Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine Received: Jan 13, 2012; Accepted: Feb 28, 2013 Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013, 254-271

Original Research Paper

Ethnobotanical investigation of traditional medicinal commercialized in the markets of Mashhad,

Mohammad Sadegh Amiri 1*, Mohammad Reza Joharchi 2

Abstract Objective: An ethnobotanical survey on the medicinal marketed in Mashhad city, northeastern Iran, was conducted in order to document traditional medicinal knowledge and application of medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: This study was undertaken between 2011 and 2012. The indigenous knowledge of traditional healers used for medicinal purposes were collected through questionnaire and personal interviews during field trips. Ethnobotanical data was arranged alphabetically by family name followed by botanical name, vernacular name, part used, folk use, and recipe. Correct identification was made with the help of the various Floras and different herbal literature at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Herbarium (FUMH). Results: The present investigation reported medicinal information for about 269 species, belonging to 87 families and one fungus family. The most important family was Lamiaceae with 26 species, followed by with 23, Fabaceae with 20, and with 19. Herbal medicine uses reported by herbalists was classified into 132 different uses which show significant results to treat a wide spectrum of human ailments. Plants sold at the market were mostly used for digestive system disorders, respiratory problems, urological troubles, nervous system disorders, skin problems, and gynecological ailments. Conclusion: This survey showed that although people in study area have access to modern medical facilities, a lot of them still continue to depend on medicinal plants for the treatment of healthcare problems. The present paper represents significant ethnobotanical information on medical plants which provides baseline data for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies.

Keyword: Ethnobotany, Iran, Market, Mashhad, Medicinal Plants

1- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, I. R. Iran 2- Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, I. R. Iran * Corresponding author: Tel: 09158147889. Fax: +98582-5229291 E-mail: [email protected]

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 254 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the markets of Mashhad

Introduction Iran, a few attempts have been carried out The usage of medicinal plants presents to document ethnobotanical knowledge. a very important aspect of the traditional Some researchers have investigating the medicine which is imbedded in the culture traditional pharmacopoeia and medicinal of people of developing countries plants in different areas of the country (Kloucek et al., 2005). In many developing (Amin, 2006; Amiri, 2012; Emami et al., countries, medicinal plants have not been 2012; Ghorbani, 2005; Hooper and Field, well studied, tested, or documented. Most 1937; Miraldi et al., 2001; Mosaddegh et of the information is still in the hands of al., 2012; Naghibi et al., 2005; Rajaei, traditional healers and knowledge of 2012; Safa et al., 2013; Zargari, 1989- healers is either lost or passed to next 1992;). generation by the word of mouth (Yirga, The objective of this work was to elicit 2010). The extent of the knowledge of data on the traditional uses of medicinal traditional medicine practice based on plants marketed in Mashhad city and medicinal plants should be documented preserve it to be used by the next through botanical surveys. Botanical generations. In addition, the present paper collection and documentation of the provides baseline data for future associated ethno-botanical knowledge pharmacological and phytochemical should be carried out before such rich studies. heritages are lost due to various anthropogenic and other natural causes (Martin, 1995). Materials and Methods Traditional herbal medicine has played Study area an important role in Iran. Iran has a very Mashhad is located in the northeast of honorable past in traditional medicine, Iran. It is the second largest city in Iran which goes back to the time of and one of the holiest cities in the world. Babylonian-Assyrian civilization. One of Its approximate geographic location the most significant ancient heritages is o ′ o ′ sophisticated experience of people who is 35 34 to 37 8 north latitude and have tried over the millennia to discover 59 o 51 ′ to 60 o 63 ′ east longitude, in the useful plants for health improvement and valley of the Kashaf River near each generation added their own Turkmenistan, between the two mountain experience to this tradition (Naghibi et al., ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. It is 2005). Today, medicinal plants are still located in the center of the Razavi widely used in Iran. In all cities and Khorasan Province close to the borders of villages, there are specific stores (named Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. The total Attari), which traditional healers (Attar) area of the Mashhad is 270 km 2 and the give receipts and sell medicinal plants. population of the city is about 3 million People use medicinal plants as curatives or people. There are also over 20 million palliatives of main health problems pilgrims who visit the city every year. according to their cultural background. The vast majority of the Mashhad The notable use and commercialization of people are ethnic Persians who form over medicinal plants to alleviate and cure 95% of the city's population. Other ethnic health problems and ailments in all cities groups include Kurdish and Turkmen of the country, points out the importance people who have immigrated recently to of these natural resources in the folk the city from the North Khorasan province. medicine and culture of the Iranian people Among the non-Iranians, there are small (Emami et al., 2012). Despite the vast immigrants from Afghanistan, Iraq, and knowledge of medicinal plants existed in Pakistan.

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 255 Amiri et al.

Methods of Mashhad which were used by the local In order to gather information on inhabitants for curing various diseases. medicinal species that were found in the From the point of view of , markets of Mashhad, a survey was carried plants that are being used for therapeutic out during the years 2011-2012. purpose in this region belong to divisions Ethnobotanical interview was used as the of Pteridophyta (one species from basis for data gathering. A questionnaire Equisetaceae, Polypodiaceae, and was administered only to people who had Pteridaceae) and Spermatophyta with its knowledge of medicinal plants, through two subdivisions: Coniferophytina (one face to face interviews. Totally, more than species from Cupressaceae, Ephedraceae, 100 informants (Attar) with in the age of and Pinaceae) and Magnoliophytina (with 37 to 82 were interviewed; these included two classes Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida, males and females. Ethnobotanical including 81 families all together). information, including the various data Domination of Magnoliopsida has been such as name and age of informants, local very noticeable with its 69 families names, purpose of usage, preparation comprised of 232 species that are used in procedure, and duration of the treatment therapeutic purposes. Maximum number of were obtained through interviews and medicinal plant species belongs to family discussions. After collecting the Lamiaceae (26 species) followed by specimens, we represented these Asteraceae (23 species), Fabaceae (20 specimens to different people to confirm species), and Apiaceae (19 species). Class the accuracy of the results. Subsequently, Liliopsida is represented by twelve specimens of the reported medicinal plants families which the most important family were identified by specialist with the help was Zingiberaceae with 7 species, of available Floras (Rechinger, 1963-2005; followed by Orchidaceae, Poaceae with 4 Assadi et al., 1988-2008) and consulting and Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae each with different herbal literature (Amin, with 3 species. The rest of the families are 1991; Hooper, 1937; Zargari, 1989-1992) represented by one or two species only. at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad According to Table 1, Astragalus Herbarium (FUMH). In this paper, belonging to family Fabaceae was found to scientific and author names of plant be the largest in the market samples species were checked for accuracy in the research area. The most important according to species of Astragalus which produce katira (www.theplantlist.org). is Astragalus gummifer Labill and this popular herbal drug can also be obtained from other species of this genus (i.e., Results Astragalus cerasocrena , Astragalus echidna , Astragalus floccosus , Astragalus Markets have long been recognized as eriosphaerus , Astragalus hypsogeton , places that reflect regional trade and Astragalus turkmenorum, and Astragalus culture, and have been used to study the verus ). The plants used for medicinal commercialization and utilization of purposes in the various markets of natural products (Hooper and Field, 1937). Mashhad are arranged in alphabetical During the present study, it was observed order of their family and botanical names, that 269 medicinal plant species with the relevant information (Table 1). distributed in 224 genera, belonging to 88 different families were sold in the markets

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 256 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the markets of Mashhad

Table 1. Medicinal plants used by the traditional healers for the treatment of various ailments in the markets of Mashhad, Iran.

