CODES ANNUAL REPORT 2016 REPORT ANNUAL CODES

ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN ORE DEPOSITS

THIS REPORT INCLUDES SECTIONS ON THE ARC RESEARCH HUB – TRANSFORMING THE MINING VALUE ANNUAL REPORT CHAIN, AND THE UTAS DISCIPLINE OF EARTH SCIENCES 2016

ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN ORE DEPOSITS CONTENTS VISION DIRECTOR’S REPORT 3 VALE KATIE McGOLDRICK AND GARRY DAVIDSON 6 To be the premier international research centre in ore deposit geology. PROFILE AND RESEARCH STRUCTURE 7 MISSION STAFF & MANAGEMENT 9 Significantly advance collaborative and innovative ORE DEPOSITS: CHARACTERISATION ore deposit research for Australian and international AND CONTEXT MODULE 13 researchers and the minerals industry. GEOMETALLURGY MODULE 31 GOALS ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES MODULE 37 > Undertake and publish high-quality research. TRAINING MODULE 45 > Lea d the global minerals industry in research on the exploration and recovery of new mineral resources. TMVC: THE ARC RESEARCH HUB FOR > Equip the Australian minerals industry with world- TRANSFORMING THE MINING VALUE CHAIN 59 class graduates. THE DISCIPLINE OF EARTH SCIENCES 69 > Communicate the Centre’s research to the wider research, industry and general communities. OUTREACH 79 INDUSTRY LINKS & RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS 81 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 83 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 85 FINANCES 87 2016 PUBLICATIONS 91 APPENDICES 103

PLEASE NOTE: in various places throughout this publication, imagery has been used for graphic purposes only. Captions have not been provided in these instances. OPPOSITE PAGE CLOCKWISE FROM TOP: Participants in the VIEPS Ore Deposit Models course; TOFWERK Time of Flight equipment; Honours student Rebecca Clifton (left), with Anita Parbhakar-Fox (centre) being taken on a guided tour of Norske Skog by Peter Kearney; Colorado River flowing through Granite Gorge in the Grand Canyon. Photo taken during Jacob Mulder’s stay in the USA. FRONT COVER CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: Director Bruce Gemmell (right) with Taofa Zhou, Hefei University of Technology, during a visit to China; David Cooke (second from right), leading a practical session during the Ore Deposits and Exploration Strategies short course; Ore Deposits and Exploration Strategies short course participants during a field trip to the Freycinet Peninsula, Tasmania. BACK COVER FROM TOP: The Baw Mar open pit ruby-sapphire mine, Myanmar; PhD student Stephanie Sykora during a field trip to the Freycinet Peninsula, Tasmania. 1 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 2 DIRECTOR’S REPORT

It has been a good year for CODES, Anya Reading received just reward CRC ORE marked by positive outcomes across for her exceptional work in teaching The activities of CRC ORE under and geophysics with a promotion to a broad spectrum of performance its extended six-year tenure also CONFERENCES, measures. Professor. Anya received a Fulbright started to gather pace. The CRC Senior Scholarship last year, and is EXHIBITIONS, WORKSHOPS held its inaugural Annual Assembly in AND FIELD TRIPS AWARDS AND ACCOLADES due to start her extended visit to the Perth during November, where I was CODES has always played a prominent It is fitting that I start my roundup by University of Colorado early in 2017 as invited to deliver a presentation on role at conferences related to giving prominence to awards and part of that scholarship. CODES’ role as an Essential Research geosciences and the minerals industry, accolades, because without doubt one A summary of accolades would Participant. Earlier in the year, CRC and 2016 was no exception. We had of the major highlights of the year was not be complete without an ORE Director Ben Adair and Chief booths at Roundup in Vancouver, Emeritus Professor Ross Large and his acknowledgement of our young Technologist Steve Walters attended GeoMet in Perth, AESC in Adelaide, Trace Elements in Ancient Oceans team postgrads making their mark on our Science Planning Meeting, where TRAINING and shared booth facilities with Mineral winning a highly prestigious Eureka the world stage. This year, a special Steve gave a presentation on the It was another good year for the Resources Tasmania (MRT) at PDAC in Prize. The groundbreaking research mention goes to PhD students Angela objectives of the CRC. Training Module, which was marked Toronto. that earned them the gong linked major Escolme and Cassady Harraden who Although only a small amount of by healthy enrolments in both the HDR evolution and extinction cycles with a were co-recipients of the award for In addition to the numerous talks research was conducted by CODES and Master of Economic Geology drop in the concentration levels of trace ‘Best Paper by a Young Scientist’ delivered at conferences around the late in the year, activities are expected programs, and the introduction of a elements in ancient oceans, particularly at the GeoMet 2016 international world, our researchers played pivotal to increase considerably over the next suite of new courses at Honours level, in respect to selenium. conference in Perth. twelve months. roles in the organisation of many of covering a broad range of topics, from these events. For example, Professor I indicated in my last report that I am also very pleased to report software expertise through to Machine David Cooke was Vice Chair of the Ross’s ‘retirement’ at the end of 2015 that I have been elected as a future THE RESEARCH MODULES studies, and special thanks go to Learning and presentation skills. Geochemistry of Mineral Deposits did not mean he was going to ride off President of the SEG. The SEG is The Ore Deposits: Context and Newcrest Mining for their collaborative The HDR program continued to appeal Gordon Research Conference, held at into the sunset any time soon, and the world’s oldest, largest and most Characterisation Module included and financial support. to international markets, with over two- Les Diablerets, Switzerland; Dr Anita this outstanding achievement certainly influential organisation in the fields of 23 projects, spread across a diverse The Analytical Laboratories, which are thirds of the overall cohort hailing from Parbhakar-Fox was a member of the illustrates that point. The award also economic geology and mineral deposit range of geological fields. This high integral to the Enabling Technologies overseas, representing 18 different organising committee for GeoMet exemplifies the collaborative nature of discovery, and I consider it a great number was achieved through new (ET) Module, underpin all our activities, nationalities. 2016 in Perth; and Professor Khin our research, with the team including honour to be chosen as its president. initiatives being introduced to take and make a significant contribution to Zaw made a significant contribution members from the University of The appointment spans three years. the place of studies that had reached While attendances at individual short our reputation of being a world leader to the organisation of the 3rd California Riverside, the Russian I will be President Elect in 2017, natural conclusions. This ongoing courses in the Master of Economic in ore deposit research. Therefore, Myanmar Mining Summit in Yangon. Academy of Sciences and Flinders President in 2018, and Past President regeneration to maintain a critical mass Geology program were down, primarily it is critical that we plan for ongoing Furthermore, CODES staff and University. in 2019. of projects is a healthy sign for this due to the downturn in the minerals investment in the very latest equipment students led a total of 27 workshops, While the award for Ross and his team module, and for the future of CODES. to ensure that we maintain and industry, it is pleasing that the program recruited 15 new students, which field trips and short courses in Asia, may have been the icing on the cake, THE TMVC One of these new initiatives is the ARC enhance our competitive advantage. was close to a record, and celebrated Oceania, Europe and North America. it was far from the only highlight of the The TMVC Research Hub gained Linkage project, led by Sebastien A key part of this investment plan its 100th graduate in Maria Lourdes This high level of involvement plays year in terms of recognition for our staff. significant impetus in its first full Meffre, which is investigating the ore came to fruition during the year with Faustino. a huge role in promoting the CODES year of operations, strengthening deposits and tectonic evolution of the installation of the new generation Emeritus Professor David Green brand, disseminating our research, and its team, and progressing research the Lachlan Orogen, in SE Australia. TOFWERK Time-Of-Flight Inductively PhD student Jacob Mulder spent most received the 2016 R.M. Johnston transferring our findings to the minerals initiatives across all its themes and key This exciting new project is being Coupled Mass spectrometry of the year at the University of New Memorial Medal, which is awarded industry in order to deliver tangible, and performance areas. conducted in collaboration with five instrument – the first time that this Mexico, working under the supervision by the Royal Society of Tasmania to a positive, economic outcomes. For example, the AMIRA P1153 team universities, four geological surveys model had been installed in Australia. of renowned geologist Professor Karl scholar of great distinction in any field This state-of-the-art installation has within its purview. Professor Green is initiated field campaigns around the and ten mining industry partners, and Karlstrom on the links between early NEW PARTNERSHIP world, at sites in Canada, the USA, aims to increase economic mineral substantially increased the range and Tasmania and SW Laurentia. These indeed a scholar of great distinction, speed of our measurement processes, PROGRAM and the medal is a thoroughly Chile, Peru and Serbia. A highlight of discoveries in the area. studies formed part of a prestigious and greatly enhanced the quality of Endeavour Postgraduate Scholarship, Following feedback from our Advisory deserved addition to the extensive list this research has been the refinement A project that came to an end in data for mineral dating. which he received from the Australian Board and Science Planning Panel, of accolades earned throughout his of techniques for detecting proximity 2016 was ‘Exploring the Porphyry Government in 2015. We look forward we revised our Industry Partnership long and highly distinguished career. to mineralisation in lithocaps, with Environment’. After eight highly Also in the ET Module, it was good to this outstanding student’s return to Program to be better aligned with the findings already conveyed to successful years, this extensive to see that the team received funding Professor Pat Quilty, another of collaborating companies via a series from Laurin Technic for a two-year CODES in 2017. the evolving needs of current and our highly decorated researchers, research project has made a potential partners. The new package of on-site meetings. This type of direct significant contribution to the research project, which will play a key received the Phillip Law Medal and responsive technology transfer role in the development of fundamental offers a range of cost effective options, from Australian National Antarctic knowledge base for relevant deposits improved benefits and more flexibility. is a hallmark of our research across in the South West Pacific region, aspects of laser-ablation analysis Research Expeditions (ANARE) for his all areas of our operations, and will applied to a range of geological Partners can now sign-up on a year- outstanding contribution to Antarctic thereby maximising opportunities to-year basis, rather than the three- continue to be integral to our success for the discovery of porphyry and problems. affairs and the Antarctic community. in the future. year commitment of the past. Another epithermal related gold resources. key benefit for Partners is access David Cooke and David Selley are to our world-class geoanalytical to be commended for leading these laboratories, with included services

3 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 4 VALE KATIE AND GARRY While this report was being compiled, we sadly lost two of our dearest and most respected staff members with the passing of Katie McGoldrick and Dr Garry Davidson. GARRY JAMES DAVIDSON Garry had been with CODES from its inception in 1989, during which time he made an immense contribution to the Centre’s success and had a profound influence on the hundreds of students who were fortunate to fall under his supervision and tutelage. Garry was extremely popular with his students. His love of geology, boundless enthusiasm, and unshakeable belief that the glass is always half full, inspired generations of geoscientists, many of whom have gone on to be appointed to senior roles in industry and academia. In addition to his undoubted teaching skills, Garry was an exceptional CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: Cassady Harraden (left) and Angela Escolme with their joint awards for ‘Best Paper by a Young Scientist’ at geologist, who was known internationally for his ground-breaking GeoMet 2016; Part of the Eureka Prize-winning team (back row, from left) Jeff Steadman, Aleksandr (Sasha) Stepanov, Jacqueline Halpin, Elena Lounejeva, (front row, from left) Indrani Mukherjee, Sean Johnson, Leonid Danyushevsky and Ross Large; Declan Radford hones his delivery research in areas such as hydrogeology, sediment-hosted ore deposits, during the new Honours Presentations Skills Workshop; Alumni Jacqueline Blackwell (left) and Tim Stubley with Amelia Rainbow on the stable isotope science and IOCG deposits. He took a lead role in many CODES booth at Roundup 2016 in Vancouver. major conferences, including SEG 2015, and was a prodigious producer of a variety of publications, including refereed journal articles, chapters in increasing with the investment level – THE YEAR AHEAD We will also be expanding on a number of other research initiatives including books, conference abstracts, and industry reports. After completing his Silver, Gold or Platinum. The signs are good that 2017 will be a building on early successes using BSc in Geology at ANU, Garry spent a number of years in exploration, The new program was introduced to period of continued growth for CODES, the newly installed Time of Flight which gave him the insights to understand what the minerals industry potential partners in the latter part of the with a number of initiatives either starting, equipment; fostering a collaboration needs in terms of reporting and technology transfer. After gaining valuable year, to come into effect January, 2017. being proposed, or gathering pace. with the University of Bristol on mining experience, he came to UTAS, where he studied for his PhD under Initial response has been very positive. An attractive addition to the Master of the characterisation of plagioclase the supervision of Ross Large. Economic Geology Program is being PUBLICATIONS AND reference material; and investigating Garry also played a leading role in the Tasmanian Division of the introduced early in the year. Ores in the significance and extent of Devonian Geological Society of Australia, where he was known for continually INDUSTRY REPORTS Magmatic Arcs builds on the success gold mineralisation in the Carlin District. driving new initiatives, and enthusiastically spruiking the wonders of Our output of refereed journal of Ore Deposits of South America by I wish to thank our students, staff and geology to whomever he came in contact – and more specifically through articles increased to 67, just two expanding the location options to include all our collaborators in industry and public outreach activities, of which he was an avid participant. short of the record of 69 set in Indonesia, where participants will visit academia for their support in 2016, In recent years, Garry carried a heavy workload, spread across research, 2013. We also retained our status world-class porphyry and epithermal and look forward to the challenges and teaching, student supervision and Honours co-ordination. He was also leader as the leading academic group to deposits over a two-week period. publish in Economic Geology, only opportunities that lie ahead in 2017. of the largest research module within CODES, containing 23 major national A number of initiatives with considerable marginally behind the USGS, with and international projects, which include collaborations with 29 mining potential will be progressed, including predictions that we will pass their STATISTICS AT A companies and 44 universities, institutes and government departments. a proposal for a new Industrial overall output in 2017. This is a Even with such a large workload, Garry maintained a cheery demeanour Transformation Training Centre in GLANCE 2016 remarkable achievement, especially throughout, treating everyone with considerable respect and kindness. It was Advanced Mine Waste, and the Academic Research Staff 51 when considering our consistently high impossible not to be touched by Garry’s unwaveringly positive outlook on life. possibility of being part of the bid for output in terms of reports to industry. Postgraduate Students 119 He will be deeply missed, but his spirit lives on through the legacy of his the MinEx CRC, which proposes to Our output for these reports was 134 Major Research Projects 51 research and, most significantly of all, the many students that he educated, focus on 3D drilling for the discovery in 2016, which is a significant increase encouraged, entertained, and ‘infected’ with his irrepressible love of geology. and definition of mineral deposits. In Countries Involved 27 on 2015 and well above the ARC addition, late in 2016, we were named Publications in Refereed 67 Performance Indicator of 80. as a Secured Partner in Metal Earth; a Journals CATHERINE (KATIE) McGOLDRICK new Canadian research initiative led Research Reports to 134 Katie McGoldrick was a dedicated and talented Laboratory Assistant, whose MEDIA COVERAGE by Laurentian University. Industry extensive knowledge and skills were of immeasurable value to research It was another good year for CODES WORKSHOPS AND SHORT COURSES staff and students. Katie, who had been with CODES since 1998, was an in the media, with extensive coverage We have strengthened our ties with extremely popular member of staff, who was always friendly and willing to across all communications platforms. MRT considerably in recent times, Number 27 share her extensive knowledge of her job with students and researchers. Highlights included the extensive and this collaboration is expected to Countries 11 Katie balanced her working life with looking after four children, and husband coverage of our success in the Eureka be enhanced even further through the Attendees 767 Peter, who was a senior member of the CODES research team for many Award; the airing on ABC TV’s Catalyst Mining Sector Innovation Program. FUNDING years. As the children grew, she assumed more roles, using her innate program of Jacqueline Halpin and This joint initiative between CODES, organisational skills to ensure a highly efficient service to the Analytical Jacob Mulder’s research revealing MRT and the Tasmanian Mineral and Industry $1.3 million Laboratories, which are so vital to the research activities of CODES and Earth links between Tasmania, Antarctica Energy Council will deliver industry- UTAS $2.6 million Sciences. Although Katie worked mainly in the practical aspects of laboratory and the ancient Nuna supercontinent; focussed outcomes in a number TMVC $1.9 million work, she was always willing to help-out wherever needed, including the and the feature on ABC TV’s Australia of areas within the state, including WORLDWIDE COLLABORATIONS production of the early annual reports, AMIRA reports and assisting with the Wide program, showing how studies mine rehabilitation and remediation, Industry 61 day-to-day administration duties of the technical areas where she worked. by our students are helping to mitigate development of best practice environmental issues caused by old guidelines for acid mine drainage, Institutes and Universities 59 Katie will be sorely missed, but never forgotten. and improving the understanding of mining practices in western Tasmania. Both Katie and Garry died after brave fights with cancer, which had returned landslip reactivation. after periods of remission.

5 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 6 PhD. Courses are available in These facilities include four laser TRANSFORMING THE PROFILE AND Economic Geology, Geophysics and ablation ICP-MS laboratories MINING VALUE CHAIN Geochemistry. specialising in ore deposit applications, an ARC Industrial RESEARCH > MASTER OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY an XRF laboratory, solution ICP-MS Transformation Research Hub – offers a series of intensive, two- and clean room, fluid/ melt inclusion CODES is home to an Australian week courses aimed at the working laboratory, a lapidary department Research Council Industrial STRUCTURE geologist. Available in coursework and sample preparation facilities. In Transformation Research Hub, entitled only and coursework/ thesis (25%) addition, portable analytical techniques Transforming the Mining Value Chain options. The degree is part of are provided, including shortwave (TMVC). The Hub encompasses AN OVERVIEW provides a step-change in exploration The Enabling Technologies the national Minerals Geoscience infrared (SWIR) and portable XRF. a wide array of activities from CODES was formed in 1989, and has techniques for metal discovery, new Module utilises a suite of cutting-edge Masters program. CODES also has reciprocal exploration, discovery, ore deposit been the Australian Research Council practices for sustainable mining, instrumentation to develop analytical > PhD AND MSc – these higher arrangements with the UTAS Central characterisation, and environmental (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Ore a steady supply of world-class and computational techniques and degree by research programs Science Laboratory, which has an assessment, through to mining, ore Deposits since 2005. Based at the geoscience graduates, as well as tools to aid researchers with big data enable students to complete their extensive suite of complementary processing and waste rock disposal. University of Tasmania, the Centre has creating a platform to meet the training knowledge discovery, data reduction, theses in an environment that equipment, particularly in the areas The main objective is to improve grown substantially over the years and and upskilling needs of the minerals modelling and interpretation. provides access to state-of-the-art of electron microscopy and mineral efficiencies within the mining value is now widely regarded as a global industry. The Training Module provides technology, exceptional links with liberation analysis (MLA), X-ray chain, focussing on areas that will leader in ore deposit research and RESEARCH STRUCTURE – an ongoing supply of world-class industry, and supervisors that are microanalysis, laser Raman and FTIR have a marked impact on the value postgraduate training. It is home to THE MODULES geoscience graduates, and delivers international leaders in their field. spectroscopy, and ICP-MS. of mineral resources. In addition to CODES, the industry partners involved 51 highly qualified research staff and The Ore Deposits: a range of professional development CODES’ leading edge is based on RESEARCH FACILITIES in the research hub include BHP 119 postgraduate students, further Characterisation and Context short courses and workshops tailored the development of a number of CODES state-of-the-art facilities Billiton, Corescan, Newcrest Mining, cementing its position as the largest Module defines the geological, to meet the needs of the minerals unique analytical techniques and cover a wide range of applications and a consortium of global companies university-based team of ore deposit geochemical and geophysical features industry in terms of upskilling its calibration standards, combined encompassing the routine multi- co-ordinated by AMIRA International. researchers in the world. of ore deposits and their environments, workforce. The schedule for upskilling with employing staff with extensive element analysis of sulfide and oxide Other organisations affiliated with Highly productive worldwide in order to develop models that aid in courses varies in line with demand. expertise in analytical protocols and minerals, including the full range of the initiative include Laurin Technic, collaborations have been developed the discovery of mineral resources at Typical courses include Geophysics the interpretation of results. platinum group elements; U/Pb dating HITLab Au, and RWTH Aachen with over 61 industry companies, surface and under cover. for Geologists and Engineers, and Advances in Geo-logging. of zircon and monazite; and multi- University in Germany. plus a host of joint research initiatives The Geometallurgy Module Postgraduate courses are offered at element analysis of silicates. with 59 institutions and universities transforms how explorers and TMVC activities are covered later in the following levels: – 14 in Australia and 45 overseas. miners plan and predict mining and this annual report. It currently has 51 major research environmental activities, by providing > HONOURS – a one-year degree TIMELINE projects spanning 27 countries, and all new tools to guide these activities from that will significantly increase seven continents. It is also the leading the initial discovery through to end of employment options, or can be CODES formed as Awarded Centre of Excellence Tenure as an ARC-funded TMVC academic group to publish in Economic mine life. used as a stepping-stone to a an ARC Key Centre. status by the ARC. Centre of Excellence ends. commences Geology. In the past year, it maintained operations. its reputation for delivering excellence in technology transfer by producing 134 1989 1997 2005 2008 2013 2014 2015 2016 reports to industry and conducting 27 Ore short courses, workshops, conferences Deposits: Characterisation Geometallurgy and field trips in 11 countries, spread Awarded Special Research Successful mid-term review ARC grants approval for Collaboration and Context Centre status by the ARC. guarantees ARC funding for the CODES to retain its Centre of as an Essential around the world. final two years of the original Excellence Status – note that Research Partner proposal, plus an extension no further extensions of funding to CRC ORE INDUSTRY-FOCUSSED until the end of 2013. were permitted under the ARC’s commences. RESEARCH AND rules for this type of Centre. TRAINING CODES’ researchers, together CODES has developed an integrated, Enabling with a group of industry Training four module research model, which Technologies partners, awarded one of the ARC’s Industrial Transformation Research Hubs: Transforming the Mining Value Chain (TMVC).

OPPOSITE PAGE FROM LEFT: PhD student Brian McNulty (far right) visiting the Greens Creek mine in Alaska; Students fossicking in the Phaungdaw Quarry, Myanmar FROM LEFT: Part of the laser ablation facilities; Master of Economic Geology students performing practical exercises. 7 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 8 SENIOR MANAGEMENT NAME % IN TMVC CODES STAFF & MANAGEMENT Director, Professor J Bruce Gemmell, BSc (UBC), MA, VHMS deposits and epithermal Au-Ag 100 • PhD (Dartmouth) Deputy Director, Professor David Cooke, BSc Hons Porphyry Cu-Au, fluid-rock geochemistry 50 • (Latrobe), PhD (Monash) CENTRE DIRECTOR South Australia, who has extensive Centre Director, Professor Bruce experience in the minerals industry STAFF ACADEMIC/RESEARCH STAFF AT UTAS Gemmell, is responsible for the and the public service. Paul Agnew MOVEMENTS 2016 from Rio Tinto is Deputy Chair. NAME % IN TMVC scientific leadership and operational CODES management of the Centre. He is APPOINTMENTS SCIENCE PLANNING Dr Sharon Allen, BSc (Massey), MSc (Auckland), PhD Volcanic facies analysis Hon supported in these duties by Professor Dr Martin Jutzeler, who completed (Monash) PANEL David Cooke (Deputy Director), the his PhD at CODES in 2012, has Dr Mike Baker, BSc Hons (Sydney), PhD (UTAS) Igneous petrology, mineral chemistry 100 • Advisory Board and the Executive The Science Planning Panel meets been appointed as a Lecturer and annually for a one-day forum of Associate Professor Ron Berry, BSc, PhD (Flinders) Structure of mineralised provinces, CHIME dating, Hon • Committee. to conduct research related to geometallurgy presentations relating to the Centre’s volcanology and clastic sedimentology. Dr Stuart Bull, BSc Hons, PhD (Monash) Clastic and carbonate sedimentology and volcanology Hon ARC TMVC RESEARCH scientific research progress and Martin was previously with the National Dr Rebecca Carey, BSc Hons (UTAS), PhD (U Hawaii) Volcanology 20 HUB DIRECTOR to discuss potential new research Oceanography Centre in the UK. projects. The membership is wider Dr Matt Cracknell, BSc Hons, PhD (UTAS) Geophysics, machine learning and data mining 100 • Professor David Cooke is Director Dr Evan Orovan completed his PhD than that of the Advisory Board and Professor Tony Crawford, BSc Hons, PhD (Melbourne) Petrology, geochemistry and tectonics of volcanic arcs Hon of the ARC Research Hub for during the year, and was appointed includes a representative from all Transforming the Mining Value Chain. by the TMVC Research Hub as a Professor Leonid Danyushevsky, PhD (Vernadsky Inst.) Petrology, geochemistry, LA-ICP-MS analysis 50 • partner companies. The Panel is He is supported in these duties by Postdoctoral Research Fellow, working Dr Garry Davidson, BSc Hons (ANU), PhD (UTAS) Sulfur isotope geochemistry and Cu-Au ores 50 designed to provide industry with Professor Leonid Danyushevsky, in Theme 1 – Detecting proximity to Dr Paul Davidson, BSc Hons, PhD (UTAS) Melt and fluid inclusions Hon an opportunity to influence future Deputy Director. ore (footprints). research directions of the Centre. Professor David Green, BSc Hons, MSc, DSc, DLitt Hon Experimental petrology Hon (UTAS), PhD (Cambridge) ADVISORY BOARD Dr Sean Johnson also completed his PhD during the year, and was Dr Jacqui Halpin, BSc Hons (Melbourne), PhD (Sydney) Metamorphic petrology, geochronology Hon The Advisory Board meets once EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE appointed as a Postdoctoral Research Dr Sean Johnson, BSc Hons (St. Andrews), PhD (UTAS) Geochemistry, LA-ICP-MS, sedimentology, marine 100 a year to review the progress of The Executive Committee consists Fellow in LA-ICP-MS. geoscience the Centre and to advise on future of the Centre Director, Deputy Dr Martin Jutzeler, MSc (U Lausanne), PhD (UTAS) Volcanology and clastic sedimentology 50 directions. The Board is composed of Director, the Module Leaders, the DEPARTURES Dr Maya Kamenetsky, PhD (UTAS) MLA-SEM, geometallurgy, petrology 100 representatives from major industry Communications Manager, and the partners, University of Tasmania TMVC Research Hub Manager. It ACADEMIC STAFF Professor Vadim Kamenetsky, BSc Hons (Moscow), PhD Petrology and geochemistry of melt inclusions 100 (Vernadsky Inst.) senior management, and key national meets approximately six times a year, Dr David Selley has vacated his geoscience organisations. It is chaired working closely with the Director to position as Research Fellow, but has Professor Khin Zaw, BSc (Rangoon), MSc (Queen's), PhD Fluid inclusions, SE Asian metallogenesis 20 (UTAS) by Dr Paul Heithersay, from the develop the Centre’s goals, strategies been retained in an honorary capacity. and research directions. Dr Chun-kit Lai, BSc, MPhil (HKU), PhD (UTAS) Petrology, geochemistry and tectonics of SE Asia Hon Department of State Development, PROFESSIONAL STAFF Professor Ross Large, BSc Hons (UTAS), PhD (UNE) Volcanic-hosted and sediment-hosted base metal and Hon • Dr Sarah Gilbert has left her position gold ores as Laser Ablation Technician at the Dr Peter McGoldrick, BSc Hons, PhD (Melbourne) Ore deposits and their halos Hon TMVC Research Hub to take up Professor Jocelyn McPhie, BA Hons (Macquarie), PhD Volcanic facies architecture and volcanic textures Hon an appointment at the University of (UNE) Adelaide. Associate Professor Sebastien Meffre, BSc Hons, PhD Petrology and tectonics of the SW Pacific 100 • (Sydney) Dr Evan Orovan, BSc Hons (Carleton), PhD (UTAS) Porphyry environment, mineral chemistry and 100 • hydrothermal geochemistry Dr Karin Orth, BSc Hons (Monash), PhD (UTAS) Volcanology 40 Dr Anita Parbhakar-Fox, MSc Hons (London), PhD (UTAS) Environmental geology, mineralogy, geochemistry 100 • FROM LEFT: Delegates Professor Anya Reading, BSc Hons (Edinburgh), PhD Geophysics, seismology, computational methods 50 • enjoying a break in (Leeds) proceeding during the Science Planning Dr Michael Roach, BSc Hons (Newcastle), PhD (UTAS) Geophysical responses of ore deposits 20 Meeting; Sean Johnson aboard RV Dr Robert Scott, BSc Hons, PhD (Monash) Structural geology, gold deposits / MTEC Senior Lecturer 70 Investigator during and Masters Program Coordinator a research Dr David Selley, BSc Hons (Adelaide), PhD (UTAS) Structural geology, basin analysis, ore deposit modelling Hon cruise to the Cascade Dr Jeff Steadman, BSc (Central Missouri), MSc (Iowa) Ore and sedimentary pyrite geochemistry; seawater 100 Seamount. composition through geologic time Dr Aleksandr (Sasha) Stepanov, MSc (Novosibirsk), PhD Geochemistry of rare metals 100 (ANU) Dr Lejun Zhang, BSc, PhD (HFUT) Porphyry Cu-Au and HS epithermal 100 •

9 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 10 ACADEMIC/RESEARCH STAFF BASED EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AT COLLABORATIVE INSTITUTIONS/INDUSTRY NAME NAME NAME % IN TMVC Chair: Bruce Gemmell Director, CODES Anita Parbhakar-Fox Acting Geometallurgy Module Leader CODES Steve Calladine Communications Manager Anya Reading Training Module Co-leader / Dr John Bishop Consultant Hon Coordinator Graduate Research David Cooke Deputy Director, CODES / ARC TMVC Dr Daniel Bombardieri Mineral Resources Tasmania Hon Research Hub Director Helen Scott ARC TMVC Research Hub Manager Professor Ray Cas Monash University Hon Leonid Danyushevsky Enabling Technologies Module Leader / Robert Scott Training Module Co-leader Kathy Ehrig BHP Billiton Hon • Head of the Discipline of Earth Sciences Associate Professor Jeff Foster S2 Resources Hon Garry Davidson Ore Deposits: Characterisation and Context Module Leader Neil Goodey Corescan • Professor Mark Hannington University of Ottawa Hon SCIENCE PLANNING PANEL Dr Anthony Harris Newcrest Mining Hon • (ALSO INCLUDES THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND ALL CODES RESEARCH STAFF AND STUDENTS) Professor Peter Hollings Lakehead University Hon NAME NAME Dr Julie Hunt University of Liege Hon Chair: Bruce Gemmell Director, CODES, UTAS Anthony Harris Newcrest Mining Professor Bernd Lottermoser RWTH Aachen University • Ben Adair CRC ORE Tony Hope GHD Dr Andrew McNeill Mineral Resources Tasmania Hon Paul Agnew Rio Tinto Exploration Robert Hough CSIRO Adele Seymon AMIRA International • Daniel Bombardieri Mineral Resources Tasmania Craig Lindley CSIRO Michael Shelley Laurin Technic • Ralph Bottrill Mineral Resources Tasmania Ping-Ping Liu National Taiwan University Dr Tony Webster University of Queensland Hon Paul Cromie Anglo American Adele Seymon AMIRA International Dr Noel White Consultant Hon Andrew Davies Teck Penny Sinclair Cameco Dr Jamie Wilkinson Natural History Museum / Imperial College London Hon John Dickey Head, School of Physical Sciences, Greg Smith CSIRO UTAS TECHNICAL/ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF Andrew Somers SciAps Australia Mark Doyle AngloGold Ashanti NAME % IN TMVC Steve Turner Newmont Mark Duffett Mineral Resources Tasmania CODES Steve Walters CRC ORE Kathy Ehrig BHP Billiton Dr Ivan Belousov, BSc, MSc (Moscow), PhD (Vernadsky) Research Associate- ARC TMVC Research Hub 100 • Tom Wesby First Quantum Minerals David First Freeport McMoRan Mr Steve Calladine Communications Manager 100 Mike Whitbread MMG Geoff Fraser Geoscience Australia Mrs Michele Chapple-Smith Lapidary Technician 40 Noel White Consultant Mr Alex Cuison Lapidary Manager 80 David Green Mineral Resources Tasmania Dr Jane Higgins, BIS, BAntSt Hons, PhD (UTAS) Personal Assistant to the Director 90 Dan Gregory University of California Mr Ian Little, BSc Hons (UTAS) Maintenance, Field Equipment, and Safety Officer 50

Ms Elena Lounejeva Laboratory Analyst 100 CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: Anya Reading, who was promoted to Professor during the year; Karin Orth with David Green at a function to Mrs Michelle Makoundi Laboratory Assistant 40 celebrate Professor Green receiving the 2016 R.M. Johnston Memorial Medal; attendees at the 2016 Science Planning Meeting. Mrs Katie McGoldrick Laboratory Assistant 20 Dr Paul Olin, BA (SOU), MSc, PhD (WSU) Laser Ablation Technician- ARC TMVC Research Hub 100 • Ms June Pongratz Publications 5 Mrs Claire Rutherford Administrative Assistant 60 Ms Helen Scott, BSc Hons (UTAS), BEd (QUT) Hub Manager- ARC TMVC Research Hub 100 • Mr Jay Thompson, BSc Hons, MSc (U Iowa) Laboratory Analyst 100 Ms Isabella von Lichtan, BSc Hons (UTAS) Curator / Administrative Assistant 25

ADVISORY BOARD NAME NAME Chair: Paul Heithersay Department of State Development, Andrew Davies Teck (Could not attend 2016 South Australia John Dickey Head, School of Physical Sciences, UTAS meeting) Kathy Ehrig BHP Billiton Deputy Chair: Paul Rio Tinto Exploration Agnew (Chair of 2016 Bruce Gemmell CODES, UTAS meeting) David Green Mineral Resources Tasmania Richard Coleman Pro Vice-Chancellor, Research Anthony Harris Newcrest Mining Infrastructure, UTAS Adele Seymon AMIRA International David Cooke CODES, UTAS Noel White Consultant Paul Cromie Anglo American Brian Yates Dean, Faculty of Science Engineering Leonid Danyushevsky CODES, UTAS and Technology, UTAS

11 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 12 OBJECTIVES To describe the geological, geochemical and geophysical features of ore forming systems and terrains, and use this information to devise better means of discovering mineral resources at surface and under cover. The highly successful ‘Exploring the porphyry environment’ project, led by David Cooke and David Selley, has been running since 2009, making a significant contribution to the knowledge base for relevant deposits MODULE in the South West Pacific region, thereby maximising opportunities for the discovery of porphyry and epithermal related gold resources. HIGHLIGHTS ORE DEPOSITS: > SE Asia CONTINUED CYCLE Khin Zaw continued to play a key CHARACTERISATION OF COMPLETION AND role in the SE Asia region. At the 3rd RENEWAL Myanmar Mining Summit, held in Yangon during October, he delivered In the three years since its inception, AND CONTEXT the introduction to the pre-summit the Module has consistently retained workshop, presented three talks, a critical mass of over 20 projects, chaired day three, moderated a panel spread across a diverse range of discussion, and made a significant INTRODUCTION geological fields. That trend continued contribution to the organisation of the The Ore Deposits: Characterisation in 2016, with the Module comprising event. He also led the CODES SEG 23 projects, which is down by just and Context Module provides end- Student Chapter’s annual international two, despite seven projects being users with process-based models field trip, which this year was to concluded, placed on hold, or merged for the formation of high value Myanmar. metalliferous ore deposits and a by the end of the previous year. > North America framework to develop innovative The projects within the Module also new tools for determining the most continued to have an impact around Bruce Gemmell co-led a two-day prospective regions for exploration the world, as the following small VHMS workshop and a five-day (fertility), and for targeting buried ore sample of highlights illustrates: field trip to VHMS and orogenic gold deposits at the GAC-MAC 2016 deposits (vectoring). > Africa Conference, held at the Yukon College The Module was formed at the In Zambia, a robust geochemical proxy Campus, Whitehorse, Canada. PhD beginning of 2014 and is the result for predicting gold grade has been students Nathan Steeves and Brian of the amalgamation of the Location, developed via Jacob Heathcote’s PhD McNulty presented papers at the Formation and Discovery Programs, project at the Kansanshi deposit. main conference, held from June 1-3. which had been in operation since The Newcrest-sponsored ‘Architecture Nathan was also co-leader of the post- 2006. This revised model retains of the Birimian belts in Côte d’Ivoire’ conference field trip. CODES’ core research strengths, while project, led by David Selley, came PhD student Jacob Mulder spent establishing a platform that allows to a successful conclusion with the most of 2016 at the University of New projects to be developed that meet development of a chronostratigraphic Mexico, USA, working under the the evolving needs of the minerals framework for the West African country. supervision of renowned geologist industry. This is achieved through six > South West Pacific Professor Karl Karlstrom on the links themes, which reflects CODES’ range between early Tasmania and SW Another Newcrest-supported project of expertise and level of diversity in the Laurentia. These studies formed came to an end during the year. field of hard-rock geology. part of a prestigious Endeavour

OPPOSITE PAGE FROM CENTRE, RIGHT: Kathy Ehrig (BHP), William Keyser (PhD student, University of Adelaide), and Nathan Chapman (PhD student, CODES) at Olympic Dam; PhD student Joe Knight sampling from a prospect found in Myanmar. Although the district is well 13 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 known for hosting epithermal Cu-Au deposits, this is the first evidence of porphyry-style Cu-Au-Mo mineralisation. 14 ABOVE: Lake Lefroy, Western Australia – area of research for David Doutch’s PhD project. Postgraduate Scholarship, which partners, aims to increase economic ORE he received from the Australian mineral discoveries in the area. LEADER DEPOSITS: Government the previous year. During Garry Davidson made a significant Garry Davidson his stay, Jacob delivered two oral contribution towards the research CHARACTERISATION presentations at the 2016 Geological AND CONTEXT publication in Lithos by Coggon Society of America conference in et al. which outlined hydrothermal Denver, Colorado, including an invited contributions to global biogeochemical talk in the session ‘Tectonics of cycles. This research utilised insights Mesoproterozoic basins’. from the Macquarie Island ophiolite, via CLUMP MOUNTAIN Research by Robert Scott and PhD results on the Sr isotope perspective student Torsten Jensen, in the Carlin of fluid flow in the ~10 Ma mid-ocean GEOSCIENCE Pat Williams District, NE Nevada, has revealed that ridge crust. the presence of syn-sedimentary or COLORADO STATE early diagenetic gold-bearing layers UNIVERSITY, USA in the Wispy unit may have important Holly Stein implications for the genesis of the Eocence deposits hosted at this CONSULTANTS stratigraphic level. HONOURS STUDENTS: Neil Allen, Wally Herrmann > Australia Kathryn Job, Sigmun Lloyd, Tristan CURTIN UNIVERSITY New research initiatives include an Wells Andrea Agangi, William Collins exciting ARC Linkage project, led by Sebastien Meffre, investigating the ore COLLABORATORS: DEPARTMENT OF MINERAL deposits and tectonic evolution of the RESOURCES, THAILAND Lachlan Orogen, in SE Australia. The AKITA UNIVERSITY, JAPAN Akira Imai Pol Chaodumrong, Somboon project, being conducted in collaboration Khositanont with five universities, four geological ANGLO AMERICAN surveys and ten mining industry THE MODULE Dave Braxton, Paul Cromie, Neil DIRECTORATE OF Macalalad GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND TEAM EXPLORATION, MYANMAR TEAM MEMBERS: ANGLOGOLD ASHANTI Ye Myint Swe Fraser Clark, Sue Finlayson, Michael Ron Berry, Stuart Bull, Rebecca Nugus DRUMMOND GOLD Carey, Ben Cave, David Cooke, Matt Ed Eshuys Cracknell, Leonid Danyushevsky, ARGENT MINERALS Paul Davidson, Nathan Fox, Bruce David Busch, Todd McGilvray EAST YANGON UNIVERSITY, Gemmell, Jacqueline Halpin, Maya MYANMAR Kamenetsky, Vadim Kamenetsky, Ross AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL Cho Cho Aye Large, Jocelyn McPhie, Sebastien UNIVERSITY Meffre, Evan Orovan, Karin Orth, Anya Marc Norman EMMERSON RESOURCES Reading, Michael Roach, Robert Grant Osborne Scott, David Selley, Jeff Steadman, BHP BILLITON Sasha Stepanov, Jay Thompson, Khin Kathy Ehrig ENTERPRISE METALS Zaw, Lejun Zhang Frank Doedens, Dermot Ryan BRITISH GEOLOGICAL PHD STUDENTS: SURVEY FIRST QUANTUM MINERALS Olga Apukhtina, Richelle Awid- Mike Crow Tim Ireland, Louis van Heerden Pascual, Heidi Berkenbosch, Nathan GEOFORSCHUNGSZENTRUM Chapman, Alex Cherry, David Doutch, CAMECO RESOURCES Esmaeil Eshaghi, Matt Ferguson, Penny Sinclair, Ben Walsh POTSDAM, GERMANY Pedro Fonseca, Margy Hawke, Jacob Rainer Thomas Heathcote, Wei Hong, Qiuyue Huang, CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF Torsten Jensen, Sean Johnson, Joe THAILAND Knight, Erin Lawlis, Christopher Leslie, Phisit Limtrakun, Sampan JAPAN Kenzo Sanematsu Charles Makoundi, Brian McNulty, Singharajwarapan Indrani Mukherjee, Jacob Mulder, CHINOVA RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NSW Evan Orovan, Subira Sharma, Nathan Mark McGeogh John Greenfield, Robert Musgrave Steeves, Stephanie Sykora GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MASTERS STUDENTS: CHULALAKORN UNIVERSITY, THAILAND SOUTH AUSTRALIA Eyob Andemeskel, Jo Condon, Abhisit Salam Adrian Fabris, Steve Hill Kyle Hughes, Corey Jago, Sitthinon Kultaksayos, Peerapong Sritangsirikul GEOMAR, GERMANY Sven Petersen

15 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 16 GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA NEW BOLIDEN UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN, THEME 6 – DATES AND ORE Geoff Fraser, David Huston, Roger Rodney Allen, Georgian Manuc, Roger MALAYSIA PROJECTS PLATES Skirrow Nordin Mohd Basril Iswadi Bin Basori, Mohd DEPOSITS: THEME 1 – ORE FERTILITY > Building Tasmania: The Cambrian Shafeea Leman and beyond CHARACTERISATION GNS NEW ZEALAND NEWCREST MINING OF THE CRUST AND > Structure of SE Australia using AND CONTEXT Isabelle Chambefort, Cornel de Ronde Mathieu Ageneau, Karyn Gardner, UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE MANTLE multiple geophysical methods Anthony Harris, Paul Kitto, Dominic Cristiana Ciobanu, Nigel Cook > Pegmatites and Pegmatite-related GOLD FIELDS Murphy, Charlotte Seabrook ores^ ^ New project Matthew Crawford, Leon Grimbeek, UNIVERSITY OF BONN, > Tectonic and Cu-Au and Au ^^Previously named Australian Gary Sparks NORTHERN TERRITORY GERMANY mineralisation of Western Myanmar- hydrothermal IOCG and related deposits GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Chris Ballhaus, Maria Kirchenbaur Sumatra Terrane HANOI UNIVERSITY OF Dorothy Close, Andrew Wygralak MINING AND GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH > Architecture of the Birimian belts in PROJECT VIETNAM OZ MINERALS COLUMBIA, CANADA Côte d’Ivoire Hai Thanh Tran Hamish Freeman Jim Mortensen > Ore deposits and tectonic evolution SUMMARIES of the Lachlan Orogen, SE Australia^ HOLCOMBE COUGHLIN PACIFICO MINERALS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA THEME 1 – ORE FERTILITY OLIVER Barrie Bolton, David Pascoe RIVERSIDE, USA THEME 2 – VOLCANISM, OF THE CRUST AND Nick Oliver Dan Gregory AND ITS EFFECT ON ORE MANTLE PIONEER RESOURCES FORMING PROCESSES PEGMATITES AND PEGMATITE- David Crook IMEX CONSULTING UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA, > VHMS research – modern RELATED ORES Mark Arundell SWITZERLAND RIO TINTO EXPLORATION > VHMS research – ancient Leader: Paul Davidson Robert Moritz INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Bryan Bowden, Greg Clarke, Mawson > Volcanology related to ore deposits Collaborator: Rainer Thomas INDONESIA Croaker UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA, This new initiative is examining melt- Andri Subandrio THEME 3 – MAGMATIC- melt immiscibility in felsic silicate melts, ROYAL HOLLOWAY MALAYSIA Azman Ghandi HYDROTHERMAL in the formation of pegmatites and INTREPID MINES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, UK PROCESSES AND ORES pegmatite-related ore deposits. The Tony Barber, Ian Watkinson Tom Woolrych UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE > Exploring the porphyry environment work builds on the research conducted Roland Maas RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF > Olympic Dam under the Melt-Melt Immiscibility MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY and the Origin of Magnetite-Apatite SCIENCES > Magmatic-hydrothermal volatile Elena Belousova, Nathan Daczko UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, Deposits project, which has now come Valeriy Maslennikov exsolution and mineralisation in USA to a conclusion. Tasmanian Sn granites MANDALAY RESOURCES Karl Karlstrom Josh Greene RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY, Pegmatites are noted for the presence GERMANY UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, THEME 4 – BASIN of giant crystals, sometimes including MANDALAY UNIVERSITY, Bernd Lottermoser CANADA PROCESSES AND ORES rare minerals and gems, even though their major element chemistry differs MYANMAR Mark Hannington > McArthur Basin copper SANDFIRE RESOURCES Tin Aung Myint > Kansanshi gold little from the standard haplogranitic Bruce Hooper melts, which are generally accepted as UNIVERSITY OF PADJAJARAN, > Uranium concentrations in basins MANITOBA GEOLOGICAL their parental magmas. SHAHROOD UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA > Ore deposit cycles and ocean/ SURVEY, CANADA Mega Rosana Therefore, it can be inferred that TECHNOLOGY, IRAN atmosphere conditions^ Marc Rinne something in their origin favours Fardin Mousivand > Significance and extent of Devonian UNIVERSITY OF extremely efficient partitioning, MINERAL RESOURCES gold mineralisation in NE Nevada, TARBIAT MODARES SOUTHAMPTON, UK USA: a critical primer to a world- which would explain the high rare TASMANIA Rosalind Coggon element concentrations (up to ore- Daniel Bombardieri, Clive Calver, UNIVERSITY, IRAN class gold district?^ grade). However, even in locations Grace Cumming, Mark Duffett, John Sajjad Maghfouri UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA hosting pegmatite ore bodies, most Everard, Andrew McNeill, Mike Vicary Christian Dietz, Karsten Goemann, THEME 5 – THE ORE TASMAN RESOURCES pegmatites are barren. This leads Taryn Noble, Thomas Rodemann, AFFECTED CRUST MMG Rob Smith to the conclusion that there are still Joanne Whittaker > The power of pyrite many additional complexities to be Kim Denwar > Integrating geology and geophysics TERRAMIN AUSTRALIA unravelled through this research. for resources targeting MONASH UNIVERSITY Ken Cross During the year, a paper was > Application of sulfide S and Barrie Bolton, Ray Cas published in Ore Geology Reviews carbonate C-O isotopes to ore TINTINA RESOURCES entitled ‘Revisiting complete miscibility genesis and exploration NANYANG TECHNOLOGY Jerry Zieg between silicate melts and hydrous UNIVERSITY, SINGAPORE > IOCG and related deposits^^ fluids, and the extreme enrichment UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL Grahame Oliver > The characteristics and role of of some elements in the supercritical SURVEY colloidal silica fluids in the formation state’. A second paper, entitled Poul Emsbo of the Grieves Siding Pb-Zn ‘Origin of miarolitic pegmatites in prospect, western Tasmania the Konigshain granite; Lusatia’, was > Geology and genesis of the published in Lithos. Both publications Invincible gold deposit, St Ives were authored by Rainer Thomas and Paul Davidson.

