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Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Diplom-/ Masterarbeit ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Tech- nischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at The approved original version of this diploma or master thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng MASTERARBEIT MOTORWAY NETWORK DEPICTION FROM OPENSTREETMAP DATA IN ACCORDANCE WITH CARTOGRAPHIC DEMANDS Ausgeführt am Institut für Geoinformation und Kartographie der Technischen Universität Wien unter der Anleitung von Univ.Prof. Mag.rer.nat. Dr.rer.nat. Georg Gartner, TU Wien Univ.Ass. Dipl.-Ing. Florian Ledermann, TU Wien durch Sigita Grīnfelde Erzherzog-Johann-Platz 1, 1040 Wien Wien, 1 September 2016 _______________________________ Unterschrift (Student) MASTER’S THESIS MOTORWAY NETWORK DEPICTION FROM OPENSTREETMAP DATA IN ACCORDANCE WITH CARTOGRAPHIC DEMANDS Conducted at the Institute for Geoinformation and Cartography Vienna University of Technology under the supervision of Univ.Prof. Mag.rer.nat. Dr.rer.nat. Georg Gartner, TU Wien Univ.Ass. Dipl.-Ing. Florian Ledermann, TU Wien by Sigita Grīnfelde Erzherzog-Johann-Platz 1, 1040 Wien Wien, 1 September 2016 _______________________________ Signature (Student) i Declaration of Authorship I, Sigita GRINFELDE¯ , declare that this thesis titled, “Motorway network depiction from OpenStreetMap data in accordance with cartographic de- mands” and the work presented in it are my own. I confirm that: • This work was done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a re- search degree at this University. • Where any part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a de- gree or any other qualification at this University or any other institu- tion, this has been clearly stated. • Where I have consulted the published work of others, this is always clearly attributed. • Where I have quoted from the work of others, the source is always given. With the exception of such quotations, this thesis is entirely my own work. • I have acknowledged all main sources of help. • Where the thesis is based on work done by myself jointly with others, I have made clear exactly what was done by others and what I have contributed myself. Signed: Date: iii VIENNA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Abstract Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation Master of Science Motorway network depiction from OpenStreetMap data in accordance with cartographic demands by Sigita GRINFELDE¯ Roads account for a large and by far one of the most important parts of a map. Main roads, such as motorways, are of a special significance as they represent city and country arteries, as well as connect major locations across countries. Final map products go above exploitation of static base maps and limited map extents. As data amounts and number of representations within a single application grow, so does the difficulty to maintain a neat visualization at all times. Crowd-sourced projects such as OpenStreetMap (OSM) often offer an up-to-date, easy to access base map in areas that are not covered by author- itative data at the level of detail necessary. The world-wide collaboration of OSM users is powerful, yet OSM faces issues regarding data quality and consistency due to the large amount of contributors and vague guidelines of data annotation. In this thesis efforts to answer the question, how to improve depiction of motorways when using OSM map, are made. The result is achieved through coping with challenges and empowering the benefits of OSM data characteristics. This research, firstly, defines cartographic demands regarding motor- way depiction, and examines how well OSM major roads comply with the demands. Finally, it offers a few methods for improvements of motorway identification attribute accuracy and extraction of motorway topological re- lation knowledge. Further these techniques are adapted to motorway net- work in Austria, tested and the results discussed. Keywords: Road depiction, Motorway network, Cartographic demands, OpenStreetMap highways, Attribute accuracy, Attribute completeness, Topo- logical integrity v Acknowledgements I am truly thankful to Dr. Georg Gartner and Dipl.-Ing. Florain Ledermann, under which supervision and guidance this work was conducted. Their in- sights and valuable feedback are an integral part of the present work. More- over, I would like to express a spatial thanks for their great encouragement that helped me to keep the motivation whenever I was facing difficulties. Also, I owe a profound gratitude to my partner, that not only untiringly expressed his support but also shared ideas and gave technical advice and help. Finally, I must thank my family for the faith in me, as well as for boost- ing my confidence when it was needed during the time of my writing and throughout all the years of my education. vii Contents Declaration of Authorshipi Abstract iii Acknowledgementsv 1 Introduction1 1.1 Introduction and Motivation...................1 1.2 Research question and objectives................2 1.3 Structure of the thesis.......................2 2 Cartographic demands3 2.1 Classification based on previous literature..........3 2.2 Scale dependent road depiction.................7 2.2.1 Map use..........................8 2.2.2 Symbolization....................... 