Darurat Di Tanah Melayu: Peristiwa Dan Pengajaran Untuk Generasi Masakini Dalam Konteks Ketahanan Nasional

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Darurat Di Tanah Melayu: Peristiwa Dan Pengajaran Untuk Generasi Masakini Dalam Konteks Ketahanan Nasional Political Managements and Policies in Malaysia Darurat di Tanah Melayu: Peristiwa dan Pengajaran Untuk Generasi Masakini Dalam Konteks Ketahanan Nasional Zulhilmi bin Paidi & Rohani Hj Ab Ghani Abstrak Kemerdekaan negara ini dicapai dengan bangganya pada 31 Ogos 1957. Kemerdekaan ini tercapai adalah hasil perjuangan rakyat negara ini yang bukan mudah dan ianya penuh dugaan dan cabaran. Di antara dugaan terhebat yang dialami negara ini dalam perjalanan ke arah kemerdekaan ialah peristiwa darurat iaitu pemberontakan Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM) terhadap pentadbiran British di Tanah Melayu. Darurat hampir meragut peluang negara ini untuk mengecapi kemerdekaan. Ia sering diingati sebagai cerita yang tersirat dalam apa yang tersurat kerana ianya berlaku seiring dengan jalan ke arah kemerdekaan negara ini. Darurat diisytiharkan secara rasmi bermula pada tahun 1948 oleh Sir Edward Gent dan telah diisytiharkan berakhir pada 1960 oleh Yang di- Pertuan Agong. Selama 12 tahun pemberontakan bersenjata oleh PKM telah mengakibatkan keadaan huru-hara yang tidak terhingga di negara ini. Walau bagaimanapun pemberontakan PKM ini telah menemui kebuntuan dan pada akhirnya terpinggir dari arus perkembangan negara. Kegagalan PKM ini memberi ruang dan jalan untuk penamatan Darurat di Malaya dan sekali gus menikmati kemerdekaan dari pentadbiran British. Kegagalan PKM sering dilihat sebagai isyarat kejayaan dasar pertahanan dan keselamatan yang dilancarkan oleh pihak British dan kemudiannya kerajaan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu. Biarpun peristiwa penting ini telah berlalu sejak 60 tahun yang lepas tetapi parut dan lukanya masih lagi dirasai. Maka oleh itu adalah penting buat mereka yang ada pada hari ini merenung kembali peristiwa yang berlaku agar ianya dapat memberikan pengajaran kepada generasi masa kini dan yang 13 Seminar on National Resilience akan datang. Justeru itu kertas kerja ini akan cuba melontarkan idea berkenaan peristiwa darurat secara umum dan melihat bagaimana ianya sangat penting untuk dijadikan pengajaran kepada kita semua lebih- lebih lagi dalam konteks ketahanan nasional. Hasil perbincangan kertas kerja ini diharap dapat memberi idea baru tentang hakikat darurat serta pengajaran dan kefahaman yang diberikan. PENGENALAN Kemerdekaan negara ini telah diusahakan menerusi pelbagai cara dan melalui jalan yang panjang. Di dalam tempoh tersebut pelbagai peristiwa dan halangan telah dihadapi oleh penduduk negara ini. Di antara halangan paling mencabar dan paling pahit dilalui ialah pemberontakan atau revolusi bersenjata yang dilakukan oleh Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM). Pada masa mereka melakukan pemberontakan itu pelbagai kekejaman telah dilakukan dan merupakan halangan terbesar kepada usaha memerdekakan negara ini. Usaha perpaduan yang cuba dibentuk benar-benar teruji pada waktu revolusi PKM ini berlangsung. Kepercayaan diantara rakyat dan kepercayaan kepada pentadbiran British menghadapi ancaman. Peristiwa revolusi ini telah mengambil masa yang panjang dan hampir menjadikan kemerdekaan sesuatu yang mustahil kepada negara. Walau bagaimanapun atas usaha semua pihak samada kerajaan ataupun rakyat telah memungkinkan kemerdekaan dicapai pada 31 Ogos 1957. Kemerdekaan ini dicapai setelah pelbagai usaha dilakukan bagi menangani pemberontakan yang berlaku. Biarpun peristiwa penting ini telah berlalu sejak 60 tahun yang lepas tetapi parut dan lukanya masih lagi dirasai. Maka oleh itu adalah penting buat mereka yang ada pada hari ini merenung kembali peristiwa yang berlaku agar ianya dapat memberikan pengajaran kepada generasi masakini dan yang akan datang. Justeru itu kertas kerja ini akan cuba melontarkan idea berkenaan peristiwa darurat secara umum dan melihat bagaimana ianya sangat penting untuk dijadikan pengajaran kepada kita semua lebih- 14 Political Managements and Policies in Malaysia lebih lagi dalam konteks ketahanan nasional. Hasil perbincangan kertas kerja ini diharap dapat memberi idea baru tentang hakikat darurat serta pengajaran dan kefahaman yang diberikan. PARTI KOMUNIS MALAYA (PKM) Ideologi komunis tiba di Tanah Melayu pada tahun1920-an terutamanya di sekitar tahun 1925. Imigran Cina telah membawa buku-buku dan risalah-risalah mengenai ajaran komunis dan disebarkan di kalangan orang Cina di Tanah Melayu. Hasil dari kegiatan mereka, guru-guru dan murid-murid sekolah Cina telah menubuhkan Liga Belia Komunis di Singapura pada tahun 1926. Sehingga 1927, komunis di Tanah Melayu bergerak di sebalik Parti Kuomintang (KMT) kerana wujudnya kerjasama antara Parti Komunis China (PKC) dan KMT di China. Perpecahan KMT-PKC pada tahun 1927 telah menyebabkan PKC menghantar 5 orang wakilnya ke Tanah Melayu. Mereka telah berjaya menubuhkan Parti Komunis Nanyang di