Researchers, including PhD student Jacob Mulder, rafting down the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, Arizona during a University of New Mexico geoscience research trip. 17 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 18 LEFT: Bruce Gemmell (second from right) leading a post conference field trip in Alaska, which formed part of the GAC- MAC 2016 conference in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. TECTONIC AND Cu-Au AND Au the geological findings is underway. In The successful multi-faceted approach RIGHT: Field MINERALISATION OF WESTERN 2017, Joe plans to undertake further employed by WAXI, including analysis trip area close MYANMAR-SUMATRA TERRANE laboratory work to gain a greater of regional datasets, targeted field to Juneau, Leader: Khin Zaw understanding of the mineralisation traversing, and the generation of Alaska. that has been located during the field petrographic, geochronologic, and Team Members: Ross Large, work. geochemical datasets, has been Sebastien Meffre, Evan Orovan Project leader Khin Zaw is compiling replicated in this project. Students: Joe Knight, Charles a publication for the Geological In 2016, work has been concentrated Makoundi Society of London and Myanmar in the central and western parts of Collaborators: Cho Cho Aye, Geosciences Society, which is based Côte d’Ivoire, in areas where the Tony Barber, Mohd Basril Iswadi on his extensive geological experience preserved Birimian sequence is Bin Basori, Pol Chaodumrong, in the country, dating back to 1968. both near-complete and relatively Mike Crow, Azman Ghandi, Akira The publication will be entitled ‘Memoir well-exposed. Results of field-based ORE DEPOSITS AND TECTONIC THEME 2 – VOLCANISM, McNeill, Jim Mortensen, Fardin Imai, Somboon Khositanont, Mohd on Myanmar: Geology, Resources structural and stratigraphic analysis, EVOLUTION OF THE LACHLAN AND ITS EFFECT ON ORE Mousivand, Sven Petersen, Mike Vicary OROGEN, SE AUSTRALIA Shafeea Leman, Phisit Limtrakun, and Tectonics’. In addition, Khin Zaw coupled with geochronology, support FORMING PROCESSES The genesis of volcanic-hosted Cu- Robert Moritz, Tin Aung Myint, Leaders: Sebastien Meffre, David played a key role in the 3rd Myanmar existing models of a transition VHMS RESEARCH – MODERN Pb-Zn-Ag-Au massive sulfide deposits Grahame Oliver, Mega Rosana, Abhisit Mining Summit, held in Yangon during from ocean-floor and island-arc Cooke, Matt Cracknell, Joanne Leader: Bruce Gemmell is being investigated across the Salam, Kenzo Sanematsu, Sampan October. His contribution included magmatism, through arc accretion, Whittaker (IMAS) spectrum of massive sulfide deposit Singharajwarapan, Holly Stein, Andri delivering the introduction to the and ultimate collision and exhumation. Team Member: Jeff Steadman Student: Heidi Berkenbosch types, from typical seafloor VHMS (Zn- Subandrio, Ye Myint Swe, Hai Thanh pre-summit workshop, presenting The geochronology, in particular, Pb-Cu-Ag-Au) deposits, through sub- Students: Kyle Hughes, Corey Jago, Collaborators: Cornel de Ronde, Tran, Ian Watkinson three talks, chairing day three, and has revealed some unexpected seafloor shallow-water, replacement Kathryn Job, Sitthinon Kultaksayos, Andrew McNeill, Sven Petersen This research builds on the successful moderating a panel discussion. He outcomes, with huge volumes of gold-rich epithermal styles, to deep Christopher Leslie, Sigmun Lloyd, Heidi Berkenbosch’s PhD project Ore Deposits of SE Asia project, also made a significant contribution to volcano-sedimentary strata having sub-volcanic intrusion-related Cu-Au- Peerapong Sritangsirikul, Tristan Wells at Brothers volcano, in the Tonga- which came to a conclusion at the the organisation of the event. accumulated during only the youngest rich styles. Kermadec arc, neared completion in end of 2014. While the SE Asia project phases of basin growth. Collaborators: Mark Arundell, Elena ARCHITECTURE OF THE 2016. This collaborative project with In 2016, research was undertaken on focussed on the geochronology, Belousova, William Collins, John BIRIMIAN BELTS IN CÔTE Upsection transitions from GNS, New Zealand (Cornel de Ronde) deposits in the Mount Read Volcanic metallogenesis and deposit styles of Greenfield, David Huston, Roland D’IVOIRE subaqueous to subaerial depositional is investigating the ore and gangue Belt (Tasmania), DeGrussa and Jaguar mainland areas of the region, this new Maas, Robert Musgrave, Marc Leader: David Selley environments, evidence of intrabasinal mineralogy, textures, paragenesis, (Western Australia), Greens Creek initiative looks mainly at the tectonic, Norman cannibalisation, rapid exhumation and mineral chemistry and copper isotopes (Alaska), Myra Falls (Canada), Tasik Cu-Au, and Au mineralisation of the Team Members: Sebastien Meffre, reworking of coeval plutonic rocks, and This ARC Linkage project aims to of the sulfide-sulfate chimneys. A Chini (Malaysia), Nudeh (Iran) and Western Myanmar-Sumatra Terrane. Sasha Stepanov development of early stage, foliation- improve economic mineral discoveries paper detailing the trace element Macquarie Island. Collaborators: Mathieu Ageneau, lacking recumbent folds within these through an increased understanding PhD student Joe Knight continued his mapping, using synchrotron radiation In collaboration with Mark Hannington Anthony Harris, Paul Kitto, Dominic younger sequences favour a syn- of the geology and tectonic evolution research project entitled ‘Geodynamic XRF and LA-ICP-MS of Cu- and Zn- from the University of Ottawa, Nathan Murphy, Charlotte Seabrook orogenic foreland basin environment. of the Lachlan Orogen in southeastern and metallogenic setting of Cu-Au rich black smoker chimneys from the Steeves continued his PhD investigation Gold mineralisation appears to have Australia; and to integrate that mineralisation in Myanmar: Implications This Newcrest-sponsored project, volcano, was prepared and will be of the mineralogy, metal distribution been multistage, bracketing the onset knowledge with existing geological for mineral exploration’, which is being initiated in August 2015, aimed to submitted to Economic Geology in and geometallurgical characteristics of of collision and ultimate orogenic information to subsequently develop funded by Anglo American. During the generate a country-wide geologic early 2017. the complex ore bodies at the Greens year, Joe completed his field work in collapse. predictive and explanatory models. template for Côte d’Ivoire that can Bruce Gemmell is continuing research Creek VHMS deposit in Southeast Myanmar, which included revisiting be used to facilitate orogenic gold With the successful progression of a The project commenced in mid- on the Palinuro seafloor mineralising Alaska. Nathan presented his findings areas of significant interest. While exploration at deposit to district robust chronostratigraphic framework December when the legal agreement system in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy, at the GAC-MAC conference in these field areas included aspects scales. The work builds on major, for the development of the Birimian was signed by all the collaborating which is an evolving intermediate to Whitehorse, Yukon, where he played of the Western Myanmar Terrane, multidisciplinary research by the WAXI Belt in Côte d’Ivoire, this project has organisations, which include five high sulfidation massive sulfide. Bruce a key role as co-leader, with Bruce they also encompassed a number consortium, led by the University of now concluded. However, CODES universities, four geological surveys is using LA-ICP-MS analyses of the Gemmell, of a post-conference field of other sites within the country. Western Australia and the University of will continue to collaborate with and ten mining industry partners. This different paragenetic generations trip covering the orogenic gold and Preliminary laboratory work has been the Witwatersrand, that has focussed Newcrest to expand the country’s was followed by a planning meeting of pyrite to elucidate the evolving VHMS deposits in his research area. completed and the documentation of on countries surrounding Côte d’Ivoire. geochronological dataset. held at Macquarie University where a hydrothermal fluids responsible for He also published a paper in Economic detailed research plan was formulated. the Palinuro mineralised occurrence. Geology entitled ‘The Glacier Creek A successful recruitment campaign This research is being conducted in Cu-Zn VHMS deposit, Southeast has resulted in eight students being collaboration with Sven Petersen at Alaska: An addition to the Alexander brought into the team – one PhD, GEOMAR, Germany. A manuscript Triassic Metallogenic Belt’. This 2016 PhD student Joe Knight discussing four Masters and three Honours. The in in preparation for publication in publication was based on Nathan’s the geology and services of CODES’ postdoctoral Economic Geology. Masters research at the University alteration of the research fellow Jeff Steadman have of Ottawa, which was undertaken in Mahar San Cu- VHMS RESEARCH – ANCIENT been secured immediately, with collaboration with CODES. Au prospect in Leader: Bruce Gemmell the Wuntho a project manager, Irina Zhukova, Brian McNulty continued his PhD Massif, Upper expected to start in the new year. Both Team Members: Ron Berry, Garry research on the geologic and Myanmar. positions are on a part-time basis. Davidson, Ross Large, Khin Zaw structural setting of the West Block Although research is still in the early Students: Jo Condon, Margy Hawke, area at the Myra Falls VHMS deposit stages, all deadlines so far have Brian McNulty, Nathan Steeves on Vancouver Island, Canada. His research aims to propose a model been met or exceeded. Geochemical Collaborators: Mohd Basril Iswadi for the genesis of the VHMS deposits analyses and data compilation Bin Basori, Rosalind Coggon, Mark in the West Block, which can be activities have begun and will continue Hannington, Sajjad Maghfouri, Andrew throughout 2017. compared to other deposits in the

19 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 20 Participants in the post GAC-MAC Conference field trip at the Palmer Project in Alaska. Photograph taken from the ridgeline opposite the South Wall Cook, Ken Cross, Kathy Ehrig, Karsten and NW-striking faults. The BCF Zone, with THEME 3 – MAGMATIC- Mount Henry HYDROTHERMAL Goemann, Maria Kirchenbaur, Roland position at the top of the ODBC, Clay in the PROCESSES AND ORES Maas and incorporation of BCF clasts into distance. the ODBC, strongly indicate that EXPLORING THE PORPHYRY This project is building on existing knowledge related to economic the fault-controlled sedimentary ENVIRONMENT basin was in place when the breccia Leaders: David Cooke, David Selley geology at Olympic Dam through a combination of petrological, complex and the Olympic Dam ore deposit were still forming. area, with the aim of developing useful Susan Belford, a former PhD student Pedro Fonseca’s PhD thesis on the Students: Erin Lawlis, Evan Orovan geochemical, and geochronological criteria for exploration in the Myra of Garry Davidson, continued internal stratigraphy, volcanology Collaborators: Karyn Gardner, research initiatives. > A paper in Precambrian Research by Huang et al., focused on Falls District. Brian has undertaken publication of her PhD results with and correlations in the Mount Read Anthony Harris, Marc Rinne In particular, the team has underground mapping and core co-authorship of a manuscript on Volcanics in western Tasmania was understanding the earliest The team has worked in close quantitatively assessed the mineral, logging in order to describe the the Jaguar-Teutonic Bore field for the submitted and approved. Pedro magmatism of the ca. 1590 Ma collaboration with Newcrest Mining to geochemical and stable and area’s deposit mineralogy, textures, AusIMM’s Australian Ore Deposits examined the complicated volcanic Gawler SLIP. In addition to minor obtain new knowledge and maximise radiogenic isotope compositions paragenesis and metal zoning. During monograph. and sedimentary facies that occur occurrences of olivine-phyric opportunities for the discovery of of major ore-bearing assemblages the reporting period, Brian also between Hellyer in the north and basalts at Kokatha and Mount A project aimed at improving the age porphyry and epithermal related gold (depositional events) and the relative presented his findings at the GAC- White Spur in the south. He was able Gunson, it describes rock lithologies and geochronological constraints resources in the South West Pacific timing of their formation. These studies MAC conference, and was awarded to characterise the stratigraphic levels intersected by drill holes at the on the development of the Mount region. The research advanced the were coupled with an evaluation of the a $5,000 USD research grant from where the known VHMS deposits Olympic Dam deposit and the Read Volcanic Belt (MRV) continued conceptual models and exploration geochemical specialisation of likely the Society of Economic Geologists occur, and demonstrate the critical Wirrda Well Cu–Au prospect. U– during the year, in collaboration with techniques at the relevant deposits source rocks and magmas, positioned (Canada Foundation) to complete importance of information on seafloor Pb dating of apatite confirmed Jim Mortensen (UBC), and Andrew and districts. This new knowledge was in space and time, including both TIMS zircon U-Pb analyses on the host sulfide deposition versus subseafloor temporal correlation of picrite lavas McNeill and Mike Vicary (both from passed directly to Newcrest geologists ore-forming metals and non-metallic rocks at Myra Falls. replacement, in exploration focussed and dykes with the ca. 1590 Ma MRT). Outcomes to date include through onsite training. The close components. on prospective stratigraphy. Gawler SLIP. The compositions of Khin Zaw presented the results of the U-Pb dating of zircons, which working relationship with Newcrest Additionally, significant effort has been Cr-spinel correspond to those in his research on the VHMS deposits produced many new dates that Former CODES PhD student, Carlos throughout the life of this project was dedicated to establishing the age of island-arc volcanics and continental in mainland SE Asia at the IGC have helped to constrain the timing Rosa, worked on the volcanology of facilitated by the company’s strong regional metamorphic, magmatic and flood basalts, suggesting that meeting in South Africa. Mohd Basril of the development of the MRV and the host succession to the Iberian leadership in research, both logistically sedimentary rocks that were likely the parental magmas originated Iswadi Bin Basori published a paper associated VHMS mineralisation. Pyrite Belt VHMS deposits in Spain and financially. sources of mineral constituents and in the rifted continental margin in International Geology Review on A second phase of age dating and Portugal. Carlos published a Most aspects of this project have now mineralising fluids for the deposit. A (supra-subduction zone). The team the geochemistry, geochronology, throughout the MRV has been paper in the Journal of Volcanology been completed, with the following major outcome of the project has been envisage that the heat flux from and tectonic setting of early Permian completed and results are being and Geothermal Research on peperite, activities to be reported for the year: the establishment of the relationships mantle-derived magmas caused VHMS deposits of the Tasik Chini compiled for inclusion in a paper to be one of the most common, and > Evan Orovan’s PhD thesis on the between the local, regional and large-scale partial melting of crustal district, Malaysia. He has also had a submitted to Economic Geology. widely misidentified, facies in VHMS Namosi porphyry deposits, Fiji, was continent-scale tectonic events and rocks, which subsequently gave paper on the Pb isotopes of the Tasik successions. Garry Davidson made a significant examined and accepted early in the ore formation. These findings will rise to silicic magmas of the Gawler Chini deposit accepted by the Island contribution to the ocean crust Ray Cas and Robert Scott co- year. Evan is preparing manuscripts be further used in deciphering the SLIP and initiated the formation of Arc journal. The geology, ore facies hydrothermal activities through the supervised David Doutch’s PhD from his thesis for submission in 2017. origin and evolution of Olympic Dam Olympic Dam. and sulfur isotope geochemistry of publication in Lithos by Coggon et research on the volcanology and ore within time, space and a geodynamic > Papers in Precambrian Research the Nudeh Besshi-type volcanogenic > Marc Rinne is preparing manuscripts al. of the results on the Sr isotope prospectivity of the transition from the context. by Huang et al., and Contributions massive sulfide deposit, southwest from his thesis on the Golpu perspective of fluid flow in the ~ 10 Ma Late Archean submarine Black Flag to Mineralogy and Petrology Sabzevar basin, Iran, was published by porphyry Cu-Au deposit, PNG. A number of major papers were mid-ocean ridge crust at Macquarie Beds/Group to the subaerial Merougil by Apukhtina et al., focused on Maghfouri et al. in the Asian Journal of > The geology chapter of Erin Lawlis’s published during the year, as follows: Island. This research outlines the Formation at the St Ives gold camp, post-magmatic features (veins Earth Sciences. PhD study of the Kapit NE ore zone > A paper in Precambrian Research hydrothermal contributions to global Kambalda, Western Australia. This and alteration) of mafic dykes that at the Lihir Au deposit, Papua New by McPhie et al., described the Two student projects continued biogeochemical cycles based on research is reported in greater detail in intruded the Roxby Downs granite Guinea, was completed, with the Mesoproterozoic bedded clastic at Sandfire Resources’ VHMS insights from the Macquarie Island the final project within Theme 5 of this in the Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1590 remaining chapters to be finalised in facies (BCF) that occur in the deposit at DeGrussa, WA. The first, ophiolite. Module. Ma) and Neoproterozoic (ca. 830 2017. Olympic Dam Breccia Complex a PhD project by Margy Hawke, is Ma). The team aims to recognise the VOLCANOLOGY RELATED TO Research on the Rosebery Group, (ODBC). The BCF comprise five investigating the geologic, structural Stephanie Sykora’s research project potential contribution of alteration ORE DEPOSITS western Tasmania, by Master of main associations that have distinct and geochronological setting of the was transferred to the TMVC research processes of mafic rocks to the Leader: Rebecca Carey Science student Eyob Andemeskel, textures and components and have deposits. Margy submitted her thesis hub at the end of 2015. present-day metal endowment of the made significant advances in 2016. not been mixed. Major sources in 2016, and a moderate number of Team Members: Jocelyn McPhie, Olympic Dam deposit in terms of Fe, Lithofacies, lithogeochemical, and OLYMPIC DAM of detritus were felsic and mafic corrections will be completed in early Karin Orth, Robert Scott P and Cu contents. structural analyses have underpinned Leader: Vadim Kamenetsky volcanic units and granitoids of 2017. The second study was a Master Students: Eyob Andemeskel, David local and regional correlation of the the ~1590 Ma Gawler Silicic Large A symposium entitled ‘40th of Economic Geology project by Jo Team Members: Maya Kamenetsky, Doutch, Pedro Fonseca enigmatic sequence, and determined Igneous Province (SLIP). Archean Anniversary of Olympic Dam’ was Condon, which focussed on the ore Jocelyn McPhie, Sebastien Meffre, its position relative to strata and Paleoproterozoic zircons in held as part of the Australian Earth and gangue mineralogy, textures, Collaborators: Ray Cas, Matthew Karin Orth, Jay Thompson prospective for VHMS mineralisation. well-sorted quartz-rich sandstone Sciences Convention in Adelaide, paragenesis, and mineral chemistry Crawford, Kim Denwar, Leon A correlate of the Rosebery-Hercules Students: Olga Apukhtina, Nathan indicate that older Gawler Craton in June, and featured eight invited of two of the ore lenses at DeGrussa. Grimbeek, Andrew McNeill, Gary host package is considered to be Chapman, Alex Cherry, Matt Ferguson, basement successions also presentations by the research team. Jo’s thesis was passed and she Sparks structurally repeated in the footwall Qiuyue Huang contributed sediment to the BCF. graduated in 2016. of the Rosebery Fault, including a Collaborators: Andrea Agangi, Chris The depocenter in which BCF significant strike length. Ballhaus, Elena Belousova, Isabelle accumulated may have been Chambefort, Christiana Ciobanu, Nigel bounded by a combination of NE-

21 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 22 A decision regarding the future geochemistry, detailed petrography ORE directions of this research is expected and micro-analytical studies have been to be made in late July 2017. completed on most of the samples DEPOSITS: collected. CHARACTERISATION KANSANSHI GOLD AND CONTEXT Leader: Robert Scott In 2016, Jacob completed detailed petrographic analysis (optical Team Member: Garry Davidson microscopy ± SEM) on a suite of Student: Jacob Heathcote 230 primary ore and altered wall rock samples from the sulfide zone. Collaborators: Tim Ireland, Louis van For each sample in which gold was Heerden identified, Jacob documented the This research project is funded by dimensions and habit of the gold Kansanshi Mining (KMP), a subsidiary grains, together with their immediate of First Quantum Minerals. The aim of mineral associations. Although gold the research is to better understand searches using intact rock samples PhD student Wei Hong collecting unidirectional solidification textures (USTs) and tourmaline orbicules from the Heemskirk Granite at the origins, distribution, mineral are notoriously difficult, particularly Granville Harbour, western Tasmania. associations and paragenesis of gold for lower grade ores, Jacob’s at the Kansanshi Cu-Au deposit in NW identification of gold in intact rock MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL features occur in discrete layers in THEME 4 – BASIN Zambia. specimens now extends to over 800 VOLATILE EXSOLUTION the roof zone of granitic sills within PROCESSES AND ORES The Kansanshi mine is a globally grains across 54 samples. The gold AND MINERALISATION IN the Heemskirk and Pieman Heads grain-size distribution documented McARTHUR BASIN COPPER significant copper producer, but also TASMANIAN Sn GRANITES granites. in these samples closely resembles Leader: Garry Davidson has an output of around 100,000 Leader: David Cooke Isotopic and trace element variations ounces of gold per year. Gold and that for gravity recovered gold from Team Members: Nathan Fox, Evan in tourmaline and quartz from the Team Member: Stuart Bull copper principally reside in sheeted the deposit (KMP unpublished data), Orovan, Michael Roach, Lejun Zhang different tourmaline-rich textures Collaborators: Barrie Bolton, Dorothy arrays of quartz – carbonate – providing confidence that Jacob’s sulfide veins, which range from a observations of gold occurrence Students: Wei Hong, Erin Lawlis, were caused by volatile exsolution Close, Bruce Hooper, David Pascoe, few centimetres to over 10 m wide. are statistically significant, and Stephanie Sykora and fluxing of aqueous boron-rich Andrew Wygralak fluids that separated from the granitic Mineralisation of the adjacent wall representative of the deposit as a This project, funded by the Northern Collaborators: David Huston, Roland melts during the emplacement of rocks also reach ore grade locally. whole. Through this painstaking Territory GS, with in-kind collaboration Maas S-type magmas into the shallow The coarse grain-size of the veins, work, Jacob has developed robust from Pacifico Minerals, and Sandfire crust. Volatile-rich hypersaline fluids which often include crystals of gangue paragenesis for gold, sulfides and The key objectives of this project in Resources, aims to develop an separated from the crystallising and sulfide minerals many centimetres gangue minerals in the primary (sulfide NW Tasmania were to: improved understanding of copper aluminosilicate magmas due to across, coupled with the strong zone) ores at the deposit. > Develop a mineralogical paragenesis ore formation processes in the central liquid immiscibility, ascending and partitioning into near monomineralic model and determine if the mineral western McArthur Basin. In order to understand the role of chemistry of tourmaline could be coalescing between grain boundaries domains, make the Kansanshi veins weathering and near-surface chemical There are several Cu deposit ‘camps’ used as a useful vector to high- of the crystallising melts via tube particularly challenging subjects for processes on gold distribution in that show no clear relation to the grade mineralisation. plumes and/or spanning clusters. both representative sampling and the oxide zone, Jacob investigated major Zn-Pb mineralisation in the analysis of mineral paragenesis. In > Resolve the sources of volatile Rayleigh fractionation modelling the morphology, grain-size and basin. One of these is being referred addition, much of the recovered components and depositional indicates that approximately 60 % composition of gravity-recovered gold to as ‘Amelia-style’ in the project, gold is relatively coarse grained mechanisms associated with to 77 % of the boron was removed from the oxide circuit at the deposit, due to a prevalence of occurrences (>100 microns) and has a nuggetty the formation of each type of from the initial felsic melt to produce and compared this to his data on gold in the Amelia Dolomite, part of the distribution. tourmaline patches, whereas higher in the primary ores. hydrothermal phenomena in the roof lowermost McArthur Group. The degrees of fractional crystallisation of The primary objectives of the project zone of the Heemskirk granite. other is being termed the ‘Stanton/ The project has also involved the initial granitic melt (up to 90 %) led are to: Large volumes of granites were Redbank’ style, because Redbank is detailed statistical analysis of KMP’s to exoslution of boron-rich hypersaline emplaced across Tasmania in the the most significant Cu mineralisation > Improve the deposit-scale geochemical database, augmented fluids, from which the tourmaline mid-Palaeozoic. Many of these to date in the basin, and it is hosted understanding of gold distribution, by 235 new fire assay gold analyses, orbicules and miarolitic cavities granites have distinctive magmatic by altered mafic volcanic rocks (Gold mineral associations and and 58 whole rock XRF analyses precipitated. –hydrothermal features, while others Creek Volcanics) in and around the paragenesis, in both primary (sulfide obtained specifically for this study. produced world class Sn-W deposits. This project concluded at the end of Wollogorang Formation of the deeper zone) and secondary (oxide zone) This work was aimed at improving Distinctive tourmaline-and quartz-rich the year, with the submission of Wei Tawallah Group. In the reporting ores. gold grade prediction at the mine magmatic –hydrothermal features Hong’s PhD thesis. The research period, the most promising Amelia- > Identify field-based geological through more rigorous geochemical characterise the Heemskirk and results were delivered via a workshop style mineralisation, Coppermine criteria (e.g. alteration assemblages, characterisation of gold mineralised Pieman Heads granites of western and field trip in western Tasmania Creek, was profiled for C-O isotopes vein composition and/or texture, veins and wall rocks, and determining Tasmania. They include tourmaline-rich during December, which attracted and, to a lesser extent, S isotopes. structural features etc) that both help the extent to which chemical changes 19 participants from universities, identify and predict the distribution in the wall rocks (due to hydrothermal patches, orbicules, miarolitic cavities, The results are being compared veins, and unidirectional solidification government and industry. Manuscripts and extent of gold mineralised zones. alteration) influenced the composition to major sediment-hosted copper and mineralogy of the adjacent veins. textures (USTs). Tourmaline cavities have been reviewed and revised for To achieve these objectives, PhD deposit signatures, and the team A highlight of this aspect of the study and USTs were observed in the American Mineralogist and Gondwana student Jacob Heathcote has plan to continue to evaluate other has been the development of a robust Heemskirk Batholith, but not in the Research, and will be published in undertaken detailed core logging, pit profiles at different distances from this geochemical proxy for predicting gold Pieman Heads Granite. These textural 2017. mapping, and sampling throughout mineralisation, as well as determining grade at the deposit. the background geochemical and the Kansanshi mine area. Whole rock isotopic signature of the host unit.

23 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 24 URANIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN abundant in the period 3800 to source of well over 50 million ounces > Drilling in South Australia by joint BASINS 1800 Ma, whereas SEDEX Pb-Zn- of gold. GSSA-DSD and industry partners Leader: Garry Davidson Ag, sedimentary uranium and IOCG Gold in Carlin deposits is principally (Mineral Systems Drilling Program). deposits are more prevalent in the Team Member: Sebastien Meffre contained in micron-sized grains and > Using machine learning algorithms period 1800 to 800 Ma? Most previous overgrowths of arsenian ‘Carlin-type’ to assist with the discrimination of Collaborators: Karsten Goemann, researchers ascribe this difference pyrite (1000s ppm Au), disseminated pyrite and magnetite from different Grant Osborne, Penny Sinclair, Ben to a plate tectonic process, but there throughout the mineralised rocks. mineral systems in South Australia Walsh is increasing evidence, based on Carlin-type pyrite formed during (GSSA-DSD). This project is focussed on researching geochemical proxies derived from widespread Eocene hydrothermal > Kempfield VHMS mineralisation, the nature and causes of uranium sedimentary pyrite, that atmosphere activity in NE Nevada, ~38 million NSW, with Argent Minerals. concentration in sedimentary basins. and upper crustal pO2 and pCO2 years ago. While the epigenetic > Black Butte sedimentary copper Several basins were researched in were the most important parameters. nature of the Carlin deposits is deposit, Montana (USA) in 2016, and the team achieved the A manuscript on this topic has been well established (e.g. roughly 350 collaboration with Sandfire and following outcomes: reviewed for Economic Geology and million years younger than the main Tintina Resources. will be published early in 2017. > Reviewers recommended that stratigraphic host on the north > Skellefte District VHMS deposits A second focus of the research is on Carlin Trend), the remarkable local further analysis was required for Hyphenate, as follows: LA-ICP-MS image of nickel content in pyrite from an IOGC deposit, with Boliden (Sweden). a manuscript on epigenetic U-P the genesis of highly metalliferous stratigraphic confinement of so many showing an early Ni enrichment stage with coherent banding which has been partially > McArthur Basin SEDEX Zn-Pb-Ag mineralisation at the Northern Star black shales containing Zn, Mo, Se, Ni, Carlin deposits is largely unexplained. obliterated by a second Ni enrichment stage. The pyrite thus preserves multiple stages of fluid style mineral systems. evolution in this deposit. Cu-Au ironstone mine, which is Cu and U. Sean Johnson successfully This study investigates the extent > Orogenic gold in collaboration The research is split into the following being conducted. completed his PhD on this topic, with to which primary compositional researchers, the presence of syn- with Pioneer Resources, Western sub-projects: > In the East Alligator Rivers a focus on the Talvivaara deposit in characteristics of the host rocks, and sedimentary or early diagenetic gold- Australia. Province, Northern Territory, the Finland. The team’s research has bearing layers in the Wispy unit may > Pyrite and pyrrhotite as ore vectors modifications during diagenesis and/ * The DeGrussa VHMS research was Angularli U unconformity-style shown that metalliferous organic- have important implications for the and stratigraphic markers for or hydrothermal alteration history, previously reported as a separate project. mineralisation pilot project was rich shales occur at particular times may have influenced the subsequent genesis of the Eocene deposits hosted orogenic gold, Carlin gold, VHMS, approved for research by the JV through Earth history that correspond distribution of gold. Of particular at this stratigraphic level. IOCG, sediment-hosted copper, and INTEGRATING GEOLOGY AND with pulses in the level of O in the partners Cameco (managing) and 2 interest is the question of whether stratiform zinc targets. GEOPHYSICS FOR RESOURCES Rio Tinto Exploration. Working in atmosphere. A manuscript on this there is evidence for syngenetic gold in THEME 5 – THE ORE > South Australia pyrite, hematite, and TARGETING close collaboration with Cameco aspect of the research has been the Wispy unit, as has been previously AFFECTED CRUST magnetite fingerprint database. Leader: Anya Reading submitted to Mineralium Deposita. geologists Ben Walsh and Penny identified at higher stratigraphic levels THE POWER OF PYRITE > McArthur River Basin pyrite Student: Esmaeil Eshaghi Sinclair, preliminary petrological This project is being conducted in in the Popovich Formation. Although research. Leaders: Jeff Steadman, Ross Large Collaborators: Daniel Bombardieri, studies were carried out in the parallel with the Trace Elements in controversial, previous researchers > DeGrussa VHMS vectoring* Mark Duffett area, along with hyperspectral Past Oceans project in the Discipline have argued that widespread gold Team Members: Matt Cracknell, (research is currently on hold, but mineralogical determination of of Earth Sciences. The combined enrichment during deposition of the Leonid Danyushevsky, Sebastien expected to commence again in This project was formerly named all samples. These results will research projects won the prestigious host rocks may have contributed Meffre 2017). ‘Integrated geology and geophysical be compared to whole core 2016 Eureka Award for Interdisciplinary significantly to the gold endowment of modelling and exploration targeting in Students: Sean Johnson, Charles Additional research on the chemistry hyperspectral logging results Research. the Eocene deposits. the Lyell-Rosebery region’. The name Makoundi, Indrani Mukherjee of magnetite, hematite, titanite and attained by the Northern Territory changed to better reflect the evolving A major highlight of the research Collaborators: Rodney Allen, David chlorite was conducted during the Geological Survey to evaluate SIGNIFICANCE AND EXTENT scope of the research. potential anomalies. OF DEVONIAN GOLD conducted by PhD student Torsten Busch, David Crook, Frank Doedens, year, with a focus on the following MINERALISATION IN NE Jensen was the discovery of a single, Adrian Fabris, Dan Gregory, Steve activities and sites: In 2016, several geophysical inversion In the coming year, the team aims to NEVADA, USA: A CRITICAL ~5 mm wide, native gold-bearing Hill, Bruce Hooper, Georgian Manuc, studies were carried out to better undertake MLA-SEM-based detailed PRIMER TO A WORLD-CLASS sedimentary layer in a Wispy Unit Todd McGilvray, Roger Nordin, Dermot petrology, LA-ICP-MS analysis, and GOLD DISTRICT? sample from the Screamer deposit Ryan, Tom Woolrych, Jerry Zieg dating of appropriate phases that Robert Scott, Vadim (north Carlin Trend). The layer contains Leaders: The objectives of the Power of Pyrite emerge. A major report is scheduled Kamenetsky numerous irregularly shaped to project are to help explorers gain new to be produced in July 2017. rounded gold grains, 5–10 microns Team Members: Ron Berry, insights into the textural, mineralogical in diameter. Some are embedded ORE DEPOSIT CYCLES AND Jacqueline Halpin, Sebastien Meffre and elemental paragenetic history of in, and apparently overgrown by (i.e. OCEAN/ATMOSPHERE their respective deposits and alteration Student: Torsten Jensen older than), Fe-bearing dolomite, CONDITIONS footprints using pyrite trace element which forms thin overgrowths on Leader: Ross Large Collaborator: Poul Emsbo geochemistry and, where possible, early diagenetic dolomite in most to also provide geochemical vectors Team Members: Leonid This project is investigating the of the Wispy unit samples studied. toward new ore bodies. Danyushevsky, Sebastien Meffre, Jeff primary compositional characteristics Previous researchers have interpreted Steadman and diagenetic and hydrothermal that similar Fe-bearing dolomite in The project team uses the vast alteration history of the sedimentary Students: Sean Johnson, Charles the Wispy unit was also diagenetic database on hydrothermal and host rocks to one of the world’s Makoundi, Indrani Mukherjee in origin. Although the native-gold sedimentary pyrite developed great gold provinces, the Carlin bearing sample was also affected by at CODES to assist mining and Collaborators: Dan Gregory, Valeriy District in NE Nevada. In the project’s Eocene mineralisation, Carlin-type exploration companies in the discovery Maslennikov first year, research has focused on pyrite in the sample post-dates the of new resources. A number of This project is investigating what characterising samples from the Fe-dolomite overgrowths, and thus exploration companies have added the ore deposits can reveal about upper Wispy unit of the Devonian Popovich formed after the native gold. Work to pyrite chemistry fertility and vectoring crustal, ocean and atmosphere Formation. This unit forms the principal constrain the age of the Fe-dolomite technology developed at CODES conditions. For example, why are stratigraphic host to gold deposits on overgrowths is continuing, but if these to their exploration tool kit since the the northern Carlin Trend, and is the Model displaying PhD student Esi Eshaghi’s study area in northwest Tasmania, including a fault sediment-hosted gold, banded iron are as old as suggested by previous commencement of this initiative. network (different surfaces), and three geological components (vertical exaggeration = 2). formations and VHMS deposits

25 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 26 En route to Jacob Mulder’s field site at Sixty Mile Canyon, Grand Canyon, Arizona. constrain the 3D geological structure, Collaborators: Bryan Bowden, Greg This project, which is evaluating the using geological and geophysical Clarke, Mawson Croaker, Geoff Fraser, extraordinary occurrence and textures constraints to provide improved pre- Hamish Freeman, Josh Greene, Mark of a zinc-rich fossil peat deposit above competitive information for the mineral McGeogh, Thomas Rodemann, Roger a hardrock Zn-Pb ‘Irish-style’ deposit explorer in Tasmania. A major finding Skirrow, Rob Smith, Pat Williams in wet temperate Tasmania, is the during the reporting period was the Iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) subject of PhD research by Richelle refinement of the geometry of low research is being conducted on Awid-Pascual. Richelle took a break density bodies in the northwest of mineralisation in several Australian from her studies for a large part of Tasmania, which could be associated provinces outside of the Olympic Dam 2016, but still managed to make Despite this major change, available Jacob spent most of 2016 at the the shallow marine sequences of the with movement of fluid through the research project. significant progress in writing chapters geochronological data, and similarity of University of New Mexico, where he Rocky Cape Group, and thus help to crust and related mineralisation. for her thesis. bedding orientations, suggest the two made the most of his opportunity of define the large-scale geometry of the Prominent Hill and Vulcan South sequences are conformable. David working under the expert supervision Mesoproterozoic basin exposed in APPLICATION OF SULFIDE (Gawler Craton) GEOLOGY AND GENESIS S AND CARBONATE C-O OF THE INVINCIBLE GOLD has interpreted the first appearance of of highly respected geologist Karl western Tasmania, confirming that it is ISOTOPES TO ORE GENESIS Work mainly focussed on the sulfur DEPOSIT, ST IVES granite clasts in basal conglomerates Karlstrom to further investigate the compatible with an east-facing rifted isotopes and mineral paragenesis AND EXPLORATION Leader: Robert Scott of the Merougil Group to suggest links between early Tasmania and margin. A publication arising from this Leader: Garry Davidson of the Gap Zone ores west of the the change in palaeoenvironmental SW Laurentia. These studies formed work is being prepared for submission main Prominent Hill ore body, Student: David Doutch setting may have been due to uplift part of a prestigious Endeavour to the Australian Journal of Earth Team Members: Richelle Awid- and included two presentations Collaborator: Ray Cas associated with the local emplacement Postgraduate Scholarship, which Science. Pascual, Ben Cave at the Australian Earth Sciences and unroofing of granite batholiths, he received from the Australian David Doutch’s PhD study, funded Stratigraphy, depositional age, Collaborators: Fraser Clark, Christian Convention, held in Adelaide during rather than regional deformation. Government the previous year. by Gold Fields, is investigating the and provenance of southwest Dietz, Sue Finlayson, Wally Herrmann, June. A geochronology paper on the geology and genesis of the >1 Moz During 2016, David also made Jacob’s collaboration with Professor Laurentia Late Mesoproterozoic Michael Nugus, Nick Oliver Prominent Hill deposit was published Au Invincible deposit in the St Ives considerable progress towards Karlstrom has involved refining the basins are remarkably similar to Late in Mineralium Deposita (Bowden et al. The measurement and interpretation Goldfield, Kambalda, W.A. This characterising the geochemical depositional age of a series of Late Mesoproterozoic strata preserved 2016). of stable isotopes in ore systems deposit differs from most in the >12 footprint of the deposit. David used Mesoproterozoic basins in Texas, in the upper Rocky Cape Group can provide information about ore At Vulcan South (Tasman Resources), Moz Au St Ives Goldfield, as it is geochemical data acquired on a New Mexico, Arizona, and California, in western Tasmania and suggest genesis and proximity to ore. This further geochronology was undertaken hosted by sedimentary rocks at the variety of scales to better understand which are potential correlates of Late Tasmania was a part of the extensive continuing project, solely funded by to augment Honours research work by top of the Black Flag Group (2680 – patterns of element mobility and mass Mesoproterozoic strata exposed in orogenic basin system. A publication AngloGold Ashanti, aims to explore the former student Greg Clarke, with the 2665 Ma), rather than by mafic rocks changes during hydrothermal alteration Tasmania. arising from this work is being aim of strengthening the overall case full potential of these methodologies, of the older mafic Kambalda Sequence and ore formation. Field work in the Grand Canyon, prepared for submission to Geology. for publication. including their integration with other (2720 – 2680 Ma), which host the vast Future studies will investigate spatial together with new data from Late Ongoing work will involve new investigation techniques. Mt Dore-Merlin Re-Mo (Mt Isa majority of the known deposits. This variations in mineral chemistry and Mesoproterozoic sequences exposed collaborations with researchers in A major phase of study was concluded Inlier) project seeks to better understand paragenesis as a potential source of throughout southwest USA, has Australia, Canada, and the USA, stratigraphic and structural controls at the Sunrise Dam gold deposit in the Subira Sharma’s PhD research on new, longer range, or more definitive identified two distinct episodes of directed at understanding the global on gold mineralisation at Invincible, Archean Yilgarn of Western Australia, Chinova’s Merlin ore body continued, vectors to ore. This work will also aid the major basin formation at 1250—1230 significance of Mesoproterozoic unravel the deposit paragenesis, evaluating C-O isotope variation as and included a stint at ANU interpretation of whole rock geochemical Ma and 1140—100 Ma. These sedimentary sequences in Tasmania. characterise the geochemical footprint a means to both understand the conducting SHRIMP oxygen isotope data, by providing additional paragenetic episodes coincide with convergence This research aims to understand links of the deposit, and develop criteria to genesis of the orogenic ores, and to analyses on hydrothermal quartz, with (i.e. relative temporal) constraints on and continent-continent collision between basin formation in Australia, guide for future exploration. expand the ore halo. The study shows the aim of constraining the nature and observed patterns. along the southern margin of the USA Antarctica, and North America and the that Sunrise Dam has ‘missing link’ history of the Merlin fluids. In the Kambalda area, the Black during the Grenville Orogeny. The transition between supercontinents characteristics within the range of Flag Group consists of felsic to THEME 6 – DATES AND sedimentary record of these basins Nuna and Rodinia. A dataset of Nd and Hf whole-rock isotopic variation of Archean orogenic intermediate volcano-sedimentary PLATES provides new tectonic context for Late isotopes from the Williams Batholith STRUCTURE OF SE AUSTRALIA gold systems. rocks, locally capped by thick black Mesoproterozoic basin formation in granites was also analysed, together BUILDING TASMANIA: THE USING MULTIPLE GEOPHYSICAL shale, which is the primary host to ore the southwestern USA and helps refine Research will continue at this site, with with the reanalysis of a selection of CAMBRIAN AND BEYOND METHODS at Invincible. These rocks are overlain models for exhumation of the Grenville the aims of evaluating detailed along- Leaders: Sebastien Meffre, Robert Leader: Anya Reading related samples from Geoscience Orogeny. strike C-O isotope variation in some by arkosic/lithic sandstone, polymict Scott Australia. Collaborator: Mark Duffett conglomerate and conglomeratic During his stay in the US, Jacob key lodes, and to better constrain Team Members: Ron Berry, A paper on the crystal-structure of sandstone of the <2665 Ma Merougil delivered two oral presentations at the This research improved the the regional metamorphic fluid Jacqueline Halpin composition, and the composition of Merlin molybdenite was published in Group, which forms the immediate 2016 Geological Society of America understanding of the broad-scale carbonate formed by non-ore-related Vibrational Spectrospcopy (Sharma et hanging wall to the Invincible deposit. Student: Jacob Mulder conference in Denver, Colorado, structure of SE Australia, and was al. 2016). A key aspect of David’s study has processes in the rock mass. Collaborators: Clive Calver, Grace including an invited talk in the session conducted in collaboration with been to better define, and interpret, ‘Tectonics of Mesoproterozoic basins’. Mineral Resources Tasmania (MRT). This phase of work is employing THE CHARACTERISTICS AND Cumming, Nathan Daczko, John stratigraphic subdivisions in these Research under this project title sample sets that were obtained for ROLE OF COLLOIDAL SILICA Everard, Karl Karlstrom While in Tasmania, Jacob focused rocks using a combination of concluded with the completion of a other purposes by consultant Wally FLUIDS IN THE FORMATION on refining the depositional age and lithofacies analysis, geochemistry, and This project, driven by Jacob Mulder’s study comparing Curie Point Depth Herrmann. OF THE GRIEVES SIDING better understanding the stratigraphic Pb-Zn PROSPECT, WESTERN detrital zircon U/Pb geochronology. ongoing PhD research, draws together from magnetic data to the depth of many aspects of the Precambrian– relationships of Mesoproterozoic IOCG AND RELATED DEPOSITS TASMANIA Since his research commenced the Moho defined by seismic data. Cambrian geological evolution of sedimentary rocks. A major Leader: Garry Davidson Leader: Garry Davidson in 2015, David has documented Nevertheless, as SE Australia remains Tasmania; ranging from the age, breakthrough has been refining an abrupt and major change in a key area of tectonic and economic Team Members: Stuart Bull, David Student: Richelle Awid-Pascual affinity and significance of the cryptic the depositional age of turbidites palaeo-environmental setting, from interest, this research will continue Cooke, Paul Davidson, Sebastien Tasmanian basement and overlying comprising the Oonah Formation and Collaborators: Neil Allen, Karsten volcanically-derived submarine-fan- under the ‘Ore deposits and tectonic Meffre, Jay Thompson Proterozoic successions, to the their correlation with Mesoproterozoic Goemann, Bernd Lottermoser, Taryn dominated sedimentation for the Black evolution of the Lachlan orogen, SE accretion of the Tasmanian micro- turbidites exposed on King Island. Student: Subira Sharma Noble, Thomas Rodemann Flag Group, to subaerial delta and Australia’ project, in Theme One of this continent to the Gondwanan palaeo- Together, these turbidite sequences braid plain for the Merougil Group. Module. Pacific margin. represent deep-water equivalents to

