass' Midwest Gem was the white, all depending on the other pa­ finest new blend on view at Freeport, rent. He has scores of whites as a a dainty and handsome combination of result of numerous Wambliska crosses. fawn, pink and yellow, suggestive of "How would you like fifty white a much refined Rameses in paler tones. irises?" he asked. "I've got all of It has fine height' and branching. that many and still some." Kleinsorge's Far West, another new Deseret and Vision still seem to be blend, is a nice indoor iris along the the top flight of the newer variegatas. K. V. Ayres type, but too soft and dull The former has the finest clear, glow­ of coloring to register well in the gar­ ing yellow standards, and the latter den. the better falls, but Deseret is the taller In the whites, we had two newcomers and larger and stands up well. Vision on view, Dr. Waller's Our Lady of this year seemed to show weak stems the Snows, and Dr. Ayres' Cincinnati. under the gales, but there were few It did not strike me that either added irises that didn't. Vision has slightly much of anything to our present list clouded standards. of whites. Hans Sass' Snow King. It is a moot question as to what a Jacob's Crystal Beauty, and the Dykes true variegata really is and whether Gudrun were my favorites and Crystal clear standards are a characteristic. Beauty this year I thought even better Bob Schreiner calls attention to the than Snow King, although not so large, fact that the variegata species which being the snowiest of the whites with he has and which he imported from good height and branching. authentic sources has clouded stand­ On the stalk of Cincinnati in Mrs. ards. Pattison's garden, I would not agree The last color break I noted in the with Dr. Ayres that it was any im­ falls of variegatas was \i\Tilliamson's provement on his very fine Venus de Decennial, which I still consider one of Milo, which. has seemed to me to be the handsomest of the lot. The one as good a white as anybody could ask thing we haven't is a good variegata for. ' It is taller. with blue purple falls instead of the Showing that you never can tell just usual brown red, at least I haven't what an iris may do in' the course of found one listed anywhere. Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 233

The cold late spring seemed made extent this year as the ice got them to order for the intermediate and dwarf as it did many other perennials during iris. They also seemed to stand the the winter. The pinks also suffered rigors of the drought and ice far bet­ heavily and many fine edgings of dian­ ter than the tall bearded iris. The thus were lost and will have to be re­ daffodils, too, liked the climate, and placed .. made a glorious display lasting into The variegata and brown reverse the intermediates when the late tulips hemerocallis is becoming a favorite took up the picture. A number of the garden combination seen in several intermediates bloomed well through places. It is effective and handsome the late iris season. They produced one of the most attractive noted taller stems than usual and more lavish bein~ King uba, one of the very best all bloom and are worthy of far wider J around garden value variegatas we planting than they have had. have because of its solid red falls and There are no finer yellows in the clear colored tan standards with Numa whole iris race than in these interme­ Rumestan which picks up the color of diates, ranging from Golden Bow, the falls perfectly. Shirvan is also gor­ Crysoro, through Cyrus, and Nymph geously used in combination with the to the pale Ambera. Alice Horsefall hemerocallis. and Challenger in their dark rich A big group of meadow rue as a beauty I would not be without, and the background for some of the big plicatas rich red purple of Red Orchid and was a most handsome and effective the bronze Abelard are things of rare group. The medium blue toned blends beauty. They prolong the large flow­ are also fine in this planting, such as ered iris season for two weeks and President Pilkington, Dolly Madison, lend themselves to grand garden PIC­ Anne Marie Cayeux. tures for early spring. The newer dwarfs which have real The freer use of yellows, now that falls and good form and better stems we have them in great variety has add­ than the old timers make gorgeous ed brilliancy to the garden. Mrs. Pat­ foils for the daffodils and they flour­ tison's show garden was unusually bril­ ished marvellously this spring. liant this year because of the free use of yellows. She also favors the free The furor of collecting seems to use of blue selfs such as Shining Wa­ have passed to a great extent among ters, Sierra Blue, the Shuber blues middle western gardeners and the Sensation and others which are a study now is for the garden effects to mos~ be produced with the irises which fur­ effective note. nish such lavish and exceptional ma­ Old clumps of that ancient perennial, terial in their season. The day of the fraxinella or dictamnus, offer a grand dull colored iris seems done, no matter background for the blue-toned irises how big or tall it may be. Cleaner, as well as whites. This is a long­ clearer colors are the rule in the newer lived perennial with handsome foliage introductions that are pushing out the whole season. It makes a hand­ many fine things of former days that some low hedge and is covered with we once admired but now cannot ad­ bloom during the iris season. Although mire so much. an old-fashioned plant it is seldom We didn't see the' usual viola and seen. johnny jump up ground covers to any Pyrethrums are lavishly used, the 234 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 pink and whites with the blue-toned Another fine red-toned iris in superb Iflses. form this season, the best it has yet The pink-toned blends such as shown was Ethel Peckham. Spring Maid, Hermene, Day Dream, The tallest and biggest iris for a Miclgarcl, Rameses, Frivolite, Marqui­ yellow effect seems to be that excel­ sette and others with the red toned lent mauve bico10r, Henri Riviere. It irises, such as Dauntless and Indian was superb this year. Chief, make fine garden pictures. For brilliant garden effect, Lux is Hemerocallis in clear yellow with hard to beat. It stands out all over the blazing red blends of the type of ·the garden in its gold and soft r:::d King Tut, Spokan, Junaluska and oth­ tones. It is a fine grower and free ers are especially effective as are also bloomer. Talisman, as a lower com­ the soft yellow irises. One of the panion piece, is excellent. finest of these soft yellow irises is Phe­ Alta California so far is the tallest. bus, a fast increaser and fine grower. moderate priced clear yellow. It outdid The brown-toned irises such as Jean itself and is worthy of lavish use. Cayeux, Tint 0' Tan, Summer Tan, The Black Douglas was a magnifi­ and others seem to plant effectively cent dark group this year. Black with both the pinks and medium toned Wings was also excellent and produced blues. fine stalks. It is not so tall or large Some of the dull blue purple bicolors as Douglas. seem to enliven and enhance the red Dog Rose, which I had never re­ blends most effectively. garded as highly as some, made a beau­ A scheme employed with fine effect tiful mass of color this year. It is ef­ by some gardeners is a ground color fective in mass although individually iris dotting plants at regular intervals the blooms are of poor form. over the bed and filling in with har­ Trail's End again proved a brilliant monizing irises. garden effect. It is deeper and more Combinations of the bright light intense in carry than Mary Geddes. I b1encls offer fine play for the ingenuity saw this happily planted with a pale of .. the .. p.lanter. A handsome group blue iris that I didn't know. noted consisted of Elsinore, Jean Mary Dynes, named by the late Eu­ Cayeux, Cameo, Phebus and Rusty clid Snow in honor of our garden club Gold. diva, makes a sumptuously rich clump For a fine yellow mass, Coronation in velvety, almost black and tan. It is will take a lot of beating. It has something on the order of E1 Tovar, something on Pluie d'Or, also fine for with lighter standards. the purpose in being faster colored. Burning Bronze and Directeur Pin­ ] oycette, over a space 0f seven I elle look like about the finest of the years, has proved the most reliable and dark bronzy ancl coppery reds. The free blooming of the red purples I have latter is the larger, taller and clarker, tried. It has never failed. a very fine thing. Burning bronze is Ella Winchester was one of the finest the brighter in tone with better carry­ of the newer red-toned irises this year. ing quality. They are entirely distinct It is much better than 'Red Radiance i'l the clark range. in general effect and Red Radiance Coralie, Midgard and Venus de Milo still remains one of the fine red-ton~d was a striking group noted. Irises. Cheerio and Spokan are two of the Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 235

blazing gems of the garden. Give them Jasmania, from Dr. Ayres, is one of a strong yellow companion and it's the the very good new yellows of fine gar­ focus of the garden. den effect, of finely poised and balanced There is an increasing use of the stalk with nicely placed bloom. There handsome lilac species with the iris, the is a faint lavender shadow in the falls, vulgaris hybrids going out of bloom as barely perceptible this year, making it the irises come in. Noted in Freeport in effect a fine big light yellow. It gardens were fine specimens as back­ apparently is a strong grower and free ground for the irises. One of the finest bloomer. A clump of it was much ad­ of these in my own garden has proved mired. It has a luminous effect. It to be SY1"inga to·me11)telia. S. Tefiexa looks like one of the real topnotchers and villosa are others. of the series of big yellows. Another fine iris companion in the Dr. Loomis has a handsome unin­ shrub line is the beauty bush, Kolk­ troduced seedling in Mrs. Pattison's witzia, and the weigelias. The low­ garden of Spring Maid x Chromylla growing philadelphuses are also excel­ parentage. It is too near to Spring lent. Maid to introduce, according to Dr. Blackamoor is one of the most ram­ Loomis' idea, in which he is probably pant growing irises. Its big dark-blue correct, but the inherited undertone of purple blooms are lavishly produced. yellow from Chromylla makes it a lit­ I saw a group of it with dark red tle brighter than the handsome and Oriental poppies that made a striking delicately beautiful Spring Maid. His effect. yellow Eilah ranks up with the top­ The old dame's rocket, H esper'is notchers after three years' test. matronalis, which has all the intrinsic Visitors to Mrs. Pattison's garden beauty of a radish in bloom, is a valu­ over the show week end were disap­ able adjunct to the iris garden stuck in pointed in not seeing Mary Lee Dono­ inconspicuous corners as it fills the hue, the highly praised eastern yellow. evening air with spicy fragrance. We got a view of a rich yellow bud, Jacob Sass' Dore, with its yellow but that was all. It apparently is a standards and white falls made an im­ very late bloomer. posing four-foot clump for me. It is Speaking of yellows, the Cayeux Ec­ an unusual iris in its color combination lador is one of the real reliables and and is a big one. Its fault is too high of beautiful color and texture. Its ruf­ branching. fling and velvety falls make it distinct Blue Velvet and Black Wings were from all other yellows. It has been a runners up to Happy Days for the best sturdy grower for me. specimen stalks at the Freeport show. The late Euclid Snow's brilliant Blue Velvet retains its place as the richest of the deep blue purple Do­ variegata, one of the tallest of its type, minion progeny and was superfine this Perihelion, I hope may be introduced. season. Its closest rival was Royal It is a strikingly handsome iris. Beauty in this color range. Lady Paramount agam showed Dr. Kirkland's Violet Crown is crooked stems. about as perfect in form as can be Hemerocallis blooming with the found. It is one of the really great irises are Apricot, Dr. Regel, fiava, all-time irises. A block of it in Mrs. fiava major, Gold Dust, Graminea, Pattison's garden was magnificent. Orangeman, Florham and Sovereign. Training the Kwanzan Cherry Tree PART II w. E. \i\1HITEHOUSE