Singapura pada tahun 1927. Agen-agen Comintern atau Komunis Antarabangsa yang tiba di Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1928 telah mencadangkan supaya Parti Komunis Nanyang disusun semula. Pada 6 April 1930, satu persidangan komunis telah diadakan di Singapura dan hasilnya lahirlah Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM) yang beribu pejabat di Singapura. Perkembangan pesat fahaman komunis di Singapura dikaitkan dengan penduduk negara itu yang majoritinya berbangsa Cina. Menurut rekod British; “ e Communist threat has fi rst shown itself in Malaya – in the recent attempt by Chinese Communists to overthrow the establish order. A similar threat hangs over Singapore – a predominantly Chinese city” (Publicity measures against communism in the British Territories in the Far East; FO 1110/143). PKM telah berkembang baik dan diarah untuk menyelia gerakan komunis di ! ailand dan Indonesia selain menjalankan kegiatannya di Tanah Melayu. PKM telah diletakkan di bawah Biro Komunis Antarabangsa Timur Jauh yang berpusat di Shanghai (Aloysius Chin : 1995). Sejak ditubuhkan, PKM terpaksa menjalankan kegiatan mereka secara sulit 15 Seminar on National Resilience kerana parti ini diharamkan disebabkan kegiatan anti-British yang dijalankan dianggap mengganggu ketenteraman awam. Perkembangan PKM seterusnya menghadapi pelbagai ancaman dari pentadbiran British dan dari masa ke masa pemimpin mereka diberkas. Bagi British ancaman komunis bukan sahaja merupakan soal keselamatan malah lebih dari itu. Sumber dari Pejabat Luar British menyatakan; Communist developments in S.E. Asia are of concern to the Foreign Offi ce not only because they present an immediate problem in the defence of our vital interests, but because they fi t into the general strategy of the Kremlin in the Cold War against us (Communist Strategy in S.E. Asia; FO 1110/143). PENDUDUKAN JEPUN (1941-1945) Menurut Short (1975), apabila Tanah Melayu mula dijajah oleh angkatan Jepun pada awal Disember 1941, PKM telah mempunyai kekuatan dari segi jumlah ahli dan juga logistik. Apabila berlakunya peperangan di antara Jepun dan juga Berikat, pihak PKM mula mendapat tawaran untuk membantu pihak British untuk berperang melawan soldadu- soldadu Jepun. PKM telah menerima tawaran yang diketengahkan dan menyediakan tenaga kerja untuk dihantar berperang. Sebuah sekolah perang ditubuhkan yang dikenali sebagai Sekolah Latihan Khas (Special Training School) 101 yang diketuai oleh Leftenan Kolonel Spencer Chapman. Nukleus inilah yang kemudiannya menjadi Tentera Anti-Jepun Rakyat Malaya atau Malayan People’s anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA). Pada 19 Disember tahun yang sama juga, PKM telah melancarkan “Malayan Overseas Chinese Anti-Japanese Mobilization Society”. Kumpulan ini terdiri daripada beberapa gabungan organisasi seperti Kuomintang, Chinese Chamber of Commerce dan beberapa kumpulan yang lain dan dikenali dengan jolokan Dalforce (Cheah Boon Kheng, 1983). Dalam masa yang sama, kerjasama dilakukan oleh PKM bersama dengan pihak British pada 21 Disember 1941. Empat teras utama perjanjian dilaksanakan iaitu menyatukan semua rakyat Tanah Melayu untuk menentang kemaraan askar Jepun dan membantu pihak British 16 Political Managements and Policies in Malaysia mempertahankan Tanah Melayu, membekalkan senjata api kepada ahli PKM dan rakyat yang lain untuk menghadapi kemaraan tentera imperialis Jepun, membasmi dan menyingkirkan ahli-ahli yang belot dan ejen kepada Jepun serta menentang pendudukan Jepun menerusi peperangan gerila (Hanrahan, 1971). Ekoran daripada perjanjian dengan pihak British, buat pertama kalinya PKM telah menugaskan komrad-komrad untuk bergerak secara terbuka, menyebarkan propaganda parti melalui radio dan surat khabar. Selain itu juga, PKM dengan rasminya telah menubuhkan sayap bersenjata parti yang dikenali dengan nama Rejimen Pertama MPAJA pada 1 Januari 1942. Selain itu juga, terdapat empat lagi rejimen bersenjata yang rata-ratanya terdiri daripada lepasan Sekolah Latihan Khas 101 yang ditempatkan di Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, utara dan selatan Johor. Namun berlaku pengkhianatan di dalam Parti Komunis Malaya apabila Setiausaha Agung Parti Loi Teck menjadi tali barut kepada Jepun. Semasa berlangsungnya persidangan majlis tertinggi PKM di Batu Cave pada 1 September 1942, Loi Teck tidak hadir ke mesyuarat dan sebaliknya menyalurkan maklumat persidangan tersebut kepada askar Jepun. Akibatnya, askar Jepun berkekuatan seramai 2,000 orang mengepung dan menyerang ahli majlis tersebut. Seramai 18 orang ahli PKM terbunuh termasuk empat komisaris politik dari Rejimen Pertama, Kedua, Keempat dan Kelima dan tiga anggota “Old Guard” parti yang bertindak sebagai anggota Jawatankuasa Wilayah (Short, 1972). Menurut Short (1975), semasa pendudukan Jepun, Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM) berusaha untuk memperkuatkan organisasi mereka. Ianya bertujuan untuk berperang dengan askar-askar Jepun dan juga berkemungkinan
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