Part NO Family Scientific name Local name Status Medicinal uses used Treatment of Urinary Incontinence, 1 Acoraceae Acorus calamus L. Agir Torki Root Im 1 Diuretic, Carminative, Stimulant, Hematinic

Disinfectant Treatment of Enteritis, Aerial 2 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus caudatus L. Taj Khorus In 1 Febrifuge, Antitussive, Antidiarrhea, parts Laxative,

Diabetes, Treatment of Sinusitis, Dysphania botrys (L.) Dermaneh Aerial Respiratory disorders, Anthelmintic, 3 Amaranthaceae In 1 Mosyakin & Clemants Torki parts Antacid, Antidiarrhea, Carminative, Urinary Antiseptic

4 Amaryllidaceae Allium altissimum Regel Musir Bulb In 1 Antiseptic, Appetizer, Digestive

5 Amaryllidaceae Allium cepa L. Piaz Seed In 1 Treatment of Trichoptlosis

Hypoglycemic, Cardiac Diseases, 6 Antiseptic, Toothache, Amaryllidaceae Allium sativum L. Sir Bulb In 1 Antihyperlipidemia, Anthelmintic, Antihypertensive

7 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L Anbeh Leaves Im 1 Lung Cancer

8 Pistacia atlantica Desf. Oleore Anacardiaceae Saghez In 1 Appetizer, Digestive, Antacid, ssp .kurdica sin

9 Pistacia atlantica Desf. Laxative, Tonic Stimulant,Treatment Anacardiaceae Baneh Fruit In 1 ssp . mutica of Anaemia

Strengthening of Memory, 10 Anacardiaceae Pistacia lentiscus L. Mastaki Gum Im 1 Strengthening of Teeth Gum, Antihalitosis

Jaundice, Cholesterol Lowering, 11 Diabetes, Antihypertensive, Anacardiaceae Rhus coriaria L. Somagh Fruit In 1 Antidiarrhea, Anti-hemorrhage, Flavoring

12 Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Belador Fruit Im 1 Tonic, Removal of Bad Foot's Odour L.f.

Abortion, Anti-Dysmenorrhea, 13 Apiaceae Anethum graveolens L. Shevid Fruit In 1 Galactogogue, Antihyperlipidemia, Carminative

14 Fruit Apiaceae Apium graveolens L. Karafs In 1 Emmenagogue, Diuretic, Carminative

15 Bunium cylindricum Apiaceae Zireh Siah Fruit In 2 Carminative (Boiss. & Hohen.) Drude

Obesity, Galactogogue, Flavoring, 16 Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Apiaceae Zireh Siah Fruit In 1 Carminative, Calmative, Appetizer, B.Fedtsch. Indigestion

Acne, Treatment of Flatulence, 17 Apiaceae Coriandrum sativum L. Geshniz Fruit In 1 Appetizer, Aphrodisiac, Calmative, Jaundice, Antiseptic, Aromatic

18 Cholagogue , Depilator, Treatment of Apiaceae Conium maculatum L. Shokaran Root In 1 Dermal Allergies

Treatment of Colic, Galactogogue, 19 Zireh Sabz Apiaceae Cuminum cyminum L. Fruit In 1 Obesity, Digestive, Favoring, (Keravieh) Antiasetic

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 257 Amiri et al.

20 Apiaceae Daucus carota L. Havij Fruit In 1 Diuretic, Emmenagogue

Cystitis, Digestive, Treatment of Colic, Treatment of Furuncles, Dorema ammoniacum Gum- 21 Apiaceae Kandal In 1 Expectorant, D.Don Root Anthelmintic, Emmenagogue, Anticovulsion

Leaves 22 Apiaceae Falcaria vulgaris Bernh. Ghaz Yaghi In 1 Treatment of Vitiligo, Cut, Wound - Fruit

Galactogogue, Digestive, Bronchitis, 23 Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Razianeh Fruit In 1 Appetizer, Antacid, Flatulence

Ferula foetida (Bunge) Anthelmintic, Treatment of Colic, 24 Apiaceae Anghuzeh Gum In 1 Regel Emmenagogue

Anthelmintic Anticatarrhal, Gum- 25 Apiaceae Ferula gummosa Boiss. Barijeh In 1 Antiallergic, Dyspepsia, Appetizer, Root Emmenagogue

Treatment of Hiccup, Appetizer, 26 Apiaceae persicum Desf. Golpar Fruit In 1 Flavoring, Carminative, Anthelmintic, Stomach Tonic

Levisticum officinale Angedane Nerve Diseases, Heart Tonic, 27 Apiaceae Fruit In 1 W.D.J.Koch roomi Indigestion

Petroselinum crispum Fruit Emmenagogue, Diuretic, Carminative, 28 Apiaceae (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Jafari In 1 Kidney Disorders Hill Anison Treatment of Flatulence, Fruit 29 Apiaceae Pimpinella anisum L. (Badian In 1 Anthelmintic,Treatment of Colic, roomi) Antacid, Stomachache, Antidiarrhea

Carminative, Anthelmintic, Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Zenyan Fruit 30 Apiaceae In 1 Antidiarrhea, Treatment of Colic, Sprague (Khordaneh) Antacid, Galactogogue Angedane 31 Apiaceae Zosima orientalis Hoffm. Fruit In 2 Nerve Diseases, Indigestion roomi Aphrodisiac, Nerve Tonic, Treatment 32 Araliaceae Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. Jin Sing Root Im 1 of Dyspepsia

Treatment of premature Ejaculation, Aphrodisiac,Tonic, Anti-hemorrhage, 33 Arecaceae Areca catechu L. Fufal Seed Im 1 Antidiarrhea, Treatment of Postpartum Bleeding, Stomach Tonic Tonic, Hair Tonic, Treatment of 34 Arecaceae Cocos nucifera L. Nargil Fruit Im 1 Anaemia Emmenagogue, Diuretic, Anti- 35 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia rotunda L. Zaravand Root Im 1 Atherosclerosis, Tonic, Treatment of Rheumatism

36 Aristolochiaceae Asarum europaeum L. Asarun Root Im 1 Tonic, Stimulant

Leaves Obesity, Antihemorrhoids, Purgative, 37 Asparagaceae Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Sabre Zard Im 1 - Latex Antihistaminic,Treatment of burn

Drimia maritima (L.) Arthrodynia, Emmenagogue, Hair 38 Asparagaceae Onsol Bulb In 1 Stearn Tonic

Polygonatum orientale Tonic, Diuretic, Nerve Tonic, 39 Asparagaceae Shaghaghol Root In 1 Desf. Aphrodisiac

Antihemorrhoids, Antidiarrhea, Hypoglycemic, Anthelmintic, Achillea santolinoides Aerial Mastitis, Antacid, Dyspepsia, Nerve 40 Asteraceae subsp. wilhelmsii (K.Koch) Bumadaran In 1 parts Tonic, Treatment of Osteoarthritis, Gruter Treatment of Blood Flooding, Appetizer