IN the April, 1934, issue of THE NA­ destined to become the leader. Vary­ TIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE, ing numbers of scaffold branches were training methods to employ in the early selected, care being taken that they life of the K wanzan variety of Japanese were well spaced and uniformly dis­ flowering cherry tree were illustrated tributed around the main trunk of the and discussed. The development of tree, in an effort to determine later the the head of the tree to the desired number of scaffold branches needed to. height, the selection of lateral branches develop a well formed tree. The de­ to form a scaffold framework, and the shooting, subsequent growth that sea­ question as to their proper spacing and son and type and amount of pruning distribution along the main trunk of given the trees the following spring the tree were taken up. were illustrated in a previ0us article In the present article, attention is fo­ on this subject.! The amount of wood cussed on the number of scaffold removed after the first season's gr·owth branches necessary for the formation was negligible, but records of one year of a tree of desirable shape, the care wood removed after the second, third needed in controlling their subsequent and fourth season's growth are an ac­ growth so that at all times they are well curate measure of the amount of prun­ balanced with one another and, finally, ing necessary as the number of lower in the case of the more popular modi­ scaffold limbs left increases in number. fied leader type of training, the proper Ta.ble 1. development of the secondary whorl with each succeeding year there is a of scaffold branches which will even­ sharp increase in the number of cuts tually constitute the upper part of the necessary for the proper training of the tree. tree and that an increase in the number of cuts goes hand in hand with the NUMBER OF SCAFFOLD BRANCHES greater number of scaffolds, and (Z) NEEDED TO DEVELOP A \i\1 ELL Study of this table shows (1) that FORMED TREE that after the third growing season Shortly after gro.wth started follow­ the one year wood removed from the ing planting, the whip-like trees were tree with the three main scaffolds is de-shoo ted leaving three, four, five and considerably less in amount and of a six shoots as prospective lower scaf- l"\Nhit.ehouse, w. E. Training t,he Kwanza ll --fO'l'd "'hrrun c:hesin add.ution to the ORe Ch orry Tree. Nat . Hort. Mag. April, 1934 .

TABLE 1. Amount of One Year Wood Removed in Early Training of Kwanzan Cherry Tree to a Modified Leader Type.

3 SCAFFOLD LIMBS 4 SCA~' FOLD LLlI'rBS 5 SCAFI' OLD LIMBS Ave. Ave. Ave. ~ e a s on's Ave. % of weight Ave. % of weight .~,'e. % of weight Growth No. length tol al of ('ut No. length total of cut No. length total of cut (in. ) cuts or cut length (oz. ) cuts of cut length (oz.) cuts of rut length (oz. ) Second 21 10 41 24 12.9 51.8 24 10.6 37.0 Third 37 19.5 49 0.54 42 16.7 58.0 0.46 86 14.0 51.0 0.42 Fourth 60 16.9 0.14 78 14.9 0.34 [ 236 ] Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 237

finer character than that taken out of and head back their growth fairly heav­ the tree with four main scaffolds. Rec­ ily. F£g. 6. This heavy pruning re­ ords not included in this table show duced the leaf area and checked their that more than twice as much two and subsequent growth. The upper pam three year old wood was removed fr0111 of the tree was pruned as lightly as the tree with four as fr0111 that with possibl e in order that the branches in three scaffolds. The ideal system of this area might retain as much lear sur­ training is one which produces a well face as possible. The suc<:ess of this shaped tree with the least amount of growth-balancing operati on can be pruning and, from the above results, as seen the following spring at the com­ well as the photograph of a tree devel­ pletion of another season's growth. The oped from an initial selection of three upper part of the tree has made the lower scaffolds and a leader (Fig. 4), stronger growth and there is more bal­ it is evident that very few scaffold ance between the upper and lower por­ limbs are needed to develop a well tions of the tree. Fig . .7. It is surpris­ shaped tree. ing how quickly this condition can be corrected if it is recognized early IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING WELL enough. BALANCED GROWTH If steps were not taken at this time A partial explanation of these fig­ to subdue the growth of the two lower ures can be found in the following dis­ scaffolds (A and B) they would con­ cussion of balanced growth. When the tinue to grow at a mu<: h faster rate trees had completed their second sea­ than the main trunk (C) and it would son's growth there was relatively very only be a question of time before the little difference in the amount of prun­ upper part of the tree would be greatly ing necessary. Table 1. They had been restricted. This condition is illustrated subjected to attacks of Oriental fruit in an older Yoshimo flowering cherry moth, the larvae of which stop terminal tree. Fig. 9. This tendency to make an growth as they work their way into the unbalanced growth is present in all the tips of the growing shoots and produce Japanese flowering cherries I have had a summer pruning effect, which does an opportunity to observe and Rob­ not seriously interfere with the devel­ erts,2 in discussing the pruning of opment of the trees. Figs. 1, 2, 5 and young sour cherry trees, Prwnus cera­ 6. The · development of new shoots s'us, emphasizes this tendency of the from buds near the terminal end of the lower branches to rob the leader and branches is well illustrated in all the the need of keeping the branches of the photographs and is a characteristic sour cherry tree well balanced during which should be kept in mind when the early training. heading branches back. Occasionally the uppermost scaffold The relative growth of the scaffold branch will develop faster than the branches and the leader was fairly well branch which has been left as a leader. balanced in some cases, FI:g. 1, and had Such a condition was shown in Figs. already become unbalanced in others. 11 and 12 of the fi rst article on this Fig. 5. In the latter case the two lower subject3 and is again illustrated in Fig. scaffolds (A and B) had made a strong 6 (branches D and E). When this oc­ growth at the expense of the upper lat­ curs and the relative position of the erals and leader and in subsequent 'Roberts. R. H. How to P rune the Young Cher· 1'Y Tree. Wis. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 370, 1924. pruning it was necessary to thin out "Whit ehouse, W. E. See Footnote 1. 238 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 scaffold branch (D) is such that it is what apears to be a one year old tree near the center of the tree and can be at a point where it is necessary to select developed to take the place of the leader its scaffold branches. Plans had been (E) , the necessity for heavy correc­ made the previous spring to select these tive pruning of the strongest growing upper scaffold branches as soon as the branch is obviated and the former new growths on the leader had devel­ leader makes an excellent scaffold oped definite vegetative tendencies, but branch. Fig. 8. heavy infestations of the Oriental peach Enough has been said about main­ moth occurred that summer and it ap­ taining the balance between the growth peared advisable to let the selection go of different parts of the tree to indi­ until the end of the growing season. cate that after careful selection of scaf­ Even then the growth of the cluster of fold branches and leader the type and branches from the upper third of the amount of pruning necessary during leader was quite variable, some very the next five or six years is determined weak and some moderately strong, but to a large extent by our efforts to none of a good strong growth one maintain balanced growth in the tree. would normally expect. The uppermost After the second season's growth, each branches of this cluster were particu­ scaffold branch with its new growth larly weak, Figs. 1 and 5, but the must be considered as a unit in itself, weaker branches were thinned out and selecting a strong upper growth as a others selected so that they were as well leader and spacing and balancing the spaced as possible under the circum­ remainder of the growth by thinning stances. Figs. 2 and 6. out and heading back. Figs. 1, 2, 5 Attention should be called at this and 6. point to the greater distance between the upper and lower whorls of scaffold DEVELOPING THE UPPER WHORL OF branches on the tree with only three, SCAFFOLD BRANCHES as compared to the tree with four As in the case of the scaffold lower scaffolds, Figs. 2 and 5 (ar­ branches, a number of strong growths rows). It is important that sufficient have developed from the six or seven space be left between these whorls in buds near the terminal end of the shoot order to allow for their subsequent de­ left as a leader, and short spur-like velopment without one unduly crowd­ growths over the remainder of the area. ing the other. As the trees like Fig. Figs 2 and 5. It is from these new 4- grew older, ample space between the growths that we must develop a sec­ lower scaffold branches in the whorl ondary whorl of scaffold branches (at least 6 inches) as well as between which will constitute the framework of the whorls themselves afforded an op­ the upper part of our modified leader portunity to do all the training work tree. Probably the easiest way to vis­ necessary with relatively light prun­ ualize what pruning is required at this ing as compared to those trees having point is to hold a piece of paper over rnore lower scaffold branches with less the photographs, Figs. 1 or 5, in such space between each and less space be­ a way that the top edge coincides with tween their upper and lower whorls. the lowest arrow and assume that this Figs. 7 and 8. point is the ground level. Theoreti­ Oriental peach moth injury was cally speaking, the original scaffold comparatively light during the third branches are eliminated and we have season and the strong growth secured Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 239 that year presented an opportunity to now on is that needed to maintain a select additional well spaced lateral balance between the growth of each of branches from the leader. Fig. 4 (a the scaffolds and the removal of cross­ and b). This completed the develop­ ing and crowding branches. ment of the upper whorl of scaffolds It is apparent that a careful system and a permanent framework for the of training during the first four years tree was established. Development of which keeps the number of scaffold the leader from this point on is un­ branches selected at a minimum, spaces necessary and, if desired, it can be them well around the trunk and main­ suppressed at the end of the next sea­ tains a balanced growth between them son's growth by cutting it back to one will produce a tree so well developed of the strong outside branches devel­ that it can :be maintained with rela­ oping from it. The only pruning from tively little pruning thereafter.

The figures follow consecutively on pages 240-248. 240 THE NATION AL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937

Fig. 1.-G1'owth of scaffolds aNd leader well balanced at ('nd of seco nd seaso n. Strange?' g'rowths developed Il eal' tenni-nat end of shoot. S/I'1/'1-'/'I1 er pnt1"l'i?lg eff('ct res'tllt of Oric'nial fntit 'moth 1'l7jurjl to tips ef growing shoals. Photo- graphed sp'ring, 1935 (befol-e p'rul'li'l'Ig). Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 241

Fig. 2.-Sta1'ting the develop71'l,ent of the uppe'!' whod of scaffold bm11ches and 1"'"ai1'ltaini1'bg a baia,need g1'owth between the lowe'!' scaffolds by thim1ing o'ut the weaJ~ 0'1' c1'owdi1'I,g braNches, Note excellent distance between lowe'r and u,ppe1' swffold wh01'ls (arrows). Photographed spring, 1935 (aIte1' p1'1d.ning) , (P1'evious photographs of this tree F1'gs. 13-16 inclusive, p. 119, The National HO'rtin dtural Magazine, Ap1'1:I, 1934). Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 242

Fig. 3.-Growth of upper and lower whorls of scaffold branches well balanced at end of third growing season. Photogmphed spring, 1936 (before p1'uning). Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 243

Fig. 4.-Selection of additional well spaced lateral branches Ca and b) anszmg fro11'/, leader co'mpletes the develop11'l,ent of the upper whO?'l of scaffold branches. Thinning ou,t the weak 01' c'rowding branches and heading bacl? when 11eces­ sary ins~wes g1'owth bala'l7ce. Photographed SjJ1'1'1'Zg , 1935 (after pruning). 244 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937

\ I· i-

l. / r.I / I

g Fig. 5.-Stl-oll grow th of two lower scaffold brall cli es (A alld B) at expellse of upper laterals alld leader. Distallce bet'ween lo'wer alld upper wli orls of scaffold branches 1I 0t as great as desirable (arrows). Protogmplied spring, 1935 (bel oloe prultillg). Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 245