27 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 28 ORE LOOKING FORWARD DEPOSITS: The cycle of completion and renewal, mentioned in the CHARACTERISATION Highlights, is expected to continue in the coming year. AND CONTEXT A number of projects came to an end during the current reporting cycle, but those losses will be balanced by other studies that will either commence or gain momentum during 2017. The ARC Linkage project investigating the ore deposits and tectonic evolution of the Lachlan Orogen, SE Australia started very late in 2017 and is expected to gain considerable impetus in the months ahead. In the Carlin District, Nevada, Robert Scott and Vadim Kamenetsky will build on the work started by PhD student Torsten Jensen, which found the presence of syn-sedimentary or early diagenetic gold-bearing layers in the Wispy unit. It is believed that this exciting discovery may have important implications for the genesis of the Eocene deposits hosted at this stratigraphic level. As a result, the researchers will be investigating the significance and extent of Devonian gold mineralisation in the area, and whether it is a critical primer to a world-class gold district. Khin Zaw will continue negotiations with industry sponsors for new projects related to the Western Myanmar-Sumatra Terrane and Phanerozoic shales in mainland SE Asia. Zaw is also finalising a memoir covering his extensive geological experience in the region, dating back to 1968. The Power of Pyrite project already has a number of ‘runs on the board’, and this success will continue with the development of a cobalt targeting technique that will have significant benefits for explorers. PhD student Jacob Mulder is set to return from his Endeavor Postgraduate Scholarship at the University of New Mexico in March, and will no doubt be keen to use the experience and knowledge that he gained to good effect in his research into the links between early Tasmania and SW Laurentia. The Uranium Concentrations in Basins project is expected to complete major phases of research, including the production of a significant report on the Angularli uranium deposit in mid- 2017. It also promises to be an excellent year for publications and theses completions, with a significant number of both outputs close to finalisation at the end of 2016.

Glacier National Park, Montana. Exposures of the Belt Group, a correlate of the Rocky Cape Group in Tasmania.

29 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 30 OBJECTIVE To transform how explorers and miners plan and predict mining and environmental activities, by providing new tools to guide these activities from the initial discovery stage through the life of the project. Additional geometallurgical research is being carried out in the Quantifying Geometallurgical Characteristics and Predicting Geoenvironmental Behaviour themes within the ARC Industrial Transformation Research MODULE Hub – Transforming the Mining Value Chain (TMVC).

emphasis on ore body knowledge, GEOMETALLURGY which can be utilised in mining HIGHLIGHTS and mineral processing. A key component is linking geology and > Inaugural CRC ORE Annual Assembly held in Perth, 30 November – under mineral processing as inputs into mine its second term of funding. planning, optimisation and ultimately valuation. > Nathan Fox accepted a postdoctoral research fellow position in December, Over the past decade, the extent of for commencement early in 2017. research related to geometallurgy > Technology transfer of GeMIII and CRC INTRODUCTION has significantly increased, spurred ORE research continued, including Geometallurgy is the integration and mainly by an increased interest in the presentations at conferences in utilisation of geological, metallurgical, discipline by the minerals industry. Belgium, Australia and the UK. environmental and economic information This increase in industry involvement > Acting Module Leader Anita to maximise the value of an ore led to the large AMIRA P843 and Parbhakar-Fox organised and chaired body, while minimising technical and P843A (GeMIII) collaborative projects a dedicated geoenvironmental session operational risk. Through a holistic that ran from 2005 to 2013, and were at the 3rd AusIMM GeoMet 16 approach, it identifies attributes that successful in developing an array Conference in Perth. Anita also chaired contribute to the realised value of a of geometallurgical methods and a session at Biohydrometallurgy ’16 resource, and enables ore variability protocols in the areas of mineralogy, in Cornwall, UK. to be factored into the flowsheet, comminution and flotation – which > An in-depth review of geometallurgical infrastructure design, and the production were subsequently tested on case applications for sorting by surface and quality forecasts over the life-of- study sites in active mines. analysis delivered to CRC ORE as part of its Program 1: Define – mine. This includes traditional attributes, The outcomes of the GeMIII project improving feed quality. such as grade, as well as less traditional have provided a solid foundation factors such as concentration of for further research, particularly in deleterious elements, hardness relation to understanding mineralogical (crushability, grindability), mineral species and textural controls over a range and abundance, mineral liberation, of scales, which dictate Grade metallurgical recovery, acid generating EngineeringTM and mineral processing potential, neutralising potential and responses. This research is largely smelter enabling characteristics. being conducted as part of CRC Geometallurgy uses integrated tools, ORE, of which CODES is an Essential methods and knowledge, with an Research Participant.

OPPOSITE PAGE FROM CENTRE, RIGHT: Boiler ash blended with mine waste in kinetic trials; Tailings mounted for SEM analysis. ABOVE: Anita Parbhakar-Fox conducting acid mine drainage experiments for visitors during the UTAS Open Day. 31 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 32 of representatives from mining SHORT COURSES ACTING LEADER THE YEAR IN companies, the METS sector, and Ron Berry presented at a four-day REVIEW research organisations. The theme geometallurgy short course held at Anita Parbhakar-Fox was ‘Unlocking and fast-tracking the University of Liege, Belgium, in CRC ORE new value for the minerals sector’, early October. The course was run The major event of the year was which focussed on developing and under the auspices of ‘The European the commencement of CODES deploying innovative world-class Research and Education Hub in collaboration with CRC ORE, as part technology to effect a step change in Geometallurgy’, which is a group of the Co-operative Research Centre’s value across the whole-of-mine system established to promote all of Europe’s JULIUS KRUTTSCHNITT six-year extension. The key challenge – one of the underlying objectives of geometallurgy initiatives under a MINERAL RESEARCH for CRC ORE is to address the CRC ORE’s second funding term. single umbrella. The course attracted CENTRE/UNIVERSITY OF declining productivity in the minerals Included amongst the invitees was approximately 20 participants, largely QUEENSLAND industry, which is partly due to the Director Bruce Gemmell, who gave from the European mining industry Khoi Nguyen propensity for mining companies to a presentation on CODES’ role as (particularly Bulgaria and Turkey). focus on quantity over quality during an Essential Research Participant Ron also gave a talk and a practical MINERAL RESOURCES the previous mining boom. As an at a meeting of collaborators, held session at the University of Liege as TASMANIA Essential Research Participant, CODES in parallel to the main proceedings. part of the EMerald geometallurgy David Green, Jake Moltzen expertise in areas such as ore deposit Earlier in the year, CRC ORE Director Masters program. modelling, postgraduate training and Ben Adair and Chief Technologist THE MODULE OLYMPUS ore characterisation will play a key role Steve Walters attended the CODES CONFERENCES Dane Burkett Science Planning Meeting, where TEAM in the outputs of the CRC during its CODES had a strong presence at Steve gave a presentation on the extended tenure. GeoMet 2016, held in Perth from PETROLAB, UK objectives of the CRC. TEAM MEMBERS: 15 to 16 June, including an exhibition Christopher Brough The research performed by CRC Ron Berry, Leonid Danyushevsky, ORE is split into five programs: Define, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER booth and four presentations from Nathan Fox*, Bruce Gemmell, Sarah SCIAPS, USA CODES/TMVC team members. Separate, Extract, Control, and Operate, Although the GeMIII project ended in Gilbert, Sebastien Meffre Andrew Somers Anita Parbhakar-Fox also played a with CODES working within the Define mid-2013, the process of transferring *Nathan was employed on a casual Program, which has the main objective key role as member of the organising SPECIM the knowledge and expertise committee. This was the third basis towards the end of the year, of improving feed quality. developed during the project’s long with his postdoctoral appointment to Rainer Bärs, Kati Laakso international geometallurgy conference Research collaborations with the CRC life cycle continued into 2016. Several run by the AusIMM. commence early in 2017. commenced late in the year, mainly of the outcomes are being applied in UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN, CODES/TMVC team members SOUTH AFRICA via a project entitled ‘Geometallurgical the new AMIRA P1183 Operational COLLABORATORS: applications for sorting by surface Geometallurgy project. This initiative also participated in the Sustainable Dee Bradshaw Minerals ’16 conference, held in ALS GLOBAL analysis: review of status’. The project, is being run by the University of III Falmouth, Cornwall, UK, from 23 to John Glen, Donna Kemp led by Ron Berry, assessed the Cape Town where former GeM UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, 24 June. Contributions included a BELGIUM underlying advantages of using surface team member, and current CODES BRUKER methods in measuring ore moving on a collaborator, Dee Bradshaw has taken poster and an oral presentation. Anita Julie Hunt Parbhakar-Fox also chaired a session Jens Bergman, Gertruida Gloy belt to control sorting opportunities. It the position of SARChl Chair in Mineral and presented at Biohydrometallurgy UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA, also addressed the potential problems Beneficiation. The South African CRC ORE associated with rapid motion, irregular Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) ’16, which was held in Falmouth CENTRAL SCIENCE immediately prior to Sustainable Ben Adair, Steve Walters LABORATORY topography and dust distribution, and is a program designed to strengthen considered opportunities to attain size the ability of South Africa’s universities Minerals ‘16. CSIRO Sandrin Feig, Karsten Goemann, Thomas Rodemann and sorting information from the data. to produce high quality research, Mark Pearce This project has now concluded, with innovation and students. results submitted to the CRC. GOLD MINES OF WALES, UK Ron Berry and JKTech collaborator Khoi Simon Dominy The CRC held its inaugural Annual Nguyen published a paper in Economic Assembly of its second term of Geology on STructure from photographs GRANGE RESOURCES funding on 30 November. Held of ORiented Core (STORC), a tool Tony Ferguson, Roger Hill at Curtin University in Perth, the developed in the GeMIII project. meeting attracted a broad spectrum

OPPOSITE PAGE: Analysis of tailings from King River, western Tasmania; Delegates at the CRC ORE Annual Assembly in Perth. LEFT: Steve Walters, CRC ORE, addressing the CODES Science Planning Meeting.

33 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 34 LOOKING FORWARD GEOMETALLURGY There promises to be a busy year ahead for the Geometallurgy Module as the collaboration with CRC ORE gathers momentum, given added impetus by the appointment of experienced CODES researcher, Nathan Fox, who will be joining the team early in the new year. In a further boost to team resources, two PhD candidates will be appointed to work within the CRC ORE collaboration, examining textural and mineralogical controls on grade by size responses for two different ore deposit types. These appointments are expected to significantly enhance the research output of the module. Researcher forums are scheduled for March, which will help foster collaborations with the CRC, and consolidate planning for CODES’ activities within the Define Program. The Geometallurgy unit of the CODES Master of Economic Geology Program is scheduled to run from 23 October to 3 November. This popular biennial course has been updated to include additional topics, with a number of highly regarded geometallurgists being secured as presenters. These new topics include Grade EngineeringTM (Steve Walters/Luke Keeney/Michael Scott – CRC ORE), and heap- and bio-leaching (Angus MacFarlane/Naomi Boxall – CSIRO). New practicals are also being introduced, which will be run with the assistance of CODES/TMVC staff and students. The research on the geometallurgy characterisation of mine tailings at a western Tasmania site, which commenced within the TMVC Research Hub, will be continued exclusively within the Geometallurgy Module. Bioleaching trials on pyrite concentrates are planned to be conducted in mid-2017 at the ALS-Burnie metallurgy labs. Findings from this research will be reported to the Tasmanian State Government and published in a research paper. ATSE seed funding will enable collaborative research to commence with SciAps Inc. and Petrolab UK Ltd. on projects exploring the applications for new mineralogical tools for enhancing geometallurgical and geoenvironmental characterisation. Work will commence on a project entitled ‘Predictive geometallurgy controls on grade by size’. Grade by size fractionation has been recognised in a number of deposits. The challenge is to recognise what aspects of ore mineralogy and texture lead to the development of significant grade by size fractionation. This project will aim to provide a predictive understanding of this process, which will significantly aid the recognition of suitable rock masses for Grade Engineering®. A keynote presentation will be given by Anita Parbhakar-Fox at the 8th World Conference for Sampling and Blending (Perth, WA). Additional conference presentations will be delivered by CODES/TMVC team members at Process Mineralogy 17 (Cape Town, South Africa), SGA (Montreal, Canada), the 10th AusIMM Mining Geology Conference (Hobart, TAS) and the 9th Australian AMD conference (Burnie, TAS).

35 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 36 OPPOSITE PAGE: Magnetic separation. OBJECTIVES Research activities within the Module are aimed at developing new analytical techniques and new computational algorithms for big data knowledge discovery, the modelling of crystallisation and melting processes, and analytical data reduction; thereby ensuring that the research is driven by innovative technology and CODES is at the cutting edge of analytical and computational developments of relevance to ore deposit research. The Module also aims to provide CODES research staff and students with access HIGHLIGHTS to state-of-the-art micro-analytical RESEARCH equipment within Australia and One of the main highlights of the year overseas, and maintain was the awarding of a prestigious their awareness of Australian Museum Eureka Prize to a MODULE team from CODES and the Discipline new analytical of Earth Sciences. While the core developments. and the development of new, user of this research resides in Earth friendly software packages. In 2016, Sciences, there is no doubt that this success was underpinned by analytical ENABLING a significant proportion of research developments within this module. The activities were focussed on projects prize was in the category of Excellence TECHNOLOGIES that underpin the research occurring in Interdisciplinary Scientific Research, within the ARC TMVC Research Hub. and was awarded for studies into the The analytical projects using LA- relationships between plate tectonics, past ocean chemistry and evolution ICP-MS include in-situ multi-element and extinction cycles. analysis and imaging of element INTRODUCTION Other significant research highlights distribution within minerals; in-situ The Enabling Technologies Module included: isotope analysis, focusing on a range explores and develops novel analytical > CODES received funding from Laurin of U-Pb dating applications and Pb and data interpretation techniques Technic for a two-year research isotope measurements; development based on the latest technological and project, which is focussed on the of calibration standards; and characterisation of laser ablation algorithmic developments, such as technological developments aimed at processes in silicate minerals. a number of high spatial resolution improving the capabilities of the laser This important research will play microprobes and big data knowledge microprobes. a key role in the development of discovery techniques. This helps in fundamental aspects of laser- the understanding, exploration and The computational projects include ablation analysis applied to a range exploitation of deep earth resources. target generation from data-driven of geological problems. computations, computational Current research projects focus > U-Pb geochronology of accessory knowledge discovery from high- and hydrothermal minerals was predominantly on expanding dimensional (high-D) data, modelling of further developed to improve the capabilities of laser ablation melting and crystallisation, and geodata accuracy and aid in directly dating inductively-coupled plasma mass- visualisation. mineralising events. spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for geological applications, development Many of the projects involve close EQUIPMENT of algorithms for big data knowledge collaborations with national and The installation of the new generation discovery, modelling of geological international research groups and TOFWERK Time-Of-Flight Inductively processes, analytical data reduction, equipment manufacturers. Coupled Mass spectrometry instrument was a significant addition to CODES Analytical Laboratories’ suite of equipment. This state of the art installation, which is capable of simultaneous detection of virtually OPPOSITE PAGE: PhD student Laura Jackson measuring laser energy before analysis. ABOVE: Jay Thompson operating the new generation TOFWERK Time-Of-Flight inductively coupled mass spectrometry instrument. 37 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 38 the entire periodic table, substantially missed, the team was pleased to increases the range and speed of welcome Sean Johnson to the group. LEADER ENABLING measurement processes, and greatly Sean was appointed as a Research enhances the quality of data for mineral Fellow in LA-ICP-MS, after successfully Leonid Danyushevsky TECHNOLOGIES dating. This was the first time that this finishing his PhD during the year. model had been installed in Australia. An optical profiler by Bruker was CONFERENCES installed mid-year, which allows routine Team members were involved in a crater depth measurements to be number of major conferences and performed, leading to more accurate workshops in 2016, including AGU Fall PROJECTS Pb/U dating applications. (USA), Goldschmidt (Japan), Australian Earth Sciences Convention (Adelaide), European Workshop on Laser Ablation THEME 1 – ANALYTICAL SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTS Software initiatives included new data (Slovenia), Winter Conference of > Fundamentals of ICP-MS reduction software for LA-ICP-MS, Plasma Spectrometry (USA), and developed in collaboration with Norris the Australian Society of Exploration > Fundamentals of laser ablation Software, which has been installed for Geophysicists Conference (Adelaide). > Element mapping by LA-ICP-MS In total, team members produced over use by CODES staff and students. > Calibration standards for LA-ICP-MS 20 conference abstracts. GOLD FIELDS Andrew Foley > LA-ICP-MS instrumentation STAFF Several conference presentations development The Module team was sad to see described the application of robust IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA > U-Pb dating and intuitive workflows in open the departure of Sarah Gilbert, who Sam Houk left to take up an appointment with source software for supervised and unsupervised learning approaches to THEME 2 – ALGORITHMS the University of Adelaide. Sarah LAURIN TECHNIC AND SOFTWARE completed her Honours at UTAS, geological modelling in orogenic gold Michael Shelley before joining the technical staff in deposits. FOR GEOCHEMICAL 2002. She also completed her PhD at MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY, MODELLING AND UTAS in 2015. While she will be sorely THE MODULE RUSSIA ANALYTICAL DATA TEAM Alexey Ariskin, Pavel Plechov PROCESSING > LA-ICP-MS data reduction software TEAM MEMBERS: NEWCREST MINING > Modelling of crystallisation and Anthony Harris Ivan Belousov, Matt Cracknell, melting processes Sarah Gilbert, Sean Johnson, Elena NORRIS SOFTWARE THEME 3^ – Lounejeva, Sebastien Meffre, Paul Ashley Norris Olin, Anya Reading, Sasha Stepanov, COMPUTATIONAL Jay Thompson RIO TINTO KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY Paul Agnew, Alan Kobussen FOR GEOSCIENCE PHD STUDENTS: > Target generation and geology Nathan Chapman, Stephen Kuhn, TOFWERK map refinement from data-driven Elena Lounejeva, Peter Morse, Jay Olga Borovinskaya, Michael Cubison, computation Martin Tanner Thompson > Geodata analytics, visualisation and decisions COLLABORATORS: UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE ALPES, FRANCE ^Research in the ‘Technique development AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES Valentina Batanova, Alexander Sobolev in computational knowledge discovery from Fred Fryer High-D data’ project, previously reported in UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL, UK this Module, is being continued within the BUENAVENTURA Jon Blundy TMVC Research Hub. Billy Beas UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE FIRST QUANTUM MINERALS Roland Maas Tim Ireland, Chris Wijns UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA Karsten Goemann, Christopher Lueg

Paul Olin guiding a group from DFAT on a tour of the Analytical Laboratories.

39 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 40 LA-ICP-MS INSTRUMENTATION mineral investigated, however ongoing DEVELOPMENT investigations for apatite, uraninite, and Leader: Leonid Danyushevsky monazite are currently underway. Team Members: Sarah Gilbert, Paul This year the main focus was on: Olin, Jay Thompson > Development of new reference Collaborators: Olga Borovinskaya, materials for monazite U-Pb and Michael Cubison, Michael Shelley, rutile dating. Martin Tanner > Investigation into the potential matrix effects during U-Pb dating This project tests, designs and of monazite and xenotime, and New LA-ICP-MS data reduction software develops new instrumentation to developed by Leonid Danyushevsky and FROM LEFT: Example of results from the new TOF instrument, demonstrating the higher precision achieved in comparison to quadrupole whether mineral specific reference ensure continuing advances in Ashley Norris. The software automates many instruments in the Analytical Laboratories; Typical mass spectrum from the TOF-ICP-MS instrument. materials are required for each. geological LA-ICP-MS applications. of the steps involved in the calculation and > Measurements of titanite reference produces much more accurate data, due to Example developments include new algorithms. FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER required for improved throughput ablation cells, the interface between materials for U-Pb, which have PROJECT ABLATION and spatial resolution when using the laser and the mass-spectrometer, demonstrated that the current Collaborators: Paul Agnew, Anthony Leaders: Sarah Gilbert, Leonid ICP-TOFMS. In particular, the impact and testing new types of laser method is accurate relative to the SUMMARIES Harris, Alan Kobussen, Ashley Norris Danyushevsky of the lengths and configuration of microprobes and mass-spectrometers. precision quoted. interface tubing was assessed through This project, partially co-funded by THEME 1 – ANALYTICAL Team Members: Sean Johnson, In 2016, activities formed part of the In addition, a paper was published a series of experiments that quantified Newcrest Mining (until April 2014) and DEVELOPMENTS Sebastien Meffre, Paul Olin, Jay technological developments within the in the Journal of Analytical Atomic the aerosol dispersion function. A Spectrometry on matrix effects in Rio Tinto (from December 2014) as part FUNDAMENTALS OF ICP-MS Thompson TMVC Research Hub. The main focus manuscript is in preparation. was on developing operating conditions apatite U-Pb dating by LA-ICP-MS, of their support for the R&D program Leaders: Jay Thompson, Leonid Collaborator: Michael Shelley for ICP-TOFMS and modifications to the which also characterised two new of the CODES Analytical Laboratories, Danyushevsky Other activities within this area form This project aims to gain a better part of the technological developments ablation cell designs. reference materials for U-Pb dating. aims to develop comprehensive, user- Team Members: Sarah Gilbert, Paul understanding of laser ablation friendly LA-ICP-MS data processing within the TMVC Research Hub. U-PB DATING Olin processes, leading to improved THEME 2 – ALGORITHMS software, capable of: analysis of geological materials, CALIBRATION STANDARDS FOR Leader: Jay Thompson AND SOFTWARE > Quantification of data acquired using Collaborators: Olga Borovinskaya, LA-ICP-MS Fred Fryer, Sam Houk, Martin Tanner especially sulfide. Team Members: Leonid FOR GEOCHEMICAL multiple calibration standards and a Leaders: Ivan Belousov, Leonid Danyushevsky, Sebastien Meffre MODELLING AND range of internal standard elements. This project is aimed at better In 2016, the project received Danyushevsky > Quantification of images depicting understanding the physical processes funding from Laurin Technic for a Collaborator: Roland Maas ANALYTICAL DATA Team Members: Sarah Gilbert, Paul distribution of major and trace that occur in ICP-MS, in order to two-year project focussed on the PROCESSING Olin, Jay Thompson This project investigates the causes element concentrations in fine- improve its performance and the range characterisation of ablation processes LA-ICP-MS DATA REDUCTION of limitations to Pb/U dating of grained multi-mineral aggregates of of applications for laser ablation. in silicate minerals. Key research Collaborators: Valentina Batanova, SOFTWARE minerals by LA-ICP-MS, with the aim sulfides, silicates, phosphates and activities focussed on: John Blundy, Karsten Goemann, Pavel Leader: Leonid Danyushevsky The main focus in 2016 was on the of enhancing laboratory practices carbonates. > Obtaining a detailed understanding Plechov, Alex Sobolev and instrumentation parameters to testing of a new Time-of-Flight (TOF) Team Members: Sarah Gilbert, > Identification of mineral phases in, of the importance of the optical This project is aimed at the lower systematic errors and improve ICP-MS, which was installed mid-year. Sebastien Meffre, Sasha Stepanov, and sizes of, micro inclusions in design of laser microprobes on development and characterisation of precision. Zircon is the primary This state of the art instrument has the Jay Thompson minerals. capability of simultaneous detection the ablation processes of a range new calibration reference materials of all masses, which can lead to of sulfide minerals. A manuscript for LA-ICP-MS analysis of various increased precision and accuracy of covering the results is in preparation. geological materials. LA-ICP-MS analyses. The applications > Developing detailed characterisation The development of the new are being developed in collaboration of ablation depth as a function of calibration standard STDGL3 for with the manufacturer, TOFWERK, laser beam energy and pulse width. sulfide analysis was completed to improve on the data acquisition ELEMENT MAPPING BY LA-ICP-MS during the year, and the standard has and processing protocols for routine been distributed to several analytical Leader: Sebastien Meffre Ivan Belousov analysis for geological samples. laboratories, including facilities analysing a depth In addition, a manuscript covering Team Members: Ivan Belousov, located in Asia, Europe and the USA. image using the Leonid Danyushevsky, Sarah Gilbert, Bruker optical an investigation into oxide and other A manuscript describing this new profiling interference formation in ICP-MS for Sasha Stepanov, Sean Johnston reference material is in preparation. equipment. laser ablation vs. solution ICP-MS was Student: Nathan Chapman The compositions of olivine reference submitted to the Journal of Analytical Collaborator: Michael Shelley material have been determined as Atomic Spectrometry. The results part of an international collaboration highlight the fundamental differences Key objectives are to develop new involving five laboratories in the USA, between aerosol characteristics analytical procedures and algorithms Europe and Japan. A manuscript is also between laser ablation and solution for mapping the distribution of trace in preparation covering this research. sample introduction. elements in geological materials by LA-ICP-MS. A collaboration has commenced with the University of Bristol and Moscow The main focus during the year has State University on the characterisation been on instrumentation developments of plagioclase reference material.

41 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 42 LOOKING FORWARD The team will further develop its analytical and computational research in 2017, working in close collaboration with the TMVC Research Hub. Developments are expected to include: > Researchers will build on their early work using the new ICP- TOFMS instrument, which enables simultaneous U-Pb dating and trace element analysis applications in various mineral geochronometers. Screenshots from an interactive visualisation sequence from the prototype computer application (depth slices through the AusREM Australian seismic reference model for the mantle at 100, 175 and 250 km deep; blue colours indicate faster wave speeds and older lithosphere). > A potentially rewarding collaboration has commenced with the University of Bristol and Moscow State University on the characterisation of plagioclase reference material, and this Activities in 2016 were directed THEME 3 – likelihood that a candidate lithology research will gather momentum in the coming months. towards developing algorithms COMPUTATIONAL is predicted. Ongoing research with for automated identification of KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY these data will investigate optimal > The new calibration standard STDGL3 for sulfide analysis ablation time intervals, U-Pb dating FOR GEOSCIENCE sampling routines for input into was completed in 2016 and has already been distributed to calculations, analysis of isotopic lithology classification models. a number of laboratories around the world, with many more compositions, and interference TARGET GENERATION AND GEOLOGY MAP REFINEMENT Several conference presentations expected to take delivery in 2017. corrections. A new, fully functional reporting on project outcomes were beta-version was installed for testing FROM DATA-DRIVEN COMPUTATION delivered at the ASEG-PESA-AIG 16th > Work will continue into establishing correction factors for in-house and at the Rio Tinto analytical Leader: Matt Cracknell International Geophysical Convention pressed pellets of finely ground sulfide mixes (<5 micron), facility. and the Australian Earth Sciences Team Member: Anya Reading which are yet to be determined for different laser systems. MODELLING OF Convention. Six manuscripts are in CRYSTALLISATION AND Student: Stephen Kuhn preparation for submission in 2017. > In South America, informative models will be constructed MELTING PROCESSES Collaborators: Billy Beas, Andrew GEODATA ANALYTICS, for Peru’s La Zanja porphyry/epithermal field through the Leader: Leonid Danyushevsky Foley, Tim Ireland, Chris Wijns VISUALISATION AND DECISIONS integration of soil geochemical and airborne geophysical data. Collaborators: Alexey Ariskin, Pavel This project aims to test and refine Leader: Anya Reading Plechov In addition, a number of papers will be submitted to supervised and unsupervised Student: Peter Morse The aims of this project are to: learning methods for the automated international peer-reviewed journals, covering research on: Collaborator: Christopher Lueg > Develop model-independent classification of lithology and alteration > The development of the new calibration standard STDGL3 zonation from geological, geophysical This project expands the scope algorithms for tracking the behaviour for sulfide analysis. of trace elements during magma and geochemical data. By exploring of research undertaken within generation and evolution processes. unique characteristics of individual CODES and the Discipline of Earth > Instrumentation developments required for improved ore deposit styles (e.g., orogenic Sciences into geodata analytics and > Conduct modelling of post- throughput and spatial resolution. gold, sedimentary copper, etc.) innovative visualisation strategies. entrapment modifications in melt this project will identify appropriate By utilising the existing expertise inclusions in minerals. > The compositions of olivine reference material. scales of investigation, and optimal in technique development and the > Simulate processes of mantle input data, for a given stage of a practical application of methods in > Catchment-based gold prospectivity analysis combining and crustal melting, and melt resource project’s development (e.g., computational geophysics and Earth geochemical, geophysical and geological data across crystallisation. area selection, target prediction, informatics, the project focuses on northern Australia. > Develop a range of general resource evaluation, and resource using the visualisation as part of the petrological tools. (These algorithms development). data inference process, rather than > Development and testing of catchment-scale geoscience data being simply a way of viewing the final are continuously implemented in In 2016, the focus was on a integration and processing methods for gold prospectivity output. future versions of the ‘Petrolog’ sedimentary copper deposit case analysis via unsupervised clustering. software package). study, using data from the Trident During the year, a prototype computer > Random Forests for lithological mapping in the Eastern A temporary hold was placed on project in the Central African application for the visualisation of 3D this project in 2016 to allow the Copperbelt (First Quantum Minerals), seismic datasets was developed to Goldfields, Australia, using geophysical and remote team to focus its resources on the ~ 100 km west of Kansanshi. This progress the interpretation of seismic sensing data. tomography images in an interactive development of LA-ICP-MS data dataset includes 170,000 samples > Supervised classification for lithology mapping in a regolith reduction software. comprising approximately 40 framework, focussed on lithosphere- geochemical and 17 geophysical scale investigations. The software dominated terrain that identifies relevant data for efficient input datasets. Experiments were combines performance graphics processing and uses uncertainty as a tool to indicate regions conducted to identify optimal technology with the ability to handle of correct classifications. uncertainty outputs, given the scientific data formats. > Machine learning for mapping in the Central African Copperbelt, using geophysical and geochemical data. > Development of supervised and unsupervised learning workflows for generating lithological maps in areas of limited geological observations.

43 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 44 LEADERS Robert Scott and Anya Reading

OBJECTIVES > Provide an ongoing supply of world class PhD, Masters and Honours geoscience graduates. > Deliver a range of professional development short courses and workshops tailored to meet the needs of the minerals HONOURS industry in terms of re- and up- Enrolments in the Honours Program skilling its work force. were down compared to recent years. However, a suite of new workshops were introduced, covering a broad range of topics, from software MODULE expertise through to Machine Learning and presentation skills. programs, through to a variety of short FIELD TRIPS, JOURNAL TRAINING courses and workshops, most of which ARTICLES AND are aimed at re- and up-skilling of professionals in the minerals industry. PRESENTATIONS A highlight of the CODES SEG Student Chapter’s professional development HIGHLIGHTS program was the 12-day field trip to Myanmar, which included visits to a It was another good year for the number of ore deposits and mines. Training Module, which was marked INTRODUCTION by healthy enrolments for both the In addition, postgraduate students had 23 refereed journal articles published, The Centre has developed an HDR and Master of Economic Geology and produced 26 presentations for international reputation for delivering programs, and the introduction of a major international conferences in excellence in postgraduate education, suite of new courses at Honours level. Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, which includes providing students Switzerland and the USA. with a comprehensive grounding in HDR the Earth sciences. Students come There were eight new enrolments for from all parts of the world to study at the HDR program, which included five POSTGRADUATE CODES, with many progressing to Australian students, maintaining the  senior roles in the minerals industry, strong local intake figures of recent PROGRAMS state and federal governments, and years. The program also sustained its CODES has a range of postgraduate academia. appeal in international markets, with programs aimed at providing the next over two thirds of the overall cohort Training activities also play a vital role generation of world-class geoscientists. emanating from overseas, representing The main programs are the Higher in the Centre’s research program via 18 different countries. a wide array of student theses, which Degree by Research (HDR), Master of are integral to research activities MASTER OF ECONOMIC Economic Geology and Honours. throughout the other Modules. GEOLOGY HDR PROGRAM In recognition of these attributes, It was a milestone year for the Master Students enrolled in the UTAS HDR CODES has developed a Module of Economic Geology Program, Program make a major contribution to within its structure dedicated solely which in August celebrated its 100th CODES’ research activities. Ninety per to training. Areas covered under graduate in Maria Lourdes Faustino. cent of HDR projects are integrated this Module range from the Higher While attendances at individual short into the Centre’s three research Degree by Research (HDR), Master courses were down, the program modules and the ARC TMVC Research of Economic Geology and Honours recruited 15 new students, which was Hub, and 63% of the projects involve close to a record. collaborations with the minerals industry.

OPPOSITE PAGE FROM TOP: A stop at the Baw Mar open pit ruby-sapphire mine during the CODES SEG Student Chapter trip to 45 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 Myanmar; PhD student Jodi Fox on board RV Investigator during a research expedition to Heard and McDonald Islands; Master of 46 Economic Geology student Anna Kutkiewicz (foreground) inspecting core samples at Waihi Gold, New Zealand. CODES’ success in attracting MASTER OF ECONOMIC There were three short courses held to CODES teaching staff, minerals HONOURS PROGRAM vital to the success of the projects, international HDR students is GEOLOGY PROGRAM during the year, in accordance with the industry professionals and consultants The Honours program was co- and the development of the students usual biennial scheduling model: involved in delivery of this unit were underpinned by its reputation for ordinated by Garry Davidson and during a crucial phase of their studies. The coursework based Master Patrick Smillie and Fionna Fraser excellence as a research training VOLCANOLOGY AND David Selley, who administered ten of Economic Geology degree at (Leapfrog3d), David Green (Mineral centre. This success continued in 2016 MINERALISATION IN VOLCANIC students in the first half of the year HONOURS COURSEWORK CODES forms part of the national Resources Tasmania) and Scott Halley with over two-thirds of the students TERRAINS PROGRAM - VIEPS Minerals Geoscience Masters (Consultant). and 11 thereafter, taking into account enrolled in the program coming from In March, Jocelyn McPhie and David (MGM) program – a collaboration students that either enrolled or In 2016, CODES offered four short overseas, representing a total of 18 Cooke led a group of six participants ORE DEPOSIT MODELS AND between UWA, JCU, UTAS and completed mid-year. courses as part of the Victorian nationalities. Notwithstanding the high to New Zealand’s North Island to EXPLORATION STRATEGIES Curtin University. The MGM remains Institute of Earth and Planetary ratio of international students, the examine modern volcanic systems for Seventeen Masters students, and four These figures are down on the previous the course of choice for industry- year, resulting in a concomitant reduction Sciences (VIEPS) Honours trend of relatively healthy enrolment based geoscientists, attracted by the Volcanology and Mineralisation other minerals industry participants, in the spread of project subject areas, coursework program. numbers for Australian students the opportunity of studying for an in Volcanic Terrains short course. attended the final short course of which covered geophysics (5), economic was maintained, with an intake internationally recognised degree, The second part of this field-based the year, Ore Deposit Models and EXPLORATION FIELD SKILLS geology (3), igneous geochemistry, of five new domestic candidates. while still being able to pursue their unit was led by Jocelyn and Bruce Exploration Strategies, held over the MAPPING CAMP Gemmell, who took the group to the This is considered to be partly due careers in the minerals industry. last two weeks in October. environmental geology, volcanology, and Course Leaders: Robert Scott and west coast of Tasmania to examine to the challenging employment This popular unit has an interactive global tectonics. While the student Martin Jutzeler the well mineralised and altered It was a milestone year for the Master format of lectures and practical intake is disappointing, it is believed conditions that continue within Cambrian Mt Read Volcanics. This The Exploration Field Skills (EFS) of Economic Geology Program, exercises that provide an up-to-date that figures will improve when the Australia’s minerals industry, plus the hands-on course provides an excellent mapping camp in February provided which in August celebrated its 100th synopsis for a range of key ore deposit mining industry rebounds and career greater prevalence of scholarship introduction to the processes and participants with the opportunity to graduate in Maria Lourdes Faustino. types, addressing aspects such as opportunities improve. opportunities for local applicants. products of different eruption styles, develop skills in geological mapping, Maria, who hails from the Philippines, location, characteristics, genesis contrasts in scale and structure Five projects were related to Tasmania, core logging and structural analysis, There were 57 students enrolled in completed her research thesis on the and exploration strategies. Deposit of volcanoes, identification of key four to mainland Australia, and three within a mineral exploration context. the HDR program during 2016 (54 Bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposit types covered were porphyry Cu-Au- volcanic facies associations, and had an international focus. None of PhD and 3 MSc), including eight new under the supervision of Professor Mo; skarn; high-, intermediate- and During the eight-day camp, which interpretation of facies variations. arrivals. The new enrolments were David Cooke. She was also the first low-sulfidation epithermal; iron- the international projects involved was conducted mainly in western Mineralisation and alteration processes Tasmania, the nine participants Australian students Adam Abersteiner, student to complete the degree with oxide-copper-gold (IOCG); volcanic- overseas travel, as a result of the related to hydrothermal systems in the support of an Australia Awards hosted massive sulfide and sea-floor growing trend for students to work mapped, interpreted and assessed the Ayesha Ahmed, Evan Draayers, subaerial and submarine volcanic scholarship. In addition to Maria, a hydrothermal; sediment-hosted on previously collected materials. exploration potential of a 4−5 km2 area Shawn Hood and Torsten Jensen, environments, and their implications further five students graduated during Cu; sedimentary exhalative Pb-Zn; A highlight was research by Declan of Cambrian Mount Read Volcanics. and international students Christopher for mineral exploration, are also the year: Joanna Condon, Richard orogenic Au; Witwatersrand Au; Carlin Radford, who employed Machine The rock sequence exposed in the Leslie (Canada), Peerapong addressed. Cotton, Danny Huisman, Imam Malik Au; and Broken Hill-type Pb-Zn-Ag. Learning techniques to gain new mapping area is very similar to those Sritangsirikul (Thailand) and Tobias that host the Rosebery and Hercules and Alan Riles. EXPLORATION IN BROWNFIELD insights into radar maps of north-west Staal (Sweden). Twelve PhD students Highlights of this year’s course were: volcanic-hosted massive sulfide Participant numbers at the year’s TERRAINS Tasmania, which were produced by had theses under examination, of > A dedicated session on one of the (VHMS) deposits, located 5 and 10 km three short courses were down in Matt Cracknell, Robert Scott and NASA almost two decades ago. The which six graduated: Olga Apukhtina, world’s great ore deposits – the further north, respectively. comparison with previous years, but PhD student Steve Kuhn led the methods provide a cost effective Ben Cave, Pedro Fonseca, Qiuyue Olympic Dam IOCG deposit in South were in line with expectations, based Exploration in Brownfield Terrains and environmentally friendly pathway This year, the camp began with a full day Huang, Charles Makoundi and Evan Australia – led by Dr Kathy Ehrig at Mineral Resources Tasmania’s core on current operating conditions in short course in June, which was to greatly enhance the mapping Orovan. One Master of Science attended by 16 participants. This (BHP Billiton). library in Hobart, where the students the minerals industry. The downturn of remote areas, with the potential candidate withdrew and several has resulted in fewer geologists in unit is designed to bring students logged three of the eight diamond drill > A full-day devoted to Tasmanian for discovering mineralisation with students had periods of suspension. full time employment, and those with up-to-date with the latest exploration ore deposits, including a practical holes previously drilled in the mapping economic potential. Declan worked area. One of these drill holes intersected The HDR program depends on jobs have much greater demands techniques and approaches to session at Mineral Resources compiling and working with historical closely with supervisor Matt Cracknell, a narrow low-grade Zn-Pb mineralised UTAS funding in the form of highly on their time. The proportion of Tasmania, during which participants students financially supported by their datasets. Exploration in data-rich and Mineral Resources Tasmania, who interval. The students were asked to competitive living allowance inspected drill core from many of the employers to complete the degree has environments, close to existing mines, state’s major ore deposits. provided $5,000 towards the field work assess textural, structural, mineralogical scholarships and tuition fee waivers, also declined. For a program focussed has become a preferred method of as well as access to vital geological and geochemical features and the as well as industry funding of > A full-day excursion to the Freycinet primarily on the working geologist, enhancing company resources in and remote sensing data. stratigraphic position of the mineralised Peninsula to examine spectacular scholarships and research costs. these factors will naturally have an recent years. This trend has led to interval, and decide whether it is more exposures of features formed during Sponsoring companies and impact on participation. Nevertheless, strong interest in this course, which likely related to Cambrian VHMS or granite emplacement and the organisations in the Honours Program there are signs that prospects are covers cutting-edge technologies in Devonian (structurally-controlled) magmatic–hydrothermal transition. included the Australian Research improving for the resources sector in geophysics, geochemistry and 3D mineralisation. Council, Forestry Tasmania, GHD, the longer term, which is demonstrated visualisation, and guides participants THE PROGRAM FOR 2017 Heron Resources, the International The next four days were spent in by the enrolment of 15 new students – in the analysis of real data from world- the field in western Tasmania. Data > 20 – 31 March: Ores in Magmatic Ocean Discovery Program, Mineral close to a record for the program. class mineralised districts. In addition Arcs (KEA706/KEA707) collected during the mapping and Resources Tasmania, MONA core logging exercises were used to > 12 − 23 June: Ore Deposit Heavy Metals Project (Tasmania), unravel the stratigraphy and structure Geochemistry, Hydrology and Northparkes Mines, Signature Gold, of the area, and interpret the nature FROM LEFT: PhD Geochronology (KEA704/KEA709) and the TMVC Research Hub. In student Subira Sharma and extent of hydrothermal alteration. receiving the Peter W > 23 October – 3 November: addition, a large proportion of the This information provided the basis for Smith Postgraduate Geometallurgy (KEA702/KEA711) project work was supported by the maps, cross-sections and a report on Award from CSL Director Dr Evan supervisors’ internal, university-based the exploration potential of the area, Peacock; PhD graduates project funding. CODES thanks the which the students completed over the Charles Makoundi and sponsors for their valued support. final days of the camp, before returning Qiuyue Huang. These sponsorships continue to be to Hobart.