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 258 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the markets of Mashhad

Anacyclus pyrethrum (L.) Treatment of Sciatica, Treatment of 41 Asteraceae Aghergherha Root Im 1 Lag. Stuttering

Leaves Duretic Cholagogue, Depurative, 42 Asteraceae Arctium lappa L. Baba Adam In 1 - Root Hypoglycemic,

Aerial 43 Asteraceae Artemisia absinthium L. Afsantin In 1 Anthelmintic, Appetizer, Indigestion parts

Appetizer, Dyspepsia , Anthelmintic, 44 Asteraceae Artemisia dracunculus L. Tarkhun Leaves In 1 Antacid, Carminative

Baranjasef Nerve Tonic, Sexual Impotency, 45 Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris L. Flower In 1 Menstrual Regulator

Hamishe Eczema, Treatmen of Dermal 46 Asteraceae Calendula officinalis L. Flower Im 1 Bahar Disorders, Sudorific, Blood cleanser

Golrang Flower Emmenagogue, Flavoring Luxative, 47 Asteraceae Carthamus tinctorius L. In 1 (kajireh) - Seed Treatment of Rheumatism,

48 Asteraceae behen L. Bahman Sefid Root In 1 Aphrodisiac, Anti-lithiasis

Centaurea depressa Aerial Digestive, Febrifuge, Cholagogue, 49 Asteraceae Gole Gandom In 1 M.Bieb. parts Blood Cleanser, Antigout

Treatment of Palpitation, Appetizer, Aerial 50 Asteraceae Cichorium intybus L. Kasni In 1 Depurative, Treatment of Furuncles, parts Jaundice, Febrifuge, Antiallergic

Kangar Aerial Liver Tonic, Digestive, Jaundice, 51 Asteraceae Cynara scolymus L. Im 1 Farangi parts Hepatitis

Doronicum pardalianches Daroanj Diuretic, Treatment of Snake and 52 Asteraceae Root Im 1 L. Aghrabi Scorpion bites, Nerve Tonic

Antitussive, Anti-asthmatic, 53 Asteraceae Echinops cephalotes DC. Shekar Tighal Manna In 1 Pharyngitis, Febrifuge

Aerial 54 Asteraceae Gundelia tournefortii L. Kangar In 1 Liver Tonic Treatment of Hepatitis parts

Helichrysum graveolens Aerial Anodyne, Anthelmintic, Appetizer, 55 Asteraceae Afsantin In 2 (M.Bieb) Sweet parts Nerve Tonic

56 Asteraceae Lactuca sativa L. Kahu Seed In 1 Anti-thirst, Hypnotic

Eczema, Antitussive, Anticatarrhal, Gole 57 Asteraceae Matricaria chamomilla L. Flower In 1 Hair Tonic, Treatment of Colic, babooneh Menstrual Pains

Silybum marianum (L.) Khare Jaundice, Febrifuge, Antihepatitis, 58 Asteraceae Seed In 1 Gaertn. Maryam Liver Tonic

59 Asteraceae Tagetes erecta L. Gol Jafari Flower Im 1 Febrifuge, Treatment of Cut

Tanacetum parthenium Gole Antitussive, Anticatarrhal, Hair Tonic, 60 Asteraceae Flower In 2 (L.) Sch. Bip. babooneh Treatment of Colic, Menstrual Pains Tripleurospermum Gole 61 Asteraceae disciforme (C. A. Mey.) Flower In 2 Treatment of Cough, Febrifuge babooneh Sch.Bip. Aerial Expectorant, Antitussive, Mouth 62 Asteraceae Tussilago farfara L. Pa Khari In 1 parts Wounds, Treatment of Furuncles

Hypoglycemic, Antihypertensive, 63 Berberidaceae Berberis integrrima Bunge Zereshk Kuhi Fruit In 1 Blood and Liver Cleanser, Jaundice, Febrifuge, Antigout

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 259 Amiri et al.

Antigout, Blood and Liver Cleanser, 64 Berberidaceae Berberis sp. Zereshk Fruit In 1 Febrifuge, Anthelmintic,Treatment of Dysentery

Treatment of Anaemia, Depurative, 65 Betulaceae Corylus avellana L. Fandogh Fruit In 1 Appetizer

Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Treatment of Dermal Disorders, Hair 66 Havachoobeh Root In 1 I.M.Johnst. Tonic

Caccinia macranthera Gavzaban Aerial Sedative, Treatment of Cough, 67 Boraginaceae In 1 (Banks & Sol.) Brand sabz parts Expectorant

Pharyngitis, Antitussive, Febrifuge, 68 Boraginaceae Cordia myxa L. Sepestan Fruit In 1 Laxative

Antihypertensive, Nerve Tonic, amoenum Fisch. & Gole 69 Boraginaceae Flower In 1 Diuretic, Antistress, Blood Cleanser C.A.Mey. Gavzaban Cardiac Tonic

Trichodesma incanum Alaf-e- Aerial 70 Boraginaceae In 1 Treatment of Bone Fracture (Bunge) A.DC. simkesh parts

Pharyngitis, Antitussive, Febrifuge, 71 Brassicaceae Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. Ghodumeh Seed In 1 Laxutive, Treatment of Hoarseness

Anastatica hierochuntica Change Aerial Bring Luck to Pregnant Women, 72 Brassicaceae In 1 L. maryam parts Menstrual Regulator

73 Brassicaceae Brassica napus L. Shalgham Seed In 1 Antiseptic, Treatment of Cold, Tonic

Brassica nigra (L.) 74 Brassicaceae Khardal Seed In 1 Laxative K.Koch

Capsella bursa-pastoris Kiseh Period Regulator, Anti-hemorrhage, 75 Brassicaceae Seed In 1 (L.) Medik. Keshish Antidiarrhea

Blood and Liver Cleanser, Jaundice, Descurainia sophia (L.) 76 Brassicaceae Khakshir Seed In 1 Febrifuge, Treatment of Furuncles, Webb ex Prantl Anti-thirst, Laxative

Mandab Sedative, Laxative Diuretic, Stomach 77 Brassicaceae Eruca sativa (L.) Mill. (Roghan Seed In 1 Tonic, cheragh)

Shahi Appetizer, Anthelmintic, Laxative, 78 Brassicaceae Lepidium sativum L. Seed In 1 (Tartizak) Sore Throat

Nasturtium officinale R. Alafe Aerial 79 Brassicaceae In 1 Diabetes, Dyspepsia Br. cheshmeh parts

Memory Tonic Treatment of 80 Burseraceae Boswellia sacra Fluek. Kondor Gum Im 1 Premature Ejaculation,

Commiphora mukul (Hook. Moghle 81 Burseraceae Gum Im 1 Treatment of Joints Pain, Carminative Ex Stocks) Engl. Azragh

Commiphora myrrha Obesity, Hematinic,Carminative 82 Burseraceae Morre makki Gum Im 1 (Nees) Engl. Antibacterial, Laxative, Stomachache

Sedative, Tonic Treatment of 83 Cannabinaceae Cannabis sativa L. Shahdaneh Seed In 1 Osteoarthritis, Treatment of Ear Pain

Duretic, Treatment of Sleeplessness, 84 Cannabinaceae Humulus lupulus L. Razak Hops In 1 Kidney Tonic, Calming, Sedative for Digestion

Liver Tonic, Hepatitis, Appetizer, Fruit- 85 Capparaceae Capparis spinosa L. Kavar In 1 Anthelmintic, Stomach Tonic, Root Emmenagogue, Antigout

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 260 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the markets of Mashhad

Nerve Tonic, Cardiac Tonic, Nardostachys jatamansi Hypnotic, Anti-Stress, 86 Caprifoliaceae Sonboletib Root Im 2 (D.Don) DC. Antimigraine, Treatment of Incontinence

Acanthophyllum sordidum 87 Caryophylaceae Choobak Root In 1 Warts, Washing Bunge ex Boiss.

