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A faunistic survey of tiger (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) in Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary and adjoining riverine ecosystem in Assam, India

Kushal Choudhury, Chandan Das & Amar Deep Soren

26 November 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 15 | Pages: 17129–17137 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5609.12.15.17129-17137

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2020 | 12(15): 17129–17137 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5609.12.15.17129-17137

#5609 | Received 09 December 2019 | Final received 21 October 2020 | Finally accepted 04 November 2020

C o m A faunistc survey of tger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) m u n in Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary and adjoining riverine ecosystem i c in Assam, India a t 1 2 3 i Kushal Choudhury , Chandan Das & Amar Deep Soren o n 1,2 PG Department of Zoology, Science College, Kokrajhar, Assam 783360, India. 3 PG and Research Department of Zoology, B. Borooah College, Guwahat, Assam 781007, India. 1 [email protected],2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] (corresponding author)

Abstract: A faunistc survey was made to assess the tger fauna from the Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent rivers for the frst tme from the western part of Assam, India. A total of 15 species of tger beetles (subfamily Cicindelinae) belonging to seven genera were recorded from forest, moist and dry riverine ecosystem using an occasional night trap. Eight species belonging to fve genera were recorded from the riverine ecosystem. Two species, viz., Cylindera spinolae and Calochroa assamensis, were strictly restricted to the forest and Cosmodela virgula was recorded from both forest and riverine areas. Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta, Calochroa favomaculata, and Lophyra (Spilodia) vitgera were collected using a night trap from the forest area. The study revealed that habitat degradaton due to human interference is the major threat to the tger beetles in the study area.

Keywords: Calochroa assamensis, Cylindera spinolae, diversity, night trap, northeastern India, predatory , riverine, sandy, threats.

Abbreviatons: BTAD—Bodoland Territorial Autonomous Districts | BTC—Bodoland Territorial Council | GPS—Global Positoning System | ZSI—Zoological Survey of India.

Editor: K.A. Subramanian, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, India. Date of publicaton: 26 November 2020 (online & print)

Citaton: Choudhury, K., C. Das & A.D. Soren (2020). A faunistc survey of tger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) in Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary and adjoining riverine ecosystem in Assam, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(15): 17129–17137. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5609.12.15.17129-17137

Copyright: © Choudhury et al. 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: No funding was received from any organizaton or person to carry out this study.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: Dr. Kushal Choudhury is currently the Head and Assistant Professor in the PG Department of Zoology, at Science College, Kokrajhar, Assam, India. He specializes in teaching entomology and is actvely involved in teaching both undergraduate and post graduate students. He is involved in diversity and entomophagy research. Chandan Das is a PG student pursuing Masters in Zoology with specializaton in Entomology at Science College, Kokrajhar, Assam, India. Dr. Amar Deep Soren is currently Assistant Professor in the PG and Research Department of Zoology at B. Borooah College, Guwahat, Assam, India. He specializes in teaching genetcs and has been teaching both undergraduate and post graduate students. He is currently involved in entomophagy, ethnopharmacology, parasitology and toxicological research.

Actve contributon: KC conceptualised and supervised the study and also wrote the frst draf. CD visited the feld, collected the beetles and took images along with KC. ADS analysed the data, structured the manuscript and approved the fnal draf.

Acknowledgements: Authors are thankful to the Department of Forests, BTC for grantng permission to carry out this survey in the study area. Our special thanks to Raghunath Boro, Divisional Forest Ofcer, Wildlife Division, Kokrajhar for his support during study. Special thanks to Professor David L. Pearson, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University and ZSI, Kolkata for assistng in the identfcaton of the tger beetles. We are also thankful to Aaranyak for providing the GIS image of the study area.