47 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 48 ORE DEPOSIT MODELS > Examination of a large layered were given the choice of visiting either project data in order to get expert This software is open source and Course Leader: David Selley intrusion (the Dovyren Magmatic the processing plant or the tailings advice on how the data should be allows the user to build data mining Complex in Siberia), the affect of storage facilities. interrogated and presented. The and machine learning workflows. Course Presenters: Mike Baker, pressure and H O on melting and workshops were organised by Anita The course focused heavily on TRAINING Garry Davidson, Bruce Gemmell, 2 The final day included a brief stop at crystallisation, and the causes of Parbhakar-Fox, and led by various in- the development of practical skills Margy Hawke, Ross Large, Brian the Zeehan slag/tailings site. melting and crystallisation. house presenters. for classification and clustering, McNulty, Robert Scott, David Selley, At the end of the course, the students > An introduction to the concept of including the calculation and analysis Jeff Steadman, Nathan Steeves were assessed based on group Skills and software covered during the distribution coefficients for trace of model uncertainty. assignments related to the two mine sessions included: In May, ten students attended the five- elements. > The Spectral Geologist (Lejun visits, and the survey on the King > Introduction to ioGAS (Mike day Ore Deposit Models short course, Zhang). This interactive workshop > Trace elements in the main rock- River. The most significant of these Baker) covered importing data, which provides an introduction to the covered the theory of shortwave forming minerals. assessments was the King River constructing and using diagrams, key features of several major classes infrared analyses in earth sciences, > Modelling of crystallisation and report, which required the students to and interrogating geochemical data. of economically important mineral assembly and basic operation of studies of melt inclusions. be able to both interpret and integrate These topics were followed by an deposits. Each deposit style was the TerraSpec instrumentation, the data in order to understand the interactive practical session. discussed in terms of geological and > Examples from MORB, subduction- collecting spectra, and processing site’s hydrochemistry and its role in the tectonic framework, mineralisation, related lavas and komatiites. > ArcGIS for Geoscientists and identifying minerals using The alteration, genetic models and overall riverine system. (Cassady Harraden) covered a ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY Spectral Geologist (TSG) software exploration criteria. number of GIS-related topics FIELD TECHNIQUES package. OTHER HONOURS including ArcGIS software basics, The deposits covered were: Course Leaders: David Cooke, COURSEWORK data querying, and data analysis > Adobe Creative Suite (Nathan Fox) > Volcanic hosted massive sulfide. Matt Cracknell, Garry Davidson, Anita included an introduction to Adobe HONOURS SKILLS WORKSHOPS and interrogation in the earth > Magmatic-hydrothermal: Epithermal, Parbhakar-Fox sciences. Students were able to platforms, figure drawing and drafting, Workshops Leader: Anita and an introduction to InDesign for porphyry and skarn. The Environmental Geology Field work with existing GIS datasets, as Parbhakar-Fox professional thesis design. > Iron-oxide copper gold. Techniques (EGF) course ran in late- well as creating their own from freely Course Presenters: Mike Baker, > Presentation Skills (Anita > Sediment hosted uranium, copper August/September and provided available raster and tabular data. Matt Cracknell, Nathan Fox, Cassady Parbhakar-Fox). In the final and lead-zinc. participants with the opportunity > Machine Learning with Orange to develop skills in practical Harraden, Anita Parbhakar-Fox, Lejun workshop of the series, the student > Carlin-type and orogenic gold. (Matt Cracknell) provided an hydrogeology, geoenvironmental Zhang introduction into the application group was given several exercises Each day of the short course involved sampling and in-field analyses, From July to September, Honours and of machine learning algorithms to to help with their public speaking a mixture of lectures and practical and geophysical surveying with an postgraduate students were invited to data analysis and data inference. skills, in an environment where exercises. Lectures covered the environmental focus. attend six day-long skills workshops, It covered the basic principles self-analysis and group feedback general characteristics and setting of were encouraged. This was followed The course ran for five days, starting comprising of both lectures and of supervised classification and the abovementioned deposit types, as by a detailed session showing with a day and a half of lectures at practical sessions, where students unsupervised clustering, using well as the various genetic models that the students how they can use CODES, followed by field site studies were encouraged to bring their own the Orange data mining package. have been put forward to explain their PowerPoint effectively to get the conducted in western Tasmania. The formation. In the practical exercises, most out of their newfound skills. eight participants joined KEA348 students examined and interpreted (Environmental Geology) students samples from many of the premier to examine historic mine waste mineral deposits and mineralised associated with Mt. Lyell, courtesy of districts throughout the world. a site visit hosted by Copper Mines PRACTICAL IGNEOUS of Tasmania. They then conducted PETROLOGY a survey along the Queen and King Course Presenter: Leonid Rivers, including the collection of Danyushevsky water and sediment samples for geochemical and mineralogical Also in May, 17 students attended the analyses. In-field measurements were Practical Igneous Petrology course taken by the students, which enabled presented by Leonid Danyushevsky. them to hydrochemically characterise The five-day program is a mixture of the river system. lectures and practical exercises, aimed at postgraduate students at Honours The students then undertook level and above with an interest in a detailed geoenvironmental the formation and evolution of basic characterisation study of a bank of and ultrabasic magmas and their the King River, where they conducted relationship to magmatic ore deposits. several hydrogeological tests, took geochemical readings from water Topics covered included: samples collected from piezometers, > Key theoretical aspects of petrology, surveyed the surface morphology including units of concentration, Group of of the bank, conducted geophysical undergraduate solid solution and mineral formulas, surveys and logged tailings sediments. students on a field activities and equilibrium, the Similar activities were also conducted excursion to Broken phase rule, mass balance, phase Hill. PhD student at the King River Delta. Nathan Steeves (second diagrams, and equilibrium/fractional This year, the group was also able to from left) helped with crystallisation. the excursion, highlighting visit the Renison Bell tin mine, where the co-operation and synergy they examined fresh drill core, and between CODES and Earth Sciences.

49 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 50 5. CAVILL, CHLOE. VIC 17. HONG, WEI. TAS 29. MULDER, JACOB. TAS STUDENT PROJECTS (MASTERS) Magmatic-hydrothermal volatile From Nuna to Gondwana: An Geochemical classification of exsolution and mineralisation in evaluation of the early tectonic history IN AUSTRALIA orebearing/metalliferous fluids of the Tasmanian Sn granites. of Tasmania. Project locations are shown in capitals. Unless marked otherwise, student Costerfield region, Victoria. projects shown here are PhDs. Projects related to the ARC TMVC Research 18. HUANG, QIUYUE. SA 30. OSTERSEN, THOMAS. TAS Hub are marked with an asterisk. 6. CHAPMAN, NATHAN. SA Mafic magmatism in the Gawler Multi-scale geoelectric, and combined Pb-isotopic insights into the crustal Craton: Distribution, composition, geophysical, investigations of evolution and metallogenesis of the timing, sources and tectonic setting. Tasmania and Southeast Australia. Gawler Craton. 19. HUGHES, KYLE. NSW 31. PEREIRA DA FONSECA, CODES Projects 7. CHERRY, ALEXANDER. SA (MASTERS) PEDRO. TAS Petrology, provenance and Paragenesis of the Dobroyde Deposit, Facies analysis and correlations in ARC TMVC Research Hub 28 composition of bedded sedimentary central NSW. complex mineralised submarine facies in the Olympic Dam deposit. volcanic successions: Mount Read 20. JACKSON, LAURA. NSW* Volcanics, western Tasmania. 13 8. CONDON, JOANNA. WA Domaining of geoenvironmental (MASTERS) properties in drill core. 32. RADFORD, DECLAN. TAS Ore types of DeGrussa and Conductor (HONS) 33 1 ore lenses of the DeGrussa VHMS 21. JAGO, COREY. NSW Geological mapping from radar (MASTERS) deposit, Western Australia. imagery with machine learning. Toward an understanding of the 9. DOUTCH, DAVID. WA temporal, spatial and mineralogical 33. SHARMA, SUBIRA. QLD The geology and geological controls characteristics of the Northparkes Evaluation of links between Merlin- on gold mineralisation at the Invincible Alkalic Porphyry Deposits, New South style Mo-Re mineralisation and 36 deposit, St Ives Gold Mine, Kambalda, Wales. magmatism in the Cloncurry fold WA. belt, Queensland: Implications for 22. KULTAKSAYOS, SITTHINON 8 16 exploration. 10. ESHAGHI, ESMAEIL. TAS (GUN). NSW (MASTERS) Geophysical and petrophysical Provenance of Early to Mid-Paleozoic 34. SRITANGSIRIKUL, investigations of Tasmania at multiple sediments in western Tasmania. PEERAPONG. NSW scales. (MASTERS) 23. LESLIE, CHRISTOPHER. NSW Tectonic evolution and ore deposit 11. FERGUSON, MATT. SA District scale ore deposit prospectivity 21 35 prospectivity of the Rockley Volcanics, Fe- and Ti-bearing minerals, apatite of the Ordovician - Silurian Lachlan NSW Australia. and zircon in the Olympic Dam Fold Belt, southestern Australia. 23 district basement and Gawler Range 35. WELLS, TRISTAN. NSW 24. LLOYD, RICHARD (SIGMUN). Volcanics. (HONS) 34 NSW (HONS) Geology and genesis of the Two-Thirty 14 12. FOX, JODI. TAS Alteration mineralogy and prospect, Northparkes, NSW. geochemistry of altered rocks in the 15 20 27 Submarine intraplate basaltic 9 volcanism. Woodlawn VHMS belt, NSW. 36. WHITNEY, BEN. QLD (HONS) 24 Geological framework and 2 13. GOWER, BRADY. WA (HONS) 25. LOWER, CHANTELLE. SA characteristics of the Specimen Hill (MASTERS) Structural and sedimentological high sulfidation epithermal system, 6 4 19 analysis of the Adele Trend - Browse An aspect of the geology of the southern Queensland, Australia. 7 5 26 Basin. Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit. 29 37. WILLIAMS, TYLER. TAS 11 32 30 26. McMAHON, CLAIRE. TAS 17 14. HARDWICK, BRENDAN. WA (HONS) 12 18 1 (MASTERS) Distribution of, and controls upon, Seismic evaluation of the integrity 17 Ore mineral textures and their pyrite trace element content of of the Henty tailings storage facility, 25 26 implication for gold genesis and hydrothermal alteration zones at Henty Tasmania. 12 22 3 deportment at the Tropicana Gold Hercules VHMS ore deposit, Tasmania 10 31 37 29 Mine, Western Australia. and NICO IOCG ore deposit, 30 Northwest Territories, Canada. 15. HARRADEN, CASSADY. NSW* Geotechnical and geometallurgical 27. MORRISON, JOANNE. NSW assessment of the Cadia East deposit (MASTERS)* using Corescan automated logging Cadia East multi-element 1. ANDEMESKEL, EYOB. TAS 2. APUKHTINA, OLGA. SA 3. AWID-PASCUAL, RICHELLE. technology. lithogeochemistry: Evaluation of trace (MASTERS) Stable isotopes (C, S and O) and TAS element deportment important to Litho- and chemo-stratigraphic, halogens (CI, F) in gangue and ore The evolution of Zn-Pb-Fe-bearing 16. HAWKE, MARGY. WA processing. structural and mineral prospectivity minerals at Olympic Dam: Evaluation minerals in the Grieves Siding peat, Geological evolution of the DeGrussa aspects of the Rosebery Group, of mantle and crustal contributions to western Tasmania. Cu-Au VHMS deposit, Western 28. MUKHERJEE, INDRANI. NT an enigmatic Cambrian volcano- mineralisation. Australia. Pyrite trace element chemistry of black 4. CAVE, BEN. VIC sedimentary succession on shales of the “boring billion” period. Tasmania’s west coast. A metamorphic course for tungsten in metasedimentary-hosted orogenic gold deposits.

51 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 52 OUTSIDE AUSTRALIA 32 Project locations are shown in capitals. 32 Unless marked otherwise, student 1 1 projects shown here are PhDs. Projects 22 26 1 related to the ARC TMVC Research Hub are marked with an asterisk. 1. ABERSTEINER, ADAM. 34 CANADA, FINLAND, RUSSIA, 27 SOUTH AFRICA 3 Kimberlites and diamonds: 20 7 Understanding their petrogenesis and 2 uncovering the identity of their source 28 composition. 31 9 2. AHMED, AYESHA. USA* 18 The effect of pressure/depth on 10 8 propylitic alteration mineral chemistry 23 in the porphyry environment. 29 25 13 21 3. BAKER, FABIAN. ARMENIA 32 24 35 (MASTERS) 17 Amulsar HSE Au deposit, Armenia. 14 30 6 15 16 4. BENAVIDES, SEBASTIAN. 38 37 4 1 11 ARGENTINA (MASTERS) 12 Characterisation of phyllic 36 19 assemblages at Taca Taca Bajo, 5 Argentina. 11. DRAAYERS, EVAN. SW CODES Projects 5. BERKENBOSCH, HEIDI. NEW PACIFIC ARC TMVC Research Hub ZEALAND The boninite magma genesis debate: Geochemistry of hydrothermal mineral 7 Assessing the role of mantle sources chimneys from Brothers volcano, associated with intra-plate magmatism Kermadec Arc. 22. JOHNSON, SEAN. FINLAND, 27. McNULTY, BRIAN. CANADA 34. STEEVES, NATHAN. USA in the generation of boninitic magmas ESTONIA, SWEDEN, RUSSIA 6. CALDERON-TIPIANI, CESAR. above subduction zones. Geology and genesis of the mineral Ore genesis of the Greens Creek PERU (MASTERS) The geochemistry of metalliferous deposits of the Myra Falls VHMS VHMS Deposit, Alaska: Implications for 12. ESCOLME, ANGELA. CHILE* black shales: Understanding primary District, Canada. mining, milling and exploration. Chanca low sulfidation deposit, Peru. The geology, geochemistry and enrichments, metamorphic processes 28. MUKHERJEE, INDRANI. INDIA 35. SYKORA, STEPHANIE. PNG* 7. CAVE, BEN. CANADA, NEW geometallurgy of Productora Cu-Au- 17. HEATHCOTE, JACOB. ZAMBIA and the role of metalrich black shales ZEALAND Mo deposit, Chile. Gold distribution and association at in archiving earth evolution. Pyrite trace element chemistry of black Origin, evolution and significance of A metamorphic course for tungsten the Kansanshi copper-gold deposit shales of the “boring billion” period. anhydrite-bearing vein arrays and 13. FAUSTINO, MARIA LOURDES 23. KNIGHT, JOSEPH. MYANMAR breccias, Lienetz orebody, Lihir gold in metasedimentary-hosted orogenic Zambia: Processes responsible for 29. NUANLA-ONG, SARANYA. M. PHILIPPINES (MASTERS) The geodynamic and metallogenic deposit, Papua New Guinea. gold deposits. gold precipitation and implications for MYANMAR (MASTERS) Intrusive history and genesis of ore zone delineation and recovery. setting of Cu-Au mineralisation in 8. CELIZ, DJOHANNE. Bayugo porphyry copper-gold deposit, Myanmar: Implications for mineral Paragenesis, pyrite geochemistry 36. TESTA, FRANCISCO. ARGENTINA, CHILE PHILIPPINES (MASTERS) Surigao Del Norte, Philippines. 18. HOLT, SAM. USA exploration. and ore fluids at Htongyi gold veins, The geology, alteration, and Understanding of basaltic eruption Myanmar. Tourmaline breccia pipes: San 14. FIRMANSYAH, ARGA. 24. LAWLIS, ERIN. PNG mineralisation of the Sagay deposit in dynamics and mechanisms: Effusive Francisco de los Andes, Argentina and INDONESIA (MASTERS) 30. OROVAN, EVAN. FIJI northern Negros, Philippines. and explosive eruptions in Hawaii. Au-bearing pyritic ore of Lihir, Papua Rio Blanco-Los Bronces, Chile. Geology and mineralisation of the New Guinea: Its physiochemical Geology, geochemistry and genesis of 37. THOMPSON, JENNIFER. 9. CHEN, JING. CHINA* Trenggalek district, East Java, 19. IKEGAMI, FUMIHIKO. NEW character and nature of the causative the Namosi porphyry Cu-Au deposits, INDONESIA, PHILIPPINES* The geology, mineralisation, alteration Indonesia. ZEALAND fluids. Fiji. Carbonate mineral chemistry in and fluid evolution of Zijinshan ore field, 2012 submarine silicic eruption of 15. GARAY, AMOS. PERU* 25. MAKOUNDI, CHARLES. 31. PHILLIPS, JOSHUA. USA* epithermal and porphyry hydrothermal Fujian Province, China. Havre volcano and implications for MALAYSIA Geologic and geochemical vectors Magnetite and epidote chemistry and ancient submarine successions in systems. 10. CHIA, ZHENG (LEO). textures at Las Bambas Cu-Au-Fe Geochemistry of carbonaceous to mineralisation at the Resolution Australia. 38. VERGANI, DANIELE. MARTINIQUE (HONS) skarn, Peru: Assessing district and black shale, sandstone, and chert in porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Arizona. REUNION Sedimentological analysis of deposit-scale fertility - implications for 20. JENSEN, TORSTEN. USA Malaysia: Insights into gold source 32. POTTER, NAOMI. TANZANIA, The 2007 explosive activity at Piton Pleistocene pumice-rich turbidites ore genesis and exploration. Devonian gold mineralisation in NE rock potential. RUSSIA de la Fournaise volcano (Reunion): at Site U1398, IODP 340, offshore Nevada, USA: Critical primer to a 16. HARRISON, RACHEL. 26. McMAHON, CLAIRE. CANADA An investigation into the genesis of Constraints on the eruptive processes Martinique. world-class gold district? INDONESIA* Distribution of, and controls upon, intrusive and extrusive carbonatitic melts. by the volcanological study of the Tumpangpitu porphyry Au-Cu-Mo 21. JIMENEZ TORRES, CARLOS pyrite trace element content of 33. STAAL, TOBIAS. erupted deposits. and high-sulfidation epithermal Au-Ag ANDRES. PHILIPPINES hydrothermal alteration zones at ANTARCTICA deposit, Tujuh Bukit project, SE Java, Bantug lithocap, Negros Island, Hercules VHMS ore deposit, Tasmania Seismic and geological constraints on Indonesia - geology, alteration and Philippines: Mineralogy, textures, and NICO IOCG ore deposit, the lithospheric structure of Antarctica. mineralisation. and chemistry. Northwest Territories, Canada.

53 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 54 The current CODES SEG Student Chapter Committee. From left: Ayesha Ahmed (Treasurer), Adam Abersteiner (Secretary), Joe Knight (Vice-President) and Shawn Hood LAB-BASED PROJECTS GAL, MARTIN. MORSE, PETER. (President). Unless marked otherwise, student Seismic array analysis of ocean Combined computational and projects shown here are PhDs. induced microseisms. human interaction strategies in knowledge generation from spatial and Projects related to the ARC TMVC HOOD, SHAWN.* Research Hub are marked with an spatiotemporal information. Machine learning and automated asterisk. geoscientific analyses for the spatial SANG, CALEB. (HONS) BODINI, MATT. (HONS) characterisation of metalliferous ore Chasing the Kerguelen mantle plume Evaluation of petrophysical and deposits. ‘tail’: investigating the Miocene to Holocene record of volcanism using mineralogical proxies for rock strength JOB, KATHRYN. (HONS) with particular emphasis on civil tephra glass in ODP Leg 183, Core A palaeomagnetic study of the engineering practice. 1138a. Palaeozoic Tasmanian Orocline Model. CESILE, STEPHANIE. (HONS) THOMPSON, JAY. KUHN, STEPHEN.* An investigation into oceanic large Understanding the specifics of The use of Machine Learning for igneous province plume swell. H2O-free aerosol behaviour in the lithological mapping and minerals inductively-coupled plasma in CLIFTON, REBECCA. (HONS)* targeting in various deposit styles and geochemical LA-ICPMS applications Evaluating applications of boiler ash settings. involving U/Pb dating and accurate for controlling acid and metalliferous LOUNEJEVA, ELENA. trace element analysis in silicate drainage-- examples from Tasmanian Geochemical study of three marine minerals and glasses. mine wastes. sediments sequences corresponding to the Late Permian-Early Triassic stratigraphic boundary. SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS (SEG) STUDENT CHAPTER The SEG Student Chapter plays Palaeozoic stratigraphy of the western This year’s Michael Solomon Memorial an essential role in the activities Sibumasu terrane. Lecture was delivered by Vic Wall. of CODES, making significant The field trip was led by Professor Khin Vic has over 45 years’ experience contributions to the social and Zaw, together with Joe Knight and Jing in mining, teaching and research, professional lives of students from a Chen from the SEG Student Chapter, including formative interactions with diverse range of backgrounds and and was sponsored by CODES, First Professor Solomon, as one of his cultures. Towards the end of each year, Quantum Minerals, Newcrest Mining, PhD students, early in his career. This the students vote for a committee that Rio Tinto, Savitar Exploration and the annual event is held in honour of the plan and oversee a comprehensive SEG. In addition to CODES students, esteemed UTAS/CODES teacher and social and professional development the group included eight participants researcher, Professor Mike Solomon, program that caters for everyone at the from four mining companies, and who passed away in 2009. Speakers Centre, including students, researchers are chosen who have strong links Kathryn Job measuring students from as far afield as Germany petrophysical and professional staff. and Hong Kong. with Mike. Vic’s presentation, entitled properties of rocks for ‘Gold and granitoid plutonism’, her Honours thesis. PROFESSIONAL Overall, it was a highly rewarding trip covered research that built on Mike’s DEVELOPMENT that not only exposed the participants pioneering work in this area of study. to new and intriguing geological A high point of the professional features, but also provided them with To finish the year, Professor Ross Large development program is invariably the a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to gave a retrospective on his varied annual field trip, which this year was experience an enchanting country that career, having recently been awarded to Myanmar, where the group was is relatively poor, but so abundantly an Australian Museum Eureka Prize for afforded rare opportunities to view rich in history, culture and hospitality. Excellence in Interdisciplinary Scientific areas of the country that were off limits Research. Especially interesting were to geologists until recently. Highlights The Friday afternoon tradition of his thoughts on how academics can of the trip included visits to a number holding informal seminars, comprising approach challenging long-held or of mine sites, representing a diverse a 20-minute technical talk, followed dogmatic ore deposit models. set of deposit styles and commodities, by a slide show and socialising was ranging from shear-hosted Au, maintained in 2016, with the Chapter CONFERENCES AND epithermal Au, and skarn Au (Pb-Cu), attracting an impressive array of first EXHIBITIONS class speakers, who covered a diverse through to primary and secondary One of the key areas where the students variety of (mostly) geological topics. The ruby and sapphire, high-sulfidation contribute to enhancing CODES’ profile majority of speakers were from within epithermal Cu and orogenic/intrusion- is by presenting papers at international UTAS, augmented by external speakers related Cu-Ag-Au. conferences. Once again, it was a including Florent Szitkar (Geomar), Clive The 12-day excursion also covered productive year in this regard, with Calver (Mineral Resources Tasmania), features related to regional tectonics, students conducting 26 presentations Huanchun Qu (China University of taking in studies of the Sagaing at major international conferences in Geosciences), and Grace Cumming Ridge, a surficial expression of the Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, (Mineral Resources Tasmania). major Sagaing Fault system, and the Switzerland and the USA.

55 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 56 PUBLICATIONS professional staff to interact with the AWARDS AND GRANTS It was also another highly productive students in a relaxed environment, It was also a successful year in terms of LOOKING FORWARD period for student outputs in terms of thereby enhancing understanding, grants and awards, with the following The healthy level of HDR enrolments will be maintained in 2017, communication and team spirit publications, with 23 refereed journal students receiving recognition: with the number of graduations being balanced by a strong articles being produced throughout between all groups within CODES. > Cassady Harraden and Angela intake of new students, from both Australia and overseas. the year. Events organised by the Student Escolme presented separate papers These included first author papers Chapter in 2016 included a wine at the GeoMet 2016 conference The Master of Economic Geology Program is scheduled tasting, ‘fun bus’ tour, welcome BBQ in Perth, with the pair becoming by Olga Apukhtina (Contributions to have a full offering of three short courses, including the to Mineralogy and Petrology), for Honours students, multiple social co-recipients of the award for ‘Best Ben Cave (Mineralium Deposita), barbeques and icebreakers for visiting Paper by a Young Scientist’. inaugural Ores in Magmatic Arcs. This unit builds on the Martin Gal (Geophysical Journal Master of Economic Geology students, > SEG Student Grants were received success of Ore Deposits of South America by expanding the International), Laura Jackson (Applied and the ‘winter warmer’ series. In this by Alex Cherry, Brian McNulty and location options to include Indonesia, where participants will Geochemistry), Indrani Mukherjee novel winter innovation, students from Jennifer Thompson. different countries made a dish typical visit world-class porphyry and epithermal deposits over a two- (Precambrian Research), Jacob Mulder > Subira Sharma received the Central of their homeland. Given CODES week period. The unit will be held either in Indonesia or South (Gondwana Research), Subira Sharma Science Laboratory (CSL) Peter W multicultural cohort, there was plenty (Vibrational Spectroscopy), Nathan Smith Postgraduate Award for the America in future years. of fine winter fare on offer, from Aussie Steeves (Economic Geology), and most outstanding peer-reviewed pumpkin soup through to Russian Jay Thompson (Journal of Analytical publication that made extensive use The popular Geometallurgy short course returns in late borsch, Burmese curry, Chinese duck Atomic Spectrometry). of CSL’s facilities and expertise. October, and will include a comprehensive overview of the soup, American southwestern chilli and practical aspects of this field of the geosciences, from deposit SOCIAL EVENTS corn bread, and Pakistani multani curry. characterisation and Grade Engineering through to improved Social events organised by the In addition, Student Chapter members committee act as a catalyst to foster assisted with the Christmas BBQ and management of mine waste. The course will include visits to friendships among students that come participated in a host of other social Mineral Resources Tasmania’s core storage facility, Hobart; to CODES from all parts of the world, events including weekly soccer games, ALS Minerals and Geochemistry Laboratories, Burnie; and and widely different backgrounds. They dragon boat racing, ice hockey, indoor mines at Savage River (iron ore) and Renison (tin). also provide invaluable opportunities volleyball, badminton, squash, and a for researchers, supervisors and movie night. After taking into account completions, graduations and other losses, the number of active continuing students in the overall program is expected to be maintained in 2017. It is anticipated that the average number of participants in individual courses will increase, partially bolstered by strong interest in the new course in Indonesia. Honours enrolments will remain at a low level for the coming year in line with the relatively subdued career prospects in the mining industry, which have also had an impact on the lower numbers of undergraduate students feeding through to Honours. However, figures are expected to improve in future years. The series of Honours workshops introduced in 2016 will continue, as will the successful courses run in conjunction with the Victorian Institute of Earth and Planetary Sciences (VIEPS). A highlight late in the year is the inaugural Geological Society of Australia Earth Sciences Student Symposium. This event will provide an excellent platform for students to showcase their research to their peers, plus stakeholders in government, industry and the broader academic community. The event is being held on 16 November at the Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies on the Hobart waterfront. CODES is a main sponsor, and Dr Anita Parbhakar-Fox is an invited keynote speaker. PhD students Nathan Chapman, Adam The SEG Student Chapter is planning to have another full Abersteiner and Alex Cherry helping and schedule of social and professional development events socialising at the throughout the year, the highlight of which will be a field trip to Christmas barbeque. one of the most intriguing and geologically diverse places on the planet – Tasmania.

Will Clarke from Newcrest; one of the industry participants on the CODES SEG Student Chapter field trip to Myanmar. 57 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 58 that will have a marked impact on the In Theme 1, the AMIRA P1153 project OBJECTIVES value of Australia’s mineral resources. initiated field campaigns at sites The Australian Research Council By helping to develop more efficient in Canada, Chile, Peru, USA and Research Hub for Transforming the and environmentally sustainable Serbia. A highlight of the year was the Mining Value Chain (TMVC) aims practices throughout the mining value refinement of techniques for detecting to resolve some of the greatest chain, it is anticipated that the Hub’s proximity to mineralisation in lithocaps, challenges currently facing the minerals research outcomes will extend the which was achieved through an industry, by improving efficiencies lives of mines and create employment extensive analytical campaign, with along the entire mining value chain. Its opportunities across Australia’s technology transfer being facilitated principal objectives are to: regional mining centres. through on-site meetings with the various stakeholders. > Achieve real-time automated The TMVC provides substantial acquisition and interpretation of benefits for the minerals industry Cassady Harraden and Angela detailed mineralogical, textural through advanced mineral Escolme presented separate papers at and geochemical data in mine characterisation methods, and the GeoMet 2016 conference in Perth, site coresheds that can be used innovative technologies for their with the pair becoming co-recipients of immediately for 3D-modelling implementation, which can be applied the award for ‘Best Paper by a Young of geometallurgical and much earlier in the mining value chain. Scientist’. geoenvironmental parameters and This enhances decision making and In early October, the team’s pioneering ore zone footprints. maximises productivity and profitability geoenvironmental work in dealing > Move the mining industry from at Australian mine sites. with the legacy of mine waste the data-rich, but comparatively The TMVC is housed within CODES at contamination in western Tasmania knowledge-poor, environment the University of Tasmania (UTAS) – the was featured on ABC TV’s Australia it currently works in, to a data- Administering Organisation. In addition Wide program. rich, knowledge-rich environment to CODES, the industry partners There were a number of exciting that allows for rapid decision involved in the research hub include technological innovations during year. TMVC: making during the exploration and BHP Billiton, Corescan, Newcrest Highlights include the development development phases of mining Mining, and a consortium of global of a novel approach for classifying operations. THE ARC RESEARCH HUB companies co-ordinated by AMIRA ore domains geometallurgically using > Develop tools and protocols International. Other organisations machine learning and geochemistry; FOR TRANSFORMING THE that allow near-instantaneous affiliated with the initiative include and the establishment of a pilot identification of proximity Laurin Technic, HITLab Au, and RWTH algorithm that detects and extracts MINING VALUE CHAIN to ore zones, together Aachen University in Germany. fractures in core samples from with geometallurgical and Corescan™ laser profiler data. geoenvironmental characterisation of ores and waste through HIGHLIGHTS It was a fruitful year for student automated core logging and projects, with the submission of four Activities gained considerable theses spread across PhD (2), Master spectral analyses of drill core. This momentum during 2016, the first full will enable 3D exploration, mining of Economic Geology and Honours. year of the TMVC’s operations. A There was also a healthy output of and geometallurgy models to be key task was to further strengthen developed that are continually various other publications, including the UTAS-based element of the nine refereed journal articles, 25 updated as the exploration or team, in order to establish a solid resource drilling program continues. conference abstracts and 69 reports platform to tackle the challenges to industry. that lie ahead, and meet the Hub’s KPIs. Successful outcomes in this INTRODUCTION regard were the appointments of Drs The TMVC encompasses a Evan Orovan and Angela Escolme as wide array of activities from Postdoctoral Research Fellows. Evan exploration, discovery, ore deposit is working within Theme 1 – Detecting characterisation, and environmental Proximity to Ore (footprints), while assessment, through to mining, ore Angela’s appointment commences processing and waste rock disposal. It in early 2017, when she will join the sets out to improve efficiencies within geometallurgical group in Theme 2. this value chain, focussing on areas

59 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 OPPOSITE PAGE FROM CENTRE DOWN: Angela Escolme preparing samples at the Australian Synchrotron; PhD student Josh Phillips in 60 the Petrified Desert, Arizona – an area known for its stratified rock layers containing abundant iron and manganese compounds. THEME 3: MINIMISING DIRECTOR PROJECTS GEOENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT The Hub is focussed on the country’s RISKS SUMMARIES David Cooke highest earning precious metal, gold, > Integrated waste classification for the base metal, copper, and the best practice AMD prediction THEME 1 – DETECTING main energy metal, uranium. Each > Development of effective short- PROXIMITY TO ORE of these commodities has its own term leach tests for water quality (FOOTPRINTS) scientific challenges, which the Hub prediction APPLYING THE EXPLORERS’ is tackling through three principal TOOLBOX TO DISCOVER CORESCAN research themes. Underpinning > Mineralogical domaining of low Ronell Carey, Ekaterina Savinova PORPHYRY AND EPITHERMAL Technologies and Knowledge Transfer grade and no grade zones using automated drill core logging at Cadia CU, AU AND MO DEPOSITS CSIRO and Training are essential parts of the (AMIRA P1153) TMVC, encompassing all research > Metal extraction from mine tailings Louise Fisher Leaders: David Cooke, Bruce using bioleaching: Environmental themes. The full scope of research Gemmell GRANGE RESOURCES activities gain considerably from the and economic benefits Team Members: Mike Baker, Ivan Tony Ferguson, Roger Hill expertise, state-of-the-art facilities and > Utilising industrial waste materials for technological developments within the AMD control Belousov, Matt Cracknell, Evan GUANGZHOU INSTITUTE OF Hub, and benefits to end-users are Orovan, Emily Smyk, Lejun Zhang PHD STUDENTS: GEOCHEMISTRY, CHINA assured through extensive, hands- UNDERPINNING Students: Ayesha Ahmed, Ayat Baig, on technology transfer and training CODES Huayong Chen, Jinsheng Han TECHNOLOGIES Jing Chen, Nic Derome, Liam Fay, programs. Amos Garay, Emily Gorner, Rachel Ayesha Ahmed, Jing Chen, Angela > Development of the fast-throughput HEFEI UNIVERSITY OF Harrison, Carlos Jimenez, Adam Escolme, Amos Garay, Cassady sample cell for laser ablation TECHNOLOGY, CHINA THEME 1: DETECTING Pacey, Josh Phillips, Francisco Testa, Harraden, Rachel Harrison, Shawn Hood, applications Shiwei Wang, Fan Yu, Taofa Zhou PROXIMITY TO ORE Jennifer Thompson, Joseph Vrzovski Carlos Jimenez, Laura Jackson, Stephen > Corescan data feature extraction (FOOTPRINTS) and classification for mineralogical Collaborators: Huayong Chen, Kuhn, Josh Phillips, Stephanie Sykora, HOT CHILI > Applying the explorers’ toolbox to and textural information analysis Jinsheng Han, Peter Hollings, Shiwei Francisco Testa, Jennifer Thompson Melanie Leighton discover porphyry and epithermal > Linescan technologies for drill core Wang, Noel White, Jamie Wilkinson, IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON, UK Cu, Au and Mo deposits (AMIRA Fan Yu, Taofa Zhou THE MODULE JUNIATA COLLEGE, USA > Integrating chemical and Adam Pacey P1153) TEAM Richard Hark mineralogical data layers for element AMIRA P1153 is being conducted in > Pyrite footprints MASTERS STUDENTS: deportment collaboration with researchers from DEPUTY DIRECTOR: LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY, > Interpreting structural and Lakehead University, the Natural Leonid Danyushevsky CODES CANADA THEME 2: OPTIMISING History Museum, Guangzhou Institute GEOMETALLURGICAL geochemical patterns using machine Joanne Morrison Peter Hollings learning of Geochemistry, and Hefei University PREDICTION of Technology. It is developing new TEAM MEMBERS: > Geological feature discovery IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON, UK MINERAL RESOURCES > General geometallurgy studies methods for discovering porphyry CODES Luke Neal from quantitative data integration TASMANIA > Geotechnical and geometallurgical and/or epithermal deposits through Mike Baker, Ivan Belousov, Ron Berry, (algorithm development) Mike Reid assessment of the Cadia East improved geochemical detection of Matt Cracknell, Nathan Fox, Bruce LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY, deposit using Corescan automated ore deposit footprints. Analysis of Gemmell, Sarah Gilbert, Ross Large, CANADA KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER MONA HEAVY METALS core logging technology the geochemical signals recorded Sebastien Meffre, Paul Olin, Evan Ayat Baig, Nic Derome, Emily Gorner, PROJECT AND TRAINING in hydrothermal alteration halos will > Ore characterisation and Orovan, Anita Parbhakar-Fox, Anya Joseph Vrzovski Sarah Proud provide explorers with methods for geometallurgical modelling at the Reading, David Selley, Emily Smyk, assessing district fertility (how large?) Productora Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Chile Sasha Stepanov, Lejun Zhang HONOURS STUDENTS: NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, and vectoring information (how far, UNITED KINGDOM > Cadia East multi-element and in what direction?), allowing the AMIRA International CODES Jamie Wilkinson lithogeochemistry: Evaluation of presence, location and significance of Adele Seymon Rebecca Clifton trace element deportment important porphyry and/or epithermal copper, LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY, NEWCREST MINING to processing gold and molybdenum deposits in an BHP Billiton Karyn Gardner, Stephen Guy, Fiona CANADA Kathy Ehrig Karaut, James Lett, Paul Napier Liam Fay Corescan NORSKE SKOG Neil Goodey COLLABORATORS: Peter Kearney LEFT: The AMIRA P1153 HITLab ALS METALLURGY OLYMPUS team at the project’s John Glen, Donna Kemp November meeting. Henry Duh Dane Burkett Laurin Technic BRUKER UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE, BELGIUM Jens Bergmann Michael Shelley Julie Hunt Newcrest Mining CHINA UNIVERSITY OF Anthony Harris UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA, GEOSCIENCES CENTRAL SCIENCE Zhanke Li RWTH Aachen University LABORATORY Bernd Lottermoser CONSULTANT Thomas Rodemann, Ashley Townsend Noel White

61 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 62 exploration tenement to be determined PYRITE FOOTPRINTS THEME 2 – OPTIMISING ORE CHARACTERISATION THEME 3: MINIMISING during the early stages of exploration. Leader: David Cooke GEOMETALLURGICAL AND GEOMETALLURGICAL GEOENVIRONMENTAL This approach has particular relevance MODELLING AT THE Team Members: Leonid PREDICTION RISKS to exploration involving drilling under PRODUCTORA CU-AU-MO Danyushevsky, Anthony Harris, post-mineralisation cover, or in areas GENERAL GEOMETALLURGY DEPOSIT, CHILE INTEGRATED WASTE Sebastien Meffre, David Selley, Sasha STUDIES CLASSIFICATION FOR BEST where outcrop is limited or difficult to Leaders: David Cooke, Ron Berry Stepanov, Lejun Zhang PRACTICE AMD PREDICTION access. Leader: Ron Berry Student: Angela Escolme Leader: Anita Parbhakar-Fox Student: Stephanie Sykora This research is focussed on The main outcomes will be tools for Collaborators: Louise Fisher, Julie Collaborators: Karyn Gardner, Fiona advancing work that had been initiated Team Member: Nathan Fox testing the fertility of mineral districts, Hunt, Melanie Leighton and for vectoring to mineralised Karaut, Zhanke Li, Paul Napier in the previous GeMIII project, but Collaborators: Dane Burkett, Tony had not yet reached a stage where it This project aims to determine centres. These will involve the use Stephanie Sykora’s PhD project at Ferguson, Roger Hill was ready for release to the mining relationships between ore textures, of key alteration minerals from the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New industry. Major activities in 2016 were: alteration and geochemical zonation This project is looking at aspects green rock, white rock and lithocap Guinea (PNG) was incorporated into patterns, and assess their impact of waste classification to better environments. Cost-effective field- the TMVC early in 2016. Her research > A paper was published in Economic on liberation behaviour and recovery understand and manage current and based methods will also be developed aims to resolve the genesis of an Geology to accompany the STORC response at the Productora Cu-Au-Mo planned sites. that can be applied by explorers anhydrite-rich zone at the deposit, and software program’s public release. who do not have access to suitable deposit, Chile. During the year, Grange Resources was converted from an MSc to a PhD > Significant progress has been made laboratory facilities for LA-ICP-MS Major geometallurgy results of the proposed a study focused on in 2015. on papers that review geological analyses. project were completed during the determining the accuracy of the net Stephanie analysed pyrite grains aspects of geometallurgy, as well as acid generation (NAG) pH test. This The research team initiated field year, drawing to a close the work from structurally and paragenetically methods in calculated mineralogy. test is used widely by the mining campaigns at sites in Canada, Chile, program for this project. These results constrained vein samples that span These are in preparation for a industry for rapid waste classification, Peru, USA and Serbia in 2016, were presented at GeoMet 2016 in from the early porphyry-style to late planned special issue. and involves several stages, including several of which involve postgraduate June, where Angela was co-recipient epithermal system at the Lihir gold length of reaction time, heating students (Honours, MSc and PhD). GEOTECHNICAL AND of the ‘Best Paper by a Young deposit, PNG. Statistical analyses of temperature, and cooling time Early in the year Ayesha Ahmed GEOMETALLURGICAL Scientist’ award. LA-ICP-MS data from trace element before pH measurement. The study initiated her PhD study of the Yerington ASSESSMENT OF THE CADIA images of pyrite grains has revealed Angela submitted her PhD thesis at scrutinised each stage to determine district, Nevada, while Emily Gorner EAST DEPOSIT USING the compositional signatures of various the end of the year, and has secured a the effect on the overall test results. and Joseph Vrzovski initiated their CORESCAN AUTOMATED CORE hydrothermal stages, and provides LOGGING TECHNOLOGY postdoctoral position within the Hub, Outcomes included the development studies of the Hemlo gold deposit, evidence for gold remobilisation. starting early in 2017. of a site-specific NAG pH testing Liam Fay commenced an honours Leaders: Sebastien Meffre, Ron Berry Her results have implications for protocol (suitable for the waste types study of Heron Bay, and Nic Derome Team Members: Matt Cracknell, Neil CADIA EAST MULTI-ELEMENT ore genesis, mineral exploration LITHOGEOCHEMISTRY: encountered at Grange Resources’ began an MSc study of the Red Goodey and mineral processing at Lihir. A EVALUATION OF TRACE Savage River operations), with a Lake deposit, Ontario, mid-year. New manuscript summarising the pyrite Student: Cassady Harraden ELEMENT DEPORTMENT journal article also in preparation. screening methods for distinguishing geochemistry results was submitted to Collaborators: James Lett IMPORTANT TO PROCESSING Another element of this project was porphyry-related alteration minerals a Special Issue of Economic Geology Leader: Ron Berry a review of the Terra portable XRD from background metamorphic and in late 2016. Stephanie delivered an The goal of this PhD project by instrument, manufactured by Olympus. calc-sodic alteration were developed invited oral presentation on her results Cassady Harraden is to determine Student: Joanne Morrison This instrument has the ability to rapidly through detailed studies of selected at the MGEI conference in Bandung, the correlation between Corescan™ The Cadia East ore body contains measure the mineralogy of a dried sites, and reanalysis of sample Indonesia, in October, and submitted data and measured deportment trace elements relevant to the value sample, with full phase identification suites from previous analyses. New her PhD thesis in December. data, processing parameters and of ore. This Masters of Economic techniques for detecting proximity geotechnical conditions. Hyperspectral and quantification capabilities. Testing David Cooke, Lejun Zhang and Geology project by Joanne Morrison to mineralisation in lithocaps were data will be used to determine of the instrument was conducted Leonid Danyushevsky co-authored identified the location and deportment refined through an extensive analytical functional proxies that will ultimately on various drill core and mine waste an article on pyrite chemistry from of these trace elements, and the rate campaign. Technology transfer was be built into predictive algorithms and materials, with the results summarised the Haopinggou Au-Ag-Pb-Zn of recovery of the trace elements to facilitated through on-site meetings applied to the mine-wide dataset to in an internal TMVC report. vein deposit in China, which was concentrate. Four main domains in the with industry representatives at head produce geometallurgical domains. published online in Contributions to ore were discovered to have different DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE offices and field sites. These domains can then be modelled Mineralogy and Petrology. This study levels of relevant trace elements in SHORT-TERM LEACH TESTS FOR in 3D and integrated with the Cadia José Piquer and Francisco Testa demonstrated that single veins formed situ, and to have different recovery WATER QUALITY PREDICTION Mine’s current geologic, structural and published manuscripts, reporting by two temporally distinct mineralising behaviours when processed. These Leader: Anita Parbhakar-Fox geometallurgical models. domains are monzonite/monzodiorite, outcomes from their PhD work, in events at Haopinggou, a Triassic Team Member: Nathan Fox Journal of Structural Geology, Lithos metamorphic gold-forming event, and A paper on the geotechnical methods alkali basalt, potassic-altered basalt Students: Rebecca Clifton, Laura and Minerals. Ayat Baig submitted and a Cretaceous magmatic-hydrothermal previously developed in this project and propylitic-altered basalt. Using Jackson successfully defended his MSc thesis, event that produced silver-lead-zinc was presented at GeoMet 2016 in these domains, it is possible to more and Adam Pacey submitted his PhD mineralisation. The temporally distinct Perth, with Cassady being co-recipient accurately predict the trace element Collaborators: Jens Bergmann, Tony thesis and prepared a manuscript for events produced pyrite grains with of the award for ‘Best Paper by a content of the concentrate. The Ferguson, Roger Hill, Ashley Townsend Economic Geology. David Cooke gave identification of the domains with markedly different trace element Young Scientist’. This project seeks to vary parameters a keynote presentation, and Lejun high critical trace element recovery compositions within composite veins. (trial use of blends, reaction time, Zhang gave an invited presentation, Research has focussed on fine- to concentrate has enabled the reagent concentration, quantity of at the MGEI conference in Bandung, tuning the protocols for extraction optimisation of the draw schedule to solid/reagent) used in traditional static Indonesia, in October. of geotechnical parameters, which manage the blend of material delivered testing (e.g. net acid generation and was completed during the year. The to the mill for processing. integration of those parameters with paste pH testing) to determine if they alteration mineralogy will continue into Joanne submitted her thesis at the can be optimised for more efficient use 2017. end of the year. in the field.