88 Colchicaceae Colchicum autumnale L. Suranjan Root In 1 Antigout, Calmative, Arthrodynia

Terminalia bellirica 89 Combretaceae Balileh Fruit Im 1 Laxative, Appetizer (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Purgative, Treatment of Constipation, 90 Combretaceae Terminalia chebula Retz. Halileh Siah Fruit Im 1 Liver Tonic, Antihemorrhoids

Terminalia citrina Roxb. 91 Combretaceae Halileh Zard Fruit Im 1 Antidiarrhea, Anthelmintic, Digestive ex Fleming

Cuscuta epithymum Aerial 92 Convolvolaceae Aftimun In 1 Laxative, Antihemorrhoids Murray parts

Operculina turpethum (L.) Treatment of Osteoarthritis, Duretic, 93 Convolvolaceae Torbod Root Im 1 Silva Manso Laxative, Febrifuge

Zoghal Prostatichypertropy, Antihemorrhage, 94 Cornaceae Cornus mas L. Fruit In 1 Akhteh Antidiarrhea, Febrifuge

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Fruit- 95 Cucurbitaceae Hanzal In 1 Purgative, Anodyne, Hypoglycemic Schrad. Seed

Diuretic, Antilithiasis, Blood- 96 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus L. Khiar Seed In 1 cleansing, Febrifuge

Kadu Tokhm 97 Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo L. Seed Im 1 Prostatichypertrophy Kaghazi

Diuretic, Antilithiasis, Food digestion, 98 Cupressaceae Juniperus sabina L. Abhal Fruit In 1 Urinary Antiseptic

99 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L. Soade Kufi Root In 1 Strengthening of Memory

Arthrodynia, Antidiarrhea, Treatment 100 Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Senjed Fruit In 1 of Rheumatism, Female Aphrodisiac

Khakestar Aerial 101 Ephedraceae Ephedra major Host In 1 Treatment of Joints Pain Koshtar parts

Obesity, Antilithiasis, Aerial 102 Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. Dome Asb In 1 Antihypertensive, Prostate Disorders, parts Treatment of kidney Disorders

Vaccinium arctostaphylos Diabetes, Depurative, 103 Ericaceae Ghareh Ghat Fruit In 1 L. Antihypertensive, Calmative

104 Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. Karchak Seed In 1 Purgative

Cheshm 105 Fabaceae Abrus precatorius L. Seed Im 1 Contraceptive Khorus

Chamaecrista absus (L.) Pharyngitis, Antitussive, Obesity, 106 Fabaceae Cheshom Seed Im 1 H.S. Irwin & Barneby Carminative

Cystitis, Antitussive, Gastric ulcer, 107 Fabaceae Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. Samgh Arabi Gum Im 1 Anti-inflammatory, Hoarseness

Jaundice, Laxative, Febrifuge, Thirst, 108 Fabaceae Alhagi graecorum Boiss. Taranjabin Manna In 1 Aphthous Ulcers

Aerial Khar Shotor- Appetite Suppressant, Diuretic, 109 Fabaceae Alhagi maurorum Medik. parts - In 1 Taranjabin Jaundice, Febrifuge Manna

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 261 Amiri et al.

Astragalus adscendens 110 Fabaceae Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Gazangabin Manna In 1 Laxative, Febrifuge Digestive Boiss.

Astragalus fasciculifolius Antitussive, Jaundice, Laxative, 111 Fabaceae subsp. arbusculinus Anzerut Gum In 1 Anthelmintic (Bornm. & Gauba)Tietz

Anodyne, Repel of Kidney Stone, 112 Fabaceae Astragalus hamosus L. Nakhonak Fruit In 1 Diuretic, Arthrodynia, Carminative

Astragalus sieversianus 113 Fabaceae Gol Sefid Fruit In 1 Menstrual Disorders Pall.

Mouth Wounds, Aphrodisiac, Cystitis, 114 Fabaceae Astragalus spp . Katira Gum In 1 Hair Tonic

Treatment of Leishmaniasis, Infant 115 Fabaceae Cassia fistula L. Folus Fruit Im 1 Colic, Febrifuge, Purgative, Jaundice

Entada gigas (L.) Fawc. & Ghorse 116 Fabaceae Seed Im 1 Washing, Aphrodisiac, Hair Tonic Rendle Kamar

Antitussive, Antacid, Tonic, Gastric 117 Fabaceae Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Shirin Bayan Root In 1 ulcer, Treatment of Hypotension, Treatment of Anaemia

Indigofera argentea 118 Fabaceae Rang Leaves In 1 Anti Fungal, Hair color, Hair Tonic Burm.f.

Baghelaye Anthelmintic, Emmenagogue, 119 Fabaceae Lupinus luteus L. Seed Im 1 Mesri Carminative, Liver Tonic

Aerial Appetizer, Tonic, Osteomalacia, Anti 120 Fabaceae Medicago sativa L. Yunjeh In 1 parts hemorrhage

Securigera securidaca (L .) Gandeh 121 Fabaceae Seed In 1 Diabetes, Antihyperlipidemia Degen & Dorfl. Talkheh

Senna italica subsp. italica Purgative, Obesity, Treatment of 122 Fabaceae Sena Leaves Im 1 Mill. Hemorrhoids

123 Fabaceae Tamarindus indica L. Tamr Hendi Fruit Im 1 Jaundice, Depurative, Pimples

Diabetes,Bronchitis, Osteomalacia, Trigonella foenum- Shanbalileh 124 Fabaceae Seed In 1 Antihyperlipidemia, Tonic, Treatment graecum L. (Holbeh) of Anaemia

Nose-Bleed, Anti-Hemorrhage, Insect 125 Fagaceae Quercus infectoria Oliv. Mazuye sabz In 1 Uterus Aailments, Mouth Wounds, gull Antihemorrhoids

126 Fagaceae Quercus spp . Balut (Mazu) Fruit In 1 Antidiarrhea, Anti-hemorrhage

127 lutea L. Jentiana Root Im 1 Aphrodisiac, Blood Tonic

128 Gentianaceae Gentiana olivieri Griseb. Suloo Flower In 1 Cardiac Ailments

Ribes khorasanicum Antihypertensive, Diabetes, 129 Grossulariaceae Ghareh Ghat Fruit In 2 Saghafi & Assadi Depurative

Antimigraine, Gastric ulcer, Aanti 130 Hypericaceae Hypericum scabrum L. Hufarighun Flower In 1 hemorrhage, Urinary Incontinence, Treatment of Headache Tonic, Dysmenorrheal, Emmenagogue, Nerve Tonic, 131 Iridaceae Crocus sativus L. Zaffaron Style In 1 Premature ejaculation, Gastric ulcer, Aphrodisiac

132 Iridaceae Iris spuria L. Zanbagh Root In Arthrodynia, Diuretic

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 262 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the markets of Mashhad

Fruit- 133 Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. Gerdu In 1 Eczema, Antidiarrhea, Hair color Leaves

Clinopodium graveolens Pharyngitis, Gastric Ulcer, Nerve 134 Lamiaceae Faranjmeshk Seed In 1 (M.Bieb.) Kuntze Tonic

Cardiac Tonic, Hypnotic, Antitussive, Aerial 135 Lamiaceae Hymenocrater spp. Badranjbuyeh In 2 Carminative, Dyspnoea, Anti-stress parts Convulsion

Aerial Pulmonary Infections, Treatment of 136 Lamiaceae L. Zufa Im 1 parts Cold, Expectorant

Lallemantia iberica Tokhm Gastric Ulcer, Antitussive, Laxative, 137 Lamiaceae (M.Bieb.)Fisch. & Seed In 1 Sharbati Hoarseness, Anti-thirst C.A.Mey.