J

Fig. 6.-Heavy pruning of two 10'wer scaffold branches to subdue thei1'q owth. Selection of i1/ner lateral (D) to replace (E) as leader and start of the rdevel­ O/'1nen! of the upper whorl of scaffold branclies. Photographed spring, 1935 (after /'rllllil/g). 246 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937

Fig. 7.-M ore balanced growth between two lower scaffold b1'anches and the 1'emainder of the tree. I1mer la,teral selected previous year has developed into good strong leader. Photographed spring, 1936 (bef01'e p1'1~m.ing). Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 247

Fig. 8.-Lowe?' scaffold bra11ches (A and B) contillu,e to receive fl1Ji1'ly heavy correct'ive pr~ming to subdue growth. Stronger growths on leader (D) allows continued develop11Mnt of upper whO?'l of scaffold brallches. Photographed Spri?1g, 1936 (afte1' pnwillg ) , 248 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937

Fig. 9.-Girdling of the upper part of a Yoshino cheTrY t1'ee caused by careless spacing of scaffold bmnches and Han-maintenance of a balanced growth be­ tween lowe1' scaffold b'ranches (A and B) and leader (C), Photog'raphed sp1'i11g, 1935. For Better Tulips, Omit Fertilizers

R M. CARLETON

AFTER several years' observation of quantitative determination was diffi­ all extensive experiment in Tuli p cult, very low in nitrogen, only fair propagation, I am forced to disagree in phosphorous, and practically no sharply with the conclusions drawn by potash. In short, they were largely Mr. Bates in his article in the July, silicous sands, heavily impregnated 1937, issue. with lime. They were obviously noth­ The experiment* I mention was ing more or less than the sea-bottoms undertaken to secure data on the pos­ on which had been deposited the re­ sibility of commercial production of mains of shellfish and other marine tulips in America, and was under the animals. To these had been added full-time supervision of an experienced no fertilizer of any kind. plant pathologist, Dr. Clyde Homan. If one wi ll consider for a moment During the course of this work, hun­ the physiological processes invoIved, dreds of samples of soil from Dutch the logic of growing tulips in such bulb fields were analyzed to determine soi ls (if permanence is desired) will their exact structure and mineral con­ be evident. As with many species, tent. These were duplicated as accu­ the tulip will not reproduce asexually rately as possible, and extensive trials unless an excess of plant food is pres­ run in greenhouses, with all vari able ent. If grown in poor soils this spe­ factors under complete control. The cies will concentrate all the strength effects of mineral content of soil, of the plant in maintaining the orig­ moisture, temperature, and light were inal bulb. If, however, plant food in compared, using elaborate checks to excess of the needs of the parent bulb lI1sure accuracy. is supplied, the mechanism of the plant Since this series of .test was con­ calls for the division of the bulb into ducted for commercial purposes, par­ smaller individuals, the process which ticularly to determine factors affect­ the Dutch know as splitting. It is ing the forcing of fl orists' varieties. onl y when splits are wanted for prop­ exact details cannot be given. Certain agating purposes that the Tulip grow­ conclusions can, however, be drawn er feeds hi s bulbs. When growing as to conditions under which garden for the fil'Jished export bulb, no fer­ varieties can be expected to do their tilizer whatsoever is given. best. I can state definitely and em­ The measure of success attained by phatically that many of our former Mr. Bates was perhaps due to several practices and our recommendations to factors: would-be Tulip growers have been di­ 1. The favorable lime ratio. His rectly opposite to what they should recommendation here is sound-tu­ have been. lips require plenty of lime. I would First, the matter of soil ferti lity de­ prefer to use this in the form known serves special emphasis. The analyses *This experim ent ·was can'ted on by Vaughan's of Dutch bulb soils showed them to be Seed Store and is still in progress. Bulbs are being propagated experimentall y in more than 20 so low in organic matter that exact locations in the United States. [ 249 ] 250 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 as finishing line, which supplies both have passed through a sandy or calcium and magnesium. The latter gravelly soil. element is often lacking in American 3. The mechanical condition of the soils. soil. Due to the gravelly nature of 2. The use of sheep manure and the topsoil, conditions for tulip cul­ bone meal as fertilizers. After watch­ ture were ideal, if any reliance can ing the attempts at building up soil be placed in the analyses made of fertility with these materials I am Dutch fields. Since lime was added, forced to the conclusion that they do conditions practically duplicated those good largely because they do no harm, found where the best bulbs in Hol­ and are of value, therefore, only for land are grown. negative reasons. This is certainly 4. Moisture conditions. The ex­ the case with bone meal. Except for periment mentioned above proved con­ the inconsequential 3% of nitrogen it clusively that drying-out was fatal to contains, the plant food in bone meal good bloom. Dutch fields are less locks up almost instantly in insoluble than two feet above an artificially­ forms when applied to damp soils. maintained water level. This means Although in bottom lands not subject that the bulbs are seldom dry. The to leaching it may become slowly unusually dry weather in Holland last available over a period of from five to summer altered the ideal moisture con­ ten years, in a soil as porous as that ditions usually found there, and as a described by Mr. Bates, it will have result, bulbs offered for sale in fall washed away mechani·cally before this could take place. The nitrogen is 1937 will be extremely small and the highly soluble, and is probably gone resultant bloom will probably be poor. down the drain within two weeks. The Bates planting apparently did Since application was made in fall , not dry out rapidly, due to the hard­ before the roots of Tulips are active, pan which held the water for several none of this had much effect. hours after a rain. Comparison of Sheep manure usually analyzes flower size with rainfall of the previ­ about 1-1-1 available, and if used at ous year might be an interesting de­ double the ordinary rate of 50 pounds velopment of the data given. to 1,000 square feet, will actually de­ Obviously, the above comments on liver less than 1/ 1000th of a pound cultural methods apply only where of available plant food to the square permanence is wanted. Under these foot. Since estimates for gravel soil methods, splitting will be inhibited, allow for about one-fifth of this to and each year some of the flowers reach the roots (which are non-exist­ will reach maximum size. Some divi­ ent at the time anyway) it is obvious sion is to be expected, however, since that except for a faint dusting of it is not possible to keep conditions humus, sheep manure applied to Tu­ ideal. A light feeding will have to be lips in fall is about as effective as given every three years to restore the brick dust or pure sand. food removed by the bulbs in sandy It must also be remembered that or gravelly soils. If about 25 pounds too-quick solubility is a defect, as in of a good inorganic fertilizer is used the case of blood meal, where the to every 1,000 square feet, this will nitrogen flows out of the mixture so just about take care of the needs of quickly that within a week it will all the bulhs. This refers to a fertilizer Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 251 with an analyses of about 5-8-6 or accelerate blooming in spring by sev­ 4-8-7. This should be applied in eral weeks.) spring, just before the buds appear, Where the tulip beds are under the and not in fall. If the soil is an shade of trees during the summer, ordinary garden loam, no fertilizer better results can be had by leaving will be needed for years. the bulbs in the soil, since at the In case of spring droughts, water­ proper planting depth of six inches, ing is essential, as lack of moisture will not only stunt the bloom, but the soil will ordinarily approximate 70 prevent the formation of buds the fol­ degrees, and because moisture condi­ lowing year. tions are more nearly ideal than in One of the moot questions is "to dig the ordinary cellar, the bulbs will or not to dig." Certainly the ordinary keep better. practice of yanking out the bulbs by These directions apply where per­ main force as soon as the petals fall, manent garden effect is desired. For and tossing them into a basket stored forcing, or where tulips for b::dding in a dry cellar is fatal to good results. can be replaced yearly, far better re­ However, our experiments have sults can be had by feeding at a rate proved one fact very definitely-bulbs of 30 pounds per thousand square allowed to remain in the soil where feet of bed just as the buds are show­ they are subjected to high tempera­ ing. The same inorganic fertilizer of tures for a period longer than a month an approximate 5-8-7 analysis can be are definitely injured. Storage at used. This will result in enormous temperatures over 70 degrees shows flowers of the type seen at the famous its effect on the bulb. A certain after­ Dutch shows, where 36 inch stems ripening, for approximately four are not unknown on varieties that do weeks, at a temperature above 70 de­ not reach 26 inches in America, and grees is necessary, however. where flowers eight inches long are From these experiments, the follow­ the common thing. In display plant­ ing empirical conclusions may safely ings, we have found, however, that be drawn: tulips of this type require careful If summer temperatures in excess protection from the wind. The Ideals of 85 degrees are expected, and the in particular were almost worthless bulbs are planted in full sun, they unless practically packed in cotton should be dug about three weeks after wool. the foliage has died down completely Obviously, no one can make a defi­ (not merely yellowed) and stored in nite statement and not have it dis­ a cell ar where the average tempera­ proved, since there are entirely too ture will not exceed 70 degrees until many variable involved to be certain after the heat of summer has a chance that no errors exist in one's garden­ to penetrate. If the temperature can ing logic. I do feel that much is yet be kept below 70, so much the better. to be learned about tulips, and that Wherever possible, night air should we may expect more progress in the be admitted to keep the bulbs as cool next few years than we have made in as possible. (Temperatures below fifty the past century of American Gar­ degrees, however, may be expected to dening. 252 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937

Lifia.1! A . Guerllsey [See page 200]