12 2.2.3 Demand definition.................... 16 3 OpenStreetMap data model and quality aspects 19 3.1 OSM data model......................... 19 3.1.1 General Concepts..................... 19 3.1.2 Motorways........................ 21 3.1.2.1 Special sections and objects of motorways. 22 3.1.2.2 Road restrictions................ 24 3.2 OSM data challenges....................... 24 3.3 Aspects of data quality...................... 26 3.3.1 Classification....................... 26 3.3.2 Quality assessment methods.............. 27 3.3.3 Reference data...................... 28 viii 3.3.4 Existing quality assurance tools............. 29 3.3.5 Conclusion........................ 30 4 OpenStreetMap data compliance with cartographic demands 31 4.1 Completeness........................... 31 4.2 Sufficient level of detail...................... 34 4.3 Detailed and correct labeling.................. 35 4.4 Topologically descriptive..................... 40 4.5 Geometrical closeness to reality................. 43 4.6 Generalization conflicts...................... 43 4.7 Appropriate symbolization................... 46 4.8 Conclusion............................. 46 5 Improvements in attribute accuracy and topology extraction 47 5.1 Attribute accuracy........................ 48 5.1.1 Methodology....................... 49 5.1.2 Methods and results................... 51 5.1.2.1 Intrinsic methods............... 51 5.1.2.2 Extrinsic method................ 57 5.1.3 Conclusion........................ 64 5.2 Topological data structure.................... 65 5.2.1 Methodology....................... 66 5.2.2 Method and Results................... 69 5.2.3 Conclusion........................ 71 6 Conclusion 73 6.1 Open discussion and future work................ 74 Bibliography 77 ix List of Figures 2.1 Junction Overlap.........................6 2.2 False connection..........................6 2.3 Reduced junction clarity.....................7 2.4 Generalization...........................8 2.5 Large scale cycling map..................... 10 2.6 Cyclink track in rural area.................... 10 2.7 Map scale change between navigation on foot and navigation by car................................ 11 2.8 Railway at large scale....................... 12 2.9 Railway at small scale...................... 12 2.10 Map legend for scale 1 : 10 000................. 13 2.11 Map legend for scale 1 : 10 000................. 13 2.12 Map legend for scale 1 : 25 000................. 13 2.13 Map legend for scale 1 : 25 000................. 13 2.14 Map legend for scale 1 : 50 000................. 14 2.15 Map legend for scale 1 : 50 000................. 14 2.16 Map legend for scale 1 : 50 000................. 14 2.17 Map legend for scale 1 : 100 000................. 15 2.18 Map legend for scale 1 : 100 000................. 15 2.19 Map legend for scale 1 : 250 000................. 15 2.20 Map legend for scale 1 : 600 000................. 15 3.1 Error Detection with OSM Inspector.............. 30 4.1 Secondary highway segment with no identification attribute 36 x 4.2 Overview of road segments without a name.......... 37 4.3 Overview map of motorway segments with no name or ref- erence value............................ 38 4.4 Bar plot of unidentified motorway segment length in Austria 40 4.5 Generalization issue due to overlapping............ 44 4.6 Generalization issue resulting in label overlaps........ 44 4.7 Symbol change over zoom change............... 45 5.1 Step-by-step name finding and correcting based on attribute based intrinsic method...................... 53 5.3 Location based renaming..................... 55 5.4 Location based renaming test in Vienna............ 56 5.5 Location based renaming applied on entire Austria..... 56 5.6 Fuzzy string matching parameter tests............. 59 5.7 Fuzzy string matching parameter tests............. 59 5.8 Initial fuzzy string matching algorithm test.......... 60 5.9 Initial fuzzy search algorithm test to find the best match... 62 5.10 Fuzzy string matching results for Austrian motorway network 63 5.11 Motorway examples that failed to find a matching string.. 64 5.12 Interrupted relation........................ 66 5.13 Motorway connection using motorway link segments.... 67 5.14 Vienna motorway network with marked significant