Lavandula angustifolia Aerial Treatment of Insomnia, Treatment of 138 Lamiaceae Lavand Im 1 Mill. parts cold, Nerve Tonic, Cardiac Tonic

Aerial 139 Lamiaceae Marrubium vulgar e L. Ferasion In 1 Liver Tonic, Antitussive parts

Nerve Tonic, Cardiac Tonic, Aerial 140 Lamiaceae Melissa officinalis L. Badranjbuyeh In 1 Hypnotic, Antitussive, Carminative, parts Anti-tress, Convulsion

Mentha longifolia (L.) Aerial Herpes, Anthelmintic, Antacid, 141 Lamiaceae Puneh In 1 Hudson parts Carminative, Antidiarrhea, Digestive

Appetizer, Antacid, Carminative, Aerial 142 Lamiaceae spicata L. Naana In 1 Antidiarrhea, Digestive, Anodyne parts ,Anthelmintic Treatment of Cold, Carminative, Nerve Tonic, Treatment of Sinusitis, Nepeta binaloudensis Aerial 143 Lamiaceae Ostokhodus In 2 Pulmonary infections, Treatment of Jamzad parts Rheumatism, Antiasthmatic, Aantitussive, Cardiac Tonic Pulmonary Infections, Antiasthmatic, Aerial 144 Lamiaceae Nepeta bracteata Benth. Zufa In 2 Treatment of cold, Febrifuge, parts Treatment of Colic, Antitussive

Nepeta menthoides Boiss. Aerial Treatment of Cold, Nerve Tonic, 145 Lamiaceae Ostokhodus In 1 & Buhse parts Expectorant

Aphthous Ulcers, Antiseptic, Reyhan Antidiarrhea, 146 Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L. (Tokhm Seed In 1 Antitussive, Carminative, Laxative, sharbati) Digestive, Antacid Treatment of Colic, Treatment of Aerial 147 Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare L. Marzanjush In 1 Sinusitis, Sedative, Cardiac Tonic, parts Nerve Tonic, Treatment of Dyspnoea

Treatment of Sinusitis, Treatment of Perovskia abrotanoides Aerial Toothache, Antitussive, Nerve Tonic, 148 Lamiaceae Gol Kabud In 1 Kar. parts Carminative, Sedative, Antiseptic, Anthelmintic, Treatment of Colic Leaves Treatment of Joints Pain, Hair Loss, 149 Lamiaceae Rosmarinus officinalis L. Rozmari - Im 1 Depression, Nerve Tonic, Appetizer, Flower Hypnotic

Aerial 150 Lamiaceae Salvia leriifolia Benth. Noruzak In 1 Diabetes, Period Regulator parts

Jaundice, Antitussive, Febrifuge, 151 Lamiaceae Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. Kenocheh Seed In 1 Gastric ulcer, Pharyngitis, Laxative

Aerial Female Fertility, Hypoglycemic, 152 Lamiaceae L. Maryam Goli Im 1 parts Menopause, Stomach Tonic

Aerial Indigestion, Anthelmintic, Appetizer, 153 Lamiaceae hortensis L. Marzeh In 1 parts Antacid, Antidiarrhea

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 263 Amiri et al.

Stachys lavandulifolia Nerve Tonic, Treatment of cold, 154 Lamiaceae Chai Kuhi Flower In 1 Vahl Cardiac Tonic, Treatment of Colic

Aerial Antacid, Indigestion, Diabetes, 155 Lamiaceae Teucrium polium L. Kalpureh In 1 parts Treatment of Colic, Antidiarrhea

Menstrual regulator, Obesity, 156 Lamiaceae Vitex negundo L. Felfel Kuhi Fruit In 1 Treatment of Sinusitis

Treatment of Sinusitis, Menstrual Pains, Dysmenorrheal, Anthelmintic, Avishan Aerial 157 Lamiaceae Zataria multiflora Boiss. In 1 Antacid, Treatment of Colic, Shirazi parts Antiasthmatic, Dyspnoea, Arthrodynia, Carminative

Kidney Pain, Antacid, Ziziphora clinopodioides Aerial Carminative,Treatment of Colic, 158 Lamiaceae Avishan kuhi In 1 Lam. parts Anthelmintic, Antitussive, Antidiarrhea, Digestive Aerial Digestive, Treatment of Colic, 159 Lamiaceae Ziziphora teniuor L. Kakuti In 1 parts Calefacient, Antacid, Antiseptic Cinnamomum camphora Antiaphrodisiac, Anodyne, Treatment 160 Lauraceae Kafur Gum Im 1 (L.) J. Presl of Toothache

Treatment of Headache, Calmative, Cinnamomum zeylanicum 161 Lauraceae Darchin Bark Im 1 Urinary Incontinence, Digestive, Nees Flavor, Hypoglycemic, Carminative

162 Lauraceae L. Barg Bu Leaves In 1 Carminative Appetizer, Flavor

Laleh 163 Liliaceae Fritillaria imperialis L. Root In 1 Treatment of Joints Pain Sarnegun

Cholesterol Lowering, Antitussive, 164 Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. Katan Seed In 1 Laxative, Obesity

165 Loganiaceae Strychnos nux-vomica L. Kachuleh Seed Im 1 Antiallergic, Eczema, Sedative

Hair color Treatment of headache, 166 Lythraceae Lawsonia inermis L. Hana Leaves In 1 Hair Tonic, Washing,, Anti Fungal, Antiseptic

Abelmoschus esculentus 167 Malvaceae Bamieh Seed In 1 Anti-inflammatory, Diuretic, Laxative (L.) Moench Antitussive, Febrifuge, Treatment of 168 Malvaceae Alcea spp . Gole Khatmi Flower In 1 pimples, Laxative, Depurative, Treatment of gum swelling Mouth Wounds, Bone Fracture, 169 Malvaceae Althaea officinalis L. Charme giah Root In 1 Treatment of Bruises, Treatment of Dysuria 170 Malvaceae Helicteres isora L. Bahman pich Fruit Im 1 Antidiarrhea, Antispasmodic Hypoglycemic, Antihypertensive, 171 Malvaceae Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Chai Makkeh Flower Im 1 Obesity, Blood-cleansing, Calmative, Cardiac Tonic

172 Malvaceae Hibiscus syriacus L. Gole Khatmi Flower In 2 Febrifuge, Antitussive

Flower 173 Malvaceae Malva neglecta Wallr. Nan Kalagh In 1 Sore Throat, Antitussive, Febrifuge - Fruit

Pharyngitis, Furuncles, Aphthous Panirak Ulcers , Febrifuge, Antitussive, Flower 174 Malvaceae Malva sylvestris L. (Khatmi In 1 Jaundice, - Fruit khabbzi) Laxative, Gastric ulcer, Treatment of Wounds

175 Malvaceae Theobroma cacao L. Kakao Fruit Im 1 Tonic, Flavoring

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 264 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the markets of Mashhad

Leaves Nerve Tonic, Sudorific, Duretic, 176 Malvaceae Tilia cordata Mill. Zirfun In 1 - Fruit Calmative

Anamirta cocculus (L.) 177 Menispermaceae Mass Mahi Fruit Im 1 Fishering Wight & Arn.

