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Cement Making МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ УКРАЇНИ «КИЇВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ імені ІГОРЯ СІКОРСЬКОГО» Англійська мова професійного спрямування CEMENT MAKING Практикум Рекомендовано Методичною радою КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського як навчальний посібник для студентів, які навчаються за спеціальністю 161 «Хімічна технологія» Київ КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського 2018 1 Англійська мова професійного спрямування: Cement Making [Електронний ресурс]: практикум для студентів спеціальності 161 «Хімічна технологія» / КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського; уклад.: С. М. Бобровник. – Електронні текстові данні (1 файл: 1999 Мбайт). – Київ: КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2018. – 64 с. Гриф надано Методичною радою КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського (протокол № 1 від 27.09.2018 р.) за поданням Вченої ради ФЛ (протокол № 13 від 25.06.2018 р.) Електронне мережне навчальне видання АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО СПРЯМУВАННЯ CEMENT MAKING ПРАКТИКУМ Укладач: Бобровник Світлана Миколаївна Відповідальний редактор Саєнко Наталія Семенівна, канд. пед. наук, професор Рецензенти: Дичка Наталія Іванівна, канд. пед. наук, доцент факультету лінгвістики кафедри англійської мови технічного спрямування № 1 Сангінова Ольга Вікторівна, канд. техн. наук, доцент хіміко- технологічного факультету кафедри кібернетики хіміко- технологічних процесів Гришина Олена Альбертівна, канд. пед. наук, доцент факультету лінгвістики кафедри англійської мови технічного спрямування № 2 Анотація. Практикум для студентів третього курсу хіміко-технологічного факультету укладено відповідно до чинної програми з дисципліни «Іноземна мова», яка передбачає формування у студентів комунікативної компетенції, необхідної для ефективної участі в процесі навчання та в різноманітних ситуаціях професійного спілкування. Мета практикуму – розширення та закріплення студентами загально технічної термінологічної лексики та опанування граматичними конструкціями, що дозволяють розуміти автентичні тексти, пов’язані з навчанням та спеціальністю. Розроблений практикум сприяє систематизації іншомовного навчального матеріалу, формуванню навичок, розвитку та удосконаленню вмінь у читанні, говорінні, письмі, аудіюванні та перекладі. КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2018 2 CONTENTS 1. Передмова ………………………………………………………………. 4 2. Unit 1. PRINCIPLE OF PRODUCTION AND USE OF CEMENT… 5 3. Unit 2. HISTORY OF CEMENT …………………………………….. 16 4. Unit 3. BURNING THE CEMENT CLINKER. ..…………………… 25 5. Unit 4. ASBESTOS ……………………………………………………. 33 6. Unit 5. BUILDING METERIALS……………………………………. 45 7. Термінологічний словник …………………………………………... 56 8. Appendix ……………………………………………………………….. 58 9. Audioscripts …………………………………………………………… 59 10. Список використаної літератури ………………………………….. 64 3 Передмова Практикум укладено відповідно до робочої навчальної програми кредитного модуля «Англійська мова професійного спрямування», розробленої для студентів напряму підготовки 6.051301 «Хімічна технологія», спеціальності 8.092502 «Технологія композитних матеріалів», спрямований на розвиток навичок читання, письма, аудіювання, говоріння та перекладу науково-технічних текстів за профілем названого напряму підготовки. Практикум складається з п’яти розділів. Кожний розділ включає в себе тексти, доповнені лексичними та граматичними завданнями для відпрацювання лексики та граматичних структур, які часто використовуються в технічній літературі. Крім того, у кожному розділі є завдання творчого характеру: написання доповідей, опис графіків, створення речень, тощо. Підбір текстів та вправи забезпечують достатню повторюваність термінології цієї спеціальності, забезпечується логічною і послідовною структурою видання. Інформаційно-насичений пізнавальний матеріал та виконання різноманітних лексичних завдань сприятимуть підвищенню мотивації студентів до вивчення англійської мови як під час практичних занять, так і в процесі підготовки домашніх завдань. Виконання студентами завдань практикуму сприятиме інтенсифікації процесу вивчення англійської мови та розуміння науково-технічної професійно-орієнтованої літератури. 4 UNIT 1 PRINCIPLE OF PRODUCTION AND USE OF CEMENT Lead-in І. Discuss the following questions. 1. What is the most popular construction material nowadays? 2. What images spring to mind when you hear the word cement? 3. What associations do you have with cement? 4. What can substitute cement? 5. What equipment is needed to produce cement? II. Look at the picture and describe what you see on it. The text below will be helpful. Cement production line (cement plant) is a production line composed by a series of cement equipment. The process of cement production line mainly consists of crushing and prehomogenization raw material homogenizing, preheating decomposition, cement clinker burning, cement grinding and packaging. The main cement equipment includes cement rotary kiln, cyclone preheater and grate type cooler. 