The Au.gust-flowerill g Rhododendr011 sen'ulatulI! Rhododendron Notes

Rhododendron catawbie1'l,Se alb%11'L garden. Also the trusses are as large This white variety of the native pur­ as those of the hybrids mentioned. ple Catawba rhododendron is of fairlv The plants appear exactly like the frequent occurrence in the Blue Ridg"e type except as to the color of the mourH:aips of Amherst County, Vir­ blossoms. ginia. ' .. ' I noticed the following: that these Whi'le trout fishir\.g in the spring ·of plants seem to occur in groups of 1932 I saw a pla~t of this variety and three or more; that in each group the marked it, intending to obtain it in individual plants are of the same size the fail. Being unable to do so, I and apparently from seed of the same went back in May, ' 1933, and again year ; that the plants in each one of found the plant, together with four the three groups I have seen are of others. I marked four of them and in different size from the ph'nts in each the fall of 1933 I dug them up and other group and apparently from seed now have them growing in my garden. of a different year. One plant bloomed in 1936; two in The mountaineers who have toId 1937. me of knowing the white variety of In early June, 1937, I found three Rhododend1'on catawb~ense always re­ more· of these plants in a different fer to them in the plt.i.ral and not as a locality, and on the same day a friend single plant. The white variety wher­ of mine found four in still another ever I have seen it has been growing locality. The latter I saw a week later, in the midst of numerous plants of the when they were still in bloom. Three purple type. 'J." mountain folk of my acquaintance have I doubt that the horticultural clone, told me they knew where others were commonly s01d as Catawbiense Album to be found. ( Waterer), is the very best individual The plants in my garden are pinkish of this variety that ever occurred or' in bud, but upon opening the blos­ that the variety is of as infrequen~ soms are pure white with greenish occurrence in the wild as is commonly spots on the upper lobe. They do not supposed. have the purplish tinge shown in the POWELL GLASS. color illustratiron opposite page 62 of Lynchburg, Va. Bowers' "Rhododendrons and Aza­ leas." (Unfortunately, the color of the S O1'ne Azalea Notes illustration referred to was intensified In the spring of 1926 my friend Mr. by the reduction and printing process, George Fraser of Ucluelet, Vancouver so that the color plate appears consid· Island, B. c., sent me seeds of an erably more tinged than the original azalea hybrid (Rhododendron arbores­ drawing which shows the flowers cens X R. occiden,tale) which had its practically white.-C. G. Bowers.) origin in his garden there. Since 1932 In size the individual flowers are the plan.ts grown from these seeds a3 large as those of Roseum Elegans, have been flowering more freely each Dr. Dresselhuys, Lee's Dark Purple season. Botanically I see nothing re­ and other hybrid rhododendrons in my markable about this cross, as the plants [253 ] 254 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 193i seem to be quite intermediate in all and of inferior color. One thriving characters unless it be the very con~­ plant is sparingly fertile, bearing a few pact twiggy habit of growth in which viable seeds. Like its parents, this it excels either parent, but from the azalea flowers quite early in the azalea garden point of view it is dependable. season. The flowers are scarcely larger than "Like little Regal lilies" has been the best forms of R. a1'bo1'escens and said of the flowers of R. atla1",tic4t1n X are nearly white but the tube is slight­ R. fa.p0n1·cU111, on more than one occa­ ly more dilated and the limb and sion. And the yellow shadings in the corolla lobes are broader than in that throat. purplish pink medial lines on species. A majority of the seedlings the back of the corolla lobes, the gen­ exhibit a deep yellow area on the up­ eral shape of the flower-despite its per corolla lob@ and there are also yel­ five-parted form instead of six as in low shadings in the throat of the the lilies-together with pleasing fra­ flower. And this mating of what are grance, may merit somewhat this com­ perhaps the two superlatively fragrant panson. American azaleas has lost nothing in My plants of this hybrid are sterile, that respect. producing no seeds, and while this R. occide'ntale is neither hardy nor character definite limits further ex­ satisfactory in our eastern gardens but periments in breeding new forms,. it is this hybrid has inherited none of these an advantage to the plant in that los­ tender traits. Propagation offers diffi­ ing none of its vitality in seed produc­ culties but the plants bear a few seeds tion it is able to spend it 'all in the occasionally. formation of next year's flower buds. The second hybrid azalea illustrated, This obviates the necessity, from the R. rOSetmL X R. ja.p01tiot1n, originated cultural point of view at least, of re­ here in 1928 and has .been flowering moving the fading clusters, an inter­ for five years. Or at least S01ne of the minable operation, the elimination of seedlings have flowered for five sea­ which will not displease the average sons, for this is one of those crosses gardener. of which some plants possess hybrid It seems odd that a condition of be­ vigor while others are weak and un­ ing almost if not quite sterile should healthy. The better forms, one of obtain among the azaleas described which is shown in the illustr~tion, arc above, as they one and all belong to fairly free flowering, and while the the Pentanthera group or, as more re­ general color tone is rose pink as in cently described, the luteum subseries R. 1'OSeU'P/'L, some orange shadings of the azalea series of the genus Rho­ from its oriental parent creep in along dodendron and are, or should be taxo­ the tube- and inside the corolla. The nomically at least, quite Glosely re­ flowers are considerably larger than lated. But with over a score of first in R. roseum and the fragrance is a crosses of this subseri·es growing here combination of that of both parents­ about half of them manifest some de­ something rather difficult to describe. gree of sterility, a dwarfing of a nUl11- The poorer forms flower but little. ber of the plants, or some other evi­ though some of them produce many dence of incompatibility which leads buds that dry up and fall without one to surmise that the taxonomic af­ opening as if winter-killed and those finities in this group are either not all that do open on such plants are small so close as they apparently seem to be Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL I-IORTICCLTURAL :" rAGAZ INE

L ilian A. Clfems('y

RllOdod(,lI drulI ar/Jor('s((,IIS X R. occid ellta/I' 256 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 or, as is in my opinion more probable, uations, therefore, should not plan to 111e .,.evolutionary processes of their for­ visit the southern mountains until the mation has peen completed in times so time when their plants at home are r'emote that they are species of con­ blooming, Of even later, despite one's s-iderable antiquity as plants go and natural tendency to suppose that the that their age long separation has cre­ southern plants must necessarily bloom ated certain interspecific antipathies earlier. This is doubtless occasioned that are not so flasily overcome. by the cool temperatures which ac­ \ JOSEPH BENSON GABLE. company high altitudes, for species Stewartsfpwn, Pa. growing in the lower and sometimes drier regions of North Carolina, such As previously announced, the inten­ as R. atlanticum, ordinarily bloom tion of this column is to record cur­ from three to four weeks in advance rent news notes and items of interest of their blooming dates for New York to those who grow rhododendrons or and Massachusetts. The Catawba rho­ azaleas. Sometimes facts that have dodendron and the Flame azalea flour­ long been known to a few are so little ish at altitudes of from 4,000 to 6,000 known to the multitude that they are feet above sea-level, where the air is worthy of wider dissemination. cool and quite moist. This naturally Along this line, a fact not generally retards the blooming date. . realized by growers of rhododendrons A not her observation regarding in the north is that Rhododendron American rhododendrons and azaleas catawbiense, R. 11wzi111,um, R. minus, concerns their blooming dates from R. calendulaceum and possibly other one year to the next. In general, it mid-season and late varieties actually may be said that the earlier to bloom bloom no earlier in their native south­ are the more influenced by the weather ern habitats than do the same species and hence the more variable jn time of when transplanted to New York or bloom. Rhododendron Vaseyi and New England. Indeed, they sometimes such other species as .the Korean R. bloom later in the mountains of North mucromdatum finish their rest periods Carolina than at Boston. Rhododend1'on early and are in readiness to bloom as catawbiense and most of its hybrids, soon as the weather becomes warm fo1' instance, reaches the height of its enough to force the buds. Such spe­ glory on Long Island about the first cies naturally depend upon the vaga­ week of June, having bloomed a week ries of an "early" or "late" spring to earlier at Philadelphia and in March release them from dormancy. The or April at San Francisco. It reaches later sorts, on the other hand, gen­ a similar development at Boston about erally fail to conclude their rest pe­ the second week of June and many riods so early or require to make vege­ flowers are gone by June 15th. In the tative growth before blooming, so they mountains around Asheville, N. c., are unprepared to produce Howers however, where the . species has its early even when spring temperatures home, full bloom is not reached until are unseasonably mild. Recent obser­ about June 15th. The same dates are vations indicate that length of day may approximately correct for the bloom­ have something to do with it, too, and ing of the Flame azalea, R. calendu­ this is further borne out by the failure laceum. Northerners wishing to see of certain late-blooming sorts to bloom these plants in bloom in their wild sit- early even when forced under glass. Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 257

Lil-ia.n A. GHe1'nsey [See page 254]

Rhodode11d1'on 1'OseU,1'n X R. japoni·cu,1'n 258 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct" 1937

It is probably safe to say that species age of R. cale1·/dulacett1n, and many of which normally bloom on and after the plants bore their flowers in a June 1st at the latitude of New York spherical or ball-like inflorescence City are little influenced in their time much like the truss of the true rhodo­ of bloom by an "early" or "late" dendrons and about the size of an av­ spring. In plant breeding practice, erage truss of R. caroz,:n-ianH11'b, with one may count upon certain plants ot twenty to thirty flowers in each truss. either rhododendrons or azaleas to This characteristic, although by no bloom at approximately the same date means uncommon in R. calel1dula­ every year without a variation of more Cf'wn, seemed to be more perfectly de­ than 24 hours or so from one year to veloped in the red azalea and added the next. considerably to its striking appearance. With the color a vivid red, resem­ The red azalea, discovered last year bling that of a fireman's shirt but ever by Dr. Camp and mentioned in this so much more sparkling and translu­ column last quarter, is now in culti­ cent, these good sized flower trusses vation, plants having been brought in on bushes four feet high are very gor­ from its mountain habitat in Ken­ geous to behold. The stamens are tucky by the writer and Mr. Henry T. long and far exserted-as long again Skinner of Cornell University. Prop­ as the corolla - and are also a 'dark agation from seeds will also be un­ red in color. The corolla of the dertaken immediately. The color, while darker forms is a rich but sprightly not appearing "black scarlet" this scarlet-tomato or geranium red in year, was nevertheless a very beauti­ some of the other forms-with a touch ful scarlet in the darker forms-diffi­ of orange-vermilion in the throat and cult to wmpare with any other azalea in the middle of the upper lobe. \iVhen commonly seen in this country. In seen in full bloom on the 18th of June fact, we do not know of any other at an elevation of about 4,000 feet, azalea, even among the Ghent hybrids. there was only one large colony of the that bears a color just like this and it best dark form. If dug up and car­ is certainly worthy of great praise in ried away there would be no more its best forms. It is quite variable. than enough plants to fill a motor however, and evidently produces off­ truck, so we think it advisable not to spring of orange-vermilion color simi · divulge the location of the colony. By lar to the darker forms of the Flame propagation from seed, however, there azalea already well known to garden­ will be no delay in its introduction ers. \iVhat the taxonomists will do to into the nursery trade and it is thought this plant,. which we now speak of as best to protect the parent plants for Camp's Red Azalea, remains uncer­ seed production. so far as that may be tain, but the plant appears to be simply done. Vegetative propagation of the an extremely dark form of R. calelldll­ choicer forms should also be carried la.ce~m£ - when considered from the on, since variation is probably consid­ horticultural rather than from the tax­ erable. Although not phenomenal, this onomic angle. The plants we saw. new form is something different, beau­ however, seemed superior to the aver­ tiful and destined, we think. to become age R. calendula.ceu.1'/·/, in several re­ quite generally useful, for our guess spects beside the color distinction. The is that it will prove hardy in the north. flowers were generally of good size, \iV e hope its color will remain just as perhaps slightly larger than the aver- good at lower altitudes. Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 239

Lilial/ A. Cuel"llsey [See page 254]

Rhododendron atlanticlI·m X R. japoniclllll 260 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937