178 Moraceae Ficus carica L. Anjir Fruit In 1 Anti-hemorrhoids, Laxative, Tonic

179 Moraceae Morus nigra L. Shatut Root In 1 Abortion

Anti-Hemorrhage, Tonic, Appetizer, 180 Myristicaceae Myristica fragrans Houtt. Joze Buya Seed Im 1 Treatment of Colic

Leaves Treatment of Sinusitis, Treatment of 181 Myrtaceae Eucalyptus sp . Okaliptus Im 1 - Fruit Cold, Treatment of Headache Psoriasis, Treatment of Sinusitis, Leaves Mouth Ulcers, Anti Fungal, Treatment 182 Myrtaceae Myrtus communis L. Murd In 1 - Fruit of Cold, Strengthening of Hair, Herpes Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Toothache, Antiseptic, Digestive, 183 Myrtaceae Mikhak Flower Im 1 Merr. & L.M.Perry Aphrodisiac, Carminative, Stimulant Diabetes, Antiseptic,Hypnotic, Treatment of Rheumatism and 184 Nitrariaceae Peganum harmala L. Espand Seed In 1 Sciatica Disorders, Anthelmintic, Emmenagogue Expectorant, Hypnotic, Antitussive, 185 Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea alba L. Nilufar Abi Flower In 1 Calmative

Zaban Aphrodisiac, Treatment of 186 Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior L. Fruit In 1 Gonjeshk Stammering

Anti-hemorrhoids, Fruit- Antihyperlipidemia, Hypoglycemic, 187 Oleaceae Olea europaea L. Zeytun Im 1 Leaves Laxative, Treatment of Dermal Allergic

Anacamptis morio (L.) R. Saalab 188 Orchidaceae Root In 1 Tonic M. Bateman gholveh

Dactylorhiza umbrosa Treatment of Sexual Impotency, 189 Orchidaceae Saalab panjeh Root In 1 (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski Tonic Cardiac Tonic, Arthrodynia, Tonic, 190 Orchidaceae Orchis morio L. Buzidan Root Im 1 Hypnotic, Insecticide planifolia Jacks. ex Stimulant, Tonic, Carminative, 191 Orchidaceae Vanil Fruit Im 1 Andrews Flavoring

Antiepileptic, Carminative, Treatment 192 Paeoniaceae Paeonia officinalis L. Ude Salib Root Im 1 of Colic Pimples, Febrifuge, Blood-cleansing Aerial 193 Papaveraceae Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. Shatareh In 1 Psoriasis, Appetizer, Antiacid, parts Jaundice, Treatment of Addiction , Calmative, 194 Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeas L. Shaghayegh Flower In 1 Sleeplessness, Sedative, Expectorant, Antitussive, Antiasthmatic Fruit- 195 Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L. Khashkhash In 1 Anodyne, Laxative, Tonic, Hypnotic Seed

Treatment of Insomnia, Anti-Stress, 196 Passifloraceae Passiflora caerulea L. Gol Saati Flower Im 1 Calmative

Blood Tonic, Hair Loss, Strengthening of Memory, Increase 197 Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum L. Konjed Seed In 1 Sperm Count, Treatment of Skin’s Split, Laxative

Agheleh Jaundice, Forgetfulness, Cardiac 198 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus emblica L. Fruit Im 1 Moghashar Tonic Appetizer, Hair Tonic,

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 265 Amiri et al.

Pinus gerardiana Wall. ex 199 Pinaceae Chalghooz Fruit Im 1 Aphrodisiac, Blood Tonic D.Don

Kababeh 200 Piperaceae L. Fruit Im 1 Appetizer, Tonic, Carminative Chini

201 Piperaceae Piper longum L. Darfelfel Fruit Im 1 Carminative, Tonic, Food Digestion

Stimulant, Tonic, Appetizer, 202 Piperaceae Piper nigrum L. Felfel Siah Fruit Im 1 Falvoring

Eczema, Antiallergic, Febrifuge, Seed- 203 Plantaginaceae Plantago major L. Barhang In 1 Jaundice, Antitussive, Antidiarrhea, Leaves ToothacheDepurative, Gastric ulcer Obesity, Depilator, Tonsillitis, Antacid, Antitussive, Gastric ulcer, 204 Plantaginaceae Plantago ovata Forssk. Esfarzeh Seed In 1 Febrifuge, Laxative, Jaundice, Antihemorrhoids

205 Platanaceae Platanus orientalis L. Chenar Fruit In 1 Prostate Diseases

Aphthous Ulcer, Anti Thirst, Tabashir 206 Poaceae Arundo donax L. Latex In 1 Depurative, Treatment of Pimples, ghalam Febrifuge

207 Poaceae Avena sativa L. Jo dosar Seed In 1 Treatment of Acne

Chaltooke Seed 208 Poaceae Oryza sativa L. In 1 Hair Tonic, Treatment of Anaemia Berenj coat Obesity, Anti-inflammatory, 209 Poaceae Zea mays L. Kakole Zorat Style In 1 Aantilithiasis, Kidney Disorders, Prostate Disorders, Duretic

Persicaria bistorta (L.) Antidiarrhea, Anti-hemorrhage, 210 Polygonaceae Anjebar Root Im 1 Samp. Vulnerary

Alaf Aerial Diabetes, Treatment of Colic, 211 Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare L. In 1 Haftband parts Antidiarrhea

Liver Diseases, Cardiac Tonic, 212 Polygonaceae Rheum palmatum L. Rivand Chini Root Im 1 Antilithiasis, Backache, Appetizer, Purgative

Jaundice, Urinary Antiseptic, Fruit- 213 Polygonaceae Rheum ribes L. Rivas In 1 Diuretic, Depurative, Liver Tonic, Petiole Antiseptic, Hair Tonic

Rheum turkestanicum Diabetes, Antihypertensive, 214 Polygonaceae Eshghan Root In 1 Janisch. Anticancer, Depurative

215 Polygonaceae Rumex acetosella L. Sagh Torshak Root In 1 Jaundice, Febrifuge

216 Polypodiaceae Polypodium vulgare L. Baspayak Root In 1 Expectorant, Jaundice, Digestive

Fruitin 217 Polyporaceae Polyporus officinalis Fries Gharighun Im 1 Anti-hemorrhage, Laxative g body