17129 J TT Tiger beetles of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary Choudhury et al.

INTRODUCTION (1863), Atkinson (1889), and Horn (1905a,b), though the frst comprehensive list of all genera of tger beetles of Tiger beetles are charismatc, fast running, and the Indian subcontnent was published by Fowler (1912). predatory insects under the subfamily Cicindelinae and Afer independence, Pajni & Bedi (1973) reported a family Carabidae. Cicindelinae is characterized by large preliminary survey of the cicindelid fauna of Chandigarh. compound eyes, fliform and 11-segmented antennae, Pearson & Ghorpade (1987) studied the geographical long legs, and long sickle-shaped mandibles. The size distributon and ecological history of tger beetles of the of tger beetles varies from 6–45 mm. They are adapted Siliguri-Darjeeling area of eastern India. Later, Bhargav to diferent habitat types such as riverine sandy areas, & Uniyal (2008) studied tger beetles in the Shivalik stream and pond edges, hillsides, rocky areas near roads, Landscape. In 2008, Werner & Wiesner frst recorded trails, and forest openings. Though the tger beetle is Neocollyris (Leptocollyris) parvula (Chaudoir, 1848), mainly distributed in the tropical region, it is also found Calochroa bicolor haemorrhoidalis (Wiedemann, 1823) in Greenland, Tasmania, and some small oceanic islands and Cylindera (Ifasina) severini (Horn, 1892) from the such as Hawaii (Pearson 1988; Cassola & Pearson 2000; state of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. Pearson & Vogler 2001). Bhardwaj et al. (2008) reported the occurrence of tger All tger beetles are highly habitat-specifc (Knisley beetles from Utarakhand. Tiger beetles of Meghalaya & Hill 1992; Adis et al. 1998; Cardoso & Vogler 2005; were exclusively reported by Sawada & Wiesner in 1997. Pearson & Cassola 2007; Raf et al. 2010). Each species Recently, Harit (2013) studied the diversity of tger prefer specifc habitats such as riverine habitats beetles in Mizoram of northeastern India. Invertebrates (Ganeshaiah & Belavadi 1986; Satoh et al. 2006; Dangalle are understudied overall, and for even some of the et al. 2011a,b), forests (Adis et al. 1998), agroecosystems taxonomically beter studied groups like tger beetles (French et al. 2004; Sinu et al. 2006), parks, areas with (Cicindelidae), knowledge is scanty from this part of the human disturbances (Bhardwaj et al. 2008; Mosley land. Keeping these aspects in view, an investgaton of 2009), open areas with sparse vegetaton (Schiefer the occurrences and preferences of habitats along with 2004) and grasslands (Acorn 2004). The associaton of their present threats in Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary tger beetle species with habitat has been related to and the adjoining riverine ecosystem in western Assam their preferences for matng and ovipositon sites, food of India was conducted. availability, seasonality, vegetaton cover and physical, chemical and climatc qualites of the habitat (Pearson et al. 2006). Most of the tger beetles are diurnal, some MATERIALS AND METHODS species are strictly nocturnal and many are cathemeral (Pearson 1988). Though several species living together Study area is common, there is very litle competton among them, Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary (26.250–26.433 partcularly because of niche parttoning (Pearson & 0N and 90.250–90.333 0E 4,500ha) is located in the Carroll 1998). districts of Kokrajhar and Dhubri in the state of Assam, There are around 2,300 species of tger beetles India. The sanctuary is the only protected area for the recorded so far all over the world. India harbors 208 Golden Langur Trachypithecus geei in India. The hilly species of tger beetles and ranks third among the terrain is covered with dense forest which is mostly countries inhabited by them. Of these, 51.9% species semi-evergreen and moist deciduous, with patches are endemic to India only (Cassola & Pearson 2000). of grassland and scatered bushes (scrubland). The Geographically, species richness of tger beetles is dominant trees found are Tectona grandis, Shoresa comparatvely high in the northeastern and southwestern robusta, Eleocarpus sp., Oroxylum indicum, Castanopsis parts of India (Pearson & Ghorpade 1989; Pearson & purpurea, and Dillenia pentagyna. The forest type falls Juliano 1993). Since they are widespread, having specifc in the category 3C/C.1.a(ii) following Champion & Seth habitat requirements and well-known taxonomy they (1968). serve as valuable indicators of the general state of the There are several small streams, of which the major environment (Annemarie 1999; Cardoso & Vogler 2005; ones are Howhowi Jhora and Bamuni Jhora, which help Satoh et al. 2006; Pearson & Cassola 2007). Besides, maintain humidity of the environment. Two major some species serve as important biological control wetlands, viz., Diplai and Dhir ‘beel’ (water bodies) are agents in agroecosystems (Rodriguez et al. 1998). also adjacent to its boundary. The sanctuary harbours Indian tger beetles were frst documented by Schaum about 154 species of buterfies (Choudhury & Ghosh

17130 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2020 | 12(15): 17129–17137 J TT Tiger beetles of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary Choudhury et al.

Figure 1. GIS image of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary, western Assam, India.