Apropos of the opservation that the Rhododendl'on sen"ulatwn (See page color of Camp's Red Azalea this year 252) . was perhaps not quite S0 dark as the This came to the garden here as a darkest shades noted last year by Dr. \ plant to be .identified about five years Camp, it should be mentioned that : ago and took the first two years to azaleas and rhododendrons frequently make up its mind to settle down to vary somewhat in the intensity of their flowering. Since that time it has been pigmentation from one year to the through the cold winters of 1933-34 next. This has long been noted by and 1934-35 with no sign of injury al­ collectors, plant breeders and others. though I am told by the chairman, that Take, for example, a flower on a given it is not hardy in the North. In an­ plant and record its color this year ac­ other garden where it is planted in a cording to a definite standard, such as situation with more sunlight, it has Ridgway's chart. N ext year the grown better and flowered more pro­ flowers on the same plant may be of fusely than with me, but in neither case slightly greater or less intensity, al­ has it suffer"ed· winter injury. though approximately of the same If one were to be handed a flowering general hue. For accuracy the flow­ branch, the first thought would be ers must be similar in their stage of Rhododendron viscosu.1n, but the flow­ dfvelopment, for the corolla changes ers are a trifle smaller, the perianth color as it matures and flowers at dif­ tubes markedly more slender. Here ferent stages of development are defi­ the plant has flowered each year in nitely not comparable. We can ex­ August, which is a month later than plain these phenomena best by the the flowering of ViSCOSUQ11" This late general assumption that weather con­ blooming and the sweet scent of the ditions of the current or previous sea­ flowers are the two important points of son probably affect the internal chem­ this plant, which with us is not so istry of the plant or alter the concen­ prodigal of bloom as is V£SCOSU1n. How tration of cell solutions. Site and soil, much better it would be in its proper too, cause considerable differences. All range, I do not know and have " no these factors explain why it is hard to means of finding out. If any members accurately identify or "fingerprint"· know this in the wild, we should be varieties. grateful for a note. CLliMli:NT G. BOWERS, Ch.air'man. Washington, D. C. A Book or Two

Oklaho'ma Flora. By Thomas R. Ste­ not appear in the key to the families, men and W. Stanley Myers. Har­ certainly an undesirable omission. low Publishing Corporation, Okla­ In general, the school of extreme homa City, 1937. xxix + 706 pages. splitters is followed in delimiting $6.00. groups, and for unexplained, and The title indicates that here is a probably unexplainable reasons, the needed treatment of an unsatisfactor­ all but abandoned American Code of ~ly known area. Strictly speaking it Nomenclature is used. The 1,lse of IS a manual patterned in the fashion awkward English units of measure is of standard works. After the key to hardly tolerable. One of the six ap­ the families of ferns and seed plants, pendices could well have been given the families are taken up in essentially over to explaining the abbreviations the Engler and Prantl sequence. Fol­ of authorities' names. No mention lowing a family description, there are is made of the collections on which keys and brief descriptions of the the work is based. There is a lack of genera and species. Separate indices uniformity in the statements of range, are given for common and scientific and no extra-territorial ranges are names. There are also six appendices given. The entries in the glossary and a glossary of botanical terms. are in certain cases provoking. For ex­ Books about plants are read by ample, hermaphrodite is defined here professional botanists, students, and as "of both sexes." The student amateur plant lovers. Few writers who seeks the, meaning of this term have succeeded in satisfactorily ad­ in the present book is apt to acquire dressing all three groups at one time. misinformation. Appendix C lists the This work is certainly no exception , poisonous plants of Oklahoma. Among and it exhibits the vacillations that other omissions are Lu,pinus, Ascle­ usually attend such attempts to com­ pias, and ZygadenHs. promise. The book is of convenient size for All regions have their interesting use in the field , and is stitched loosely botanical peculiarities, and in books as a field book should be. The light concerned with a limited area, obser­ buff covers, however, are pretty cer­ vations of such peculiarities can ;well tain to show unsightly stains after d be put on record. In this respect, few trips to the field. The '

Thalictru-111, roc hebr'Unian'U1n This spring, its second yeal' in place, Thalictru1n rochebrunian1,t1i'£ is a it came up strongly, rearing its pale meadowrue from Japan. All the mead­ lavendar stalk to quite a foot before owrues I have known are attractive it broke out its first leaf braGt; it then plants for the garden, if only used for continued to ascend to quite another their foliage, so like a large-leaved foot, eleven inches, by actual measure­ maidenhair fern, and much more dura­ ment, before another leaf bract ap­ ble. Some whose flowers are incon­ peared in pairs on each side of the spicuous, such as T. doicu1n, are used stem. Like J ack-and-the-Beanstalk, it in the borders amongst flowering pe­ continued to go upward in this man­ rennials or annuals whose flowers are ner until finally the' flower heads ap­ conspicuous and the thalictrum is cut peared in July, the tiny balls remain­ back whep it commences to bloom and ing tightly dosed for some days until the plant ,becomes top heavy to a foot now on July 20th it is in full flower or more to make a charming billow­ and the entire plant measures thir­ ing setting for bolder flowers. teen feet from ground -to tip. It is an So when Tlwlictrum rochebnmiatn­ interesting and beautiful plant, though wm can-ie my way, it was placed along would be much more effective backed the middle center of a border and .by a darker background than I have watched with interest. The descrip­ given it - agaifist- " an evergreen, in tion said, "An herbaceous perennial hedge or border, it would be quite ar­ with handsome compound foliage and resting, as its 'stem or stalk is of this terminal heads of large lavendar flow­ odd pale lavel1dar color and about as ers rather more showy than those of thick as a man's finger ;it shows "no T. dipterocarpwm." Knowing the va­ sign of sending up more than one riability and decided undependability stem, so its stateliness is indisputable. of T. dipterocarpu1n, this new mead­ It should be moved - such "is the owrue was watched with some misgiv­ gardener's usual ·thought when hunt­ ings, as T. dipterocarpu111 had never ing the perfect spat fQr a certain trea­ stayed in the garden long ; even an sure-yet I fear doing it as it is now annual lifting and snugly tucking away of such good growth, so the next best ip a safe cold frame had not kept it thing, and often the wisest, is to more than two or three winters. gather and sow the seed as soon as This T. rochebruniawu1n was a tiny ripe. The seed of thalictrum is hard thing when it arrived and a cold day for me to germinate (should it be left in March when it was placed in the in its three cornered husk, or should border. It grew quite strongly and this be removed?) and the contents when about three feet high flowered are so minute, one wonders if one has daintily; its lavendar bells, with yel­ the seed at all or only a black cinder. low centers (really its cluster of sta­ I shall do both - plant in hull and mens) though small (only four or five husk some, though to speak of its husk tiny but bright lavendar petals) were suggests an ear of corn, and not the set on wiry lavender colored stems, the fairy size of this seed pod. Other whole forming a large head, very ef­ thalictrums I have grown, and more fective. I have collected from self-sown seed [264 ] Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 265

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"Iii'

Liliall A. Guernsey [See page 268] Agastache .cana 266 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 in the border, but this T. rocheb'ru­ yellow and beautiful at night, while nia.n1£1n must have careful care, for it the Impatiens was always a favorite is Japanese and immune to the terrible "weed" since childhood, when we de­ Japanese beetle which is now here in lighted to watch the leaves turn to its worst scourge. silver when submerged in the pool. I feel this strongly, having just been But with the arrival of the Japanese out to inspect this thalictrum, and saw beetle, it soon became apparent that next it a tall exquisite pink hollyhock, these two plants were the especial each flower filled to overflowing with choice of their appetites. Both species these wretched though beautiful bronze were covered with beetles until re­ creatures. The tea roses also, though duced to skeletons. The question then sprayed, have each bud and flower arose, "shall they be kept in the gar­ black with them. It is so maddening den as traps for the beetles," but now that one would fain rend this thalic­ after several years I begin to wonder trum of Japanese origin which the if this free lunch for them does not beetles do not touch, from national constitute a danger. All the beetles feeling, no doubt. But sanity and cannot be collected in the buckets of brotherhood must prevail, and I am kerosene and water, though one goes soberly grateful for one plant at least. out three times a day after them. Do along with the petunias and the very not these traps bring more beetles few others that the beetles do not into the area than if they were absent? devour. I have never put traps about, as this F. E. McILVAINE. was proved to bring more beetles in , Downingtown, Pa. but ha\"e I not committed the same mistake 111 allowing these "host" A Dilem/'l'/.a and a Qucsthon plants to stay? Certainly the beetles The Japanese beetles have descend­ are worse this year than ever before­ ed again "like wolves on the fold and they are all over the apple trees now, their cohorts are gleaming in bronze all the cherries and lindens, etc., are and in gold," if paraphrasing the old reduced to brown lace, or denuded of poem may be forgiven,-and like the their leaves entirely. To the farmer, locusts they devour everything, so who cannot afford to spray for this though we whitewash our plants with new pest, it is a serious loss, and to lime and arsenate of lead. they con­ the gardener, who tries to paint with stantly find some new succulent nature 1n flowers, fruit and foliage. it leaves to chew. lS as senous, though only an aesthetic My query is, "is it any use to leave loss. some plant-weeds as traps, or does F. E. McILVAINE. this simply serve to collect more Downingtown, Pa. beetles to that spot, so that the last stage is worse than the first?" Qu,ercus Robu.r var. pactillG-ta. (See To illustrate: Oe1~othera. b'ienl'llis page 267) (evening primrose) and 111'l.patie·l1s Along one of the broad terraced pallida (jewel weed) both occur in slopes toward the Hudson River from quantities in and outside the flower the summit of Downing Park in New­ garden. They were encouraged to stay burgh, New York, is a specimen of at one time, for their flowers-some the cut-leaved English Oak interesting of the oenothera being very large, pale both for its variously divided leaves Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 267

[See page 266] Q lI erC'~tS Roblfr val'. pect-inata

and for its outline, a wide-spreading. The wide variability of Q~bel' cus low-topped tree. This is but one ex­ rob~w has been commented on many ana pie of many that may be found ill times. Thomas Meehan in 1882 wrote old gardens and parks from the rich of variations in seedlings from acorns and varied list of plant materials avail­ gathered in Germantown, Pa., par­ able to the landscape artist of the mid­ ticularly in length of leaf stalks and dle and latter part of the last century. in form of leaf from entire as a chest­ It is interesting to note that spade nut oak to pinnatifid. However, a few work is being done here and there, as seedlings from acorns of the var. pec­ in the work of Leon Croizat in New tinata at Newburgh produced only York City, for an index of the plants normal-leaved English oaks. persisting from our golden age of .. Elwes and Henry in Trees of Great plant materials. The firm of Vaux Britain a.-n.d Treland state that var. and Olmstead contributed their work pecti11ata is a natural form found in in the design and planning of Down­ the mountains of southern Germany ing Park as their part toward the me­ and distributed by a nursery firm of morial to Andrew Jackson Downing. Hamburg. with whom Calvert Vaux had been as­ BERNARD HARKNESS. sociated as a partner. Baraboo,' \i\/ isc. 268 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937. his ungU1;cula1'is riod in March during a severe freeze and sleet storm. In more severe win­ Ap, old but too seldom seen mem­ ters the blossoms appear with the first b~r of tl1'e iris species is his unguicu­ warm day in February and sometimes la'ris (1. sty losa) . I t is a native of in January, continuing in bloom, ex­ Morocco and thrives in drought rid­ cept during several freezes, until mid­ den. and hot summers. Furthermore. April. Several forms of this iris exist. it is hardy, having withstood 12 de­ one of them being a rare white and grees below zero in my garden in a gold form. well drained but exposed position un­ der the eaves on the southwest side ROBERT C. MONCURE. of my house, with a covering of small Alexandria, Va. quantity Df rye straw to preven.t the Aquilegia longissi1na blossoms being spattered by rain. Man.y people have the misconception Aquilegia longissim,a is a much her­ that it is not hardy because they think alded native of Mexico, Texas and of Morocco as having mild weather other portions of the Southwest, hav­ the year around, not knowing that al­ ing received an Award of Merit from though the summers are long and hot the Royal Horticultural Society. It and dry there are places in the Atlas appears to be thoroughly hardy if Mountains where there are short se­ given a well drained position and deep vere winters and deep snows sufficient root run for its large root system and for winter sports. It is during the is drought resistant like A. dwysantha. winter season that this iris stores up Large yellow flowers with fantastical­ moisture and blooms there and in this ly long spurs 4 to 5 inches long, al­ country with the first appearance of a ways hanging down, are borne on 2 to few warm days. It should be planted 3 foot stems, having a greenish hue in a well drained location containing when partially open but opening to a lime or lime rubble, and has grown beautiful soft yellow with a distinctive equally well for me in light or heavy and elusive fragrance and exquisite soil as long as well drained and pro­ poise. I counted forty-five blossoms tected from the north winds. . The and buds on one plant. This aquilegia flowers are lavender blue on 6 to 12 has a blooming period of from three inch stems with the fragrance of a weeks to a month, beginning early in sweet violet and should be picked May. Few flowers can boast of such while in bud and brought into the a successful blending of strangeness hQuse, where they immediately open, and great beauty, as well as ability to o withstand zero weather. In mild win­ scenting the entire , room and lastinb ' for two or three days. In appearance ters the foliage is retained and varies they resemble giant Dutch crocus be­ in color from purple to maroqn, pre· fore opening. senting a welcome picture of color in In my, q :pe6ence August and early the border or large rock garden. September i$ the best time for trans­ ROBERT C. MONCURE. planting for this section of the coun­ Alexandria, Va. try. Last winter being very mild, with scarcely any severe freezing weather Aga.staclM cana (See page 265) and abundance of rain, this iris This plant that is sometimes round bloomed profusely from January 1st in herb gardens where there is a to April 15th, except for a short pe- chance to carry it over with protec- Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 269