5 Reading III. Read the text and name the main stages of cement making which you remembered. PRINCIPLE OF PRODUCTION AND USE OF CEMENT Cement is a hydraulic binder, i.e. an inorganic, non-metallic, finely ground substance which, after mixing with water, sets and hardens independently as a result of chemical reactions with the mixing water and, after hardening, it retains its strength and stability even under water. The most important area of application is therefore the production of mortar and concrete, i.e. the bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material which is durable in the face of normal environmental effects. The difference between mortar and concrete is governed by the particle size of the aggregate, which is mortar has a maximum value of about 4 mm and in concrete can be as large as 32 mm but in special cases may be smaller or larger. Hydraulic hardening is caused primarily by the formation of calcium silicate hydrates. Cements therefore consist of those substances or mixtures of substances which, through reaction with the mixing water, form calcium silicate hydrates sufficiently rapidly in a quantity sufficient to provide strength and durability. However, other compounds, e.g. calcium aluminates, may also participate in the hardening process. An early version of cement made with lime, sand, and gravel was used in Mesopotamia in the third millennium B.C. and later in Egypt. It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and apozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture, but concrete made from such mixtures was used by the Ancient Macedonians and three centuries later on a large scale by Roman engineers. They used both natural pozzolans (trass or pumice) and artificial pozzolans (ground brick or pottery) in these concretes. The huge dome of the Pantheon in Rome and the massive Baths of Caracalla are examples of ancient structures made from these concretes, many of which are still standing. The vast 6 system of Roman aqueducts also made extensive use of hydraulic cement. Although any preservation of this knowledge in literary sources from the Middle Ages is unknown, medieval masons and some military engineers maintained an active tradition of using hydraulic cement in structures such ascanals, fortresses, harbors, and shipbuilding facilities. This technical knowledge of making hydraulic cement was later formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century. John Smeaton made an important contribution to the development of cements when he was planning the construction of the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755–59) in the English Channel now known as Smeaton's Tower. He needed a hydraulic mortar that would set and develop some strength in the twelve hour period between successive high tides. He performed experiments with combinations of different limestones and additives including trass and pozzolanas and did exhaustive market research on the available hydraulic limes, visiting their production sites, and noted that the "hydraulicity" of the lime was directly related to the clay content of the limestone from which it was made. Smeaton was a civil engineer by profession, and took the idea no further. In Britain particularly, good quality building stone became ever more expensive during a period of rapid growth, and it became a common practice to construct prestige buildings from the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a stucco to imitate stone. Hydraulic limes were favored for this, but the need for a fast set time encouraged the development of new cements. Most famous was Parker's "Roman cement". This was developed by James Parker in the 1780s, and finally patented in 1796. It was, in fact, nothing like material used by the Romans, but was a "natural cement" made by burning septaria – nodules that are found in certain clay deposits, and that contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate. The burnt nodules were ground to a fine powder. This product, made into a mortar with sand, set in 5–15 minutes. The success of "Roman cement" led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial hydraulic lime cements of clay and chalk. Roman cement quickly became popular but was largely replaced by Portland cement in the 1850s. 7 In Russia, Egor Cheliev created a new binder by mixing lime and clay. His results were published in 1822 in his book A Treatise on the Art to Prepare a Good Mortar published in St. Petersburg. A few years later in 1825, he published another book, which described the various methods of making cement and concrete, as well as the benefits of cement in the construction of buildings and embankments. Based on Cement by Fridrich W.
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