2009) and the endemic Golden Langur (Gee 1961). opportunistc light trap was also carried along during the Besides, a survey was also carried out along the river survey along the road side of the Chakrashila Wildlife banks of Gaurang, Champawat, Saralbhanga, and Sanctuary to fnd out the alpha-diversity of tger beetles. Bahalpur, which are the major tributaries of the river Collected specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol in Brahmaputra and originate from the Bhutan Himalayas. the laboratory of P.G. Department of Zoology, Science The present study was conducted from October College, Kokrajhar and Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), 2018 to October 2019. Surveys were carried out Kolkata for further reference. Identfcaton was carried between 10.00 and 16.00 h on sunny days by walking out following Fowler (1912) and with the assistance of on dry river beds and along the banks of the rivers an insect taxonomist. Gaurang, Champawat, Saralbhanga, and Bahalpur. Visual encounter survey is the most efectve method for tger beetle study. Species recorded in moist sandy soils RESULTS and dry sandy soils were recorded. For forest species, actve search was made along all approachable areas A total of 15 species of tger beetles belonging to of diferent habitats such as stream bank, grassland seven genera were recorded in Chakrashila Wildlife and forest trails of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary. All Sanctuary and riverine ecosystem of Gaurang, the GPS locatons were recorded with the help of Champawat, Saralbhanga, and Bahalpur during the Garmin GPS-60. Specimens were collected by hand sampling period (Table 1). Maximum number of picking and a standard-sized insect net. Besides, an species was recorded from the genus Calomera (27%)

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Table 1. fauna of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary, and Table 2. Geographical locatons of diferent survey areas during the adjacent riverine ecosystems with their associated habitat. study period.

Genus Species Habitat Survey area Lattude (N) Longitude (E) Alttude (m) Calomera angulata (Fabricius, 1 Moist sandy soil 26.713 90.444 57 1798) Calomera (Lophyridia) chloris 26.722 90.443 57 2 Moist sandy soil

(Hope, 1831) 26.426 90.262 57 Calomera Calomera plumigera 3 macrograptna (Acciavat & Moist sandy soil 26.429 90.265 56 Pearson, 1989) 26.713 90.444 56 Myriochila undulata (Dejean, 4 Myriochila Moist sandy soil 1825) 26.691 90.445 56 Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta 5 Moist sandy soil (Olivier, 1790) 26.710 90.459 56 Cylindera (Eugrapha) venosa 26.429 90.265 57 6 Moist sandy soil (Kollar, 1836) Gaurang River 26.417 90.271 57 Cylindera Cylindera spinolae (Gestro, 7 Forest area 1889) 26.722 90.448 57 Cylindera bigemina (Klug, 8 Moist sandy soil 1834) 26.710 90.459 57 Cosmodela virgula (Fleutaux, Moist sandy soil 9 Cosmodela 26.692 90.717 57 1893) and forest area Chaetodera albina 26.724 90.429 57 10 Chaetodera Dry sandy soil (Wiedemann, 1819) 26.670 90.434 57 Moist sandy Lophyra cancellata 11 soil with sparse 26.667 90.430 57 intemperata (Dejen, 1825) vegetaton Lophyra 26.687 90.447 57 Lophyra (Spilodia) vitgera 12 Forest area (Dejean, 1825) Champawat River 27.120 90.620 45 Calochroa octonotata 13 Moist sandy soil Bahalpur River 26.533 90.798 82 (Wiedemann, 1819) Calochroa favomaculata Saralbhanga River 26.568 90.211 82 14 Forest area Calochroa (Fabricious, 1775) Malbhog River 26.540 90.082 73 Calochroa assamensis (Parry, 15 Forest area 1844)

A B c

Image 1. Survival threats to tger beetle: A—extracton of sand | B—extracton of gravel and boulder | C—forest fre. © K. Choudhury.

followed by Calochroa (20%) and Cylindera (20%). Calochroa assamensis were restricted to the forest area Lophyra presented 13% of the total species. The only. Cosmodela virgula was recorded from both the least number of species was recorded from the genus moist sandy soil and forest area. Chaetodera albina was Chaetodera and Cosmodela (7%) (Figure 2A). In the the only species recorded from dry sandy soil during the study, maximum number of species was recorded from study period (Table 1). Three species were encountered the moist riverine sandy soil (53%) which was followed using a light trap of which Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta by forest area (33%) while the least number of species and Calochroa favomaculata occurred frequently but was recorded from the dry, riverine sandy soil, while Lophyra (Spilodia) vitgera was rare. All the survey sites only 7% species share both forest and moist riverine along with their GPS locatons during the survey period sandy soil (Figure 2B). Cylindera (Eugrapha) venosa and are depicted in Table 2. Myriochila undulata were the most common species in moist riverine sandy soil while Cylindera spinolae and

17132 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2020 | 12(15): 17129–17137 J TT Tiger beetles of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary Choudhury et al.

Figure 2. A—Diferent genera of tger beetles in percentage recorded during the survey | B—Habitat utlizaton of tger beetles in the study sites during the survey.