Lilian A. G~ternsey [See page 270] H ym,enocallis A111a11caes 270 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 tion in the winter is native of our clear golden yellow. It is, however, sQpthwest with a range extending one of the species least often seen, south into Mexico. So far no par­ which is curious in that it is said to ticular tests have been made of its b~ abundant enough near Lima, Peru, hardiness as far as can be found, but on the hills that give it its name. there is always the chance that with The photograph shows the differ­ a well drained soil and good ripening ence in the floral parts with the oi autumn growth, it might prove shorter perianth segments, the greatly hardier than is supposed. developed cup and the inflexed sta­ The plants from which the illustra­ mens free above the green stains that tion was made were raised fr0111 seed mark their growth. gathered near EI Paso, Texas. Treat· There is an excellent plate of this ed very much as one might treat any in Curtis Botanical Magazine (1224) of the sub-shrubby or shrubby sages, for 1809 with which is recorded the the young plants grew well enough and information that it was "lately im­ in their second season came to good ported from the Brazils by Messrs. flowering in late August and early Middlemist and Co., Shepherds' -Bush, September. The contrast between the in whose hothouse it flowered, for gray green leaves and the soft rosy­ the first time, this summer." red flowers is very pleasant, but the These same data are reported in the particular appeal of the piant lies in Botanical Register (tab. 600) but the mixed scents that arise from the their figure was drawn from "a plant leaves when bruised and from the in Mr. Griffin's hothouse at South flowers themselves. The leaf odors Lambeth, where the species is culti­ recall both mint and sage, although vated with great success, and produces they partake but little of either. The flowers and seeds every year. The flower scent is sweet and faintly lemon figure in the Botanical Register shows as well, and as the perfume of the a portion of the leafy shoot that shows flower seems to come and go in clearly enough the very different ap­ strength, it makes rather an extra pearance of the leaf bases from most scent for the foliage. hymenocallis with a marked difference The plants are by no means equal in the color of the surfaces and almost it'. vigor or strength and so make a a sheath-like base. rather irregular clump in a planting. Baker's Amaryllideae (p. 129) Their color values, moreover, are so states that the description there was gentle that the plant must be consid­ made from plants that flowered at ered only as a secondary note for the Kew, June-July, 1878-9. mixed border. It seems curious that so striking a In sunny and dry walls, it might be plant, particularly one that is not rare worth a trial as a secondary shrub to in its native land and that will fruit give vertical accent to the usually in cultivation, should not be more more rounded masses of iberis, helian­ abundant. Possibly the explanation themum and the like. lies in the fact that the usual pro­ cedure for the cultivation of hymeno­ H Y1·/·wnocallis A 11W!N.caes. (See page callis, rich, moist soil, may be the 269) exact opposite of what this requires, Among its fellows this stands unique for at Lima the annual rainfall is in that its flowers are not white but a scarcely an inch and the plant must Oct., 1937 THE NAtIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 271

Lilian A . C llerllsc'J' [See page 272] H 'Ylllel1ocallis caribaea 272 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oot., 1937 depend for soil moisture upon this caribaea from the West Indies and .and whatever may condense from the rotata from our continent, the last the continual fogs. Evaporation, on the most spectacular because of the width other hand, is slight for the tempera­ of the inner cup. ture range is not great. Unlike the English gardeners, we need not waste space for these in H yq'!f/,enocallis ca1'ibaea (See page 271) the warmest conservatory, but grow them out-of-doors in summer and In some cities, perhaps in almost store like dahlias in winter if need any city it is interesting to watch, as be. A well-drained soil with plenty one travels about in summer, and of good humus and water during to discover what plants are used as the growing season is all that seems pot plants, not by those persons who look upon potted plants as part of needed. interior decoration, but as part of family living. This latter collection H ippeastrunrz, calyptratt£1n (See page often is less in the mode than the 273) former, but as a compensation often Edwards' Botanical Register, t. 164, contains plants that have become rare gives a good colored plate of this un­ through their very unfashionability. usual species with its flower form so In our town there are several plants, markedly different from that of the tender to cold, that appear with great more familiar species and strains. The frequency, among them several hy­ coloration in the particular volume is menocallis that are kept in constantly a much darker green than that of the increasing pots summer after sum­ plant from which our illustration was mer, yielding their rank stalks with taken. The general color impression tattered flowers of that same strange of the flower is of an ivory white milky-whiteness that one finds in the bloom more or less tinted with a yel­ flowers of the moonvine. The more low green that deepens in intensity common species is H. littoralis but toward the mid rib. If one holds a there are often enough tubs of H. Ridgway chart behind the flower, he caribaea) the subject of 'our illustra­ will find the color range lies among tion. the colors on plates XVII and XVIII Each bulb sends up many strap­ perhaps best in the series from white shaped leaves and each offset almost to dull green yellow with an accent as many. From the strongest rise of universal green of plate XVIII. the stiff flower-scapes that barely over­ The filaments and style are tinted top the leaves. In ·the flower head with a faint pink in our plant much are ma-ny ·. fI@wers with the cylindric less markedly than in Edwards' figure. perianth tube, the long fl.exuous pe­ In Baker's Handbook of the Ama­ rianth segments, and the web-like ryllideae (1888) p. 47 this species is membrane ~bat unites the bases of the clearly if briefly described, but no spe­ & stanlens like ~a cup of singular delicacy. cial mention is made of the one char­ Like many other plants from this acter that is most conspicuous to the side of the Atlantic, this species was person seeing the plant for the first taken to Europe long ago. In Curtis time, namely the markedly incurved Botanical Magazine for 1805 there are outer perianth segments that almost three successive plates of species in touch in the middle of the flower. this genus, littoralis from the tropics, The "incurved corona" that almost Oct. , 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE 273

Lilian A. G1~e1 ' nsey [See page 272] Hippeastru1'n calyptratum 274 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 closes the throat of the tube is very came in season and finally, if good conspicuous but can hardly be shown fortuue attended in the fruiting which in a photograph, but the conspicuous­ is illustrated from a better garden ly exerted stamens and style are quite than my own. Fruiting is not always apparent. so good as this but one can easily The illustration in L'Horticulteur see how decorative might be the sprigs Universel (Vol. II, p, 4, 1841) differs with orange berries and nearly ever­ even more in that the tonality in green green leaves, darker on their upper lies with the blue rather than the surface than on their under surface yellow greens, The text points out which sometimes is almost gray. at some length that the French plant Although it will climb through J. has flowered for years and always trellis, one thinks of it almost as a quite green, as in the figure in The weak shrub for the edges of open Botanical Register and quite without woodlots or the margin of a shrub­ spots and markings of purplish red as bery, from which one might pick in is permitted by the first description. passing a sprig of bloom, or a spray The several texts agree that the of berries. bulbs were first sent from Brazil by a Mr. E. Woodford to a Mr. Griffin, C ole Ii iw'/ll S whose hothouse was in South Lam­ For some years the only colchicunls beth, They also speak of the flower­ that had been in gardens hereabouts ing as in the autumn which is the were the familiar forms of C. speei­ same as this of our plant that flowers OS'/l1/'l. which are all very well but which with its leaves in full growth. never have given the thrill that comes from the autumn-flowering species of Loniee'ra. S empe1'vire'}1s (See page 275) crocus. This year there was an oppor­ To find the trumpet honeysuckle tunity to see the flowers of C. sibthor pii in our open woods was once a plea­ and of the curious plant that used to be sure for the gardener who walked out C. Parki1~sollii and one can easily see from town, a pleasure far greater why collectors can wish for other spe­ than the sight of this plant in gar­ cies of this genus. The plants had had dens where so often the gardener the usual sheaf of leaves through the fights a losing battle with the armies season, with the more interesting ones of green aphids that enjoy it so keen­ of C. Pa'rki1'lsol'lii more spreading, wid­ ly. Now it is no longer abundant er, bluish green with undulate margins. hereabouts, though it is not a rare The flowers of this latter are flatter plant elsewhere. with a definite checker-pattern, not so Perhaps because it was never quite clear or so delicate as one could hope suited when transplanted, the vine for from the old Curtis Botanical Mag­ never made more than moderate azine plate, but nice enough. The flow­ growth with woodier stems and less ers of the former are huge like great twining branches than the Japanese goblets of ,the rosiest color with their honeysuckle. checkering that becomes less clear as In any case it was always a plant the flower ages and the color becomes for enjoyment and remark, first for intensified. One wonders if there will its connate, even perfoliate leaves, be seeds as there sometimes are on the second for its tubular orange-scarlet familiar species and how long it will be flowers to which the hummingbirds before the seedlings come to maturity. Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL H0RTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 275

Lilian A. Cue1'llsey rSee page 2741 A Chance to Save the American Chestnut

There is a chance that the American First priz L ______$1 5 chestnut may yet be saved. Dr. G. A. Second prize______10 Zimmerman of Harrisburg, Pa., is an Third prize ______5 M. D. with a keen and intelligent side Fourth prize______3 interest in horticulture. For a number Fifth prize______2 of years he has been carrying on experi­ Flfteen sixth prizes $1 each. ments in immunizing chestnuts against Nuts should be sent to Dr. G. A. the blight by a process almost exactly Zimmerman, 32 S. 13th St., Harris­ like that by which we vacccinate to pro­ burg, Pa., as soon as they are ripe. tect ourselves from smallpox and ty­ Senders should be very careful to have phoid. their names on the package and in it The results secured thus far are very and the tree should be carefully marked encouraging and Dr. Zimmerman is for future ()bservation and securing very anxious to secure the best possible scions, as the willingness to furnish remaining stocks of American chestnut scions is the one condition for entering before the blight kills them. Therefore the contest. The identity of prize win­ he is offering prizes for the largest nuts ning trees should be certified by local with the idea that when the trees have farm agent or some other government been found he can get scions before official. next spring and thus try to perpetuate This is an important service which the good trees. those who know their fence rows and He is giving a number of prizes, as woodlands may render the American follows: nation.