63 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 64 Angela Escolme on a field trip in Yerington, Nevada. During 2016, a static blended leach To date, method development has Further work will need to be UNDERPINNING hyperspectral imagery, and surface present in sulfide grains larger than 50 test (BLT) was developed to explore focussed on using Corescan™ data conducted in order to determine TECHNOLOGIES geometry imagery, as input data to microns. options for improved waste rock pile and drill core materials collected from if there is real economic benefit in extract and classify features, such DEVELOPMENT OF THE Laser Raman, micro-XRF and design at the Savage River mine the Cadia district, New South Wales. pursuing cobalt extraction from the as veins, fractures, grain boundaries, FAST-THROUGHPUT SAMPLE LIBS technologies were tested on lithologies, alteration, textural (Grange Resources). Specifically, the By undertaking a range of established tailings at this site. CELL FOR LASER ABLATION representative samples of drill core project aimed to determine which static tests and conventional fabrics and ARD domains. Output UTILISING INDUSTRIAL WASTE APPLICATIONS with the following outcomes: waste blend ratios would produce the mineral identification (i.e., XRD), a features will add value to the dense MATERIALS FOR AMD CONTROL Leaders: Leonid Danyushevsky, ‘cleanest’ leachate, and if a static test geoenvironmental domaining index datasets currently generated by the > The laser Raman technology was Michael Shelley could be used to determine this prior (GDI) tool has been developed using Leader: Anita Parbhakar-Fox Corescan™ system by making them deemed to be unsuitable for analysis to establishing kinetic cells. Findings the hyperspectral data provided Team Member: Nathan Fox Team Members: Ivan Belousov, Paul more geologically interpretable, and of sulfides in drill core. Olin of the Savage River case-study were by Corescan™. GDI version 1 was Students: Rebecca Clifton, Laura thus accessible to users. Features will > Initial analysis of the LIBS data reported to Grange Resources, with fine-tuned to identify inherent primary Jackson This project aims to develop a also be used to support quantitative suggests that it may be suitable for results to be presented at the Process neutralisers within low- or no-grade new sample cell capable of high- analyses and qualitative interpretations line scan analysis within the life of Collaborators: Tony Ferguson, Peter Mineralogy ’17 conference. A journal zones, so as to optimise their use throughput applications using laser across the TMVC’s three themes – the TMVC. Kearney, Sarah Proud, Mike Reid, publication is also in preparation. when designing waste management ablation instruments, which may covering footprints, geometallurgy and Ashley Townsend > Early indicators suggest that micro- strategies. A review of additional involve LA-ICP-MS and/or LIBS. The geoenvironment. In addition, a total reflectance XRD XRF should adequately assess mineralogical tools to assist in refining Cost-effective waste management instrumentation developed would be PICOFOX, manufactured by Bruker, During the year, a prototype fracture grain size as well as being the only estimates of sulfide abundance was of materials producing acid mine used for the scanning of large sections was trialled in September to assist detection algorithm was developed technology-ready option of those also conducted, focussing on LA-ICP- drainage (AMD) is essential for of drill half-core. Stages within this with the rapid and accurate collection to identify and extract fractures from tested. of water quality data. An analytical MS, micro-XRF, laser Raman and laser successful remediation. Considering project include prototype development Corescan™ data. The outputs of this method was developed enabling induced breakdown spectroscopy. Data this, using alkaline waste materials and performance testing. algorithm feed directly into workflows LIBS and micro-XRF data processing processing indicates that LA-ICP-MS generated by other industrial will continue into 2017, with the researchers and students across During the year, the team focused being developed for the extraction of is the most appropriate technology to processes represents a potential possibility of expanding the Theme 3 to analyse acid mine on testing the importance of several geotechnical parameters. drainage (AMD) impacted river waters enable development of GDI version 2. option for managing acid forming mine assessment to new technologies as variables, such as cell orifice diameter LINE SCAN TECHNOLOGIES FOR from western Tasmania, as well as wastes, which this project aims to test. they become available. METAL EXTRACTION and the distance between the sample DRILL CORE NAG pH test samples and kinetic FROM MINE TAILINGS In 2016, Honours student Rebecca and the top of the cell. The impact of Leader: Ron Berry INTEGRATING CHEMICAL AND cell leachates generated in various USING BIOLEACHING: Clifton assessed the use of boiler ash uneven sample surface on the detection MINERALOGICAL DATA LAYERS projects. ENVIRONMENTAL AND waste material from Norske Skog’s limits, and quantification of LA-ICP- Team Member: Sebastien Meffre FOR ELEMENT DEPORTMENT ECONOMIC BENEFITS MINERALOGICAL DOMAINING Boyer mill as an AMD ameliorant. MS data were also tested. Together Student: Cassady Harraden Leaders: Sebastien Meffre, Matt Leader: Anita Parbhakar-Fox Samples of waste rock and tailings with performance testing of the first Cracknell, Leonid Danyushevsky, Ron OF LOW GRADE AND NO GRADE Collaborators: Richard Hark, from several sites around Tasmania, prototype of the fast response cell, Berry ZONES USING AUTOMATED Collaborators: Tony Ferguson, John Thomas Rodemann with very different mineralogical these measurements helped to inform DRILL CORE LOGGING AT Glen, Donna Kemp Team Members: Ivan Belousov, compositions, and therefore resulting design of the second prototype cell. The aim of this project is to assess CADIA Nathan Fox, Sarah Gilbert, Paul Olin, This project aimed to determine the water quality issues, were sourced for the suitability of various line scan Leader: Anita Parbhakar-Fox Sasha Stepanov feasibility of reprocessing historic assessment of the effectiveness of CORESCAN DATA FEATURE capable technologies for use on drill Team Members: Ron Berry, David mine tailings at the Old Tailings Dam utilising the paper mill waste in AMD EXTRACTION AND core. Factors being assessed include Students: Cassady Harraden, Laura CLASSIFICATION FOR Cooke, Matt Cracknell, Nathan Fox, (OTD) in western Tasmania. The OTD control. achievable pixel size, acquisition speed, Jackson MINERALOGICAL AND Neil Goodey, Anthony Harris, Bernd contains 38 Mt of pyritic tailings, which suitability to produce a grain size proxy Lottermoser, Sebastien Meffre are impacting the water quality of the Results indicated that low-pyrite mine TEXTURAL INFORMATION This project aims to integrate waste materials could be treated with ANALYSIS for base metal sulfides, and accuracy. mineralogical and chemical data Students: Laura Jackson adjacent Savage River. Other methods of tailings management have been boiler ash for limiting AMD, particularly Leader: Matt Cracknell Initial scope of the technology from various spectral and analytical Collaborators: Ronell Carey, Stephen if blended with commercial lime, assessment concentrated on 50 techniques in order to extract evaluated but deemed unfeasible. Team Members: Ron Berry, Leonid Guy, Ekaterina Savinova as this encouraged the formation micron pixels, however this pixel size information on element deportment, However, as the pyrite within the Danyushevsky, Neil Goodey, Anthony of a durable cement layer capping was not achievable with the available mineral chemistry, mineral association Prediction of acid mine drainage tailings is cobalt-rich, the option of Harris, Anya Reading the tailings and retarding oxidation. equipment. As a result, work during and other mineral based information, (AMD) at the earliest life of mine reprocessing is now being considered. Project results were presented to the This project aims to extract and the year has been based on 100 to such as the ability to automatically stages is critical for designing the Two stages of testing at the ALS labs Heavy Metals Project team at the classify mineralogical and textural 300 micron pixels, and the application recognise gold in solid solution, and gold most appropriate environmentally in Burnie were conducted during the Museum of Old and New Art (MONA) features from current Corescan™ of sub-pixel analysis. This analysis in particles. Digital cameras, short wave conscientious waste management year supported by funding from the in December, with a journal article in output datasets. The project will aims to produce a grain size proxy infrared spectrometry and laser Raman strategies and storage facilities. UTAS Research Enhancement Grants preparation. primarily use Corescan™ visible and reflecting the proportion of metals spectroscopy will be used to acquire However, geochemical tests Scheme. This testing has shown that mineralogical data, with chemical typically used for predicting waste the use of the BIOX™ information being garnered from laser characteristics are texturally destructive, bacterial consortia in ICP-MS, pXRF and/or laser-induced and therefore do not appropriately the oxidation of pyritic breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). describe how AMD might evolve, or tailings from the OTD the role of secondary minerals in metal resulted in liberation of During the year, various analytical cycling in the surficial environment. This 93% refractory cobalt. instruments and methods were tested research is developing new protocols These research findings using 12 samples from two deposits. Peter by which different mineralogical were presented at the The results were compared using Kearney ArcGIS, which was identified to be techniques can be effectively Biohydrometallurgy ’16 explains used and integrated to allow for conference (Cornwall, how the best package for this purpose, boiler ash geoenvironmental characterisation of UK) with the publication overlaying data layers for comparative is produced analysis and evaluation. intact-waste materials (i.e., drill core of an associated during a tour of materials) to be efficiently performed, conference paper. Norske Skog. Whole rock, modal mineralogy and in terms of time and cost. OPPOSITE PAGE: trace element mineral chemistry were Cassady Harraden discussing the application of LIBS in analysing solid 65 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 materials with Richard Hark at 66 Juniata College, USA. acquired using LA-ICPMS rapid (0.3 GEOLOGICAL FEATURE KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER mm s-1) lines on large unpolished core DISCOVERY FROM AND TRAINING LOOKING FORWARD QUANTITATIVE DATA samples (10-15 cm long). The results Knowledge transfer and training INTEGRATION (ALGORITHM The TMVC’s activities will continue to build momentum gained were very similar to whole rock are an integral part of the TMVC, DEVELOPMENT) in 2017, boosted by the commencement of geometallurgy XRF data, MLA and XRD mineralogical encompassing all research themes Leader: Anya Reading data, and data from conventional and impacting all parts of the mining postdoctoral research fellow Angela Escolme in February; LA-ICP-MS spots. Further work on Team Member: Henry Duh value chain. three long-term visiting PhD students, arriving in March; and the quantification of uncertainties two PhD recruits, who will begin their studies mid-year. The and resolution of conflicting data sets Student: Stephen Kuhn During the year TMVC staff and needs to be conducted before the This project aims to test and refine students produced nine refereed visiting students, from Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, techniques are validated on other ore supervised and unsupervised journal articles, provided 69 reports Hefei University of Technology, and China University of deposit types. learning methods for the automated and 19 on-site presentations to Geosciences, will all be staying at the Hub for one year to industry, delivered 25 conference INTERPRETING STRUCTURAL classification of lithology and alteration work on various projects within Theme 1. zonation from geological, geophysical presentations, and 12 workshops (both AND GEOCHEMICAL PATTERNS local and international). Several staff USING MACHINE LEARNING and geochemical data. By exploring In other developments related to the ‘footprints’ theme, a unique characteristics of individual and students delivered a dedicated Leaders: Anya Reading, Matt project will be commencing in Western Australia, applying ore deposit styles (e.g., orogenic session on research highlights and the Cracknell gold, sedimentary copper, etc.), forward program at the annual CODES pyrite mineral chemistry in the search for sediment-hosted Student: Shawn Hood this project will identify appropriate Science Planning Meeting (oral and Cu-Co mineralisation. poster presentations). This PhD project aims to develop and scales of investigation, and optimal combine machine learning algorithms input data, given a resource project’s Team members also participated in In the geometallurgy theme, Cassady Harraden’s project and automated workflows to process development stage (e.g. area selection, public outreach opportunities including at Cadia East is expected to conclude, after delivering and interpret patterns found in 3D target prediction, resource evaluation, the University of Tasmania’s Open invaluable results in determining the correlation between and resource development). Resulting structural and geochemical data. Day, UTAS PhD video series, and radio Corescan™ data and measured deportment data, plus Automated workflows are being models will be used to independently and television interviews.A highlight developed using open source validate existing geological maps, of the TMVC’s public outreach was processing parameters and geotechnical conditions at the software that aim to rapidly generate while also identifying mineralisation a segment from the ABC’s Australia deposit. Also in this theme, Ron Berry has made significant repeatable and objective 3D models targets, especially in areas concealed Wide program on October 1st (http:// progress on papers reviewing the geological aspects of of geologically relevant features with by cover. www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-30/ geometallurgy, as well as methods in calculated mineralogy. australia-wide-october-1/7893186). input from domain experts. These During the year, robust methods for These papers are in preparation for a planned special workflows will fit seamlessly into the selection of relevant variables, The story highlighted the TMVC’s existing industry methodology for and predictive model uncertainty geoenvironmental research, training issue, which is just one of many publications in the pipeline defining ore bodies in brownfields quantification, have been applied and public outreach activities that deal throughout all areas of the TMVC. environments. This research supports and tested on existing geological with the legacy of historical mine waste positive exploration and ore extraction models from the Eastern Goldfields contamination of the King-Queen River A new project is set to commence at Boliden’s Laver outcomes in complex geological region of Western Australia and the system and Macquarie Harbour in site in Sweden, with the aim of establishing effective western Tasmania. structural settings, such as those Zambian Copperbelt mineralogical and geochemical techniques for deposit-wide found in orogenic gold deposits. in Central Africa. geoenvironmental characterisation. During the year, workflows that Results indicate that implement both unsupervised automatically defined Underpinning Technologies will continue to play a key role relevant geochemical clustering and supervised classification throughout all TMVC activities. In just one of many initiatives algorithms have been developed to features align closely identify protolith groups and their with features used in this area, the team is developing a new sample cell altered counterparts from whole rock by domain experts to capable of high-throughput applications using laser ablation geochemical analyses. Outputs are interpret geological instruments. The instrumentation developed has the potential domains. Furthermore, then used in automated mass balance to have the capability of scanning large sections of drill half- calculations that calculate element uncertainty maps relative enrichment or depletion during provide a quantitative core, providing significant benefits and efficiencies to the hydrothermal metasomatism. The means of streamlining minerals industry. results can be plotted in 3D space to data acquisition for visualise fluid flow networks, which increasing confidence It promises to be a very busy year for conference-related provide the opportunity to model in output geological activities, with staff and students representing the TMVC structural domains that control ore models. at a host of international events, including the delivery of a deposit formation. number of talks and poster presentations. In addition, the TMVC (through CODES), is expected to have booths at three of these conferences, i.e. Roundup (Vancouver), SEG (Beijing) and FUTORES ll (Townsville). In addition, there will be a

CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: booth sharing arrangement with Mineral Resources Tasmania Random Forests classified map, at the PDAC Convention in Toronto. class membership probability of dolerite type 2, class membership probability of granite, class membership probability of dolerite type 2.

67 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 68 PhD student Laura Jackson collecting tailings at Royal George, eastern Tasmania. INTRODUCTION DEEP TIME EARTH MANTLE STRUCTURE,  Over the past four years, the Discipline DYNAMICS AND The Discipline of Earth Sciences has branched out into research related GEOCHEMISTRY falls under the School of Physical to deep time, which is ideally suited This field of research has been Sciences, within the Faculty of to its proven strengths in the geology, prominent at UTAS since the 1970s and Science Engineering and Technology geochemistry and geophysics of ancient has earned the Discipline a high-profile at the University of Tasmania (UTAS). continental provinces and marine international reputation. Current research Although the Discipline is a separate sedimentary sequences – fields where is focussed on the following areas: entity to CODES, the two areas have the Discipline has gained international > Origin of kimberlites and lamproites. been inextricably linked since the recognition for its research, resulting in > High pressure and temperature latter was formed in 1989. Close numerous high profile publications and experimental petrology. co-operation has been possible conference presentations. > Lithospheric structure and fluid pathways. because most academic staff, and The current focus is on: many technical and administrative > Global tectonics. > Paleoceanography/palaeontology. staff, hold joint appointments in both > Origin of Large Igneous Provinces. > Geochronology. areas. There is no better example > Seismic tomography. > Sedimentary and mineral chemistry. of this symbiotic relationship than > Global geophysics. > Ocean chemistry modelling. Leonid Danyushevsky, who is Head > Computational geoscience. of Discipline, while also playing a > The origin of life. pivotal role in CODES as Leader of the > Biogeochemistry. Enabling Technologies Module. > Seismology. VISION > Volcanism and magmatism The current research strengths within To be internationally recognised for the Discipline are listed below: COMPUTATIONAL research and educational excellence in Earth sciences by maintaining and THE MARINE GEOSCIENCE AND ANALYTICAL GEOSCIENCE increasing the Discipline’s national and Marine geoscience is classed within international reputation and rankings. Research in this area is developing DISCIPLINE two of the University’s priority areas, new computational and analytical and the Discipline has consistently approaches, and evolving data-led demonstrated its research strengths research that enables advances in OBJECTIVES OF EARTH in this area for a prolonged and other areas of the Earth sciences. > Generate knowledge through sustained period of time. Recent The analytical geoscience aspect of innovation and research excellence. successful funding applications via these studies is undertaken in close SCIENCES the ARC’s National Competitive > Provide the highest quality collaboration with the UTAS Central Grants Programme are testament to undergraduate education and Science Laboratory. Current research its capabilities in this area, as is the graduate training in Earth sciences. directions include: exceptional level of related research > Contribute to the national and outputs, including a number of high > New algorithms and visualisation international standing of the School profile publications and conference approaches to working with Big Data. of Physical Sciences and CODES. presentations. The current focus in this > Development of human / computer > Maintain and improve the Discipline’s field of research is on: interaction paradigms for knowledge reputation as a major source of > Trace metal ocean chemistry discovery. professional geoscientists; thereby through time. > Integrated 3D Earth modelling. addressing the evolving needs of the > Marine geophysics. > Development of seismic array nation, with a focus on the National > Submarine and ocean island analysis algorithms. Research Priority Areas. volcanism and magmatism. > Integrated informatics and inverse > Global tectonics and sedimentary theory approaches to geophysical basins. modelling. > Ocean storm seismology. > Optimising decision making from spatial information. > Development of micro-analytical approaches. The Discipline is known for its consistent output of innovative publications, and the delivery of high profile conference presentations related to these areas of research.

OPPOSITE PAGE FROM CENTRE DOWN: Undergraduate students on field trip to Macquarie Harbour, western Tasmania; Researchers on 69 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 the RV Investigator preparing box corer for deployment to 2km water depth in the East Tasman Plateau. 70 its shores, which were last examined in PUBLICATIONS HIGHLIGHTS the mid-1960s. It was a productive year for DISCIPLINE HEAD EUREKA PRIZE In an intriguing mix of science, art and publications. Highlights include: Leonid Danyushevsky public outreach, research by Professor > PhD student Jodi Fox’s collaboration One of the main highlights of the year Anya Reading and PhD student Martin with Professor Robert Duncan from was unquestionably the Eureka Prize Gal formed part of a multidisciplinary Oregon State University led to a joint awarded to the team from the Trace Art-Science project, with a video publication in the Australian Journal Elements in Ancient Oceans project. of Earth Sciences on the geological presentation based on the outcomes Led by Emeritus Professor Ross Large, history of Heard Island. also being included in the ‘Dark INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL the researchers linked major evolution > Research by PhD student Storm’ exhibit at the 2016 Dark Mofo MINERALOGY, RUSSIA and extinction cycles with a drop in the Naomi Potter on the liquid-liquid winter festival in Hobart. This novel Michael Zelenski concentration levels of trace elements immiscibility in the Oldoinyo Lengai research is applying algorithms from in ancient oceans, particularly in 1993 lava was published in Chemical INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND radio astronomy, newly implemented respect to selenium. The research also Geology. for seismic array processing, to MINERALOGY, RUSSIA linked these findings with a dramatic > Large datasets on kimberlites and Alexander Golovin, Marina Gora, understand ambient seismic energy shift in the formation of ore bodies – kimberlite-hosted mantle lithologies Dmitry Kuzmin, Victor Sharygin, Ella generation around the Australian coast. changing from deposits rich in iron, (peridotite and eclogite xenoliths) Sokol, Lyudmila Zhitova gold and nickel to those containing Staff and HDR students participated were presented in several papers HONOURS STUDENTS: published in Chemical Geology zinc, silver, copper and uranium. This in two major research cruises during Leo Chia, Caleb Sang INSTITUTE OF THE EARTH’S (Abersteiner et al.; Giuliani et al. and shift led to the formation of some of the year, both on board the CSIRO’s CRUST, RUSSIA Kiseeva et al.), Lithos (Giuliani et al. Australia’s largest and richest ore state-of-the-art marine research vessel COLLABORATORS: Yulia Danilova, Elena Demonterova RV Investigator. and Soltys et al.) and in a review in Alexei Ivanov, Valentina Savel’eva deposits, including Broken Hill (Zn-Ag), Earth and Planetary Science Letters ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY, UK Olympic Dam (Cu-U), Ranger (U), and > In early January, Jodi Fox and Evan Draayers embarked on a two-month by Kamenetsky, V. Nicholas Rawlinson JAPANESE NATIONAL MUSEUM Mt Isa (Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag). The discoveries voyage to the Heard and McDonald > The ‘Beneath Bass Strait: ambient OF NATURE AND SCIENCE deservedly attracted worldwide media AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL Islands region, Kerguelen Plateau, as seismic tomography’ project came Kenichiro Tani coverage. part of their PhD projects. to a successful conclusion with the UNIVERSITY John Mavrogenes, Simone Pilia, Greg MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY > In August, Dr Sean Johnson, Jodi publication of a paper highlighting THE DISCIPLINE RESEARCH lithospheric fabric as identified by Yaxley Leanne Armand, Nathan Daczko Fox, and Rhiannon Mundana OF EARTH Drs Karin Orth and Rebecca Carey seismic anisotropy inferred from (undergraduate) took part in a initiated a new collaborative project ambient seismic tomography. SCIENCES TEAM BHP BILLITON MASSEY UNIVERSITY, NEW voyage to the Cascade Seamount, Kathy Ehrig with Mineral Resources Tasmania > Several papers by Professor Patrick ZEALAND East Tasman Rise, and collected STAFF MEMBERS: Georg Zellmer on volcanics exposed at Great Lake, Quilty were published, covering volcanics and volcano-sedimentary BROWN UNIVERSITY, USA in the central northern region of the a wide range of topics including CONTINUING APPOINTMENTS rocks, which are now being AT UTAS: Ryan Portner, Alberto Saal MELBOURNE MUSEUM state. Extraordinarily low water levels Pliocene molluscs from the Marine analysed for Ar-Ar dating and Academic: Rebecca Carey, David Thomas Darragh in the lake afforded the team a rare Plain, Antarctica; the volcanic history DURHAM UNIVERSITY, UK geochemistry. Cooke, Garry Davidson, Vadim opportunity to investigate outcrops on of Heard Island and Kerguelen Peter Talling MINERAL RESOURCES Kamenetsky, Anya Reading, Michael Plateau (2 papers); and key Roach TASMANIA sediments from the Coral Sea. FLINDERS UNIVERSITY Ralph Bottrill, Grace Cumming, Mark Professional: Isabella von Lichtan, John Long Duffett, John Everard, Andrew McNeill, Ian Little, Deborah Macklin Andrew Wakefield GRADUATIONS FROGTECH It was also a productive year for FIXED-TERM AND HONORARY Lynn Pryer NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PhD students associated with Earth APPOINTMENTS: WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC Sciences, with the graduations or Academic: Sharon Allen, Ron Berry, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF completions of Martin Gal, Qiuyue Trevor Falloon, Nathan Fox, Bruce WESTERN AUSTRALIA RESEARCH, NEW ZEALAND Richard Wysoczanski Huang, Sean Johnson and Charles Gemmell, Jacqueline Halpin, Julie Julie Hollis, Christopher Phillips Hunt, Sean Johnson, Martin Jutzeler, Makoundi. OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, Ross Large, Peter McGoldrick, Jocelyn GEOSCIENCE AUSTRALIA McPhie, Sebastien Meffre, Karin Jingming Duan, Tristan Kemp USA Orth, Patrick Quilty, Robert Scott, Robert Duncan GEOSCIENCE VICTORIA David Selley, Jeff Steadman, Sasha REUNION ISLAND Stepanov Ross Cayley OBSERVATORY, FRANCE Professional: Michelle Chapple- GNS NEW ZEALAND Andrea DiMuro Smith, Alex Cuison, Anika Husen, Fabio Caratori-Tontini, Michael Irina Zhukova Rosenberg SEOUL NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, SOUTH KOREA PHD STUDENTS: HAWAIIAN VOLCANO Jung-Woo Park Adam Abersteiner, Evan Draayers, OBSERVATORY, USA Jodi Fox, Martin Gal, Sam Holt, Qiuyue Tim Orr, Matthew Patrick SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Huang, Fumihiko Ikegami, Sean USA Johnson, Elena Lounejeva, Charles INGV OBSERVATORY, ITALY Richard Fiske Makoundi, Indrani Mukherjee, Thomas Daniele Andronico Ross Large and Jacqueline Halpin with the Ostersen, Naomi Potter, Daniele Vergani Eureka Prize in the category of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research, awarded at a 71 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 gala function in Sydney. 72 UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE, UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO, NEW PROJECTS THE DISCIPLINE FRANCE ZEALAND  Andrey Gurenko Robert Fordyce, James White > Beneath Bass Strait: Ambient OF EARTH seismic tomography SCIENCES UNIVERSITÉ GRENOBLE, UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA, > Seismic array investigations of ocean FRANCE CANADA storms Alexander Sobolev Jeff Hedenquist > Magnetotelluric imaging of the UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, UK Earth’s crust and mantle Graham Heinson Ekaterina Kiseeva > Kimberlites and flood basalts: Linking primary melts with mantle UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA, UNIVERSITY OF and crustal sources The map on the left displays the ocean wave height on the 18th January 2013 at 21pm UTC. SPAIN SOUTHAMPTON, UK > A melt inclusions pursuit into identity To the north-west of the seismic array (blue star) a tropical storm can be seen, which Marc Campeny Maya Coussens, Rex Taylor of carbonatite magmas and their produces elevated wave heights. The green and red lines in the figure display the direction of economic potential the strongest continuous seismic energy observed with the array during this time, which points towards the tropical cyclone, where red and green are vertically and transversely polarised UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA > Trace elements in ancient oceans seismic surface waves. Sandrin Feig, Karsten Goemann, BERKELEY, USA > Melt-fluid evolution, magmatic The diagrams on the right display the direction, frequency and energy distribution of Michael Manga Joanne Whittaker immiscibility and budget of differing seismic phases in more detail, and capture the complex nature of the seismic chalcophile and noble metals in wavefield generated by ocean storms. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY OF UTAH, USA subduction-related magmas Keith Koper Tasmania, the University of Adelaide RIVERSIDE, USA > Submarine volcanology SEISMIC ARRAY Dan Gregory and Geoscience Australia. Long > Subaerial volcanology INVESTIGATIONS OF WOODS HOLE OCEAN STORMS period magnetotelluric (MT) data OCEANOGRAPHIC > Geology and paleontology of recordings were made at locations UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA, Leader: Anya Reading SWITZERLAND INSTITUTION, USA southern hemisphere regions, across Tasmania and broadband Constanza Bonadonna Daniel Fornari, Adam Soule particularly Antarctica and the Student: Martin Gal MT transects completed in the west Southern Ocean. Collaborator: Keith Koper and north of the state. The aim is to UNIVERSITY OF HANNOVER, > Geochemical and mineralogical produce a 3D map of the electrical The aims of the research are to gain a GERMANY characterisation of the abandoned resistivity of the lithosphere beneath better understanding of the dynamics Lennart Fischer Scotia mine, northern Tasmania Tasmania to inform understanding of of ocean storms, using seismic array > Kinetic trials of Scotia mine tailings: Tasmania’s tectonic evolution, and investigations. UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, USA testing the application of lime cover provide backbone information for Bruce Houghton > Tectonics of eastern Indonesia During 2016, a major data analysis mineral explorers. Field work was led program was undertaken to apply by PhD student Thomas Ostersen, N.B. Research related to the Kinetic testing UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND algorithms from radio astronomy, with staff and students from the of waste rock, Savage River, Tasmania Maria Janebo project is now being conducted in the newly implemented for seismic array participating institutes contributing TMVC Research Hub. processing, to understand ambient many field-days to the effort – often UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE seismic energy generation around the working through severe conditions, Stephen Gallagher, Andrea Guiliani, Australian coast. The new analysis has including bushfires and snow storms. Roland Maas, Jon Woodhead PROJECT provided insights into the generation of rarely observed seismic waves from 300000 400000 500000 600000

UNIVERSITY OF NEW 0 0

SUMMARIES 0 0

0 AusLAMP Tasmania & Transect MT Sites 0

Southern Ocean storms. The work 0 0 0 0

6 (! 6 HAMPSHIRE, USA also formed part of a multidisciplinary 5 ¹ 5 Alexander Proussevitch BENEATH BASS STRAIT: Art-Science project, and a video (! AMBIENT SEISMIC presentation based on the project

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outcomes was included in the ‘Dark 0 0 0 0 5 5 USA Leader: Anya Reading Storm’ exhibit at the 2016 Dark Mofo 5 5 Anthony Simonetti winter festival in Hobart, run by the (! (! (! Collaborators: Ross Cayley, Mark (! (! (! (! (! (! (! !(!( !( (! Museum of Old and New Art (MONA). (! !(!( !(!( (! Duffett, Simone Pilia, Lynn Pryer, !( UNIVERSITY OF OREGON, USA !(!( (! 0 (! !( !( 0

0 !( 0 0 !(!( (! (! 0 0 (! !(!(!(!(!((! (! 0 0 (! (! (! 0 Nicholas Rawlinson 4 !( (!(! 4 Ilya Bindeman MAGNETOTELLURIC 5 !(!( 5 (!!(!(!(!(!(!(!( (! !(!( (! (! This research was conducted in !((!!( (! (! (! !(!( IMAGING OF THE !( !( !( (! !(!(!(!(!( (! (!!( !(!(!(!(!(!((!!( collaboration with ANU, Mineral !( (! (! ! (! EARTH’S CRUST AND ( (!

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0 (! 0 MANTLE 3 3 5 5 Victoria, and FROGTECH, and funded (! (! Leader: Anya Reading (! by the ARC Linkage Program. (! (! (! (! (! Team Member: Matt Cracknell (! The project concluded with the (! (! 0 0

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0 Transect MT sites 0

publication of a paper highlighting 0 0 Student: Thomas Ostersen 0 0 2 (! AusLAMP MT Sites (! 2 5 (! 5 1:250,000 Tasmanian geology lithospheric fabric as identified by Map projection: GDA94 UTM Z55 Collaborators: Jingming Duan, Mark Km seismic anisotropy inferred from 0 10 20 40 60 80 Duffett, Graham Heinson, Tristan 300000 400000 500000 600000 ambient seismic tomography. The Kemp results were consistent with the Distribution of magnetotelluric instrument A major field geophysical program sites deployed by PhD student Thomas orocline model for mainland southeast Ostersen as part of his research project into Australia and also showed distinct was undertaken during the year in the geoelectric structure of the Tasmanian fabric within the island of Tasmania. collaboration with Mineral Resources lithosphere.

73 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 74 KIMBERLITES AND FLOOD Cosmochimica Acta, and Gurenko et al. Students: Sean Johnson, Elena gold showed a cyclic pattern of concentrations of 2.7 ppb Au. After the volcanism. Jodi’s collaboration with BASALTS: LINKING in Earth and Planetary Science Letters Lounejeva, Charles Makoundi, Indrani concentration through the Phanerozoic eruption, the continued discharge of Robert Duncan from Oregon State PRIMARY MELTS WITH Large datasets on kimberlites and Mukherjee corresponding to the cycles of gold volcanic gas enriched in gold led to the University led to a joint publication MANTLE AND CRUSTAL kimberlite-hosted mantle lithologies Collaborators: Dan Gregory, John ore deposits. deposition of abundant crystals of gold in the Australian Journal of Earth SOURCES (peridotite and eclogite xenoliths) were Long on cooling lava and scoria. Sciences on the geological history of MELT-FLUID Heard Island. Leader: Vadim Kamenetsky presented in several papers published This research uses analytical LA-ICP- in Chemical Geology (Abersteiner et EVOLUTION, MAGMATIC SUBMARINE Collaborator Kenichiro Tani and Team Members: Anika Husen, Maya MS technology developed at CODES IMMISCIBILITY VOLCANOLOGY al.; Giuliani et al. and Kiseeva et al.), to track changes in the trace element Rebecca Carey successfully applied Kamenetsky, Sebastien Meffre, Jay Lithos (Giuliani et al. and Soltys et al.) AND BUDGET OF Leader: Rebecca Carey for research ship time with the Thompson history of sedimentary pyrite through and in a review in Earth and Planetary the Precambrian and Phanerozoic. CHALCOPHILE AND Team Members: Sharon Allen, Sean Japanese Agency for Marine-Earth Students: Adam Abersteiner, Qiuyue Science Letters by Kamenetsky, V. Currently, this project is funded by an NOBLE METALS IN Johnson, Martin Jutzeler, Jocelyn Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) to Huang, Naomi Potter ARC Discovery grant, and is being SUBDUCTION-RELATED McPhie, Karin Orth visit three submarine volcanoes in the Izu-Bonin volcanic arc, south of Japan. Collaborators: Ilya Bindeman, Elena A MELT INCLUSIONS conducted in collaboration with MAGMAS PURSUIT INTO IDENTITY Students: Leo Chia, Jodi Fox, Demonterova, Kathy Ehrig, John members of the CODES Ore Deposits: Leader: Vadim Kamenetsky Fumihiko Ikegami, Caleb Sang Martin Jutzeler published several Everard, Lennart Fischer, Alexander OF CARBONATITE Characterisation and Context Module. papers in 2016 on the following Team Members: Leonid Collaborators: Fabio Caratori-Tontini, Golovin, Marina Gora, Andrea Guiliani, MAGMAS AND THEIR subjects: A highlight of the year was Danyushevsky, Maya Kamenetsky Maya Coussens, Nathan Daczko, Andrey Gurenko, Alexei Ivanov, ECONOMIC POTENTIAL > Explosion mechanisms underwater, undoubtedly the team receiving an Robert Duncan, Richard Fiske, Daniel Ekaterina Kiseeva, Dmitry Kuzmin, Leader: Vadim Kamenetsky Collaborators: Elena Demonterova, with detailed analysis of vesiculation Australian Museum Eureka Prize Fornari, Michael Manga, Alexander Roland Maas, Alberto Saal, Victor Sandrin Feig, Kathy Ehrig, Andrey and fragmentation on mafic Team Member: Maya Kamenetsky in the category of Excellence in Proussevitch, Adam Soule, Peter Sharygin, Alexander Sobolev, Ella Gurenko, Jeff Hedenquist, Alexei pyroclasts. Interdisciplinary Scientific Research. Ivanov, Roland Maas, John Talling, Kenichiro Tani, Rex Taylor, Sokol, Jon Woodhead, Greg Yaxley, Student: Naomi Potter > Pyroclastic flows travelling over The coveted prize was awarded for Mavrogenes, Jung-Woo Park, Michael James White, Joanne Whittaker, Georg Zellmer, Lyudmila Zhitova Collaborators: Marc Campeny, Yulia water, based on IODP 340 cores studies into the relationships between Zelenski Richard Wysoczanski This project is aimed at understanding Danilova, Elena Demonterova, Karsten plate tectonics, past ocean chemistry offshore Montserrat. The main aims of the Submarine the relationship between kimberlites and Goemann, Marina Gora, Alexei Ivanov, (particularly the role of the trace This research aims at establishing > Volcanic stratigraphy onshore and Volcanology project are to: diamonds, flood basalts and magmatic Roland Maas, Valentina Savel’eva, element selenium) and evolution and the initial metal abundances in offshore Montserrat, with link to sulfides, and chromitites and related Victor Sharygin, Anthony Simonetti, extinction cycles. common primitive magmas, and > Gain a better understanding eruption periodicity and major debris PGE mineralisation, by linking mantle Greg Yaxley, Lyudmila Zhitova the mechanisms of separation of of modern seafloor volcanic avalanches in island arc context. A key factor in this research was an immiscible liquids and fluids from the environments, and to apply that structure, composition, and temperature The project is aimed at understanding > Detailed database of coring increase in the marine pyrite database silicate melt, through studies of melt knowledge to ancient volcanic to the melting processes that generate primary compositions of mantle- to include over 5,000 analyses. This disturbances in cores of IODP 340. these mantle-derived magmas. and fluid inclusion in minerals. successions that host ore deposits. derived carbonatite magmas and enabled the team to relate changes Honours students Leo Chia and Caleb Results in 2016 revealed that some > Contribute to further development Outcomes in 2016 included genetic carbonate-rich components in in ocean chemistry to atmosphere Sang conducted research on the lava flows and scoria cones of the of fundamental knowledge on constraints for a number of magmatic association with alkali silicate magmas. oxygenation and supercontinent volcanoclastic turbidites offshore of the historic basaltic eruptions of the submarine volcanism. provinces on continents (Tasmania, The study is based on a set of fresh cycles. It was found that many trace island of Martinique in the Caribbean, Tolbachik volcano (Kamchatka arc) Karoo, Arctic Siberia, Emeishan) and samples representing worldwide elements in the ocean dropped to very In 2016, Joanne Whittaker, Sean and volcanic sediment from the are unusually gold-rich. Based on the ocean floor (South Atlantic and occurrences of carbonatites. low concentrations during particular Johnson, PhD student Jodi Fox, and submarine plateau of Kerguelen. whole rock analyses, Tolbachik basalts Gorgona Island). In 2016, research by PhD student short time intervals over the past 500 undergraduate student Rhiannon million years. contain up to 11.6 ppb gold, nuggets Mundana participated in a CSIRO-led The reconstruction of parental melts, Naomi Potter on the liquid-liquid SUBAERIAL of gold (electrum) up to 900μm in size, voyage on the RV Investigator to the their temperatures and the inventory immiscibility in the Oldoinyo Flinders University paleontologist VOLCANOLOGY native gold droplets, and numerous Cascade Seamount, East Tasman of volatile elements was aided by Lengai 1993 lava was published John Long played an important role Leader: Rebecca Carey vapour-deposited gold crystals within Rise. Dredges collected tonnes of studies of melt inclusions. Contributions in Chemical Geology. This paper in helping the team understand this fumarolic incrustations and directly volcano and volcano-sedimentary Team Members: Sharon Allen, Martin presents petrographic evidence of phenomena, and how it related to from peridotitic and garnet pyroxenite on surfaces of basaltic lapilli. The Jutzeler, Jocelyn McPhie, Karin Orth liquid immiscibility between silicate, rocks that are now being analysed mantle sources in the subcontinental biological evolution. He brought occurrence of native gold of magmatic carbonate, chloride, and fluoride melt for Ar-Ar dating and geochemistry. Students: Jodi Fox, Sam Holt, Naomi lithosphere to the compositions of together a team of international origin is extremely rare, and only a few phases. Several textural features New geophysical bathymetric and Potter, Daniele Vergani primary magmas were quantified using biologists and palaeontologists from finds of micron-sized gold particles preserved in the silicate spheroids, backscatter data were also collected. chemistry of olivine phenocrysts. It the UK, USA and Australia to critically in unaltered basalts have been Collaborators: Daniele Andronico, melt inclusions, and carbonatite In a related initiative, Rebecca Carey was shown that recent and modern dissect the new data. Subsequently, documented. Costanza Bonadonna, Grace magmas in the South Atlantic contain groundmass have been identified, which it was found that the concentration of received an IODP ANZIC grant to Cumming, Andrea DiMuro, John The results, published in Earth and substantial contributions from the exhibit evidence of silicate-carbonate, selenium, which is vital for life, dropped conduct research on IODP cores Everard, Julie Hollis, Bruce Houghton, Planetary Science Letters, demonstrate subcontinental lithospheric mantle carbonate-carbonate and carbonate- so low that life would be impossible to from the Cascade Seamount, with the Maria Janebo, Tim Orr, Matthew that the gold nuggets in the Tolbachik that have been entrapped in the halide immiscibility. Rapid quenching sustain through these short periods. goal of understanding the timing and Patrick, Christopher Phillips, Ryan basalt are of hydrothermal origin, asthenosphere since the break-up of the lava facilitated fortuitous Remarkably, this has happened three development of the opening of the Portner, Michael Rosenberg of the Gondwana supercontinent. preservation of the end products of times, at 450, 375 and 200 million and were physically scavenged from Tasman Basin. She received a further The Discipline’s research in subaerial The outcomes, published in several these multi-stage liquid immiscibility years ago, corresponding precisely to epithermal veins hosted by country IODP ANZIC grant to study IODP volcanology covers a wide range of high-profile publications, focused on processes within the groundmass. the timing of three of the five biggest rocks during intrusion of mafic cores from the Kerguelen Plateau, with magma types occurring in modern the understanding of the origin and mass extinction events on the Earth. magmas. Depending on the melt the aim of understanding the timing and ancient volcanic environments. evolution of Large Igneous Provinces TRACE ELEMENTS IN temperature, and/or the time span of of the volcanic activity of the plateau The pyrite data also enabled Current research includes projects in in time and space, and in particular ANCIENT OCEANS the melt-rock interaction, gold was since the Miocene. researchers to track the concentration various global locations where active hot their relationships to the so-called Leader: Ross Large either ejected by the erupting volcano of gold in the oceans, which Jodi Fox participated in a research spot volcanism is taking place: Hawaii, mantle plumes. Authors and journals in the form of abraded nuggets or Team Members: Leonid revealed two significant features, voyage on-board RV Investigator to Reunion Island, Kerguelen Plateau and include Ivanov et al. and Kamenetsky liquid droplets, or fully assimilated Danyushevsky, Sebastien Meffre, Jeff i.e., gold in the Archean oceans was the Heard and McDonald Islands the Etna and Stromboli volcanoes in Italy. et al. in Chemical Geology, Husen et into the shallow, long-lived magma Steadman, Sasha Stepanov, Irina concentrated several times more region, Kerguelen Plateau, as part of al. and Shimizu et al. in Geochimica et chamber to provide a fourfold increase Jodi Fox completed fieldwork, Zhukova than in the Proterozoic oceans; and her PhD project on intraplate basaltic in gold content over the background analyses and geochronology on