Antitussive, Febrifuge, Anti-Thirst, Seed- 218 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Khorfeh In 1 Food digestion, Depurative, Duretic, Leaves Anti-hemorrhoids

Barang 219 Primulaceae Embelia ribes Burm.f. Fruit Im 1 Jaundice, Anthelmintic, Antidiarrhea Kaboli

Antitussive, Antihemorrhoid, Adiantum capillus-veneris Aerial Treatment of Sore Throat, Febrifuge, 220 Pteridaceae Parsiavashan In 1 L. parts Jaundice, Laxative, Antithirst, Treatment of Orchitis,

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 266 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the markets of Mashhad

Flower Anti-hemorrhage, Blood flux, 221 Punicaceae Punica granatum L. Gole Anar In 1 - Root Anthelmintic

Delphinium semibarbatum Treatment of Dermal Allergies, 222 Ranunculaceae Zarir Flower In 1 Bien. ex Boiss. Coloring

Kidney Stone, Carminative, Antacid, Galactogogue, Anthelmintic, Food 223 Ranunculaceae L. Siah Daneh Seed In 1 Digestion, Antitussive , Treatment of Colic

Thalictrum sultanabadense Aerial 224 Ranunculaceae Parsiavashan In 2 Antitussive, Febrifuge Stapf parts Depurative, Febrifuge, Laxative, 225 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus jujuba Miller Annab Fruit In 1 Jaundice, Antitussive, Treatment of Thirst Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Eczema, Hair Tonic, Anti Fungal, 226 Rhamnaceae Sedr Leaves In 1 Willd. Antipruritic, Washing

Cerasus avium (L.) Antilithiasis, Prostate Disorders 227 Rosaceae Dome Gilas Pedicel In 1 Moench Kidney Stone, Anti-inflammatory, Fruit- 228 Rosaceae Crataegus sp . Sorkhe Valik In 1 Depurative, Repairs Blood Vessel Leaves Cotoneaster nummularius 229 Rosaceae Shir Khesht Manna Im 1 Jaundice, Febrifuge Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Seed- Cardiac Diseases, Antitussive, Sore 230 Rosaceae Cydonia oblonga Mill. Beh Daneh In 1 Leaves Throat, Laxative, Febrifuge

Antihypertensive, Diuretic, Kidney 231 Rosaceae Rosa beggeriana Schrenk Nastaran Fruit In 1 Stone

Gole 232 Rosaceae Rosa damascena Mill. Flower In 1 Antihemorrhoid, Laxative, Calmative Mohammadi

233 Rosaceae Rosa foetida Herrm. Gole Zard Flower In 1 Ovary Tonic, Emmenagogue

234 Rubiaceae Coffea arabica L. Ghahveh Seed Im 1 Obesity, Sleeplessness, Antidiarrhea

Treatment of Joints Pain, Febrifuge, 235 Rubiaceae Cinchona officinalis L. Ganeh Ganeh Bark Im 1 Antimalaria

236 Rubiaceae Rubia tinctorum L. Ronas Root In 1 Strengthening of Hair, Hair color

Citrus aurantiifolia 237 Rutaceae Limu Amani Fruit In 1 Antihypertensive, Calmative (Christm.) Swingle

Anti-Stress, Cardiac Tonic, Food 238 Rutaceae Citrus aurantium L. Bahar Naranj Flower In 1 Digestion, Antihypertensive Aerial 239 Rutaceae L. Sodab In 1 Abortion, Sedative, Emmenagogue parts Toddalia asiatica (L.) Dahan baz- 240 Rutaceae Fruit Im 1 Diabetes, Febrifuge, Blood flux Lam . Dahan basteh Leaves Menstrual Pains, Anodyne, Jaundice, 241 Salicaceae Salix alba L. Bid In 1 - Bark Antitussive

Calmative, Cardiac Tonic, Painful 242 Salicaceae Salix aegyptiaca L. Bidmeshk Flower In 1 Menstruation

243 Salicaceae Salix excelsa J.F.Gmel. Bidkhesht Manna In 1 Febrifuge, Jaundice, Laxative

244 Santalaceae Santalum album L. Sandal Wood Im 1 Aromatic, Duretic Antidiarrhea,

Badian 245 Schisandraceae Hook.f. Fruit Im 1 Carminative, Galactogogue, Appetizer Khatai Gol 246 Scrophulariaceae Digitalis purpurea L. Flower Im 1 Cardiac Tonic Angoshtaneh

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 267 Amiri et al.

Kidney Troubles, Antidiarrhea, Aerial 247 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia striata Boiss. Mokhallaseh In 1 Treatment of Colic, Carminative, parts Treatment of Joints Pain

Verbascum Aerial Dyspepsia, Antidiarrhea, Expectorant, 248 Scrophulariaceae Dome Gav In 1 cheiranthifolium Boiss. parts Antiacid, Stomach Tonic

249 Solanaceae Atropa belladonna L. Beladon Leaves In 1 Antispasmodic, Sedative Appetizer, , Treatment of Felfel 250 Solanaceae annuum L. Fruit In 1 Osteoarthritis, Tonic, Stimulant, Ghermez Aphrodisiac Sedative, Treatment of Addiction, 251 Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. Tatureh Seed In 1 Treatment of Colic Sedative, Treatment of Addiction, 252 Solanaceae Hyoscyamus niger L. Bangdaneh Seed In 1 Treatment of Toothache, Treatment of Headache, Antigout Arusak Posht Emmenagogue Treatment of Kidney 253 Solanaceae Physalis alkekengi L. Fruit In 1 Pardeh Stones, Blood Cleanesing,

Treatment of Osteoarthritis, Mastitis, 254 Solanaceae Solanum americanum Mill. Tajrizi Fruit In 1 Expectorant, Hypnotic, Sedative, Treatment of Gastritis

Obesity, Anticancer, Camellia sinensis (L.) 255 Theaceae Chai Sabz Leaves In 1 Antihypertensive, Hepatitis, Kuntze Antihyperlipidemia Hypoglycemic, Enlarged Prostate, Whole 256 Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. Gazaneh In 1 Anaemia, Anti-inflammatory, plant Digestive 257 Urticaceae Urtica pilulifera L. Anjareh Seed In 1 Laxative, Treatment of Cough

Dyspepsia, Nerve Tonic, Appetizer, 258 Verbenaceae Aloysia citriodora Palau Beh Limu Leaves Im 1 Carminative, Calmative Aerial 259 Verbenaceae Verbena officinalis L. Shahpasand In 1 Appetizer, Indigestion parts Eczema, Febrifuge, Antiallergic, 260 Violaceae Viola odorata L. Banafsheh Flower In 1 Blood Cleansing, Jaundice, Treatment of Cold, Expectorant Eremurus spectabilis Dermal infection, Sticking, 261 Xanthorrhoeaceae Serish Root In 1 M.Bieb. Antihyperlipidemia Treatment of Bloody Diarrhea, 262 Zingiberaceae Willd. Ghost Shirin Root Im 1 Treatment of Osteoarthritis Treatment of Rheumatism, Tonic, 263 Zingiberaceae Hance Kholanjan Root Im 1 Carminative, Digestive, Aphorodisiac 264 Carminative, Flavoring, Treatment of Zingiberaceae Amomum subulatum Roxb. Hele bad Fruit Im 1 Colic, Flavoring

Treatment of Gall Stones, Treatment 265 Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa L. Zard Chubeh Root Im 1 of Bruises, Digestive, Emmenagogue

Curcuma zedoaria Liver Tonic, Carminative, Tonic, 266 Zingiberaceae Zorombad Root Im 1 (Christm.) Roscoe Indigestion , Obesity, Flavoring

Elettaria cardamomum Flavoring, Treatment of Flatulence, 267 Zingiberaceae Hel Fruit Im 1 Maton Appetizer, Tonic Increase of Sperm Count , Obesity, Carminative, Tonic, Flavoring, 268 Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zanjafil Root Im 1 Treatment of Joints Pain, Treatment of Toothache Duretic, Kidney Stone, Tonic, Treatment of Prostate Hypertrophy, Aerial 269 Zygophyllaceae Tribulus terrestris L. Kharkhasak In 1 Anthelmintic, Jaundice, Treatment of parts Flooding, Treatment of Dysuria, Urinary Antiseptic

Status : (Im : Imported sample, In : Indigenous sample, 1: Authentic sample, 2: Adulterated or Substituted sample).