DISCUSSION Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta, Calomera plumigera macrograptna, and Lophyra cancellata intemperata The sandy bank formed along the margin of the water co-occurred but they could have the least competton level atracts many invertebrates due to accumulated amongst themselves probably due to niche separaton organic mater and high food supply. Such riparian (Pearson 1998). Lophyra cancellata intemperata was habitats are known to be preferred by tger beetles not less abundant and prefers moist sandy area with sparse only because of adequate food resources but also due vegetaton (Schiefer 2004). It has been notced that to safety from predators and low human disturbance this species, when disturbed or threatened, moves to (Bhargav & Uniyal 2008; Dangalle et al. 2012). Among sparse vegetaton areas at once and obscures itself. the species, nine—Calomera plumigera macrograptna, They usually co-occurred with Cylindera (Eugrapha) Cylindera bigemina, Lophyra cancellata intemperata, venosa and Myriochila undulata but were found to Myriochila undulata, Chaetodera albina, Calochroa be scanty in number. During the survey, Chaetodera octonotata, Cylindera (Eugrapha) venosa, Cylindera albina was recorded only from a few locatons of the (Eugrapha) minuta, and Calomera chloris (Image 3)— river Gaurang specifcally during hot sunny days when were recorded in moist riverine sandy areas of rivers sand temperatures were about 450C (mid-day). It was Gaurang, Sarlbhanga, and Champawat. Tiger beetles recorded in a characteristc dry sandy soil (white) about usually prefer low moisture containing sandy soil with 20m away from any water source. Chaetodera albina sparse vegetaton where females’ ovipositon becomes is a conspicuous species and is difcult to locate unless easier (Ganeshaiah & Belavadi 1986; Hoback et al. 2000; or untl it moves. The expanded white maculatons Satoh et al. 2006; Dangalle et al. 2011a,b). Among on the elytra may have functoned in lowering the the moist riverine sandy species, Cylindera (Eugrapha) body temperature making them able to forage longer venosa and Myriochila undulata were the most common without overheatng (Dangalle et al. 2012). Besides, it species and dominated all other species in terms of is an apparent adaptaton for remaining inconspicuous occurrence. Calochroa octonotata is the largest tger to natural enemies reliant on visual cues (Seago et al. beetle in terms of body size and has a powerful flyer and 2009). usually occurs individually in the margin of the water Likewise, three species namely Cylindera spinolae, level. When disturbed, it fies for long distances and Calochroa assamensis, and Cosmodela virgula were perches in areas of sparse vegetaton. Some species recorded from the forest of Chakrashila Wildlife like Cylindera (Eugrapha) venosa, Myriochila undulata, Sanctuary. Cylindera spinolae and Calochroa assamensis

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A B

C D Image 2. Diferent habitats of tger beetles: a—forest | b—moist sandy soil | c—dry sandy soil | d—moist soil. © K. Choudhury

are both forest dwellers and observed while perching The present study reveals that due to rapid on leaf surfaces. The presence of tger beetles in urbanizaton, demand of sand and gravel has increased forest and thick undergrowth vegetatons were also manifold. These materials are extracted legally or reported by Pearson & Ghorpade (1987) and Adis et illegally in large and small scale from the river bed by al. (1998). The black coloraton of both the species traders as well as villagers from almost all the rivers. seems to give them an advantage of not being easily The extracton pressure however is comparatvely more recognized by predators as they seem to camoufage in on the Champawat River than the others because of its the dark and shady environments and dark substrates. good sand quality. The raw materials for rock crushing In general, tger beetles’ general coloraton tends to industries are also extracted from these rivers. Since, match their substrate as a tool to evade and confuse most tger beetles are habitat specifc, such actvites predators (Morgan et al. 2000; Dangalle et al. 2014). defnitely impact on their survival which may lead to their On the other hand, Cosmodela virgula occurs in both local extncton (Image 1). Presently, the unscientfc use river banks as well as forest paths. This indicates that of fertlizers in the paddy felds around the vicinity of this species is a habitat generalist. Among the forest riverine sides may degrade the soil quality, which in turn dwellers, Cosmodela virgula is the most abundant hampers the development of the tger beetles’ larvae. species. During the study period, Lophyra (Spilodia) Besides, illegal tree-felling, encroachment, silvicultural vitgera and Calochroa favomaculata were collected by practces, conversion of cultvated land into tea gardens incidental catch by night trap near the Forest Bungalow and illegal forest fre can cause the diversity of tger of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary. Among the night trap beetles in the area to decline. The study indicates the species, Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta and Calochroa presence of pristne habitat conditon of tger beetles in favomaculata occurred frequently but Lophyra (Spilodia) this region. Therefore, conservaton of these local poorly vitgera was sighted only once. Harit (2013), however, known taxa is of utmost importance along with other recorded Calochroa favomaculata and Calomera chloris fora and fauna of this region. from riverine sandy soil, while Cylindera (Eugrapha) minuta was reported to prefer riverine sandy soil as well as agricultural land in the Mizoram State of northeastern India.