75 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 76 the Stanley and Cape Grim areas of topics including Pliocene molluscs mine in northern Tasmania with lime, northwestern Tasmania during the from the Marine Plain, Antarctica; the particularly in respect of its impact on LOOKING FORWARD early part of the year. The results have volcanic history of Heard Island and controlling the formation of acid mine The staff and students in the Discipline of Earth Sciences have greatly advanced understanding of the Kerguelen Plateau (2 papers); and key drainage. a lot to look forward to in 2017, including: character and setting of this Miocene sediments from the Coral Sea. Prior to determining an appropriate submarine basaltic volcanism. Results The year also saw the start of a mine waste management strategy, were presented at the Australian major new initiative, focussed on tailings material from the site were CHAPMAN CONFERENCE Earth Sciences Convention (AESC), in producing a book on the history of collected and characterised during Early in the year, the Discipline is set to play a major role in the Adelaide, at the end of June. Antarctic exploration. In addition, kinetic trials conducted over a 30- international American Geophysical Union (AGU) Chapman Sam Holt completed his research on Project Leader Professor Patrick week period. Material from each eruption dynamics at Kilauea volcano, Quilty received the Phillip Law Medal tailings dam (1-3) and the main Conference on Submarine Volcanism, which is being held in Hawaii, which focused on the active from Australian National Antarctic extraction pit were used in three Hobart. Dr Rebecca Carey is one of the convenors and will be lava lake in Halema’uma’u crater; in Research Expeditions (ANARE) for his experiments, one without a cover, and presenting an invited talk. Dr Karin Orth and Professor Jocelyn particular, elucidating whether the outstanding contribution to Antarctic two with different thicknesses of a McPhie are part of the organising committee, with Jocelyn also surface features of the lava crust of the affairs and the Antarctic community. commercial lime cover. Investigations presenting an invited talk. lake reflect shallow conduit geometry. showed that, if left uncovered, tailings GEOCHEMICAL AND will be mildly acid forming almost Daniele Vergani’s research on the RESEARCH CRUISE 2007 eruption on Reunion Island has MINERALOGICAL immediately. The use of a commercial focused on the connection between CHARACTERISATION lime product will sufficiently raise the In early March, Dr Martin Jutzeler will be joining a team the caldera collapse event at the OF THE ABANDONED pH to an alkaline range and prevent of scientists aboard the RV Sonne for a six-week research continuous elution of several key metal summit of the volcano and changing SCOTIA MINE, NORTHERN voyage to the Kermadec Arc and the Havre Trough. The team lava fountaining activity on the TASMANIA contaminants above ANZECC (2000) and WHO (2006) guideline values, will investigate processes that control the development of volcano’s flank. Leader: Anita Parbhakar-Fox including for As, Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn. subduction zones, including subduction initiation, evolution Third year undergraduate student Imbi Team Member: Nathan Fox Simpson received a Dean’s summer Therefore, using this commercial of mature arc systems, and the transition from arc splitting to Collaborators: Ralph Bottrill, Andrew scholarship and is working with Karin material as a cover that is emplaced backarc basin generation. McNeill, Andrew Wakefield Orth, Jocelyn McPhie and Rebecca during engineering works will be Carey on a Tertiary volcanic province This research project identified effective in improving the site’s RARE EARTH ELEMENTS on the Tasman Peninsula. sources of acid rock drainage at the geochemistry, providing the tailings abandoned Scotia mine in Northern are exposed directly to atmospheric The Eureka award-winning Trace Elements in Ancient Oceans Karin Orth and Rebecca Carey have Tasmania, which is currently under the oxygen, and the process forms part of team will not be resting on its laurels, with a full program of initiated a new project with Mineral care of the State Government. a long-term rehabilitation program at analyses to extend the marine pyrite database scheduled Resources Tasmania on volcanics the site. hosted at Great Lake. Low water Prior to determining an appropriate throughout the year. The team will also be extending its levels in Great Lake afforded the mine waste management strategy, This project has now concluded. research to encompass rare earth elements. opportunity to investigate outcrops on tailings material from the site were its shores that were last examined in collected and characterised using TECTONICS OF EASTERN INDONESIA COLLABORATION WITH MINERAL RESOURCES the mid-1960s. The outcrops indicate mineralogical and geochemical TASMANIA (MRT) the interaction of basalt lava with an methods. Investigations showed Leader: Ron Berry ancient lacustrine environment. Basalt that, despite having a low content Team Members: Sebastien Meffre, In 2016, researchers took advantage of the exceptionally low lava, pillow basalt breccia and a variety of sulfides, there was an absence of Jay Thompson water levels in Tasmania’s Great Lake to investigate previously of volcaniclastic units were described, primary neutralising materials in the submerged outcrops on its shores. Working in collaboration photographed and sampled during tailings, indicating a low acid forming The aim of this research is to several field trips. Sample preparation potential. In addition, the oxidation assess the tectonic significance with MRT, the team will progress this research by using the for petrography and further analysis front was predicted to be relatively of metamorphic rocks from Timor photographs taken during these low water levels to create 3D, are underway. The photographs are shallow, with water quality risks posed and South Sulawesi, which provide geo-located photogrammetric images. being compiled to create 3D, geo- primarily by aluminium. important constraints of the tectonic located photogrammetric images. development of the collision between This project has now concluded. Australia and Indonesia. A HISTORY OF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION Professor Patrick Quilty’s much anticipated book on the history GEOLOGY AND KINETIC TRIALS Sample suites and detailed field data PALEONTOLOGY OF OF SCOTIA MINE from the Aileu Formation in East Timor of Antarctic exploration is expected to be near completion SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE are being used to determine the age during the year. There is no better person to tackle such a TAILINGS: TESTING THE of metamorphism (results published in REGIONS, PARTICULARLY APPLICATION OF LIME major undertaking than Patrick, who has spent over half a ANTARCTICA AND THE 2016) and produce a detailed P-T path COVER for this complex. century studying the icy continent, during which time he has SOUTHERN OCEAN Leader: Anita Parbhakar-Fox published over 200 scientific papers, and had five species, a Leader: Patrick Quilty Samples from the Miomaffo Complex Team Member: Nathan Fox in West Timor are part of an range of nunataks, and a bay named in his honour. Student: Jodi Fox Collaborators: Ralph Bottrill, Andrew allochthonous terrain, which includes a Collaborators: Leanne Armand, McNeill, Andrew Wakefield range of accretionary complex rocks, Thomas Darragh, Robert Fordyce, ranging in the extent of metamorphism Stephen Gallagher Using kinetic testing, the research up to middle amphibolite facies. The focussed on determining the long term samples are being used to establish Several papers were published during effects of capping acid generating the year, covering a wide range of the metamorphic petrology of the tailings at the abandoned Scotia complex.

77 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 John Aalders and PhD student Laura Jackson at the abandoned Scotia Mine, NE Tasmania. 78 OUTREACH

Each year, CODES works with the Discipline of Earth Sciences to UTAS OPEN DAY TESEP engage in a program of activities Staff and students played a major Support also continued for the aimed at promoting the value of role in the University’s annual Open Teacher Earth Science Education the geosciences to the broader Day in August. This year’s expanded Program (TESEP). This national community, and encouraging young list of activities included practical program operates under the auspices people to consider a career in this gold panning exercises, volcanology of the Australian Science Teachers field. The past year was another busy video interpretations, ‘pet’ rock Association, and provides a series of period for this program, which saw assessments, microscopic tours of professional development workshops a further expansion of the range and the rocks of Tasmania, earthquake aimed at upper primary / lower breadth of outreach activities, both on simulations, a presentation on mass secondary school teachers. The campus and in the local community. extinctions, and acid mine drainage workshop provided a mix of interactive experiments in the geoenvironmental classroom and laboratory activities. laboratory. SCIENCE EXPERIENCE THE ROCK SCHOOL VISITS Activities began in January with the  LIBRARY Science Experience initiative, which AND TRIPS Isabella (Izzy) von Lichtan is a regular has become a regular feature of the The year saw a number of visits contributor to the outreach program. early part of the outreach calendar. by various pre-tertiary institutions, The extensive rock library, which she This national program provides including Howrah Primary, New Town curates, has proven to be an abundant the opportunity for Year 9 and 10 Primary, Waimea Heights Primary, source of inspiration for a wide variety students to participate in a series of Lenah Valley Primary, the Sorell of community projects for many years. hands-on science activities under School, and Taroona High. Izzy’s skills, enthusiasm and active the guidance of researchers. This engagement in a host of cultural year’s visit was conducted with the In external activities, Sean Johnson took a group from Lenah Valley activities ensure that the collection is help of Sebastien Meffre, Jacob both well utilised and at the forefront Mulder, Karin Orth and Michael Roach, Primary on a geological trip along the Derwent River foreshore, and Jocelyn of promoting the value of the earth and included a look at a variety of sciences to the local community. Tasmanian rocks using petrological McPhie and Sharon Allen conducted microscopes, a demonstration of LA- practical exercises at the Sandy Bay Highlights of the year included hosting ICP-MS processes, and an interactive Cubs Science Night. MONA curator, Delia Nicholls, who CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: Teachers participating in a TESEP workshop; Vadim Kamenetsky (left) helping with a gold panning exercise at practical exercise in which the used the experience to help her write the UTAS Open day; a student from Taroona High conducting practical scientific exercises; Karin Orth talking to students about the geology of Tasmania during Science Experience; pupils from New Town Primary enjoy the tactile pleasures of the Gemnasium. students placed fossils in order of an article for Island magazine, which the history of the Earth. featured items from the collection. Izzy also helped curate the Australian Museum Eureka Prize, The story also featured across all of Wunderkamer exhibition at The and even more so when they were the ABC’s main media platforms – Plimsoll Gallery, which featured an awarded the prize in the category of website, radio and TV (news). eclectic array of specimens from the Excellence in Interdisciplinary Scientific > ABC TV’s Catalyst program went to FROM LEFT: Aleksandr (Sasha) Stepanov with rock library. She also gave a lecture as Research. air, featuring research by Jacqueline students from Waimea part of the opening ceremony, followed Other highlights included: Halpin and Jacob Mulder that has Heights Primary; by a two-hour question and answer > PhD student Nathan Chapman revealed links between Tasmania, Sean Johnson session with a working group on her leading a group featured prominently in a feature Antarctica and the ancient Nuna role as the curator of the rock library. of students from entitled ‘Young Tassie Scientists’ in supercontinent. Filming had taken Lenah Valley the Mercury newspaper. place the previous year at CODES Primary on and on location in the Rocky Cape a geology > Interview conducted by ABC Radio MEDIA region in NW Tasmania. excursion  with Garry Davidson in relation to the along the It was another prolific year for media extent of gold-bearing deposits in > Izzy von Lichtan had an article Bellerive published in Maritime Times of foreshore. coverage, with a number of stories Tasmania. Tasmania covering her insights into making headlines, both locally and > A group of students, led by David the techniques she used in moulding worldwide. Cooke, featured on ABC TV’s and casting the skull of a 23 million- One of the major highlights was the Australia Wide program, showing year-old whale – Prosqualodon extensive coverage received by Ross how their studies are helping to davidis. Large and his team, both when they mitigate environmental issues were shortlisted for a prestigious caused by old mining practices.

79 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 80 INDUSTRY LINKS & RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS

OBJECTIVES NEW INDUSTRY ROLE OF AMIRA > To be a research focus for the PARTNERSHIP INTERNATIONAL national and international minerals OPPORTUNITIES AMIRA plays a vital role in facilitating industry. From 2017, CODES is offering a new the funding of collaborative research > Strategically collaborate with and improved series of partnership involving university research groups other top-level national and opportunities, aligned to the evolving and the minerals industry. AMIRA has international research groups in needs of mining companies. agreed to fund projects within the the field of ore deposits, mineral Management recognises that the Centre, which will run over a period of exploration technologies and mineral minerals industry is cyclical by nature, three to four years. In 2016 it funded processing. and operating conditions can vary AMIRA P1153 Applying the explorers’ CODES is recognised as a world greatly from one year to the next, often toolbox to discover porphyry and leader in industry-linked, collaborative through unforeseen circumstances. epithermal Cu, Au and Mo deposits, ore deposit research. Strong For this reason, the partnership which is being conducted within the relationships have been developed opportunities are now being offered ARC TMVC Research Hub. with a range of industry partners and on an annual basis, giving partners the researchers who invest in, support, flexibility to adjust their involvement and contribute to, research projects. in line with their current operating RESEARCH Fostering and growing these national conditions and research requirements. COLLABORATIONS and international collaborations is a Funding levels have also been In 2016, CODES further cemented key strategic focus. adjusted, resulting in a range of cost its reputation for cultivating effective options to suit all levels research collaborations with other of operation, from junior explorers Australian and international research INDUSTRY LINKS through to the large multi-nationals. organisations. Throughout the year, AND SYNERGIES Companies may sign-up at either the collaborative research was conducted CODES has strong, enduring and Silver (20K), Gold (40K) or Platinum with 45 international and 14 national mutually beneficial links with a group (60K) level, depending on their planned organisations. of major Australian and international level of involvement with the Centre. mining companies. These links have Benefits of a partnership agreement been critical for funding CODES’ vary depending on the level of research, and for technology transfer investment, but include enhanced to the mining and mineral exploration prospects of discoveries, optimisation community. of existing reserves, first call on In 2016, the group of CODES’ industry geoscience graduates, and access partners comprised of four Australian to a world-class research team and and international mining companies: state-of-the-art facilities. Further Anglo American, Newcrest Mining, Rio details can be found at: Tinto, and Teck Resources. http://www.utas.edu.au/codes/about- us/codes-industry-partners Partner companies have been providing support of up to $75,000 in cash per year to the core research budget of the Centre. Senior representatives of these companies sit on the Science Planning Panel, along with other government and university researchers. This panel meets annually to discuss the results of CODES’ research and potential directions for new research.

81 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 Director Bruce Gemmell with Noel White and Yu Fan (Hefei University of Technology), during a trip to China. 82 2016 SHORT COURSES, WORKSHOPS, CONFERENCES AND FIELD TRIPS LED BY CODES TECHNOLOGY TITLE PRESENTERS^ NO.^^ LOCATION DATE VIEPS – Exploration Field Skills Mapping Camp Martin Jutzeler, Robert Scott 9 western Tasmania 7 – 14 February IoGAS Geochemistry Workshop – Part 1 * Mike Baker 10 CODES, Hobart 3 March TRANSFER Volcanology and Mineralisation in Volcanic David Cooke, Bruce Gemmell, 6 New Zealand / 6 – 20 March Terrains Jocelyn McPhie western Tasmania IoGAS Geochemistry Workshop – Part 2 * Mike Baker 8 CODES, Hobart 17 March VIEPS – Practical Igneous Petrology Leonid Danyushevsky 17 CODES, Hobart 9 – 13 May > 24ct Au workshop. CODES Special VIEPS – Ore Deposit Models Mike Baker, Garry Davidson, 10 CODES, Hobart 16 – 20 May OBJECTIVES PUBLICATIONS Publication 5 (2004). Editors: D Bruce Gemmell, Margy Hawke, Ross Large, Brian McNulty, > Involve end-users (exploration and TARGETED AT Cooke, C Deyell and J Pongratz (3 copies). Robert Scott, David Selley, Jeff mining companies) in research END-USERS Steadman, Nathan Steeves planning, research evaluation and > Volcanic environments and massive CODES also delivers knowledge and Ancient and Modern V(H)MS Deposits Bruce Gemmell, Stephen Piercey 30 Whitehorse, Yukon, 30 – 31 May research adoption. sulfide deposits (2000). Editors: JB Canada applications to end-users and the > Promote technology transfer so that Gemmell and J Pongratz (2 copies). wider scientific community through a Exploration in Brownfields Terrains Ron Berry, Matt Cracknell, Nathan Fox, 16 CODES, Hobart 30 May – 10 innovative research outcomes are > Volcanic textures: A guide to the Fiona Fraser, David Green, Scott Halley, June selection of special publications that accessible to end-users. interpretation of textures in volcanic Shawn Hood, Steve Kuhn, Robert represent the culmination of major rocks (1993). Authors: J McPhie, M Scott, David Selley, Patrick Smillie > Comply with the national principles research efforts by the Centre’s staff. of intellectual property management Doyle and R Allen (30 copies). Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide and Orogenic Gold Bruce Gemmell, Susan Karl, Patrick 20 Southeastern 4 – 8 June The following publications were sold Deposits in Northern Southeast Alaska (Field Trip) Sack, Nathan Steeves Alaska, USA for publicly funded research. during 2016. Gordon Research Conference - From Deep David Cooke, Robert Moritz, Francois 200 Les Diableret, 19 – 24 June > Altered volcanic rocks: A guide to SHORT COURSES, Earth to Surface: Metals for Society * Robert, (Conference chairs) Switzerland description and interpretation (2005). Physical Volcanology of the Mesoproterozoic Jocelyn McPhie 11 South Australia 21 – 25 June TECHNOLOGY Authors: C Gifkins, W Herrmann and WORKSHOPS, Gawler Range Volcanics (Field Trip) TRANSFER R Large (32 copies). CONFERENCES Environmental Geology Field Techniques * David Cooke, Matt Cracknell, 20 CODES Hobart 30 August – 2 ACTIVITIES > Basins, fluids and Zn-Pb ores. AND FIELD TRIPS Garry Davidson, Laura Jackson, and western September CODES Special Publication 2 (1999). Anita Parbhakar-Fox Tasmania CODES undertakes strategic and Editors: O Holm, J Pongratz and P FOR END-USERS Ancient and Modern VHMS Deposits Bruce Gemmell 40 Hefei University of 13 September applied research into ore deposits McGoldrick (2 copies). Short courses, workshops, Technology, China (characterisation and context) and > Geophysical signatures of copper- conferences and field trips continued Low and Intermediate Sulfidation Deposits Bruce Gemmell 40 Hefei University of 14 September geometallurgy, and the development to play a key role in the Centre’s Technology, China of innovative enabling technologies to gold porphyry and epithermal gold deposits, and implications technology transfer activities. GeMMe Masters Workshop (Emerald) Ron Berry 22 University of Liege, 30 September support these research endeavours. Throughout the year, a total of 27 Belgium These initiatives create knowledge, for exploration (2011). Author: T Hoschke (11 copies). events in these categories were Breccias in Porphyry and Epithermal Jing Chen, David Cooke, Rachel 50 Bandung, 3 – 4 October processes, methods and solutions for held at various locations around the Environments – Working From Description to Harrison, Stephanie Sykora Indonesia > Giant ore deposits: Characteristics, the minerals industry and ore deposit world, including Belgium, Canada, Interpretation * genesis and exploration. CODES researchers – locally, nationally and China, India, Indonesia, Italy, Geometallurgy Short Course David Bastin, Ron Berry, Stoyan 20 University of Liege, 4 – 7 October Special Publication 4 (2002). Editors: internationally. Myanmar, New Zealand, Switzerland, Gaydardzhiev, Julie Hunt, Simon Belgium D Cooke and J Pongratz (4 copies). Michaux, Eric Pirard Research results and technical and the USA. developments in the applied research > New developments in Broken Ore Deposit Models and Exploration Strategies David Cooke, Garry Davidson, 17 CODES, Hobart 17 – 28 October Hill-type deposits. CODES Special Total attendance by industry Kathy Ehrig, Bruce Gemmell, Ross modules are transferred to end- Large, Erin Lawlis, Andrew McNeill, Publication 1 (1996). Editors: J geologists, academic researchers users via regular research meetings, and postgraduate students was 767, Brian McNulty, Sebastien Meffre, Pongratz and G Davidson (2 copies). Evan Orovan, Robert Scott, David research reports, monographs, books, with 32 different presenters from digital presentations and software > The geology and origin of Australia’s Selley, Nathan Steeves, Stephanie CODES involved in delivering the Sykora, Lejun Zhang mineral deposits (2000). Authors: packages, where appropriate. In 2016, lectures or leading the conferences 134 research reports were presented M Solomon and D Groves (1 copy). Geological Workshop on Mineral Resources in Kyin Htun, Than Htun, Ye Myint Swe, 22 Yangon, Myanmar 18 October or field trips. Myanmar and Prospectivity Aung Kyin, Tin, Aung Myint, Kyaw Thu, to industry clients. Meetings were also > The geology of the Broken Hill Khin Zaw held to present and discuss progress Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, NSW, Australia Fluids in the Earth Robert Bodnar, Leonid Danyushevsky, 30 Naples, Italy 19 – 24 October and adoption of research results. (2006). Author: A Webster (4 copies). Maria Frezzotti, James Webster SEG Student Chapter Field Trip to Myanmar Jing Chen, Joe Knight, Khin Zaw 17 Myanmar 7 – 19 November Porphyry Cu Deposits and Related Breccias * David Cooke, Lejun Zhang 30 Hefei University of 12 – 14 Technology, China November FROM LEFT: Practical exercises during the Ore Melt and Fluid Inclusions in Minerals Leonid Danyushevsky, Maria 50 Mumbai, India 22 – 24 Deposit Models and Frezzotti November Exploration Strategies Magmatic-Hydrothermal Textures of Bluestone David Cooke, Evan Orovan 15 Freycinet, 23 November short course – indoor Bay, Tasmania * Tasmania OPPOSITE PAGE: (left) and outside in Caption can go here the Rock Garden Workshop on SE Asia: Tectonics and Ore Khin Zaw 21 Yangon University,LEFT: 5 December (right). Deposits Myanmar Delegates at the Magmatic-Hydrothermal Features of the David Cooke, Wei Hong, Stephanie 20 Strahan, TasmaniaAustralian7 December Microbeam Heemskirk Granite, Trial Harbour * Sykora, Lejun Zhang Analysis Symposium (AMAS) XIII. Ore Deposit Models Stuart Bull, David Cooke, Garry 16 CODES, Hobart 15 December Davidson

^ CODES presenters in bold. ^^ Number of attendees. * ARC TMVC Research Hub

83 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 84 PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

PERFORMANCE MEASURES IN 2014 – 2018 STRATEGIC PLAN TITLE TARGET 2016 Research Findings Publications in international journals 50pa 67 Percentage of publications in high quality international journals 70% 76% Reports to industry collaborators 80pa 134 Special Issues and / or research monographs 1 per 2 years 0 Invitations to give keynote conference presentations 10pa 2 Papers at national / international meetings 70pa 61 Research Training and Professional Education Percentage of HDR students attracted from interstate 25% 29% Percentage of HDR students attracted from overseas 65% 68% Number of Honours students in CODES’ modules 15 3 Number of HDR students in CODES’ modules 50 33 Percentage of students in projects linked with industry 80% 63% Professional short courses/workshops for industry 4pa 27 International, National and Regional Links and Networks CODES’ national or international conferences / workshops 1 per 2 years 2 (2015) Registrants at CODES’ conferences / workshops 600pa 767 (2016) End-user Links Frequency of meetings with industry representatives 15pa 20+ National Benefit CODES’ research has input into a major mineral discovery 1 per 5 years 9 in 28 years

Juan Burlando (First Quantum) and Anthony Cook (Gold Fields) at the underground operations of the Baw Mar ruby-sapphire mine, 85 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 Myanmar. Juan and Anthony were industry participants in the CODES SEG Student Chapter field trip to the SE Asian country. 86 TABLE 1 CASH INCOME FINANCIAL STATEMENT 2016 FINANCES ARC TRANSFORMING THE MINING VALUE CHAIN RESEARCH HUB ARC Industrial Transformation Research Project 861,003 Partner Organisations 852,800 2016, comprising of funding from - AMIRA P1153 537,600 2016 INCOME the ARC ($861k), industry Partner - BHP Billiton Olympic Dam 150,000 Total CODES income was $8.1 Organisations ($853k), Host Institution million (see Table 1). This was derived ($145k), and other sources including - Newcrest Mining 165,200 principally from UTAS (32%), the Additional Funder Projects ($90k). Host Institution 145,135 > Industry income: Industry funding combined income sources of the Additional Funder Projects 68,865 ARC TMVC Research Hub (24%), of $1.3 million comprises funding and industry (16%) (see Figure 1). The related to Industry Partner support, Miscellaneous 21,127 main income streams over time are industry funded student projects, 1,948,929 compared in Figure 2, showing the and other research projects. This ARC GRANTS recovery following the commencement figure does not include industry- of the ARC TMVC Research Hub’s based support for the ARC TMVC Discovery Grants 80,343 funding, and while there is a decrease Research Hub (see above). Linkage Grants 166,773 compared to 2015, the portion of Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment and Facilities Grants 600,000 ARC funding to CODES projects (not including that portion received to the 2017 INCOME 847,116 TMVC) has shown an increase. ESTIMATES OTHER COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT Summary of the main income streams There is expected to be a small Specific Projects 134,281 to CODES in 2016: growth in funding into the TMVC 134,281 > Host institution support: Funding due to several new Additional Funder STATE GOVERNMENT from UTAS in 2016 was $2.6 million, Projects estimated to come online down compared to the figure for during 2017. Other funding into Specific Projects 5,000 2015, mostly due to a decrease CODES is expected to remain 5,000 in operating grant support. UTAS similar to 2016. funding relates primarily to research INDUSTRY/PRIVATE salaries, PhD scholarships and CODES Industry Partners 383,283 income earned by the Centre from Cooperative Research Centre Projects 78,383 research output. Directly Funded Research Projects 576,282 > ARC TMVC Research Hub: The combined income sources for the Directly Funded Student Projects 229,583 TMVC amounted to $1.9 million in Miscellaneous 1,532 1,269,063 CONTRACTS/CONSULTANCIES/REVENUE RAISING Short Courses 48,310 Book Sales 16,912 Miscellaneous (incl. Analytical Services) 1,184,864 1,250,085 UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA - HOST INSTITUTION SUPPORT Operating Grant 1,236,377 Scholarships and Tuition Fee Waivers 1,211,698 Strategic Projects 127,13 0 Miscellaneous 1,000 2,576,205 OTHER INCOME SOURCES/INTEREST Overseas Governments 51,508 Society of Economic Geologists - Student Scholarships 9,740 Student Support 11,548 Miscellaneous 4,316

77,112 TOTAL ANNUAL INCOME 8,107,790

87 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 88 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 TOTAL CASH INCOME 2016 COMPARISON OF CODES MAIN INCOME STREAMS 2000–2016

Other income sources/interest 1% $14,000,000

$12,000,000

$10,000,000 University ARC TMVC of Tasmania Research Hub 32% 24% $8,000,000

$6,000,000

$4,000,000

$2,000,000

$0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Other Industry State Government UTAS ARC TMVC

NOTES TO, AND FORMING INCOME STATEMENT PART OF, THE FINANCIAL EXPLANATIONS STATEMENTS FOR 2016 The income figures in Table 1 The financial pages of this Annual represent actual income recorded Report were prepared by Helen Scott in the University’s finance system, (ARC TMVC Research Hub Manager). transferred internally from UTAS Data for the financial statements to CODES during 2016, or was extracted from UTAS systems, centrally administered for CODES particularly its Finance System. HDR students (as in the case of scholarships and tuition fee waivers). Other ARC grants 10%

State Government 0.1%

Contracts/ Other Commonwealth consultancies/ Government revenue raising 2% 15% Industry/private 16%

89 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 90 characterization of the Old Tailings Dam, Liu, Y.N., Fan, Y., Gao, C.S., Zhang, Gondwana margin revealed by seismic Australia: Evaluating the effectiveness of Q.M., and Zhang, L.J., 2016, Geological anisotropy tomography: Geophysical a water cover for long-term AMD control: characteristics of Xiaobaozhuang iron Research Letters, v. 43(23), p. 12082- Applied Geochemistry, v. 68, p. 64-78. deposit in the Lu-Zong volcanic basin, 12090. the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley 2016 PUBLICATIONS Jamil, A., Ghani, A.A., Zaw, K., Osman, S., Piquer, J., Berry, R.F., Scott, R.J., Metallogenic Belt: Acta Petrologica Sinica, and Quek, L.X., 2016, Origin and tectonic and Cooke, D.R., 2016, Arc-oblique v. 32(2), p. 319-333. implications of the ~ 200 Ma, collision- fault systems: their role in the Cenozoic related Jerai pluton of the Western Granite Liu, Q., Koper, K.D., Burlacu, R., Ni, S., structural evolution and metallogenesis CODES 69 Belt, Peninsular Malaysia: Journal of Asian Wang, F., Zou, C., Wei, Y., Gal, M., and of the Andes of central Chile: Journal of 67 66 65 Earth Sciences, v. 127, p. 32-46. Reading, A.M., 2016, Source locations of Structural Geology, v. 89, p. 101-117. REFEREED JOURNAL teleseismic P, SV, and SH waves observed 61 62 Jensen, J.B., Moros, M., Endler, R., and *Piquer, J., Hollings, P., Rivera, O., Cooke, in microseisms recorded by a large ARTICLES (67) 59 IODP Expedition 347 Members (including D.R., Baker, M., and Testa, F., 2016, 57 55 aperture seismic array in China: Earth and * Denotes TMVC Research Hub Johnson, S.C.,), 2016, The Bornholm Along-strike segmentation of the Abanico Planetary Science Letters, v. 449, p. 39-47. Ariskin, A.A., Kislov, E.V., Danyushevsky, Basin, southern Scandinavia: a complex Basin, central Chile: new chronological, L.V., Nikolaev, G.S., Fiorentini, M.L., history from Late Cretaceous structural Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Mousivand, F., geochemical and structural constraints: Gilbert, S., Goemann, K., and Malyshev, developments to recent sedimentation: Lin, Y., and Zaw, K., 2016, Geology, ore Lithos, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. A., 2016, Cu-Ni-PGE fertility of the 40 Boreas, v. 46(1), p. 3-17. facies and sulfur isotopes geochemistry lithos.2016.10.025. of the Nudeh Besshi-type volcanogenic Yoko-Dovyren layered massif (northern Jutzeler, M., Manga, M., White, J.D.L., Pour, A.B., Hashim, M., Makoundi, C., and massive sulfide deposit, southwest Transbaikalia, Russia): thermodynamic Talling, P.J., Proussevitch, A.A., Watt, Zaw, K., 2016, Structural mapping of the Sabzevar basin, Iran: Journal of Asian Earth modeling of sulfide compositions in low S.F.L., Cassidy, M., Taylor, R.N., Le Friant, Bentong-Raub Suture Zone using PALSAR Sciences, v. 125, p. 1-21. mineralized dunite based on quantitative 27 A., and Ishizuka, O., 2016, Submarine remote sensing data, Peninsular Malaysia: sulfide mineralogy: Mineralium Deposita, v. deposits from pumiceous pyroclastic Mbih, K.P., Meffre, S., Yongue, R.F., Implications for sediment-hosted/orogenic 51(8), p. 993-1011. density currents traveling over water: Kanouo, N.G., and Jay, T., 2016, gold mineral systems exploration: Resource Baghban, S., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., An outstanding example from offshore Chemistry and origin of the Mayo Kila Geology, v. 66(4), p. 368-385. Montserrat (IODP 340): Geological Society sapphires, NW region Cameroon (Central Moayyed, M., Mokhtari, M.A.A., Gregory, Rosa, C.J.P., McPhie, J., and Relvas, of America Bulletin, doi: 10.1130/B31448.1. Africa): Their possible relationship with the D.D., and Mahmoudi Nia, H., 2016, J.M.R.S., 2016, Distinguishing peperite Cameroon volcanic line: Journal of African Chemical composition and evolution of the Jutzeler, M., White, J.D.L., Proussevitch, from other sediment-matrix igneous Earth Sciences, v. 118, p. 263-273.

garnets in the Astamal Fe-LREE distal skarn A.A., and Gordee, S.M., 2016, breccias: Lessons from the Iberian

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2016 2014 2015 2012 deposit, Qara-Dagh-Sabalan metallogenic Vesiculation and fragmentation history in a McPhie, J., Orth, K., Kamenetsky, V., Pyrite Belt: Journal of Volcanology and belt, Lesser Caucasus, NW Iran: Ore submarine scoria cone-forming eruption, Kamenetsky, M., and Ehrig, K, 2016, Geothermal Research, v. 315, p. 28-39. Geology Reviews, v. 78, p. 166-175. Neoproterozoic Arabian–Nubian Shield, Landsort Deep, an intermittently anoxic an example from Nishiizu (Izu Peninsula, Characteristics, origin and significance of Sack, P.J., Berry, R.F., Gemmell, J.B., Red Sea Hills, NE Sudan: Mineralium deep basin in the Baltic Sea: Chemical Japan): Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 78, Mesoproterozoic bedded clastic facies at Baker, M.J., Hollings, P., Thompson, Meffre, S., and West, A., 2016, U-Pb Deposita, v. 51(6), p. 713-724. Geology, v. 438, p. 58-72. Article 7. the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, J.A., Thompson, J.M., and Burge, C., zircon geochronology from the Alexander South Australia: Precambrian Research, v. 2016, Age and geochemistry of host rocks Cave, B.J., Pitcairn, I.K., Craw, D., Large, Gal, M., Reading, A.M., Ellingsen, S.P., Kamenetsky, V.S., Lygin, A.V., Foster, terrane, southeast Alaska: implications 276, p. 85-100. of the Cobre Panama porphyry Cu-Au R.R., Thompson, J.M., and Johnson, Koper, K.D., Burlacu, R., and Gibbons, S.J., J.G., Meffre, S., Maas, R., Kamenetsky, for the Greens Creek massive sulphide deposit, central Panama: implications for S.C., 2016, A metamorphic mineral 2016, Deconvolution enhanced direction of M.B., Goemann, K., and Beresford, S.W., Mukherjee, I., and Large, R.R., deposit: Canadian Journal of Earth the Paleogene evolution of the Panamanian source for tungsten in the turbidite-hosted arrival estimation using one- and three- 2016, A story of olivine from the McIvor Hill 2016, Pyrite trace element chemistry of Sciences, v. 53(12), p. 1458-1475. magmatic arc: Lithos, v. 248, p. 40-54. orogenic gold deposits of the Otago component seismic arrays applied to complex (Tasmania, Australia): Clues to the the Velkerri Formation, Roper Group, Sanematsu, K., Ejima, T., Kon, Y., Schist, New Zealand: Mineralium Deposita, ocean induced microseisms: Geophysical origin of Avebury metasomatic Ni sulfide McArthur Basin: Evidence for atmospheric Basori, M.B.I., Zaw, K., Meffre, S., Manaka, T., Zaw, K., Morita, S., and doi:10.1007/s00126-016-0677-5. Journal International, v. 206(1), p. 345-359. deposit: American Mineralogist, v. 101(6), p. oxygenation during the Boring Billion: and Large, R.R., 2016, Geochemistry, Seo, Y., 2016, Fractionation of rare-earth 1321-1331. Precambrian Research, v. 281, p. 13-26. geochronology, and tectonic setting of early Coggon, R.M., Teagle, D.A.H., Harris, M., Gavrilenko, M., Ozerov, A., Kyle, P.R., elements during magmatic differentiation Permian (~290 Ma) volcanic-hosted massive Davidson, G.J., Alt, J.C., and Brewer, T.S., Carr, M.J., Nikulin, A., Vidito, C., and Kanouo, N.S., Ekomane, E., Yongue, Mulder, J.A., Berry, R.F., Meffre, S., and weathering of calc-alkaline granites sulphide deposits of the Tasik Chini district, 2016, Hydrothermal contributions to global Danyushevsky, L., 2016, Abrupt transition R.F., Njonfang, E., Zaw, K., Changqian, and Halpin, J.A., 2016, The metamorphic in southern Myanmar: Mineralogical Peninsular Malaysia: International Geology biogeochemical cycles: Insights from the from fractional crystallization to magma M., Ghogomu, T.R., Lentz, D.R., and sole of the western Tasmanian ophiolite: Magazine, v. 80(1), p. 77-102. Review, v. 58(8), p. 929-948. Macquarie Island ophiolite: Lithos, v. 264, mixing at Gorely volcano (Kamchatka) after Venkatesh, A.S., 2016, Trace elements New insights into the Cambrian tectonic Seton, M., Mortimer, N., Williams, S., Quilty, p. 329-347. caldera collapse: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. in corundum, chrysoberyl, and zircon: setting of the Gondwana Pacific margin: *Belousov, I., Large, R.R., Meffre, S., P., Gans, P., Meffre, S., Micklethwaite, S., 78(7), Article 47. application to mineral exploration and Gondwana Research, v. 38, p. 351-369. Danyushevsky, L.V., Steadman, J., and Cracknell, M.J., and Cowood, A.L., Zahirovic, S., Moore, J., and Matthews, provenance study of the western Mamfe Beardsmore, T., 2016, Pyrite compositions 2016, Construction and analysis of Gregory, D.D., Large, R.R., Bath, A.B., Murray, K.R., FItzpatrick, R.W., Bottrill, K.J., 2016, Melanesian back-arc basin and gem clastic deposits (SW Cameroon, from VHMS and orogenic Au deposits Hydrogeological Landscape units using Steadman, J.A., Wu, S., Danyushevsky, R.S., Berry, R., and Kobus, H., 2016, arc development: Constraints from the Central Africa): Journal of African Earth in the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia: Self-Organising Maps: Soil Research, v. L., Bull, S.W., Holden, P., and Ireland, Soil transference patterns on bras: eastern Coral Sea: Gondwana Research, v. Sciences, v. 113, p. 35-50. Implications for gold and copper exploration: 54(3), p. 328-345. T.R., 2016, Trace element content of pyrite image processing and laboratory 39, p. 77-95. Ore Geology Reviews, v. 79, p. 474-499. from the Kapai Slate, St. Ives Gold District, *Li, Z-K., Bi, S-J., Li, J-W., Zhang, W., dragging experiments: Forensic Science *Cracknell, M.J., and Jansen, N.H., Sharma, S., Rodemann, T., and Western Australia: Economic Geology, v. Cooke, D.R., and Selby, D., 2016, Distal International, v. 258, p. 88-100. *Berry, R., and Nguyen, K., 2016, 2016, National Virtual Core Library Davidson, G., 2016, Raman spectroscopy 111(6), p. 1297-1320. Pb-Zn-Ag veins associated with the world- Structure from photographs of oriented HyLogging data and Ni-Co laterites: Oliver, T.S.N., Donaldson, P., Sharples, C., enables the classification of molybdenite class Donggou porphyry Mo deposit, core: STORC: Economic Geology, v. 111(7), a mineralogical model for resource Halpin, J.A., and Reid, A.J., 2016, Roach, M., and Woodroffe, C.D., 2016, phases in the presence of carbonaceous southern North China craton: Ore Geology p. 1525-1527. exploration, extraction and remediation: Earliest Paleoproterozoic high-grade Punctuated progradation of the Seven material from Merlin Mo-Re deposit, Reviews, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. metamorphism and orogenesis in the Mile Beach Holocene barrier system, Australia: Vibrational Spectroscopy, v. 86, Berry, R., Thompson, J., Meffre, S., oregeorev.2016.12.001. and Goemann, K, 2016, U-Th-Pb monazite 63(8), p. 1053-1067. Gawler Craton, South Australia: The southeastern Tasmania: Marine Geology, v. p. 8-13. southern cousin in the Rae family?: *Li, Z-K., Li, J-W., Cooke, D.R., 386, p. 76-87. dating and the timing of arc-continent Crawford, A.J., and Doyle, M.G., 2016, Sholeh, A., Rastad, E., Huston, D., Precambrian Research, v. 276, p. 123-144. Danyushevsky, L., Zhang, L., O’Brien, collision in East Timor: Australian Journal of Granulite-hosted gold: Tectonic setting and *Parbhakar-Fox., A., 2016, Gemmell, J.B., and Taylor, RD., 2016, H., Lahaye, Y., Zhang, W., and Xu, H-J, Earth Sciences, v. 63(4), p. 367-377. lithogeochemistry of the Tropicana deposit, Hunt, J., Lottermoser, B.G., Parbhakar- Geoenvironmental characterisation of The Chahnaly low-sulfidation epithermal 2016, Textures, trace elements, and Pb Western Australia: Economic Geology, v. Fox, A., Van Veen, E., and Goemann, K., heap leach materials at abandoned gold deposit, western Makran Volcanic Bierlein, F.P., McKeag, S., Reynolds, N., isotopes of sulfides from the Haopinggou Bargmann, C.J., Bullen, W., Murphy, F.C., 111(2), p. 395-420. 2016, Precious metals in gossanous waste mines: Croydon Au-Mines, QLD, Australia: Arc, Southeast Iran: Economic Geology, v. rocks from the Iberian Pyrite Belt: Minerals vein deposit, southern North China Craton: Al-Athbah, H., Brauhart, C., Potma, W., Dijkstra, N., Slomp, C.P., Behrends, T., Minerals, v. 6, Article 52. 111(3), p. 619-639. Engineering, v. 87, p. 45-53. implications for discrete Au and Ag-Pb-Zn Meffre, S., and McKnight, S., 2016, The and Expedition 347 Scientists (including mineralization: Contributions to Mineralogy Pilia, S., Arroucau, P., Rawlinson, N., Simmons, J.M., Cas, R.A.F., Druitt, T.H., Jebel Ohier deposit – a newly discovered Johnson, S.C.,), 2016, Vivianite is a key *Jackson, L.M., and Parbhakar-Fox, and Petrology, v. 171(12), Article 99. Reading, A.M., and Cayley, R.A., 2016, and Folkes, C.B., 2016, Complex variations porphyry copper–gold system in the sink for phosphorus in sediments of the A., 2016, Mineralogical and geochemical Inherited crustal deformation along the East during a caldera-forming Plinian eruption,