[ 276 1 Index to Volume 16

Figures in italics indicate illustrations

Agastache cana ______265, 268 Cistus albidf/,bS ______.___ ... ______226 Allium albopilosum ______151, 152 c01'bar'iensis ______227 caerulewm ______209, 211 crispus ______228

stipitatu111, ______205. 210 cyp1"i~ts ______227 Amorphoph..alltts R 'ivieri ______64, 65 ladanife1'us ______227 , titanu1'1'/, ____ 1.68, 169, 170, 171 lau1'ifolius ______227 Aquilegia flabellata, nana______148, 150 Lo re ti ______227 longissi1na ______263 monspelie·nsis ______227 Asp le1~ium tricho11wnes ______90 pa1'viflonls ______228 viride ______9) populifoliu,s ______227 Azalea Notes ______253 p'u,rp"weus ______228 Bates, Alfred: salvifoli1,ls ______227 Tulips for Permanency______172 villosus ______226 B mlhinia candicans ______2 Galp,inii ______2, 3 Clethra alnifolia ______~------209 heterophylla ______.. ______2 Clytostoma callistegioides ______15 purpurea ______2 Co tyledo1'/, pGfrvi flora ______68 B ego11lia -Evansiana ______145, 146 Croc~bS s pec.:iosus ______200, 202 Belsterling, Louise B.: Cryptogram1111!a ac1'ostichio,ides ______90 Texas Plant N otes ______166 Cf/,mwingha111,ia lanceolata ______74 Benners, Eleanor D.: Cup1'essus Benthami ______71, 73 Some Texas Flowers ______163 C ypella H e1'be1'ti'i ______200, 201 Billardicra cymosa ______4 Cytisus supinus ______58, 84 long'i flora ______:______3 Darrow, Agnes c.: B omaria C aldasi'b ______5 Veronicas ______59 Dicksonia p-wnctilob~da ______95 Bowers, Clement G. : Rhododendron N otes __ 193, 256 Dilemma and Question ____ _. ______266 Brodiaea coccinea ______198, 199 D ioclea glycino'ides ______16, 17 Call1Lpamtla glo'memta ______. ____ 205, 208 Dombeya Wallichii ______74 Camp's Red Azalea ______260 Dryopteris filix-foemina ______92 C a11'/,ptosorus rhizophyll~ls ______96 fili,'!: -11'1,as ______92 Carleton, R. M.: Duffy, Sherman R.: Tulips ______249 Iris in the Garden, 1937 ____ 229 Cedrus deodara ______96 Echeveria crassicmtlis ______70 C heilanthes gracilli11w ______90 f ulg ens ______.______71 Cissus anta:rtica ______7, 8, 9 gibbiflora ______70, 70, 71 ca p ens'is ______7, 10 metallica ______71 discolor ______7 racemosa ______72 hypoglauca ______7, 11 su brigida ______72 incisa ______7 Ettsfo11W Russelliana ______164, 166 rh01I/'~bifolia ______7, 12 Flower Arrangement, Ideas Be- striata ______7, 13 hind Japanese ______. ______180 [ 277 1 278 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937

Fox, Helen M.: Ind'igofera Pota11i'1i ______216 Cleihm alnifolia ______209 Iris in the Garden, 1937 ______229 Horticultural Journey in Iris B7t1'I.gei ______217, 218 Sicily and Italy______100 Ga,tesh ______215, 216 Indigofem Potani,?i ______216 Gram in eo. ______84 Lili"/f1 'I ~ temtifoli·If,1'1'b ______141 Sintenisii ______84, 85 Robin·ia. h·ispida ______129 'l.tll gu i (u la'r is ______268 Rosa dQ1nasc ella ______80 Japanese beetles ______266 Rosa. ntbrifolia glancescells 204 ] aSl'HinU111, azori·cum. ______21 Zenobia. pu.lvent.!ellta ______129 B eesiamt.ln ______21 Freeman, Oliver M.: gracilli111 wm ______22, 23 A New Hybrid lVlagnolia __ 161 g1'G,1l d ifl onl1n ______24 Gable, Joseph B.: officinale ______25, 27 Azalea Notes ______253 p1'il/'l-U.li1'l £1111, ______21, 26 Gaillardia pulchella. ______165 s £111 plic ifoliu11'I ______21 Garden Ecologv ______219 Step ham,ens e ______21 Gerberas, Double ______134, 135 Jones, Katherine D,: Glass, Powell: Thirtv More Climbers for Rhododel/(IrOl1 catG-7.vbiells e Cali fornia ______1 album. ______253 ] If'llip e-rus flaccida ______70 Greger, Ikko: Kwanzan Cerry Tree, Training Ideas Behind Japanese the ______236 Flower ArrangemenL ____ 180 Laelia autll1'lwalis ______71, 71 GY1'I'l.1'log1'GI/?'I.ma tl'ia.-ngnla'ris ______91 Larch, \Veeping European __ 138, 139 Harkness, Bernard: L e·u.cophyllu1'n teX(J;HU,11'J, ______166 Quercus robu:r pectinata ___ 266 Lili'btlI1. tenu.ifolium ______141, 143 Studied Rock Planting, A __ 138 L011w'ria spica.n.t ______93, 94 Weeping European Larch __ 138 LOllicera se1l'lp ervirells ______274, 275 Hayward, Wyndham: Dycori·s au rea ______134 AllI1.Ol'phophallus Rivie-ri ______64 'radiata ______130, 133 Cypella, H erbertii ______200 Squa'/'ll.igera ______197 Double Gerberas ______134 Lygodiu.l'n pal111.atu,m ______.. ______95 Lycoris -radiata ______130 },II acha,e-ranth era tana,cetifol-i'U'1n ____ 167 Sprekelia jor11J.osissi1'lla ______212 Magnolia, A New Hybrid ______161 H e liantl'J,emul1~ fO?'11 'bOS1.(,1'1'b ______226 M a.nalia v estita ______92 halimifolium ______226 M e lQ.1'Hpodi'U, 11'~ 1'Q.1nosissi,1'£'U.'/1't ______167 Manotis ______226 McIlvaine, Frances Edge: h£11'J,u.[a, t 'J, ~111 ______226 A Dilemma and a Question 266 oCY1noides ______226 LYC01·is Sqna:/'Il,ig e-ra ______197 U11'I.bellatu11l. ______.. ______226 Thalictnl'/1'l Rocheb1'1I11'i- vulgare ______225 anu'ln. ______264 H-ibbe1'tia volubilis ______19 Ivlitchell, Sydney B.: Hipp e astru1'l~ calyptratu11l. ____ 272, 273 Sun Roses and Rock Hyacinths, Concerning ______187 Roses ______224 H Y1'l1,enocallis Ama,ncaes ______269, 270 ::Vloncure, Robert: CGJribaea ______271. 272 A q'u,ilegia. lO'l'l-g'iss'i11W ______268 flex verticillata. ______82, 83 Iris wnq'££icu,lal'is ______268 Oct., 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE 279

lvIorrison, B. Y.: '111.111 If S ______256 Concerning Hyacinths ______187 oecide II tale ______254 NI uSCaTi C011WS£/,W/, ______203, 204 omb'rochares ______140, 142 Nllf t isia clematis ______29 roseU1n ______254 decu_rrens ______29 S c h lipp e17 ba chi i ______195 iii ci fo lia ______29 serr'ula.tu 1'11, ______252, 260 oligodon ______29 Rhlfs integrifolia ______153 retusa ______29 ovata ______153 Nerin e undulata ______1, 82 Robinia hispida ______129, 131 011 oelea, se I1S ib ilis ______95 Rock Planting, A OSJ/1al'lthus ·ilicifolilfs ______149, 150 Studied ______138, 140, 141 OSJ/lu'I1da. cinl'lmn01l/.ea ______94 Rosa damasce1ta ______80, 81 Clayt o'l1ia na ______94 r-ubrifo li-a gla:t(CeSCe11s 'regale ______94 204, 206, 207 P nil d 0'1' ea· B ryc ie ______30, 31 Sabba.tia. ca711pal1Hlata ______164 jasmil10ides ______32 Senior, Robert M.: jas'l11:ii1Oid es alba ______33 Excursion in Northwestern jasmin-oides 1'osea, ______3-1- Mexico ______153 pandorana ______34, 35 Shamel, A. D .: pa'l1dorana r1o(b1'a ______34 Christmas Tree Planting at Pel/ea brachj,tel'pis ______91 Altadena California, A ___ 96 del1sa ______90, 90 Sherrard. Drew: Pelltste111,on Cardwellii ______105 Synthyris 'rotU.1'ld ifolia ______144 fn~ticos~(.s ______106 Solanum Gaya,nuI11, ______41 , 42 M e'/1z /:esii ______125 jas1 'JlI, ilw '~des ______41 1\1 en:::iesi'i DavidsoI1ii ______125 Ran.tonettii ______43 Philadelph,/,£s me:t'icanuoS ______37, 39 S eaforthia'lI 10111'/, ______41 Plant Hunting in Old Mexico ______68 Wendlandii ______44 Polystichu1n acrostichoides ______92 Sophom second·iflora ______164, 165 lonc hitis ______92 Sprekelia fonnosissi1'l't.G ______212, 213 11~unitu_1n ______92 Starker, Louise: plumosu11'I, ______94 Use of Ferns in the Gar- plU11WSU11'l, c01'l1pactu1llo ______94 den in the N orthwesL ______87 vivapa.'I"u1n ______94 Stmmtonia he;vaphylla ______46 Pten;s 1'/o0d~~losa ______94 Stenolobiu11'l' sta1~S ______166 Q /'/'el'C1'(.S 1'obwr var. pecti lIata ______266 Stephanotis fiorib1,tJlda ______47 Q·uisq'J,(.alis ind'ica ______40 Stigmaphyllon ciliatu,1n 49, 51 Rhododendron Notes ______193 . 256 Stl'eptosolen. J a1J1eSMlii ______52, 53 Rhododendron arborescells ______254 Sturtevant, Robert S_: atlanticu.11J, ______256 Garden Ecology ______219 calendu.laceulII ______256 Units of Vegetation ______156 catawbiense ______256 Sun Roses and Rock Roses ______224 catawbiense albulII ______253 Symplocos palliculata ______214, 216 ind'icu1n Beni- SY'llth,),ris l'Otl(Jldifo1ia ______144 Kirishima ______146, 147 Sweetser;' ______144 indicu,m Kin-no-zai ____ 19-1-. 198 Tao lIa bo Pri'll gle i ______71 maXi11H11llo ______256 Telo/Jca spec iosissima ______136. 137 280 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937

T 1£0771 psonella platyphylla ______68 sp icata ______62 Thunbe7'gia grand'iflom ______54 T eucritc.m ______62 gm :~diflom alba ______56, 57 v~rgtmca ______62 Tulips ______249 \iValther, Eric: Tulips for Permanency ______172 Plant Hunting in Old Veronicas ______59 Mexico ______68 V e1'onica Chamaed1'Ys ______59 Rhododend1'on o171brochares 140 filifor11~1-S ______59 T elopea speciosissima ______136 ge-ntianoides ______60 \ 71/ eld, Clara J -: 1ncana ______60 Review of Current Plant longifolia subsessilis ______60 Literature ______107 11t/,ulti fida ______61 \ 7I/ hitehouse, W _ E _: of ficinahs ______61 Training the Kwanzan pani culata __ ------61 Cherry Tree ______236 pectinata ______62 TIV oodwwrdia G1'eolata ______92 rep ens ______62 md'icans ______92 nc.p estris ______62 v1:rgi17,ica ______92 satureioid es ______62 Z enobia pu,[verulenta ______129, 132 Oct. , 1937 THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

FISHER FLOWERS GERMANTOWN, TENNESSEE DAFFODIL YEARBOOKS.