17134 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2020 | 12(15): 17129–17137 J TT Tiger beetles of Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary Choudhury et al. Cylindera | e— | k— Cylindera (Eugrapha) l f Chaetodera albina Chaetodera Calomera plumigera macrograptna plumigera Calomera k e |favomaculata d—Calochroa Calomera (Lophyridia) chloris | | j— (Lophyridia) i— Calomera | c— j d Calochroa assamensis n . © K. Choudhury c i b | n— Cylindera bigemina Calochroa octonotata h | m— Lophyra (Spilodia) | vitgera h— Lophyra intemperata Calomera cancellata | angulata g— Lophyra | minuta f— | l— Cosmodela virgula a g m ) Eugrapha venosa Cylindera spinolae |a— Cylindera b— beetles: tger of species diferent of Microphotographs 3. Image (

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Threatened Taxa

Erratum

Citaton: Sagar, H.S.S.C. & Mrunmayee (2020). A highway to hell: a proposed, inessental, 6-lane highway (NH173) that threatens the forest and wildlife corridors of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(14): 16944–16953. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5957.12.14.16944-16953

Legend for the Appendix 3 has been wrongly writen within map, which could be problematc to the representaton of the results. Legend should read as:

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2020 | 12(15): 17129–17137 17137 PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

November 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 15 | Pages: 17063–17170 Date of Publicaton: 26 November 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.15.17063-17170

Artcles

Status of Nahan’s Partridge Ptlopachus nahani (Dubois, 1905) (Aves: Galliformes: Odontophoridae) in Uganda – Eric Sande, Sisiria Akoth, Ubaldo Rutazaana & William Olupot, Pp. 17063–17076

Fish diversity in streams/rivers of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India – K. Kannan & J.A. Johnson, Pp. 17077–17092

Gastrointestnal helminth and protozoan infectons of wild mammals in four major natonal parks in Sri Lanka – Chandima Sarani Sepalage & Rupika Subashini Rajakaruna, Pp. 17093–17104

Review

Appraising carnivore (Mammalia: Carnivora) studies in Bangladesh from 1971 to 2019 bibliographic retrieves: trends, biases, and opportunites – Muntasir Akash & Tania Zakir, Pp. 17105–17120

Communicatons

Diversity of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in Polonnaruwa Archaeological Reserve, Sri Lanka – Kumudu B. Wijesooriya, Lakshani S. Weerasekara & Kithsiri B. Ranawana, Pp. 17121–17128

A faunistc survey of tger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) in Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary and adjoining riverine ecosystem in Assam, India – Kushal Choudhury, Chandan Das & Amar Deep Soren, Pp. 17129–17137

Occurrence of the Aporrectodea caliginosa caliginosa (Savigny, 1826) (Annelida: Clitellata: Haplotaxida) from Kashmir Valley, Jammu & Kashmir, India – Ishtyaq Ahmed Najar, Anisa B. Khan & Abdul Hai, Pp. 17138–17146

Short Communicatons

Avian congregaton sites in the Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat, India – Jigar D. Joshi, Sandeep B. Munjpara, Kinjal Joshi, Harshad Salvi & R.D. Kamboj, Pp. 17147–17152

Checklist of brachyuran mangrove crabs of Kerala, India – Kurian Mathew Abraham & Apreshgi Kolothuthara Prakasan, Pp. 17153–17160

Notes

A new country record of Smooth-backed Gliding Gecko Gekko lionotum (Annandale, 1905) (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Bangladesh – M. Rashedul Kabir Bhuiyan, M. Fazle Rabbe, Mohammad Firoj Jaman, Ananda Kumar Das & Samiul Mohsanin, Pp. 17161–17164

Amblyomma gervaisi (Ixodida: Ixodidae: Amblyomma) infestaton in a Rat Snake from northwestern Himalayan region: a case study – Aman D. Moudgil, Ankur Sharma, Adarsh Kumar, Amit Singla & Surender Bansal, Pp. 17165–17167

Parasitc enterits in the free-ranging Common Myna Acridotheres trists (Aves: Passeriformes: Sturnidae) – Rakesh Kumar, Aman Dev Moudgil, Sameeksha Koundal, Rajendra Damu Patl & Rajesh Kumar Asrani, Pp. 17168–17170

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