91 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 92 including precursor deposits, thick pumice Thompson, J., Meffre, S., Maas, DISCIPLINE OF Fischer, L., Wang, M., Charlier, B., Namur, #Kirchenbaur, M., Maas, R., Ehrig, K., CONFERENCE fallout, co-ignimbrite breccias and climactic R., Kamenetsky, V., Kamenetsky, O., Roberts, R.J., Veksler, I.V., Cawthorn, Kamenetsky, V.S., Strub, E., Ballhaus, ABSTRACTS, PAPERS, AND lag breccias: The 184 ka Lower Pumice M., Goemann, K., Ehrig, K., and EARTH SCIENCES R.G., and Holtz, F., 2016, Immiscible iron- C., and Munker, C., 2016, Uranium and Sm PRESENTATIONS (62) 1 eruption sequence, Santorini, Greece: Danyushevsky, L., 2016, Matrix effects In addition to the publications affiliated and silica-rich liquids in the Upper Zone of isotope studies of the supergiant Olympic Barth, A., Tani, K., Meffre, S., and Expedition Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal in Pb/U measurements during LA-ICP-MS to CODES, listed above, CODES’ staff the Bushveld Complex: Earth and Planetary Dam Cu-Au-U-Ag deposit, South Australia: 351 Scientists, Silicic melt evolution in the Research, v. 324, p. 200-219. analysis of the mineral apatite: Journal of and students also made significant Science Letters, v. 443 pp. 108-117. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 180, early Izu-Bonin arc recorded in detrital Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, v. 31(6), p. contributions to publications produced p. 15-32. Spencer, J.E., Reynolds, S.J., Scott, R.J., #Giuliani, A., Phillips, D., Kamenetsky, zircons: Zircon U‐Pb geochronology 1206-1215. via their work within the Discipline of Earth and Richard, S.M., 2016, Shortening in V.S., and Goemann, K., 2016, Constraints #Mauger, A.J., Ehrig, K., Kontonikas- and trace element geochemistry for Site Sciences. These publications are marked the upper plate of the Buckskin-Rawhide van Otterloo, J., and Cas, R.A.F., on kimberlite ascent mechanisms revealed Charos, A., Ciobanu, C.L., Cook, N.J., and U1438, Amami Sankaku Basin: American with a hash. extensional detachment fault, southwestern 2016, Low-temperature emplacement by phlogopite compositions in kimberlites Kamenetsky, V.S., 2016, Alteration at the Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2016, San U.S., and implications for stress conditions of phreatomagmatic pyroclastic flow and mantle xenoliths: Lithos, v. 240-243, p. Olympic Dam IOCG-U deposit: insights into Francisco, USA. during extension: Tectonics, v. 35(12), p. deposits at the monogenetic Mt gambier CHAPTERS IN BOOKS (1) 189-201. distal to proximal feldspar and phyllosilicate Chapman, N.D., Meffre, S., Kamenetsky, V., 3119-3136. volcanic complex, south Australia, and their Jutzeler, M., Talling, P.J., White, J.D.L., chemistry from infrared reflectance #Gurenko, A.A., Kamenetsky, V.S., and Ehrig, K., and Kontonikas-Charos, A., The relevance for understanding some deposits and the Expedition 340 Scientists, 2016, spectroscopy: Australian Journal of Earth Steadman, J.A., and Large, R.R., Kerr, A.C., 2016, Oxygen isotopes and Pb-isotopes of Olympic Dam and beyond in diatremes: Journal of the Geological Data report: coring disturbances in IODP Sciences, v. 63(8), p. 959-972. 2016, Synsedimentary, diagenetic, and volatile contents of the Gorgona komatiites, – The uranium story of the Gawler Craton: Society, v. 173(4), p. 701-710. Expedition 340, a detailed list of intervals metamorphic pyrite, pyrrhotite, and Colombia: A confirmation of the deep Quilty, P.G., Darragh, T.A., Gallagher, S.J., Australian Earth Sciences Convention 2016, marcasite at the Homestake BIF-hosted Wang, S., Zhou, T., Yuan, F., Fan, Y., with fall-in and flow-in, In Le Friant, A., mantle origin of H O: Earth and Planetary and Harding, L.A., 2016, Pliocene Mollusca 2 Adelaide, Australia, p. 73. gold deposit, South Dakota, USA: Insights Cooke, D.R., Zhang, L., Fu, B., and Ishizuka, O., Stroncik, N.A., and the Science Letters, v. 454, p. 154-165. (Bivalvia, Gastropoda) from the Sørsdal on Au-As ore genesis from textural and LA- White, N.C., 2016, Geochemical Expedition 340 Scientists, Proceedings Formation, Marine Plain, Vestfold Hills, East *Chen, J., Cooke, D.R., Piquer, J., and #Houghton, B.F., Taddeucci, J., Andronico, ICP-MS trace element studies: Economic characteristics of the Shujiadian Cu deposit of the IODP Volume 340: Tokyo, Japan, Antarctica: taxonomy and implications for Zhang, L., The structure evolution of D., Gonnermann, H.M., Pistolesi, M., Geology, v. 111(7), p. 1731-1752. related intrusion in Tongling: Petrogenesis Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Antarctic Pliocene palaeoenvironments: Zijinshan high sulfidation epithermal deposit, Patrick, M.R., Orr, T.R., Swanson, D.A., and implications for the formation of Management International, 14 p. Alcheringa, v. 40(4), p. 556-582. Fujian Province, China: MGEI 8th Convention Steeves, N.J., Hannington, M.D., Edmonds, M., Gaudin, D., Carey, R.J., porphyry Cu systems in the Middle-Lower 2016, Bandung, Indonesia. Gemmell, J.B., Green, D., and McVeigh, and Scarlato, P., 2016, Stronger or longer: #Savelieva, V.B., Danilova, Y.V., Bazarova, Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt, G., 2016, The Glacier Creek Cu-Zn VMS REFEREED JOURNAL discriminating between Hawaiian and E.P., Ivanov, A.V., and Kamenetsky, *Chen, J., Cooke, D.R., Zhang, L., and eastern China: Lithos, v. 252-253, p. 185- Deposit, Southeast Alaska: An addition to ARTICLES (24) Strombolian eruption styles: Geology, v. V.S., 2016, Carbonatite magmatism of the Piquer, J., The temporal evolution of Zijinshan 199. the Alexander Triassic Metallogenic Belt: #Agangi, A., Gucsik, A., Nishido, H., 44(2), p. 163-166. southern Siberian Craton 1 Ga ago: Evidence high sulfidation epithermal deposit, Fujian Economic Geology, v. 111(1), p. 151-178. 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93 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 94 2016 Winter Conference of Plasma Gregory, D.D., Large, R.R., and Stepanov University College Dublin Geological Spectroscopy, Tucson, USA. A.S., Comparison of detailed whole rock and Society’s Mineral Deposits Studies Group pyrite chemistry as geochemical proxies for Winter Meeting 2016, Dublin, Ireland. Danyushevsky, L., Gilbert, S., Olin, P., paleo-ocean and atmospheric chemistry: Thompson, J., and Shelley, J.M., Advances Large, R.R., A multi-proxy approach tracking An example from the Late Proterozoic in LA-ICPMS analysis of sulphide minerals: ocean chemistry over the last 1000 Ma: Doushantou Formation, China: American Goldschmidt 2016, Yokohama, Japan, p. Goldschmidt 2016, Yokohama, Japan, p. Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2016, San 600. 1676. Francisco, USA. Davidson, G.J., Williams, P., Gale, K., Bull, McNulty, B., Gemmell, B., Davidson, G., Gregory, D.D., Lyons, T.W., Large, R.R., S., and Meffre, S., Gap Zone mineralisation Sawyer, R., and Stansell, A., Systematic Olson, S.L., and Zhukova, I.A., Trace element (Prominent Hill IOCG deposit, South pXRF analysis: Identifying host volcanic patterns in pyrite nodules as a window to Australia): a zoned system in carbonate stratigraphy at the Myra Falls VHMS district: bioessential metal availability in Archean wallrocks that was produced when orogenic GAC-MAC 2016, Whitehorse, Canada. marine sediments: Goldschmidt 2016, pyrite vein stockworks reacted with Yokohama, Japan, p. 988. Meffre, S., Thompson, J., and copper-bearing sulfate-rich fluids containing Danyushevsky, L.V., Minimising U-Pb isotopically heavy sulfur: Australian Earth *Harraden, C.L., Berry, R., and Lett, fractionation effects for LA-ICPMS zircon Sciences Convention 2016, Adelaide, J., Proposed methodology for utilising geochronology: Thermochronology Australia. automated core logging technology to and Noble Gas Geochemistry and extract geotechnical index parameters: *Escolme, A., Berry, R., and Hunt, J., Geochronology Organization Workshop 3rd AusIMM International Geometallurgy Predicting Cu-species classification using 2016, Perth, Australia, p. 17. Conference 2016, Perth, Australia, geochemistry at the Productora Cu-Au-Mo Proceedings, p. 119-124. Meffre, S., Thompson, J., and deposit, Chile: 3rd AusIMM International Danyushevsky, L.V., Minimising U-Pb Geometallurgy Conference 2016, Perth, Hong, W., Cooke, D.R., Huston, D.L., Maas, fractionation effects for LA-ICPMS zircon Australia, Proceedings, p. 113-117. R., Meffre, S., Zhang, L., and Fox, N., New geochronology: American Geophysical geochronological, geochemical and Pb *Escolme, A., Berry, R., and Hunt, J., Using Union Fall Meeting 2016, San Francisco, isotopic data for Tasmanian granitoids: geochemistry to inform geometallurgy- USA. possible controls on Sn mineralisation: Same data, new tricks! Gordon Research Australian Earth Sciences Convention 2016, Mikhno, A.O., Korsakov, A.V., Shchepetova, Conference 2016, Les Diablerets, Adelaide, Australia, p. 203 O.V., Musyachenko, K.A., and Stepanov, Switzerland, Poster. A.S., Evolution of rock-forming media Hong, W., Cooke, D.R., Zhang, L., Fox, N., Eshaghi, E., Reading, A., Roach, M., in diamond-bearing gneisses from the Fayek, M., and Maas, R., Volatile exsolution Cracknell, M., Duffett, M., and Bombardieri, Kokchetav massif: GeoRaman Conference in felsic magmas: evidence from boron, D., 3D modelling of granite intrusions in 2016, Novosibirsk, Russia. oxygen and strontium isotopic analyses northwest Tasmania using petrophysical and of tourmalines from western Tasmanian Mukherjee, I., and Large, R.R., Potential residual gravity data: Society of Exploration granites: Australian Earth Sciences controls on evolution of complex eukaryotic Geophysicists International Exposition Convention 2016, Adelaide, Australia, p. 204. organisms by bio-essential trace element and Annual Meeting 2016, Dallas, USA, availability in Proterozoic oceans: Evidence Expanded Abstracts, p. 1637-1642. Johnson, S.C., McGoldrick, P.J., Hardisty, from the McArthur Basin, Northern Australia: D., Meffre, S., Large, R.R., Noble, T., Olin, Eshaghi, E., Reading, A.M., Roach, M., Goldschmidt 2016, Yokohama, Japan, p. P., Dietz, C., Jorgensen, B-B., and Andrean, Duffett, M., Bombardieri, D., and Cracknell, 2174 T., The biological and chemical evolution of M.J., Investigating the Moho beneath the Baltic Sea Basin reflected in changing Orth, K., Phillips, C., and Hollis, J., onshore and offshore Tasmania using the sulphide geochemistry- Initial results from Paleovolcanology of a northwest Australian complete Bouguer anomaly: Australian IODP Exp. 347: Australian Earth Sciences Large Igneous Province: outpouring of Earth Sciences Convention 2016, Adelaide, Convention 2016, Adelaide, Australia. the 1795 Ma Carson Volcanics: Australian Australia, p. 126. Earth Sciences Convention 2016, Adelaide, Johnson, S.C., McGoldrick, P.J., Systra, Ferguson, M., Kamenetsky, V., Agangi, A., Australia, p. 338. Y., Meffre, S., Large, R.R., Raub, T.D., Kamenetsky, M., Meffre, S., and Ehrig, K., Boyce, A.J., and Lyons, T.W., Trace metals Paipana, S., Salam, A., Zaw, K., Iron and REE-bearing mineral assemblages and isotopes in Estonian black shales: Sanematsu, K., and Khositanont, S., in the rocks hosting the Olympic Dam and Cambro-Ordovician shallow water anoxia Geology and geochemistry of volcanic Wirrda Well IOCG deposits: Australian on the Baltica shelf?: Goldschmidt 2016, rocks at Bo Thong antimony-fluorite Earth Sciences Convention 2016, Adelaide, Yokohama, Japan, p.1372. Prospect, eastern Thailand: International Australia, p. 138. Conference of Tectonics of Northwestern Kamenetsky, V., Ehrig, K., Maas, R., *Fox, N., Parbhakar-Fox, A., and Indochina, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Abstracts, Apukhtina, O., Kamenetsky, M., Meffre, Lottermoser, B., Critical and deleterious p. 43-44. S., McPhie, J., Huang, Q., Thompson, J., metal deportment in sulfidic waste rocks, Ciobanu, C., and Cook, N., The Olympic *Parbhakar-Fox, A., Cooke, D.R., Fox, N., Baal Gammon, north Queensland: 3rd Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag ore deposit: towards Noble, T.L., Clifton, R., and Jackson, L., AusIMM International Geometallury a new genetic model: Australian Earth Mine waste management in Tasmania: Conference 2016, Perth, Australia, Sciences Convention 2016, Adelaide, challenges and opportunities: AusIMM Proceedings, p. 173-182. Australia, p. 224. Tasmania Branch Geoscience Forum, *Fox, N., Moltzen, J., Parbhakar-Fox, A., and Strahan, Australia. *Kuhn, S., Cracknell, M.J., and Reading, A.M., Jackson, L., Applications of hyperspectral Lithological mapping via Random Forests: *Parbhakar-Fox, A., Fox, N., and Jackson, mineralogy for geoenvironmental Information entropy as a proxy for inaccuracy: L., Geometallurgical evaluations of mine characterisation: Sustainable Minerals 2016, ASEG-PESA-AIG 2016 25th International waste – an example from the Old Tailings Cornwall, UK, Proceedings, p. 1-22. Conference and Exhibition, Adelaide, Australia, Dam, Savage River, Tasmania: 3rd AusIMM *Gilbert, S., Danyushevsky, L., Olin, P., Extended Abstracts, p. 1-4. International Geometallury Conference and Thompson, J., Sources of elemental 2016, Perth, Australia, Proceedings, p. Kyne, R., Berry, R., and Gemmell, J.B., fractionation during the ablation of sulphide 193-204. Genesis and structural architecture of the minerals: European Workshop on Laser CSA Cu-Ag Mine, Cobar, NSW, Australia: Ablation, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

95 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 Mogok region. Taken during the CODES SEG Student Chapter field trip to Myanmar. 96 *Parbhakar-Fox, A., Fox, N., and Lottermoser, Steadman, J.A., Gregory, D.D., Large, R.R., 8th Convention 2016, Bandung, Indonesia, deposit: implications for tectonic settings Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2016, San Sponsors Meeting 3, Hobart, Australia, 11 B., Evaluating environmental risks of historic Ireland, T.R., and Holden, P., Multiple S Extended abstract. and ore-forming process: Australian Earth Francisco, USA. May 2016, p. 110-135. slag: upgrading value through microanalytical isotope evidence for fully oxic deep oceans Sciences Convention 2016, Adelaide, *Zhang, L., White, N., Vásquez, A., Griffiths, Pushkarev, E., Ballhaus, C., Kamenetsky, *Baker, M., Hollings, P., Piquer, J., and characterisation: Sustainable Minerals 2016, at 3.2 Ga?: Australian Earth Sciences Australia, 212 p. S., Thompson, J., Baker, M., Cooke, D.R., V., and Wirth, R., Micro-, and nanoscale Belousov, I., 2016, Central Chile epidote Cornwall, UK, Poster. Convention 2016, Adelaide, Australia. Chen, H.,and Testa, F., Ore pathfinders Kamenetsky, V.S., New models for fabrics of PGM from the volcanic and chlorite: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors *Parbhakar-Fox, A., Kemp, D., and Glen, *Sykora, S., Cooke, D.R., Meffre, S., and fertility assessments in lithocaps: a kimberlite parental melts: composition, ankaramite and Pt-rich chromitite of the Meeting 3, Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, J., Metal extraction using bioleaching: Stepanov, S., Gardner, K., Selley, D., case study of the Veladero high-sulfidation temperature, ascent and emplacement: Ural-Alaskan-type ultramafic complexes: p. 225-238. an example from the Old Tailings Dam, Scott, R., and Harris, A.C., Evolution of epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Argentina: 8th International Siberian Early Career SEM and TEM study: 2nd European Belousov, I., and Danyushevsky, L., 2016, Tasmania, Australia: Biohydrometallurgy pyrite trace element compositions from Gordon Research Conference 2016, Les GeoScientists Conference 2016, Mineralogical Conference 2016, Rimini, Refractory gold content in pyrite, pyrrhotite 2016, Cornwall, UK, Proceedings, p. 1-14. porphyry-style and epithermal conditions at Diablerets, Switzerland, Poster. Novosibirsk, Russia. Italy, p. 579. and arsenopyrite in 1 sample from batch the Lihir gold deposit: Implications for ore Portnyagin, M., Sushchevskaya, N., Kamenetsky, V.S., The supergiant Olympic Watson, S.J., Coffin, M.F., Whittaker, J.M., MIN2680: Report to ALS, December 2016, genesis and mineral processing: Gordon Shishkina, T., Kamenetsky, V., Taylor, DISCIPLINE OF EARTH Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag ore deposit: Towards Lucieer, V., Fox, J.M., Carey, R.J., Arculus, Hobart, Australia, 6 p. Research Conference 2016, Les Diablerets, R.N., and Garbe-Schönberg, D., Silver SCIENCES (20) a new genetic model: 8th International R.J., Bowie, A.R., Chase, Z., Robertson, R., Switzerland, Poster. Belousov, I., and Gilbert, S., 2016, Trace and copper fractionation in MORB: 2nd Siberian Early Career GeoScientists Martin, T., and Cooke, F., V43F-08: Submarine Allen, M., Anderson, I., Benavides, J., element analysis of arsenopyrite in 11 European Mineralogical Conference 2016, *Sykora, S., Cooke, D.R., Meffre, S., Conference 2016, Novosibirsk, Russia. geology and geomorphology of active Sub- Betts, P., Bull, S., Creaser, R., Davidson, samples from batch MIN2416: Report to Rimini, Italy, p. 54. Stepanov, S., Gardner, K., Selley, D., Antarctic volcanoes: Heard and McDonald G., Freeman, H., Holcombe, R., Meffre, S., Kamenetsky, V.S., Golovin, A.V., Maas, ALS, April 2016, Hobart, Australia, 6 p. Scott, R., and Harris, A.C., Evolution of Islands: American Geophysical Union Fall Reading, A., Energy sources for passive Murphy, F., Schlegel, T., Tomkinson, M., R., Yaxley, G.M., and Kamenetsky, M.B., pyrite trace element compositions from Meeting 2016, San Francisco, USA. Belousov, I., and Gilbert, S., 2016, Trace seismic imaging- Workshop on near Williams, P., and the OZ Minerals Prominent New models for kimberlite parental melts: porphyry-style and epithermal conditions at element analysis of pyrite and arsenopyrite surface passive seismic surveying for Hill Geology Team, New geological and composition, temperature, ascent and Zelenski, M., Kamenetsky, V. S., and the Lihir gold deposit: Implications for ore in 2 samples from MIN2518: Report to ALS, mineral exploration, environmental and geochronological constraints on the origin emplacement: Moscow International Danyushevsky, L. V., An early snapshot of genesis and mineral processing: MGEI 8th June 2016, Hobart, Australia, 9 p. engineering applications: ASEG-PESA-AIG of the Prominent Hill hematitic IOCG School of Earth Sciences 2016, Moscow, sulfide-silicate separation in modern arc Convention 2016, Bandung, Indonesia. 2016 25th International Conference and deposit, Gawler Craton, South Australia: Russia, p. 12-13. basalts: Goldschmidt 2016, Yokohama, Belousov, I., and Gilbert, S., 2016, Trace Exhibition, Adelaide, Australia. Thompson, J., Meffre, S., and Australian Earth Sciences Convention Japan, p. 3660. element analysis of pyrite in 11 samples Keyser, W.M., Ciobanu, C.L., Cook, Danyushevsky, L.V., LA-TOF-ICPMS Pb /U 2016, Adelaide, Australia, p. 467. from batch MIN2416: Report to ALS, April Reading, A.M., and Cracknell, M.J., N.J., Johnson, G., Feltus, H., Johnson, geochronology of zircon: some advantages 2016, Hobart, Australia, 9 p. Inversion and informatics combined: Apukhtina, O., Kamenetsky, V.S., Ehrig, K., S., Ehrig, K., Courtney-Davies, L., and INVITED KEYNOTE and limitations: Thermochronology maximising benefit from geo- experiment Kamenetsky, M.B., Maas, R., and McPhie, Kamenetsky, V.S., BIF-style iron deposits ADDRESSES (2) Belousov, I., Gilbert, S., and Olin, P., and Noble Gas Geochemistry and J., Distribution, petrology, geochemistry through computation: IUGG Conference on of the Middleback Ranges, South Australia: Cooke, D.R., White, N.C., Zhang, L., Baker, 2016, Trace element analysis of pyrite, Geochronology Organization Workshop and geochronology of carbonate Mathematical Geophysics, Paris, France. Trace element signatures of Fe-oxides and M., Fox, N., Thompson, J.A., Gemmell, arsenopyrite and sphalerite in 5 samples: 2016, Perth, Australia, p. 21. assemblages at the Olympic Dam deposit: implications for ore formation: Australian Report to Alice Queen, July 2016, Hobart, *Reading, A.M., Cracknell, M.J., and J.B., Wilkinson, J.J., Hollings, P., and Chen, *Thompson, J.A., Baker, M., Cooke, Australian Earth Sciences Convention Earth Sciences Convention 2016, Adelaide, Australia, 7 p. Kuhn, S., Big data techniques for applied H., 2016, Exploring in lithocaps and green D.R., and Chen, H., Potential for calcite 2016, Adelaide, Australia, p. 15. Australia, p. 234. geoscience: compute and communicate: rocks – new methods to aid discovery of *Chen, H., Han, J., Xiao, B., and Wang, Y., vein fluorescence to provide indicators ASEG-PESA-AIG 2016 25th International Carey, R.J., McPhie, J., and Soule, A., Kontonikas-Charos, A., Ciobanu, C.L., porphyry and epithermal deposits: MGEI 2016, Yandong porphyry Cu deposit, NW for ore proximity in limestone hosted Conference and Exhibition, Adelaide, Active submarine caldera mapped with Cook, N.J., Ehrig, K., and Kamenetsky, Conference, Bandung, Indonesia. China: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, porphyry-related deposits: an example remotely operated and underwater vehicles: Australia, Extended Abstracts, p. 1-5. V.S., Remobilisation of REE, Y and U during Reading, A.M., Cracknell, M.J., and Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 136-162. from Grasberg, Papua, Indonesia: Gordon Australian Earth Sciences Convention 2016, feldspar replacement reactions in IOCG Kuhn, S. Big Data Techniques for Applied *Chen, H., Wu, C., Duan, G., andZhang, Reading, A.M., Cracknell, M.J., Kuhn, S., Research Conference 2016, Les Diablerets, Adelaide, Australia, p. 303. systems: examples from the Olympic Cu- Geoscience: Compute and Communicate. and Hardy, S., Data driven knowledge Switzerland. S., 2016, Zijinshan porphyry Cu deposit, Au Province, South Australia: Australian discovery for earth sciences: aims and Cherry, A.R., Kamenetsky, V.S., Ehrig, ASEG-PESA-AIG 2016 25th Geophysical China: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, Tseluyko, A.S., Maslennikov, V.V., Ayupova, Earth Sciences Convention 2016, Adelaide, actions: Australian Earth Sciences K., McPhie, J., Kamenetsky, M., and Conference and Exhibition. 21-24 August Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 15-31. N.R., Maslennikova, S.P., Large, R.R., Australia, p. 242. Convention 2016, Adelaide, Australia, p. Apukhtina, O., Sedimentary facies within 2016, Adelaide, Australia. and Danyushevsky, L., Rare minerals and *Chen, H., Xu, C., Xiao, B., Zhang, S., and 372. the Olympic Dam Breccia Complex: A Krneta, S., Ciobanu, C.L., Cook, N.J., trace elements in sulphide turbidites from Huang, J., 2016, SWIR analyses of selected potential metal source: Australian Earth Ehrig, K., and Kamenetsky, V.S., REY- RESEARCH REPORTS TO Reading, A.M., Halpin, J., Whittaker, J., Yubileynoye VMS deposit, South Urals, Chinese ore deposits: AMIRA P1153 Sciences Convention 2016, Adelaide, signatures in apatite monitor the evolution INDUSTRY / GOVERNMENT Cracknell, M.J., Gal, M., and Morse, P., An Russia: Goldschmidt 2016, Yokohama, Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, Australia, 21- Australia, p. 77. of IOCG systems: examples from Olympic interdisciplinary approach to constructing Japan, p. 3186. AGENCIES (134) 22 November 2016, p. 615-635. Dam and Acropolis, South Australia: models of the lithosphere across the Ciobanu, C.L., Cook, N.J., Ehrig, K., Reports related to the TMVC Research Hub *van Veen, E., Parbhakar-Fox, A., Fox, Australian Earth Sciences Convention *Chen, J., Cooke, D.R., and Zhang, L., Australia-Antarctica conjugate margin: Courtney-Davies, L., Keyser, W.M., Wade, are marked with an asterisk. N., Hunt, J., and Lottermoser, B.G., 2016, Adelaide, Australia, p. 246. 2016, Zijinshan high sulfidation epithermal Australian Earth Sciences Convention B.P., Maunders, C., and Kamenetsky, Fingerprinting environmental impacts of *Ahmed, A., Cooke, D.R., Baker, M., and deposit, Fujian Province, China: AMIRA 2016, Adelaide, Australia, p. 371. V.S., Towards a suitable natural standard McPhie, J., Orth, K., Kamenetsky, mining – a test for plant bioaccessibility: Orovan, E., 2016, Yerington, Nevada, USA: P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, for routine U-Pb dating of iron oxides: V., Kamenetsky, M., and Ehrig, K., Reading, A.M., King, M.A., Halpin, J., 3rd AusIMM International Geometallurgy Untangling multiple generations of epidote: Australia, 21-22 November 2016, p. 91-126. Australian Earth Sciences Convention Characteristics, origin and significance of Whittaker, J.M., White, D., Cook, S. and Conference 2016, Perth, Australia, AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, 2016, Adelaide, Australia, p. 80. Mesoproterozoic bedded clastic facies at *Cooke, D.R., 2016, AMIRA P1153: Staal, T., Tectonic structure, solid earth Proceedings, p. 205-206. Australia, 21-22 November 2016, p. 273-324. the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, Discussion and forward program: AMIRA and cryosphere interactions in the Casey- Fox, J.M., McPhie, J., and Carey, R., Zaw, K., Mineral deposits projects in South Australia: Australian Earth Sciences *Ahmed, A., Cooke, D.R., Garay, A., and P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, Hobart, Davis region of east Antarctica: American Cape Grim, NW Tasmania – a world class Myanmar: Exploration potentials and Convention 2016, Adelaide, Australia, p. 302. Baker, M., 2016, Yerington District, Nevada, Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 364-373. Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2016, San example of submarine basaltic intraplate sustainable development: 3rd Myanmar U.S.A: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, Francisco, USA. volcanism: Australian Earth Sciences Mintz, B.G., Houghton, B.F., Orr, T.R., *Cooke, D.R., 2016, AMIRA P1153: Mining Summit, Yangon, Myanmar, p. 2. Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 269-292. Convention 2016, Adelaide, Australia. Taddeucci, J., Gaudin, D., Kueppers, U., Discussion and forward program: AMIRA Shchepetova, O.V., Korsakov A.V., and Zaw, K., Volcanic-hosted massive Carey, R.J., Scarlato, P., and Del Bello, E., *Baker, M., 2016, Yabricoya batholith, P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, Stepanov A.S., Raman spectroscopic study Fox, J.M., Carey, R., McPhie, J., and sulphide deposits in mainland SE Asia: Spattering activity at Halemaʻumaʻu in Chile: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, Australia, 21-22 November 2016, p. 734-739. of accessory minerals of diamond-bearing Jourdan, F., Volcanism on Heard Island, Their potential and prospectivity: 35th 2015 and the transition between Hawaiian Hobart, Australia, 21-22 November 2016, and diamond-free kyanite gneisses from the southern Indian Ocean: Scientific *Cooke, D.R., Gemmell, J.B., Wilkinson, J., International Geological Congress, Cape and Strombolian eruptions: American p. 458-483. the UHPM Kokchetav massif: GeoRaman Committee on Antarctic Research: Biennial Hollings, P., Baker, M., Zhang, L., White, N., Town, South Africa, CD-ROM. Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2016, San Conference 2016, Novosibirsk, Russia. Meetings and Open Science Conference *Baker, M., and Belousov, I., 2016, Chen, H., Zhou, T., Yu, F., Wang, S., Han, Francisco, USA. *Zhang, L., White, N., Cooke, D.R., 2016, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Reanalysis: Ujina magnetite and epidote J., Orovan, E.A., Jimenez, C., Testa, F., Steadman, J.A., Gregory, D.D., and Large, Chen, H., Testa, F., Vásquez, A., Griffiths, Mitchell, S., McIntosh, I.M., Houghton, B.F., ICP-MS maps: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Thompson, J., Phillips, J., Garay, A., Ahmed, R.R., The geochemistry of marine pyrite in Huang, Q., Kamenetsky, V.S., Ehrig, S., Thompson, J., and Baker, M., Ore Shea, T., and Carey, R.J., Investigating syn- Meeting 4, Hobart, Australia, 21-22 A., and Belousov, I., 2016, Introduction the 3.2 Ga Cleaverville Group black shales, K., McPhie, J., Maas, R., Kamenetsky, pathfinders and fertility assessments in vs. post-eruption hydration mechanisms November 2016, p. 636-671. to November 2016 Sponsors Meeting: Island, Western Australia: Insights into the M., Apukhtina, O., and Chambefort, lithocaps: a case study of the Pascua- of the 2012 Havre submarine explosive AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, chemistry of the Mesoarchean ocean and I., Petrology, geochemistry and *Baker, M., Cooke, D.R., Zhang, L., and Lama-Veladero high-sulfidation epithermal eruption: Water speciation analysis of Australia, 21-22 November 2016, p. 1-11. atmosphere: Australian Earth Sciences geochronology of mafic lithologies at the Smyk, E., 2016, Tallberg Cu-Au-Mo Au-Ag district, Argentina and Chile: MGEI pumiceous rhyolitic glass: American Convention 2016, Adelaide, Australia, p. 418. Olympic Dam iron oxide Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, Sweden – Update: AMIRA P1153

97 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 98 *Cooke, D.R., Gemmell, J.B., Wilkinson, J., *Cooke, D.R., Gemmell, J.B., Wilkinson, J., Meeting 4, Hobart, Australia, 21-22 Hollings, P., Baker, M., Zhang, L., White, N., Hollings, P., Baker, M., Zhang, L., White, November 2016, p. 325-372. Chen, H., Zhou, T., Yu, F., Wang, S., Han, J., N., Chen, H., Zhou, T., Yu, F., Wang, S., *Gemmell, J.B., 2016, Green rock Pacey, A., Jimenez, C., Testa, F., Thompson, Han, J., Pacey, A., Jimenez, C., Testa, F., synthesis: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting J., Phillips, J., Garay, A., and Ahmed, A., Thompson, J., Phillips, J., Garay, A., and 4, Hobart, Australia, 21-22 November 2016, 2016, Introduction to May 2016 Sponsors Ahmed, A., 2016, Overview of AMIRA p. 672-704. Meeting: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, P1153 – Applying the explorers’ toolbox to Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 1-14. discover porphyry and epithermal Cu, Au Gilbert, S., 2016, Deportment of lithium in and Mo deposits: P1153 Teck, Santiago, sample MIN2420: Report to ALS, March *Cooke, D.R., Gemmell, J.B., Wilkinson, J., Chile, 17 May 2016, 161 p. 2016, Hobart, Australia, 6 p. Hollings, P., Baker, M., Zhang, L., White, N., Chen, H., Zhou, T., Yu, F., Wang, S., *Cooke, D.R., Golubovic, Z., Protic, N., Gilbert, S., 2016, Gold deportment study Han, J., Pacey, A., Jimenez, C., Testa, F., Belousov, I., Zhang, L., Thompson, J., Smyk, in sample CM1047: Preliminary report to Thompson, J., Phillips, J., Garay, A., and E., and Baker, M., 2016, Prolom, Serbia – an CORE Resources, Australia, 6 p. Ahmed, A., 2016, Overview of AMIRA active exploration site test: AMIRA P1153 Gilbert, S., 2016, Trace element P1153 – Applying the explorers’ toolbox to Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, Australia, 21- composition of spodumene in sample discover porphyry and epithermal Cu, Au 22 November 2016, p. 167-250. MY129: Report to ALS, July 2016, Hobart, and Mo deposits: P1153 Barrick, Hemlo, *Cracknell, M.J., 2016, Corescan fracture Australia, 3 p. Canada, 6 July 2016, 161 p. detection – Missed fracture extraction: Gilbert, S., Goemann, K., and Fox, N., *Cooke, D.R., Gemmell, J.B., Wilkinson, J., Report to Corescan, 14 March, 4 p. 2016, Mineral characterization of Peruvian Hollings, P., Baker, M., Zhang, L., White, *Cracknell, M.J., 2016, Corescan fracture blend zinc concentrate: Report to Nyrstar, N., Chen, H., Zhou, T., Yu, F., Wang, S., detection – Missed fracture extraction February 2016, Hobart, Australia, 3 p. Han, J., Pacey, A., Jimenez, C., Testa, F., update: Report to Corescan, 24 March, 7 p. Thompson, J., Phillips, J., Garay, A., and Gilbert, S., Goemann, K., and Meffre, S., Ahmed, A., 2016, Overview of AMIRA *Cracknell, M.J., 2016, Corescan fracture 2016, Gold deportment study in sample P1153 – Applying the explorers’ toolbox detection – Fracture extraction V3: Report CM‐1047: Mineral liberation and particle to discover porphyry and epithermal Cu, to Corescan, 5 April, 3 p. size analysis: Report to ALS, July 2016, Hobart, Australia, 5 p. Au and Mo deposits: P1153 BHP Billiton, *Cracknell, M.J., 2016, Corescan fracture Santiago, Chile, 16 May 2016, 161 p. detection: Report to Corescan and Gilbert, S., Goemann, K., and Meffre, S., *Cooke, D.R., Gemmell, J.B., Wilkinson, J., Newcrest Mining, 7 April, 8 p. 2016, Trace element analysis of leach residue from the Kwinana nickel refinery: Hollings, P., Baker, M., Zhang, L., White, *Cracknell, M.J., 2016, Image texture Report to Alpha Fine Minerals, September N., Chen, H., Zhou, T., Yu, F., Wang, S., quantification of Corescan mineral 2016, Hobart, Australia, 8 p. Han, J., Pacey, A., Jimenez, C., Testa, F., classifications: Report to Corescan, 2 Thompson, J., Phillips, J., Garay, A., and November, 16 p. Gilbert, S., Large, R.R., and Meffre, S., Ahmed, A., 2016, Overview of AMIRA 2016, Trace element analysis of pyrite and Danyushevsky, L., Belousov, I., and P1153 – Applying the explorers’ toolbox pyrrhotite from Cannington Mine: Report to Johnson, S., 2016, Arsenic distribution in to discover porphyry and epithermal Cu, South 32, June 2016, Hobart, Australia, 13 p. Au and Mo deposits: P1153 CODELCO, pyrite in 4 samples from batch MIN2605: Gilbert, S., and Meffre, S., 2016, Trace element Santiago, Chile, 16 May 2016, 161 p. Report to ALS, November 2016, Hobart, Australia, 6p. analysis of sulphide minerals from the Red *Cooke, D.R., Gemmell, J.B., Wilkinson, J., Bore prospect, WA: Report to Thundelarra, Davidson G.J., 2016, Carbon-oxygen Hollings, P., Baker, M., Zhang, L., White, April 2016, Hobart, Australia, 14 p. N., Chen, H., Zhou, T., Yu, F., Wang, S., isotopes at Sunrise Dam: Halos, Gilbert, S., Olin, P., and Meffre, S., 2016, Han, J., Pacey, A., Jimenez, C., Testa, F., signatures, and a better understanding of Trace element analysis of pyrite and Thompson, J., Phillips, J., Garay, A., and the ore forming processes: Final report to sphalerite: Report to MMG, February 2016, Ahmed, A., 2016, Overview of AMIRA AngloGold Ashanti Sunrise Dam operation, Hobart, Australia, 2 p. P1153 – Applying the explorers’ toolbox to Western Australia, 39 p. discover porphyry and epithermal Cu, Au *Derome, N., and Hollings, P., 2016, Red Goemann, K., Fox, N., Gilbert, S., and and Mo deposits: P1153 FQM, Serbia, 28 Lake, Ontario, Canada – fieldwork, August Meffre, S., 2016, Mineral liberation analysis June 2016, 161 p. 2016: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, of cassiterite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, siderite, wolframite, and *Cooke, D.R., Gemmell, J.B., Wilkinson, J., Hobart, Australia, 21-22 November 2016, tourmaline in 9 Samples: Report to Hollings, P., Baker, M., Zhang, L., White, p. 563-581. Bluestone Minerals, February 2016, Hobart, N., Chen, H., Zhou, T., Yu, F., Wang, S., Escolme, A., 2016, Annual progress report Australia, 18 p. Han, J., Pacey, A., Jimenez, C., Testa, F., to Hot Chili Ltd: Unpublished report to Hot Thompson, J., Phillips, J., Garay, A., and Chili, p. 1-4. *Gorner, E., Fay, L., Hollings, P., and Ahmed, A., 2016, Overview of AMIRA Cooke, D.R., 2016, Hemlo – mine sampling *Fay, L., Hollings, P., and Cooke, D.R., P1153 – Applying the explorers’ toolbox to program: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 2016, Heron Bay sampling, summer 2016: discover porphyry and epithermal Cu, Au 4, Hobart, Australia, 21-22 November 2016, AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, and Mo deposits: P1153 QPX, Santiago, p. 506-541. Australia, 21-22 November 2016, p. 542-562. Chile, 18 May 2016, 161 p. *Harraden, C., Berry, R., Cracknell, M., and *Garay, A., Belousov, I., Stepanov, S., *Cooke, D.R., Gemmell, J.B., Wilkinson, J., Meffre, S., 2016, Automatic calculation of Meffre, S., Baker, M., and Cooke, D.R., Hollings, P., Baker, M., Zhang, L., White, fracture roughness workflow: Report to 2016, Magnetite and epidote chemistry and N., Chen, H., Zhou, T., Yu, F., Wang, S., Newcrest Mining and Corescan, April, 9 p. textures at Ferrobamba Cu-Au-Fe skarn, Han, J., Pacey, A., Jimenez, C., Testa, F., Peru: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, *Harraden, C., and Berry, R., 2016, Thompson, J., Phillips, J., Garay, A., and Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 293-337. Modified fracture orientation calculations: Ahmed, A., 2016, Overview of AMIRA Report to Newcrest Mining and Corescan, P1153 – Applying the explorers’ toolbox to *Garay, A., Zhang, L., Cooke, D.R., and August, 4 p. discover porphyry and epithermal Cu, Au Cannell, J., 2016, Las Bambas Cu-Au- and Mo deposits: P1153 Teck, Lima, Peru, Fe skarn, Peru: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors 20 May 2016, 161 p.