HYBRID DAY LILIES In 1935 your Narcissus and Tulip Committee undertook the first publication of The American Anna Betscher ______$ .75 Daffodil Yearbook. There is so little left of the Amaryllis ______.35 edition that within a year it will become II collector's item. If you have not ordered your Apricot ______.35 copy, this may be your last opportunity. Bagdad ______2.50 The issue for 1936 has found an even wider Bay State ______.75 public and greater approval. Dawn ______"______.50 The issue for 1937 which will be ready in March should be of even wider appeal now Imperator ______.75 that we may once more import narcissus from abroad. J. R. Mann ______.50 Each issue costs fifty cents. After this notice Margaret Perry ______.25 the copies of the 1935 edition will be priced Ophir ______.75 at one dollar, beginning March 15, 1937, so, if you intend ordering, order at once. Radiant ______.50 Rajah ______2.75 Address The Secretary,

Sir Michael Foster______1.00 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 821 Washington Loan & Trust Building, M ixed Seedlings Grown From My Own Washington, D. C. Stock of New Hybrids, $2.50 Dozen.

Rare Native Plants from the "Land of the Sky"

Stewartia malacodendron Pachystima canbyi alpine 8eeds Franklinia alatamaha Shortia galacifolia Clinopodium Phlox nivalis Many varieties not hitherto offered. carolinianum Gentiana Cuthbertia graminea porphyrio • - Catalog Free - Over forty dwarf Campanulas, also Gen- NIK-KAR NURSERY tians (Kurroo, V ietchiorum, etc.). Biltmore Station Asheville, N . C. • New Primulas, Saxifrages, etc. RARE ENGLISH • FLOWER SEEDS Copy mailed on request. 1936 illustrated catalogue, the most comprehensive ever published, nearly zoo pages, over 4,500 dif­ feren t kinds of flower seeds described, including • an up-to-date collecrion of Delphiniums and Lupines and a large selection of Herbaceous and Rock Plants. Free on application to STUART BOOTHMAN THOMPSON AND MORGAN NIGHTINGALE NURSERY IPSWICH, ENGLAND Maid enhead, E ngland 11 TH E NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE Oct., 193i Extensive collection ---of rare and CACTI of Ironclad hardiness beautiful Rock and Alpine -Plants ------All tested as to hardiness and desirability for Rock Gardens. ~~ Selections of plants for Iclimatic con dition s in all parts of the country. Write for list. Free catarogue on how to have CONTINUOUS Colorado Springs Colorado BLOOM in the rock garden. NEW AND RARE CRONAMERE ALPINE Species of Rhododendron NURSERIES, INC. lIiany of these h ave been g r own d irectly fr om seeds coll ected in West China, Thibet and adja· cent territory. List on request. Shore Road , Greens Farms, Conn . JOS.B. GABLE S tewartstown Pennsylvania TREE PEONIES s~~:~e~t!ti~ g Japanese Flowering Cherries, Flower· The Glen Road Iris Gardens ing Crabapples, and other specialties. Have been Closed for Business A sk for Catalog A GRACE STURTEVANT *T,1:1; C!C;~~~S c~~:DL!2.1It. WELLESLEY FARMS MASS. LILY YEARBOOK SEEDS Of RAREST fLOWERS Gathered from the fOUl' corners of the earth. The Society is contemplating the special publi. A thousand unnsunl k inds that w ill make you r ga.r den different a n d delightful. Alpines, W ild cation of a Lily Yearbook. The Secretary flowers, Aquatics. B ulbs. W r ite Dept. B2 for would like to hear from all members who are most inteTesting catalog. interested in growing lilies. REX. D . PEARCE MERCHA NTVILLE, N. J.

THE NEW PEONY SUPPLEMENT

DESIRING to bring the peony manual up to date a supplement has been prepared by that eminent authority on the peony, Professor A. P. Saunders. To those who do not have the peony manual, we desire to advise that there will be no advance in price of the book with the supplement bound in. The present price of $3.15 delivered is still in effect and will bring you the greatest amount of peony information possible to secure in one volume. Over 250 new ratings are shown, in addition to other information of value. To those desiring the supplement only, a price of 50 cents will cover a copy. Keep posted on the new ratings as they will be a helpful guide in making your fall purchases.

All orders will be filled promptly upon receipt of remittance sent to,

W. F. Christman, Secretary AMERICAN PEONY SOCIETY Northbrook, Ill. Oct., 1937 H IE N AT IONAL HORTICULTU RAL MAGAZINE H I

THE AMERICAN IRIS SOCIETY ••

The Am.erican Iris Society, since its organization in 1920, has published 54 Bulletins which cover every phase of iris growing and should be useful to all gar­ deners_ The Society has copies of all but three of these Bulletins for ~ale. A circular giving list of contents of each Bulletin, price, etc., may be secured from the Secre­ tary, B. Y. Morrison, 821 Washington Lqan & Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C. In order to dispose of surplus stocks of some numbers we offer 6 Bulletins (our selection) for $1.00. Through an endowment given as a memorial to the late Bertrand H. Farr the American Iris Society is able to offer free to all Garden Clubs or Horticultural Societies the use of our traveling library. This library contains all books ever published on Iris and a complete file of the bulletins of this society and The English Iris Society, and miscellaneous pamphlets. The library may be borrowed for one month without charge except the actual express charges. Organizations desiring it should communicate with the nearest of the following offices:

Horticultural Society of New York, 598 Madison Avenue, New York City Sydney B. Mitchell, School of Librarianship, Berkeley, Calif.

Application for Meinbership

I d esire to be a.d mitted to ...... member sh ip in T HE AMERICAN H ORTICULT U R AL

S OCIETY. Remittan ce of · $ ...... is en closed.

)lame ...... Annual Member ship .... ,' ...... $3.00 Susta.ining ;Member ship ...... 10.00 Add '·ess ...... L ife Member ship ...... 100 .0 0

Special interest ......

Date...... ·· ...... Recommended by:

Ch ecks sh ould be marl' poynbr. tn Til, Amtricol1 H orticultural Soci.tV. 821 W .... hin ptOl1 L n", .. ..n d TnJ8t Bldg .. W a .. /Jinptnn . D. G. IV THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE Oct., 1937 The National Horticultural Magazine Published by and for the Society B. Y. MORRISON, Editor

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Mr. Alfred Bates Mr. Sherman R. Duffy Mr. Carl Purdy Dr. Clement G. Bowers Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mr. C. A. Reed Mrs. C. L. DeBevoise Mrs. J. Norman Henry Mr. J. Marion Shull Dr. W. C. Deming Mrs. Francis King Mr. Arthur D. Slavin Miss Frances Edge McIlvaine

STANDING COMMITTEES

THE LILY COMMITTEE Mr. William N. Craig, Massachusetts Horticultural Society Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, Horticultural Society of New York and A. H. S. Mr. Montague Free, Brooklyn Botanic Garden _Mrs. J . Norman Henry, Pennsylvania Horticultural Society and A. H. S Dr. L. M. Massey, Cornell Univ~rsity Prof. L. H. MacDaniels, New York State College of Agriculture Dr. J. Horace McFarland, American Horticultural Society Mrs. Lewis Parsons, Garden Club of Am.erica Mr. Edwin C. Powell, American Horticultural Society Dr. George Slate, N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station and A. H. S. Dr. A. B. Stout, New York Botanical Garden Mrs. Joseph G. Walker, Garden Club of Virginia and A. H. S. B. Y. Morrison, Chairman pro tern.

THE NARCISSUS AND TULIP COMMITTEE Mr. B. Y. Morrison, Chairman Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, New York Miss Mary J udson Averett, New Jersey Mrs. R. Howard Hall, Michigan Mr. Leonard Barron, New York Prof. Frank McWhorter, Oregon Miss Mary McD. Beirne, Virginia Mr. Sydney B. Mitchell, California Mrs. Paul M. Davis, Tennessee Mr. John C. Wister, Pennsylvania Mrs. F. Stuart Foote, Michigan Mr. Richardson Wright, N. Y. & Conn.

THE RHODODENDRPN COMMITTEE Dr. Clement G. Bowers, Chairman, New York Mr. H. E. Allanson, Washington, D. C. Mr. Joseph Gable, Pennsylvania Dr. H . Harold Hume, Florida Mr. Eric Walther, California Dr. Donald Wyman, Massachusetts The American Horticultural Society

I NVITES to membership all persons who are interested in the devel­ opment of a great national society that shall serve as an ever growing center for the dissemination of the common knowledge of the members. There is no requirement for membership other than this and no reward beyond a share in the development of the organization. For its members the society publishes THE NATIONAL HORTICUL­ TURAL MAGAZINE, at the present time a quarterly of increasing impor­ tance among the horticultural publications of the day and destined to fill an even larger role as the society grows. It is published during the months of January, April, July and October and is written by and for members. Under the present organization of the society with special committees appointed for the furthering of special plant projects the members will receive advance material on narcissus, tulips, lilies, rock garden plants, conifers, nuts, and rhododendrons. Membership in the society, therefore, brings one the advantages of membership in many societies. In addition to these special projects, the usual garden subjects are covered and particular attention is paid to new or little known plants that are not commonly described elsewhere. The American Horticultural Society invites not only personal mem­ berships but affiliations with horticultural societies and clubs. To such it offers some special inducements in memberships. Memberships are by the calendar year. The Annual Meeting of the Society is held in Washington, D. C., and members are invited to attend the special lectures, that are given at that time. These are announced to the membership at the time of balloting. The annual dues are three dollars the year, payable in advance; life membership is one hundred dollars; inquiry as to affiliation should be addressed to the Secretary, Mrs. Eugene Ferry Smith, 821 Washington Loan and Trust Building, Washington, D. C.