OPPOSITE PAGE: PhD student Jacob Mulder next to the Great Unconformity in Blacktail Canyon, Grand Canyon. Rocks below Jacob’s hand are the 1.84 billion year old Elves Chasm Gneiss (the oldest rock in southwest U.S.A), and the layered rocks above are the 500 99 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 million year old Tapeats Sandstone. 100 minerals from Kudz Ze Kayah VHMS Stepanov, A., Thompson, J., and Meffre, *Vrzovski, J., Jedemann, A., Hollings, P., *Hart, L., Wilkinson, J., Armstrong, R., and Meffre, S., Stepanov, A., and Thompson, *Orovan, E., Zhang, L., Beas, B., Chang, Z., Deposit, Yukon, Batches 1, 2, 3: Report S., 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to and Cooke, D.R., 2016, Hemlo, Ontario, Araujo, D., 2016, Mass transformations J., 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to Chen, H., Baker, M., and Smyk, E., 2016, to BMC Minerals, February 2016, Hobart, Kincora Copper December 2016. 4 p. Canada: Field campaign: AMIRA P1153 during propylitic alteration: A case study of Quantum Pacific Exploration, November Tantahuatay, Peru: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Australia, 14 p. Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, Australia, 21- Stepanov, A., Thompson, J., and Meffre, Oyu Tolgoi porphyry deposits, South Gobi, 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. Meeting 4, Hobart, Australia, 21-22 22 November 2016, p. 484-505. Stepanov, A., Lounejeva, E., and Meffre, S., 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to Mongolia: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting November 2016, p. 425-457. Meffre, S., Stepanov, A., and Thompson, S., 2016, Chlorite and epidote chemistry: the Copper Creek Project, November 2016, *White, N., Cooke, D.R., and Zhang, L., 4, Hobart, Australia, 21-22 November 2016, J., 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report *Parbhakar-Fox, A., and Fox, N., 2016, Report to BHP Billiton, July 2016, Hobart, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. 2016, What actually happens in the porphyry p. 38-90. to Quantum Pacific Exploration, October Evaluation of NAG pH testing: Tracking Australia, 2 p. environment?: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Stepanov, A., Thompson, J., and Meffre, S., *Hollings, P., Baker, M., and Smyk, E., 2016, 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. reaction pathways and products: Meeting 4, Hobart, Australia, 21-22 Stepanov, A., Lounejeva, E., and Meffre, S., 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to the Hemlo green rock pilot study – Update: Preliminary Report: Report to Grange November 2016, p. 705-733. Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, U-Pb 2016, Chlorite and epidote chemistry: Report Copper Creek Project, September 2016, AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, Hobart, Resources, 28 p. geochronology: Report No. 2 to Quantum to BHP, March 2016, Hobart, Australia, 2 p. Hobart, Australia, 4 p. *Zhang, L., Orovan, E., Beas, B., Belousov, I., Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 177-201. Pacific Exploration, February 2016, Hobart, *Parbhakar-Fox, A., and Fox, N., and Smyk, E., 2016, La Zanja district, Peru: Stepanov, A., Lounejeva, E., and Meffre, S., *Sykora, S., 2016, Final presentation of PhD *Ireland, T., 2016, P1153 property proposal: Australia, 4 p. 2016, Geochemical and mineralogical AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, 2016, Chlorite and epidote chemistry: Report findings: Report to Newcrest Mining, 120 p. Žuta Reka, Serbia: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors characterisation of the abandoned Scotia Australia, 21-22 November 2016, p. 373-424. Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, U-Pb to Quantum Pacific Exploration, March 2016, Meeting 3, Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, mine, Northern Tasmania: Report to *Thompson, J.A., Cooke, D.R., Baker, M., geochronology: Report to Anglo American, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. *Zhang, L., Smyk, E., Harrison, R., p. 163-176. Mineral Resources Tasmania, 50 p. Chen, H., Hollings, P., and White, N., 2016, May 2016, Hobart, Australia, 3 p. and Pontual, S., 2016, SWIR database Stepanov, A., Lounejeva, E., and Meffre, S., Vectoring techniques investigated using *Ireland, T., Cooke, D.R., Golubovic, Z., *Parbhakar-Fox, A., and Fox, N., 2016, developments and a new processing Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, U-Pb 2016, Final report on chlorite and epidote trace element chemistry of carbonates and Protic, N., 2016, Prolom, Serbia – an Kinetic trials of Scotia mine tailings: testing method – examples from La Zanja and El geochronology: Report to Emmerson chemistry: Report to QP Exploration (P204), around the Baguio district: AMIRA P1153 active exploration site test: AMIRA P1153 the application of a lime cover: Report to Teniente: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, Resources, February 2016, Hobart, June 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. Sponsors Meeting 3, Hobart, Australia, 11 Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, Australia, 21- Mineral Resources Tasmania, 55 p. Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 338-363. Australia, 4 p. May 2016, p. 239-268. 22 November 2016, p. 251-272. Stepanov, A., and Meffre, S., 2016, Chlorite *Parbhakar-Fox, A., and Fox, N., 2016, *Zhang, L., Smyk, E., Pontual, S., and Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, U-Pb and epidote chemistry: Report to BHP *Thompson, J.A., Cooke, D.R., Zhang, L., *Jackson, L., Parbhakar-Fox, A., Fox, N., Savage River Mine Long Plains Kinetic Wesby, T., 2016, SWIR database and a geochronology: Report to Geopacific Billiton, January 2016, Hobart, Australia, 2 p. Orovan, E., Baker, M., and Chang, Z., 2016, & Cooke, D.R., 2016, Geoenvironmental Trials: Interim Report 1: Report to Grange new processing method – example from Resources, May 2016, Hobart, Australia, 3 p. Feldspar chemistry and fluorescence at Batu domaining in drill core: Field campaign Resources, 24 p. Stepanov, A., and Meffre, S., 2016, Chlorite Pascua-Lama-Veladero: AMIRA P1153 Hijau: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, 2 – Cadia East: Report to Corescan and Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, U-Pb and epidote chemistry: Report to BHP, May Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, Australia, 21- *Parbhakar-Fox, A., and Fox, N., 2016, Hobart, 21-22 November 2016, p. 12-37. Newcrest Mining, 2 p. geochronology: Report to Milpo, August 2016, Hobart, Australia, 2 p. Savage River Mine Long Plains Kinetic 22 November 2016, p. 127-146. 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. Thompson, J., and Meffre, S., 2016, U-Pb Johnson, S., and Lounejeva, E., 2016, Trials: Interim Report 2: Report to Grange Stepanov, A., and Meffre, S., 2016, Chlorite *Zhang, L., Smyk, E., and White, N., 2016, geochronology: Report to Anglo American, Trace element analysis of sulphide minerals Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, Resources, 18 p. and epidote chemistry: Report to Quantum Veladero lithocap – new quartz data: August 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. from Garden Gully: Report to Thundelarra, U-Pb geochronology: Report to Quantum Pacific Exploration, February 2016, Hobart, *Phillips, J., Meffre, S., Thompson, J., AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, Hobart, November 2016, Hobart, Australia, 14 p. Pacific Exploration, August 2016, Hobart, Australia, 6 p. Thompson, J., and Meffre, S., 2016, U-Pb and Cooke, D.R., 2016, Understanding Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 202-224. Australia, 6 p. geochronology: Report to Anglo American, Knight, J., 2016, Geodynamic background: Resolution epidote chemistry: Stepanov, A. and Meffre, S., 2016, Chlorite *Zhang, L., Zhou, T., White, N., Fan, Y., July 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. and metallogenic setting of Cu-Au Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, U-Pb AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 4, Hobart, chemistry: Report to QP Exploration, May Cooke, D.R., Chen, H., and Li, X., 2016, mineralisation in Myanmar: Annual geochronology: Report to Quantum Pacific Australia, 21-22 November 2016, p. 582-614. 2016, Hobart, Australia, 2 p. Thompson, J., and Meffre, S., 2016, U-Pb Fhanshan lithocap, Anhui, China: AMIRA technical report to Anglo American, 65 p. Exploration, June 2016, Hobart, Australia, geochronology: Report to Anglo American, Selley, D., 2016, A new tectonic model Stepanov, A., and Meffre, S., 2016, Report P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, Hobart, 3 p. June 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. Lounejeva, E., and Meffre, S., 2016, Chlorite for the Birimian belts of Côte d’Ivoire: on X-ray diffraction study of marine Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 79-109. and epidote chemistry: Report to BHP Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, U-Pb Architecture of the Birimian Belts in Côte sediments: Report to Marine Resources, Thompson, J., and Meffre, S., 2016, U-Pb *Zhou, T., Fan, Y., White, N., Zhang, L., Billiton, May 2016, Hobart, Australia, 2 p. geochronology: Report to Quantum Pacific d’Ivoire report, 14 p. March 2016, Hobart, Australia, 5 p. geochronology: Report to AngloGold Ashanti, Wang, S., Xiao, X., Hong, H., Liu, Y., Nie, L., Exploration, June 2016, Hobart, Australia, February 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. Lounejeva, E., and Meffre, S., 2016, Selley, D., 2016, Geochronology of the Stepanov, A., Meffre, S., and Thompson, and Li, X., 2016, Magnetite-apatite study 11 p. Chlorite and epidote chemistry: Report to Marabadissa and Seguela regions: J., 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to Thompson, J., and Meffre, S., 2016, U-Pb sites: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, Quantum Pacific Exploration, March 2016, Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, U-Pb Architecture of the Birimian Belts in Côte Quantum Pacific Exploration, September geochronology: Report to Teck, June 2016, Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 61-78. Hobart, Australia, 2 p. geochronology: Report to Quantum Pacific d’Ivoire report, 34 p. 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. Hobart, Australia, 4 p. *Zhou, T., Fan, Y., White, N., Zhang, L., Exploration, March 2016, Hobart, Australia, Lounejeva, E., and Meffre, S., 2016, Selley, D., 2016, Magma petrogenesis in Stepanov, A., Thompson, J., and Meffre, S., Thompson, J., and Meffre, S., 2016, U-Pb Wang, S., Xiao, X., Hong, H., Liu, Y., Nie, 5 p. Chlorite and epidote chemistry: Report Côte d’Ivoire: Architecture of the Birimian 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to Anglo geochronology: Second report to Anglo L., and Li, X., 2016, Projects at Hefei to Newmont, September 2016, Hobart, Meffre, S., and Thompson, J., 2016, U-Pb Belts in Côte d’Ivoire report, 16 p. American, December 2016. 4 p. American, August 2016, Hobart, Australia, 5 p. University of Technology related to P1153: Australia, 2 p. geochronology: Report to the Copper AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting 3, Hobart, Selley, D., 2016, Towards a tectono- Stepanov, A., Thompson, J., and Meffre, Thompson, J., Meffre, S., and Stepanov, Creek Project, February 2016, Hobart, Australia, 11 May 2016, p. 32-60. Lounejeva, E., and Meffre, S., 2016, stratigraphic model for Côte d’Ivoire: S., 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to A., 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to Australia, 4 p. Chlorite chemistry: Report to Pamapersada Architecture of the Birimian Belts in Côte Anglo American, September 2016, Hobart, Antofagasta Minerals, September 2016, Nusantara, August 2016, Hobart, Australia, Meffre, S., Thompson, J., and Orth, K., d’Ivoire report, 22 p. Australia, 4 p. Hobart, Australia, 4 p. 2 p. 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to *Sievwright, R., and Wilkinson, J., Geopacific Resources, August 2016, Meffre, S., Goemann, K., and Stepanov, 2016, Using magnetite chemistry as an Hobart, Australia, 3 p. A., 2016, Quantitative mineralogy and exploration tool for porphyry copper gold deportment of metallurgical mineral Occiphinti S.A., Metelka V., Lindsay M.D., deposits: AMIRA P1153 Sponsors Meeting concentrates from the Quebradona project, Hollis J.A., Aitken A.R., Sheppard S., Orth 4, Hobart, Australia, 21-22 November 2016, Colombia: Report to ALS Metallurgy and K., Tyler I.M., Beardsmore T., Hutchinson p. 147-166. AngloGold Ashanti, January 2016, Hobart, M., and Miller J.M., 2016, Prospectivity Steadman, J.A., 2016, Report on RC Australia, 29 p. analysis of the Halls Creek Orogen, drilling at Bono – pyrite geochemistry, 27 p. Western Australia – using a mineral Meffre, S., and Olin, P., 2016, Hematite systems approach: Geological Survey of Steadman, J.A., Large, R.R., and Manuc, chemistry: Report to Emerson Resources, Western Australia Report 159, 57 p. G., 2016, Sulfide geochemistry at the February 2016, Hobart, Australia, 2 p. Petiknäs North VHMS deposit, Boliden *Orovan, E., 2016, Porphyry-related Sean Johnson Meffre, S., Stepanov, A., and Thompson, district, Sweden, 31 p. samples from LC-05-2006: Report to (senior scientist), J., 2016, U-Pb geochronology of rutile: Harry West (PhD Buenaventura, 2 p. Steadman, J.A., Large, R.R., and Selley, Report for MMG, December 2016, Hobart, student Macquarie D., 2016, Trace element characteristics of Australia, 4 p. *Orovan, E., Zhang, L., and Beas, B., 2016, University) and Brian sulfides and oxides in the Kitumba-Kayoma- Tantahuatay sampling campaign – May Duggan (University Meffre, S., Stepanov, A., and Thompson, Kakozhi IOCG district, Zambia, 71 p. of South Carolina) 2016: Report to Buenaventura, 19 p. J., 2016, U-Pb geochronology: Report to categorising rocks from Stepanov, A., Gilbert, S., and Meffre, S., MMG, October 2016, Hobart, Australia, 4 p. a dredge on board the RV 2016, Trace element analysis of sulphide Investigator, East Tasman Plateau.

101 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 102 STUDENT SUPERVISORS PROJECT SUPPORT Richard Cotton ^ coursework only Daniel Cronin coursework only APPENDICES Christopher coursework only Crouchly Roseanna Dale coursework only CODES POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS 2016 Paul Edmonds coursework only BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) (12) Maria Lourdes M. Cooke Intrusive history and genesis of Bayugo porphyry copper-gold DFAT, Philex Mining, Faustino ^ deposit, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines SEG STUDENT SUPERVISORS PROJECT SUPPORT Franco Ferreyra Cooke TBA Matt Bodini Roach, Tassell (GHD) Evaluation of petrophysical and mineralogical proxies for rock GHD strength with particular emphasis on civil engineering practice Arga Firmansyah Cooke Geology and mineralisation of the Trenggalek district, East PT Pamapersada Java, Indonesia Nusantara Stephanie Cesile ^ Whittaker (IMAS), Carey An investigation into oceanic large igneous province plume IMAS swell Daniel Foulds coursework only Zheng (Leo) Chia ^ Jutzeler, Orth Sedimentological analysis of Pleistocene pumice-rich turbidites IODP David Groombridge coursework only at Site U1398, IODP 340, offshore Martinique David Haddow coursework only Rebecca Clifton *^ Parbhakar-Fox, Fox Evaluating applications of boiler ash for controlling acid and MONA Heavy Metals metalliferous drainage-- examples from Tasmanian mine Project, ARC TMVC Brendan Hardwick Meffre, Doyle (AngloGold Ore mineral textures and their implication for gold genesis and AngloGold Ashanti wastes Ashanti) deportment at the Tropicana Gold Mine, Western Australia Brady Gower ^ Roach Structural and sedimentological analysis of the Adele Trend - UTAS Kyle Hodges coursework only Browse Basin Kyle Hughes Meffre Paragenesis of the Dobroyde Deposit, central NSW ARC Linkage Kathryn Job Roach, Meffre, A palaeomagnetic study of the Palaeozoic Tasmanian Orocline MRT, ARC Linkage Danny Huisman ^ coursework only Musgrave (GSNSW) Model Corey Jago Meffre, Cooke Toward an understanding of the temporal, spatial and ARC Linkage Richard (Sigmun) Meffre, Steadman Alteration mineralogy and geochemistry of altered rocks in the ARC Linkage, Heron mineralogical characteristics of the Northparkes Alkalic Lloyd Woodlawn VHMS belt, NSW Resources Porphyry Deposits, New South Wales Declan Radford ^ Cracknell, Roach Geological mapping from radar imagery with Machine Learning MRT, Forestry Sitthinon (Gun) Meffre Provenance of Early to Mid-Paleozoic sediments in western ARC Linkage Tasmania Kultaksayos Tasmania Caleb Sang ^ Carey, Falloon Chasing the Kerguelen mantle plume ‘tail’: investigating the IODP Anna Kutkiewicz coursework only Miocene to Holocene record of volcanism using tephra glass in ODP Leg 183, Site 1138a cores Thomas Langley coursework only Tristan Wells ^ Cooke, Baker, Zhang Geology and genesis of the Two-Thirty prospect, Northparkes, Northparkes Mines Esther Little coursework only NSW Chantelle Lower Ehrig (BHPBilliton) An aspect of the geology of the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag BHP Billiton Ben Whitney ^ Zhang, G.Davidson Evaluation of the Specimen Hill high-sulfidation epithermal Signature Gold deposit prospect, Southern Queensland, Australia Walter Lozano coursework only Tyler Williams ^ Roach, Tassell (GHD) Seismic evaluation of the integrity of the Henty tailings storage GHD Garcia Naranjo facility, Henty Tasmania Imam Malik ^ coursework only MASTER OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY (50) Rebekah McLelland coursework only Joanne Morrison * Berry Cadia East multi-element lithogeochemistry: Evaluation of Newcrest Mining STUDENT SUPERVISORS PROJECT SUPPORT trace element deportment important to processing Michael Adams coursework only Alexei Nicholls coursework only Robert Ayres coursework only Saranya Nuanla- Zaw Paragenesis, pyrite geochemistry and ore fluids at Htongyi Ore Deposits of Fabian Baker Cooke Amulsar HSE Au deposit, Armenia Lydian International Ong gold veins, Myanmar SE Asia Project, National Prosperity Thomas Bartschi coursework only Company Sebastian Cooke Characterisation of phyllic assemblages at Taca Taca Bajo, First Quantum Alister Orton coursework only Benavides Argentina Chris Piggott coursework only Christopher Booth coursework only Thomas Ralston coursework only Kim Boundy coursework only Alan Riles ^ coursework only Cesar Calderon- Gemmell Chanca low sulfidation deposit, Peru Buenaventura Tipiani Philip Roger coursework only Jimmy Carranza coursework only Christopher Shanley coursework only Meza Markus Staubmann coursework only Wayne Carter coursework only Luke Timmermans coursework only Glen Cathers coursework only MASTER OF EXPLORATION GEOSCIENCE (1) Chloe Cavill G.Davidson Geochemical classification of orebearing/metalliferous fluids of Mandalay Resources the Costerfield region, Victoria STUDENT SUPERVISORS PROJECT SUPPORT Djohanne Celiz Cooke The geology, alteration, and mineralisation of the Sagay Freeport-McMoRan Peerapong Meffre Tectonic evolution and ore deposit prospectivity of the Rockley Thai Royal deposit in northern Negros, Philippines Exploration Sritangsirikul Volcanics, NSW Australia Government Corporation Scholarship Joanna Condon ^ Gemmell Ore types of DeGrussa and Conductor 1 ore lenses of the Sandfire Resources DeGrussa VHMS deposit, Western Australia Rachel Cooke coursework only

103 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 104 MASTER OF SCIENCE (2) STUDENT SUPERVISORS PROJECT SUPPORT STUDENT SUPERVISORS PROJECT SUPPORT Margy Hawke # Gemmell, Large, Geological evolution of the DeGrussa Cu-Au VHMS deposit, UTAS, Sandfire Eyob Andemeskel Selley Litho- and chemo-stratigraphic, structural and mineral MMG G.Davidson Western Australia Resources prospectivity aspects of the Rosebery Group, an enigmatic Jacob Heathcote Scott, G.Davidson Gold distribution and association at the Kansanshi copper-gold First Quantum Cambrian volcano-sedimentary succession on Tasmania's deposit Zambia: Processes responsible for gold precipitation Minerals west coast and implications for ore zone delineation and recovery Irma Vejelyte § V.Kamenetsky, McPhie, Geological evolution of the Wirrda Well Prospect, Gawler UTAS, CoE, BHP Sam Holt Carey, McPhie Understanding of basaltic eruption dynamics and UTAS, CoE, Ehrig (BHPBilliton) Craton, South Australia Billiton, ARC mechanisms: Effusive and explosive eruptions in Hawaii Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, USGS, DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (54) CSL STUDENT SUPERVISORS PROJECT SUPPORT Wei Hong # Cooke, Zhang, Fox Magmatic-hydrothermal volatile exsolution and mineralisation UTAS, CoE, SEG, in Tasmanian Sn granites Geoscience Adam Abersteiner V.Kamenetsky, Kimberlites and diamonds: Understanding their petrogenesis UTAS Australia M.Kamenetsky, and uncovering the identity of their source composition Goemann (CSL) Shawn Hood * Cracknell, Reading Machine learning and automated geoscientific analyses for the UTAS, ARC spatial characterisation of metalliferous ore deposits TMVC, Gold Fields Ayesha Ahmed * Cooke, Baker, Orovan The effect of pressure/depth on propylitic alteration mineral AMIRA P1153, ARC Australia, Saracen chemistry in the porphyry environment TMVC, UTAS Mineral Holdings, Olga Apukhtina ^ V.Kamenetsky, McPhie, Stable isotopes (C, S and O) and halogens (CI, F) in gangue BHP Billiton Olympic Integra Gold Corp Maas (UMelb) and ore minerals at Olympic Dam: Evaluation of mantle and Dam, UTAS Qiuyue Huang ^ V.Kamenetsky, McPhie, Mafic magmatism in the Gawler Craton: Distribution, UTAS, CoE, BHP crustal contributions to mineralisation Allen composition, timing, sources and tectonic setting Billiton, ARC Richelle Awid- G.Davidson, The evolution of Zn-Pb-Fe-bearing minerals in the Grieves CoE, UTAS, CRC Fumihiko Ikegami Carey, McPhie 2012 submarine silicic eruption of Havre volcano and UTAS, ARC, US Pascual V.Kamenetsky, Siding peat, western Tasmania ORE implications for ancient submarine successions in Australia National Science Goemann, Noble Foundation Heidi Berkenbosch Gemmell, McNeill (MRT), Geochemistry of hydrothermal mineral chimneys from Brothers CoE, GNS Science, Laura Jackson * Parbhakar-Fox, Cooke, Domaining of geoenvironmental properties in drill core ARC TMVC, UTAS, Christie (GNS Science) volcano, Kermadec Arc UTAS, SEG, Fox Newcrest Mining AusIMM, Australian Synchrotron Torsten Jensen Scott, Meffre, Selley Devonian gold mineralisation in NE Nevada, USA: Critical CODES, UTAS primer to a world-class gold district? Ben Cave ^ Large, Danyushevsky A metamorphic course for tungsten in metasedimentary- UTAS, CoE hosted orogenic gold deposits Carlos Andres Cooke, White, Baker Bantug lithocap, Negros Island, Philippines: Mineralogy, UTAS Foundation, Jimenez Torres textures, and chemistry AMIRA P1060 Nathan Chapman Meffre, V.Kamenetsky Pb-isotopic insights into the crustal evolution and ARC, BHP Billiton metallogenesis of the Gawler Craton Sean Johnson # Large, Meffre, The geochemistry of metalliferous black shales: Understanding UTAS, CoE, Mining McGoldrick primary enrichments, metamorphic processes and the role of Institute of Scotland, Jing Chen * Cooke, Zhang The geology, mineralisation, alteration and fluid evolution of UTAS, China metalrich black shales in archiving earth evolution ANZIC-IODP, Zijinshan ore field, Fujian Province, China Scholarship Council, ECORD, NERC, ARC TMVC, SEG, Talvivaara Mining, Zijin Mining GTK, SEG Alexander Cherry V.Kamenetsky, McPhie, Petrology, provenance and composition of bedded UTAS, ARC, BHP Joe Knight Zaw, Large The geodynamic and metallogenic setting of Cu-Au Anglo American Ehrig (BHPBilliton) sedimentary facies in the Olympic Dam deposit Billiton mineralisation in Myanmar: Implications for mineral exploration David Doutch Scott, Cas The geology and geological controls on gold mineralisation at St Ives Gold Stephen Kuhn* Reading, Cracknell The use of Machine Learning for lithological mapping and UTAS, CODES, the Invincible deposit, St Ives Gold Mine, Kambalda, WA minerals targeting in various deposit styles and settings ARC TMVC, First Evan Draayers Danyushevsky The boninite magma genesis debate: Assessing the role of UTAS Quantum Minerals, mantle sources associated with intra-plate magmatism in the Gold Fields, generation of boninitic magmas above subduction zones Buenaventura Angela Escolme *# Cooke, Hunt, Berry The geology, geochemistry and geometallurgy of Productora UTAS, Hot Chili, Erin Lawlis Cooke Au-bearing pyritic ore of Lihir, Papua New Guinea: Its Newcrest Mining, Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Chile CSIRO, AusIMM, physiochemical character and nature of the causative fluids UTAS, SEG ARC TMVC Christopher Leslie Meffre, Cooke District scale ore deposit prospectivity of the Ordovician - ARC Linkage, UTAS Esmaeil Eshaghi Reading Geophysical and petrophysical investigations of Tasmania at UTAS Silurian Lachlan Fold Belt, southestern Australia multiple scales Elena Lounejeva G.Davidson, Large Geochemical study of three marine sediments sequences ARC, CODES Matt Ferguson V.Kamenetsky, Ehrig Fe- and Ti-bearing minerals, apatite and zircon in the Olympic UTAS, ARC Linkage, corresponding to the Late Permian-Early Triassic stratigraphic (BHPBilliton), Meffre Dam district basement and Gawler Range Volcanics BHP Billiton boundary Jodi Fox McPhie, Carey Submarine intraplate basaltic volcanism UTAS, CoE, ANZIS, Charles Makoundi ^ Zaw, Large Geochemistry of carbonaceous black shale, sandstone, and IPRS, UTAS, Ore Australian Antarctic chert in Malaysia: Insights into gold source rock potential Deposits of SE Asia Science Program, Project MRT, Linnean Claire McMahon G.Davidson Distribution of, and controls upon, pyrite trace element content ARC Society of NSW of hydrothermal alteration zones at Hercules VHMS ore Martin Gal # Reading, Ellingsen Seismic array analysis of ocean induced microseisms UTAS deposit, Tasmania and NICO IOCG ore deposit, Northwest (Physics) Territories, Canada Amos Garay * Cooke, Baker, Zhang Magnetite and epidote chemistry and textures at Las Bambas AMIRA P1153, Brian McNulty Gemmell, G.Davidson Geology and genesis of the mineral deposits of the Myra Falls Nyrstar, UTAS Cu-Au-Fe skarn, Peru: Assessing district and deposit-scale ARC TMVC, UTAS VHMS District, Canada fertility - implications for ore genesis and exploration Foundation Peter Morse Reading, Lueg Combined computational and human interaction strategies UTAS, CODES Cassady Harraden * Meffre, Berry, Cracknell Geotechnical and geometallurgical assessment of the Cadia UTAS, ARC TMVC, (Computing) in knowledge generation from spatial and spatiotemporal East deposit using Corescan automated logging technology Newcrest Mining, information Corescan Indrani Mukherjee Large, Halpin (IMAS), Pyrite trace element chemistry of black shales of the "boring UTAS, SEG, AMIRA, Rachel Harrison * Cooke, Zhang Tumpangpitu porphyry Au-Cu-Mo and high-sulfidation UTAS, SEG, ARC Meffre billion" period CODES epithermal Au-Ag deposit, Tujuh Bukit project, SE Java, TMVC Jacob Mulder Meffre, Halpin (IMAS), From Nuna to Gondwana: An evaluation of the early tectonic UTAS, CODES Indonesia - geology, alteration and mineralisation Berry, Scott history of Tasmania

105 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 106 STUDENT SUPERVISORS PROJECT SUPPORT MAJOR EXTERNALLY FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECTS^ Evan Orovan ^ Cooke, Harris (Newcrest) Geology, geochemistry and genesis of the Namosi porphyry CODES, Newcrest ARC INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION RESEARCH HUB GRANTS 2016 Cu-Au deposits, Fiji Mining, SEG , Namosi Joint INVESTIGATORS PROJECT FUNDING PERIOD ARC PARTNER UTAS MISC Venture BODY FUNDING FUNDING FUNDING FUNDING FOR 2016 FOR 2016 FOR 2016 FOR 2016 Thomas Ostersen Reading, Cracknell, Multi-scale geoelectric, and combined geophysical, UTAS, CODES, Cooke, Danyushevsky, Duh, Transforming ARC, AMIRA 2015 - $861,003 $852,800 $145,135 $21,127 Roach, Thiel (GSSA) investigations of Tasmania and Southeast Australia MRT, U Adelaide, Gemmell, Large, Meffre, Reading, the mining International, 2020 Geoscience Harris (Newcrest), Seymon value chain BHP Billiton Australia, GSSA (AMIRA), Ehrig (BHP Billiton), Olympic Dam, Pedro Pereira da McPhie, McNeill (MRT), Facies analysis and correlations in complex mineralised Portuguese Govt Goodey (Corescan), Lottermoser Newcrest Fonseca ^ Relvas (GeoFCuL) submarine volcanic successions: Mount Read Volcanics, (FCT), CoE (Aachen), Shelley (Laurin Technic) Mining, UTAS western Tasmania Joshua Phillips * Cooke, Scott, Baker Geologic and geochemical vectors to mineralisation at the ARC TMVC, AMIRA ADDITIONAL FUNDER PROJECTS WITHIN THE ARC TMVC RESEARCH HUB 2016 Resolution porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Arizona P1153, Rio Tinto, INVESTIGATORS PROJECT FUNDING BODY PERIOD FUNDING Resolution Copper FOR 2016 Ltd Cooke, Hunt, Berry, Ore characterisation and geometallurgical Hot Chili 2013 - 2016 $25,858 Naomi Potter V.Kamenetsky, An investigation into the genesis of intrusive and extrusive UTAS Escolme (student) modelling at the Productora Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Goemann, carbonatitic melts Chile M.Kamenetsky CSIRO 2014 - 2016 $7,54 4

Subira Sharma G.Davidson, Cooke Evaluation of links between Merlin-style Mo-Re mineralisation UTAS, Inova Cooke, Baker, Zhang, Magnetite and epidote chemistry and textures at UTAS Foundation 2015 - 2018 $16,000 and magmatism in the Cloncurry fold belt, Queensland: Resources Garay (student) Las Bambas Cu-Au-Fe skarn, Peru: Assessing Implications for exploration district and deposit-scale fertility - implications Tobias Staal Reading, Whittaker Seismic and geological constraints on the lithospheric Antarctic Gateway for ore genesis and exploration (IMAS), Halpin (IMAS) structure of Antarctica Partnership Parbhakar-Fox Integrating mineralogical evaluations into kinetic Australian Academy 2016 - 2017 $7,000 Nathan Steeves Gemmell, Large, Ore genesis of the Greens Creek VHMS Deposit, Alaska: Hecla Mining, UTAS testing protocols of Technology and Hannington (UOttawa) Implications for mining, milling and exploration Engineering Stephanie Sykora *# Cooke, Selley Origin, evolution and significance of anhydrite-bearing vein Newcrest Mining, Parbhakar-Fox Evaluation of NAG pH testing: Tracking reaction Grange Resources 2016 $5,396 arrays and breccias, Lienetz orebody, Lihir gold deposit, CODES, TMVC, pathways and products Papua New Guinea UTAS Cooke, Danyushevsky, Textural geochemical and C-O isotopic Society of Economic 2016 $4,067 Francisco Testa Cooke, Baker Tourmaline breccia pipes: San Francisco de los Andes, UTAS, AMIRA P1060 Meffre, Thompson variations at Batu Hijau Geologists Foundation Argentina and Rio Blanco-Los Bronces, Chile (student) Parbhakar-Fox, Fox, Evaluating applications of boiler ash for MONA Heavy Metals 2016 $3,000 Jay Thompson Danyushevsky, Meffre Understanding the specifics of H2O-free aerosol behaviour in the inductively-coupled plasma in geochemical LA-ICPMS Clifton (student) controlling acid and metalliferous drainage-- Project applications involving U/Pb dating and accurate trace element examples from Tasmanian mine wastes analysis in silicate minerals and glasses ARC LINKAGE GRANTS 2016 Jennifer Thompson * Cooke, Danyushevsky, Carbonate mineral chemistry in epithermal and porphyry UTAS, AMIRA Meffre hydrothermal systems P1153, ARC TMVC, INVESTIGATORS PROJECT FUNDING BODY PERIOD ARC PARTNER SEG FUNDING FUNDING Daniele Vergani Carey, McPhie The 2007 explosive activity at Piton de la Fournaise volcano UTAS, CoE, Reunion FOR 2016 FOR 2016 (Reunion): Constraints on the eruptive processes by the Volcano Observatory Meffre, Whittaker Ore deposits and ARC, Rio Tinto, Alkane Exploration, Sandfire 2016 - 2019 $80,343 $145,000 volcanological study of the erupted deposits (IMAS), Norman tectonic evolution Resources, Evolution Mining, Geoscience (ANU), Cracknell, of the Lachlan Australia, Geological Survey of New South Belousova Orogen, SE Wales, Heron Resources, Mineral Resources * Affiliated with the ARC TMVC Research Hub # Degree completed, not yet graduated ^ Graduated § Withdrawn/terminated (Macquarie), Collins Australia Tasmania, Northparkes Mines, New South (UoN), Arundell (IMEx Resources, AngloGold Ashanti, Geological Consulting), Cooke Survey of Victoria, Emmerson Resources

ARC LIEF GRANTS 2016 INVESTIGATORS PROJECT PERIOD ARC PARTNER FUNDING FUNDING FOR 2016 FOR 2016 Danyushevsky, A state-of-the-art field emission electron microprobe for 2016 $600,000 $0 V.Kamenetsky, Cooke, Tasmania Large, Goemann (CSL)

ARC DISCOVERY GRANTS 2016 INVESTIGATORS PROJECT PERIOD ARC FUNDING FOR 2016 Large, Danyushevsky, Halpin Pyrite: A deep-time capsule of ocean chemistry and atmosphere oxidation 2015 - 2017 $166,773 (IMAS), Meffre

107 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 108 CRC PROJECTS 2016 INVESTIGATORS PROJECT FUNDING BODY PERIOD FUNDING INVESTIGATORS PROJECT PERIOD CRC UTAS FOR 2016 FUNDING FUNDING Cracknell, Roach, Geological mapping from radar Mineral Resources Tasmania 2016 $5,000 FOR 2016 FOR 2016 Radford (student) imagery with Machine Learning Gemmell CRC ORE II Participant funding 2015 - 2021 $0 $100,000 V.Kamenetsky, Sedimentary units within the Olympic Society of Economic Geologists 2016 $3,522 Gemmell CRC ORE II- Predictive geometallurgy controls on grade by size 2016 - 2019 $ 57,0 8 3 $0 McPhie, Ehrig Dam deposit: Provenance and Foundation (BHPBilliton), Cherry implications to metal sources Berry, Danyushevsky, CRC ORE II- Geometallurgical applications for sorting by surface 2016 - 2017 $21,300 $0 (student) Thompson,Rodemann analysis: review of status (CSL) Cooke, Chen Porphyry and skarn mineralisation in Hefei University of Technology 2015 - 2017 ** (student), Fan (visitor), China INDUSTRY AND OTHER EXTERNALLY FUNDED RESEARCH GRANTS 2016 Zhang, Zhou (visitor) Cooke, Jansen, Selley, Exploring the porphyry environment Newcrest Mining Limited July 2009 - ** INVESTIGATORS PROJECT FUNDING BODY PERIOD FUNDING Harris (Newcrest) 2016 FOR 2016 Danyushevsky, Development of fundamental aspects Laurin Technic 2015 - 2018 ** Large, Danyushevsky Research and development in mineral Newcrest Mining Limited 2012 - 2016 $235,000 Johnson of laser-ablation analysis applied to deportment and exploration geological problems Steadman, Large Pyrite and pyrrhotite as ore vectors and Sandfire Resources, Enterprise Metals, 2015 - 2017 $153,000 G.Davidson, Cooke, Evaluation of links between Merlin-style Inova Resources 2013 - 2016 ** stratigraphic markers for orogenic gold, Pioneer Resources, Boliden Mineral, Sharma (student) Mo-Re mineralisation and magmatism Carlin gold, VHMS, IOCG, sediment- Argent Minerals, Intrepid Mines in the Cloncurry fold belt, Queensland: hosted copper, and stratiform zinc Implications for exploration targets Gemmell, Large, Geological evolution of the DeGrussa Sandfire Resources 2012 - 2016 ** Large, Meffre, South Australia pyrite, hematite and Geological Survey of South Australia 2012 - 2016 $83,000 G.Davidson, Hawke Cu-Au VHMS deposit, Western Gregory, Steadman magnetite fingerprint database (student) Australia Scott, Cas, Doutch The geology and geological controls St Ives Gold 2015 - 2018 $55,000 Large, Gregory, DeGrussa vectoring project Sandfire Resources 2015 - 2016 ** (student) on gold mineralisation at the Invincible Steadman deposit, St Ives Gold Mine, Kambalda, WA Zhang, G.Davidson, Geological framework and Signature Gold 2015 - 2016 ** Whitney (student) characteristics of the Specimen Hill Zhang Exploration tools and genesis of the Hefei University of Technology 2016 - 2017 $46,035 high sulfidation epithermal system, lithocaps in Eastern China southern Queensland, Australia Danyushevsky LAM data reduction software Rio Tinto 2014 - 2016 $45,000 development ^ projects with greater than $2,000 external funding per year ** all project funding received, project still active Gemmell, G.Davidson, Geology and genesis of the mineral Nyrstar Myra Falls 2015 - 2017 $40,000 McNulty (student) deposits of the Myra Falls VHMS District, Canada Scott, G.Davidson, Gold distribution and association at the Kansanshi Mining 2014 - 2017 $28,000 Heathcote (student) Kansanshi copper-gold deposit Zambia Zaw, Large, Knight The geodynamic and metallogenic Anglo American 2015 - 2016 $24,403 (student) setting of Cu-Au mineralisation in Myanmar: Implications for mineral exploration Johnson, Noble The establishment of ocean anoxia and IODP (via Australian National University) 2016 - 2018 $20,000 (IMAS), Olin, Meffre, ocean acidification during the PETM: Grice (Curtin), Large Understanding the biological and chemical response on a regional and global scale Gemmell, Large, Ore genesis of the Greens Creek Hecla Mining Company 2013 - 2016 $19,000 Hannington VHMS Deposit, Alaska: Implications for (UOttawa), Steeves mining, milling and exploration (student) G.Davidson, Bull, Controls on copper mineralising Northern Territory Geological Survey 2016 - 2017 $16,281 Selley processes in the McArthur Basin, NT, and its implications for the metallogeny of extensional basins G.Davidson Determination of the temporal Cameco 2015 - 2017 $10,465 relationship between the pyrite- silica-sericite alteration, and spatially associated uranium mineralisation, at Angularli Deposit, East Arnhem Land Cooke, Baker, Zhang, Geology and genesis of the Two-Thirty Northparkes Mines 2016 $10,000 Wells (student) prospect, Northparkes, NSW G.Davidson Carbonate formation and gold, Sunrise AngloGold Ashanti 2012 - 2016 $7,817 Dam: a stable isotope perspective Gemmell, G.Davidson, First application of high-resolution CA- Society of Economic Geologists 2016 - 2017 $6,684 McNulty (student) ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon dating to resolve Foundation the timing of the H-W and L-M-P ore horizons of the Myra Falls VHMS district

109 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 110 VISITORS 2016 NATIONAL ACADEMIC AND GOVERNMENT VISITORS INDUSTRY VISITORS NAME INSTITUTION NAME INSTITUTION NAME COMPANY NAME COMPANY Farah Ali Latrobe University Derrick Hasterok University of Adelaide Ben Adair CRC ORE Terry Hoschke Newcrest Daniel Bombardieri Mineral Resources Tasmania Robert Hough CSIRO Paul Agnew Rio Tinto Tim Ireland First Quantum Minerals Goran Boren University of Adelaide Mark Kendrick Australian National University Debora Araujo Rio Tinto Andrew Jaunzems Rio Tinto Ralph Bottrill Mineral Resources Tasmania Craig Lindley CSIRO Phil Baker Rio Tinto Alan Kobussen Rio Tinto Clive Calver Mineral Resources Tasmania Roland Maas University of Melbourne Jens Bergmann Bruker Jennifer Maguire Rio Tinto Matthew Carey Geoscience Australia Colin Mazengarb Mineral Resources Tasmania John Bishop Mitre Geophysics Martin Male Mount Isa Mines Ray Cas Monash University Andrew McNeill Mineral Resources Tasmania Adam Black Rio Tinto Dmitriy Malovichko Institute of Mine Seismology Yanbo Cheng James Cook University Jake Moltzen Mineral Resources Tasmania Joel Blake Rio Tinto Stephen Meyer Institute of Mine Seismology Richard Chopping Geoscience Australia Rebecca Nelson University of Melbourne Bryan Bowden Rio Tinto Doreen Mikitiuk Rio Tinto Jingming Duan Geoscience Australia Jennifer Parnell Mineral Resources Tasmania Dane Burkett Olympus Stephanie Mills Rio Tinto Mark Duffett Mineral Resources Tasmania Andrew Pitt Launceston Cityprom Erin Carswell MMG Brenda Mooney Mooney and Reinhardt Sinead Ferris DFAT Rhys Pogonoski DFAT David Close Origin Energy Inna Mudrovska Rio Tinto Imogen Fielding Curtin University Aedan Puleston DFAT Mawson Croaker Rio Tinto Ashley Norris Australian Scientific Instruments Tanya Fomin Geoscience Australia Ashfaqur Rahman CSIRO / Norris Software Paul Cromie Anglo American Geoff Fraser Geoscience Australia Phil Samson Geoscience Education Tasmania Sasha Pontual AusSpec Andrew Davies Teck Andrea Giuliani University of Melbourne Michael Sephton Latrobe University Cassie Porter Rio Tinto Gary DeSchutter North American Palladium Brooke Goddard DFAT Wendy Stanford Latrobe University William Powell Rio Tinto Mark Doyle AngloGold Ashanti David Green Mineral Resources Tasmania Don Thomson Cradle Coast Authority, Tasmania Adele Seymon AMIRA International Jon Drew Rio Tinto William Griffin Macquarie University Anthony Tran University of Melbourne Trevor Shaw Mount Isa Mines Kathy Ehrig BHP Billiton Nikhil Gulati University of Melbourne Andrew Wakefield Mineral Resources Tasmania Michael Shelley Laurin Technic David First Freeport McMoRan Martin Hand University of Adelaide Rebecca White University of Melbourne Penny Sinclair Cameco Fiona Fraser Leapfrog3D Steve Hardy Data61 / CSIRO Greg Yaxley Australian National University Patrick Smillie Leapfrog3D Fred Fryer Agilent Technologies Jethro Hotbatahi University of Melbourne Nick Smith PassiveX Hasoloan Simon Gatehouse BHP Billiton Andrew Somers SciAps Kathy George Total Instrument Controls INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC AND GOVERNMENT VISITORS Yi Sun Myanmar Yangtze Copper Michael Gill Rio Tinto NAME INSTITUTION NAME INSTITUTION Steve Turner Newmont Bruce Godfrey Australian Scientific Instruments Huayong Chen Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Graham Pearson University of Alberta, Canada Vic Wall Vic Wall and Associates China Jonathon Graham Datamine Nilanthi Pelawaththage Overseas Diplomat, Sri Lanka Steve Walters CRC ORE Mi Chen Geological Survey of Hubei Province, David Gray Consultant Ryan Portner Brown University, USA China Shuo Wang Rio Tinto Scott Halley Consultant Malcolm Reid University of Otago, NZ Tang Chun’an Dalian University of Technology, China Tom Wesby First Quantum Minerals Anthony Harris Newcrest Banxiao Ruan^ China University of Geosciences Wendou Dong Chinese Academy of Sciences Mike Whitbread MMG Nick Hayward Teck Ping Shen^ Chinese Academy of Sciences Patricia Durance GNS Science, New Zealand Noel White Consultant Roland Hill QPX Robert Sievwright Imperial College London, UK Yu Fan Hefei University of Technology, China Andy Wurst Barrick Kate Hine Mitre Geophysics Sifang Sun Geological Survey of Hubei Province, Ty Ferre University of Arizona, USA China Tony Hope GHD Xue Gao^ China University of Geosciences Florient Szitkar GEOMAR, Germany Dan Gregory University of California, USA Kenichiro Tani National Museum of Nature and Gwen Halemaku Overseas Diplomat, Solomon Islands Science, Japan Lisa Hart Imperial College London, UK Nasir Uddin Overseas Diplomat, Bangladesh Murray Hitzman^ Colorado School of Mines, USA Dongtian Wei Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiaoye Jin^ China University of Geosciences. Jamie Wilkinson Natural History Museum, UK Tobias Kampmann Lulea University of Technology, Sweden Yuling Xie University of Science and Technology of China Vakaoca Kedrayate Overseas Diplomat, Fiji Feng Xiong^ Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenbo Li Peking University, China Georg Zellmer Massey University, NZ Ping-Ping Liu National Taiwan University Taofa Zhou Hefei University of Technology, China Georgian Manuc University of Bucharest, Romania ^ Visitor for longer than three months. Peter Michael University of Tulsa, USA Yaoling Niu Durham University, UK

OPPOSITE PAGE CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: John Bishop, Mitre Geophysics; Banxiao Ruan, China University of Geosciences; Vic Wall, Vic Wall and Associates; Yaoling Niu, Durham University, UK; Taofa Zhou, Hefei University of Technology, China; Xiaoye Jin, 111 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 China University of Geosciences. 112 CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits University of Tasmania Private Bag 79, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia Tel: +61 (0) 3 6226 2472 Fax: +61 (0) 3 6226 2547 ISSN 1440-6411 © Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits 2016 utas.edu.au/codes

113 | CODES | ANNUAL REPORT 2016 PhD student Stephanie Sykora. CODES ANNUAL REPORT 2016 REPORT ANNUAL CODES

ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN ORE DEPOSITS

THIS REPORT INCLUDES SECTIONS ON THE ARC RESEARCH HUB – TRANSFORMING THE MINING VALUE ANNUAL REPORT CHAIN, AND THE UTAS DISCIPLINE OF EARTH SCIENCES 2016

ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN ORE DEPOSITS