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 268 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the markets of Mashhad

Discussion plant parts and their improper The survey indicated that the study area identification by the consumers and herbal has plenty of medicinal plants to treat a plant sellers and lack of a standard wide spectrum of human ailments. Herbal identification system, the crude medicinal medicine uses reported by herbalists can plants and their parts are often adulterated be classified into 132 different uses. or substituted in commerce which may Traditional knowledge of phytotherapy of result in the loss of their efficacy. For this region provides excellent results in the instance, Alcea spp. especially ( Alcea treatment of jaundice, diarrhea, kidney rosea , Alcea aucheri , Alcea angulata, stones, eczema, obesity, psoriasis, arthritis, Alcea rhyticarpa, and Alcea lavateriflora ) diabetes, bone fracture, stomachache, are known as Gol-e-khatmi in different cancer, migraine, joints pains, asthma, parts of study area and Hibiscus syriacus headache, skin problems, urinary troubles, L. adulterated or substituted instead of wound, toothache, purification of blood, them and also Thalictrum sultanabadense constipation, intestinal worms, pimples, Stapf are sold instead of Adiantum and many other ailments. The highest capillus-veneris L. in some market number of species and applications were samples. reported for digestive system disorders Distinction and identification of (38.4 %). Significant results are noticed in medicinal plants are very important terms of treatments of respiratory system because the adulterants, although disorders such as sinusitis, asthma, and belonging to the same genus as the drug, bronchitis. does not possess the medicinal properties The most efficient medicinal plants are of the drug. For example, Bunium Perovskia abrotanoides, Dysphania cylindricum are mixed with real Zire-e- botrys, Coriandrum sativum, Vitex siah ( Bunium persicum ) and are sold in the negundo, and Ziziphora clinopodioides . market resulting in the degrading of the Diseases such as jaundice, diarrhea, quality and efficacy of the drug. Correct anemia, rheumatism, joints pains, and identification of herbal drugs is the dysmenorrheal were obviously easily foundation of safe use of herbal medicines diagnosed by the old herbalists. General and products. Therefore, in order to ensure physical condition and tongue or eyes safety, therapeutic potency and efficacy of color of the patient are used as indicators herbal medicines, correct identification, of the patient’s problem. Through the authentication, and elimination of analysis of records of plant-based adulteration are essential and the drugs medicinal treatments (Table 1), it becomes should only be authenticated by a panel of obvious that some of the plants are being experts including taxonomists (Joharchi used more frequently than others (Achillea and Amiri, 2012). santolinoides, Astragalus gummifer, This investigation indicated that 269 Bunium persicum, Cichorium intybus, medicinal plant species belonging to 88 Echium amoenum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, families were found in the research area. Malva sylvestris, Nardostachys jatamansi, Among them, 193 species were indigenous Plantago ovate, and Ziziphora of Iran and 76 species were imported from clinopodioides ). Aerial parts (stem, leaves, other countries. These plants are used in and flowers) are the most frequently used the treatment of many diseases. Market parts in medicinal purposes. Present survey revealed that there are more than investigation showed that the traditional 600 herbalist shops trading natural drugs sold in herbal shops in the city of medicinal products in the Mashhad Mashhad may be adulterated or substituted markets. By comparing present with quite unrelated plant materials. Due applications of medicinal plants with to some morphological similarities of the available literature reported from other

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 269 Amiri et al. regions of Iran, it appears that there are Zangelanlo district, Northeast Iran. J Med many medicinal uses for the treatment of Plants Res, 6: 749-753. various ailments in the study area which Assadi M, Maassoumi A A, Khatamsaz M, were rarely demonstrated before this. To Mozaffarian V (eds.). 1988-2008. Flora of our knowledge, the use of Anastatica Iran. Vols. 1-60. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Publications. hierochuntica, Gentiana olivieri, Tehran (in Persian). Helichrysum graveolens, Mangifera Emami SA, Nadjafi F, Amine GH, Amiri MS, indica, Platanus orientalis, Rheum Khosravi Mt, Nasseri M. 2012. Les espèces turkestanicum, Strychnos nux-vomica, and de plantes médicinales utilisées par les Trichodesma incanum to cure different guérisseurs traditionnels dans la province illnesses, have never been reported before. de Khorasan, nord-est de l'Iran. J Further research should be carried out in Ethnopharmacol, 48: 48-59. the field of pharmacology, Ghorbani A. 2005. Studies on pharmaceutical phytochemistry, and biotechnology of ethnobotany in the region of Turkmen these resources which may lead to the Sahra, north of Iran (Part1): General development of new plant-based results. J Ethnopharmacol, 102: 58-68. Hooper D, Field H. 1937. Useful plants and medicines. From this study, it is concluded drugs of Iran and Iraq. Field Museum of that although the people in research area Natural History. Botanical Series, 9: 71- have access to modern medical facilities, a 241. lot of them still use traditional medicine Joharchi MR, Amiri MS. 2012. Taxonomic for their healthcare problems. This evaluation of misidentification of crude represents a medicinal alternative for herbal drugs marketed in Iran. Avicenna J healing health problems which remains of Phytomed, 2: 105-112. closer to the cultural and social context of Kloucek P, Polesny Z, Svobodova B, Vlkova this society. E, Kokoska L. 2005. Antimicrobial screening of some Peruvian medicinal Acknowledgments plants used in Calleria District. J Ethno pharmacology 99, 309-312. We truly grateful to the traditional Martin GJ. 1995. Ethnobotany: A Method healers of the study area for their Manual. Chapman and Hall, London. pp hospitality and kind response for sharing 267. their accumulative indigenous knowledge Miraldi E, Ferri S, Mostaghimi V. 2001. to our inquires on the information about Botanical drugs and preparations in the the medicinal plants. This work is traditional medicine of West Azerbaijan supported by Payam Noor University and (Iran). J Ethnopharmacol, 75: 77-87. it is appreciated. Mosaddegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani A, Esmaeili S. 2012. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Conflict of interest Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of There is not any conflict of interest in Iran. J Ethnopharmacol, 141: 80-95. this study. Naghibi F, Mosaddegh M, Mohammadi Motamed S, Ghorbani A. 2005. Labiatae family in folk medicine in Iran: From ethnobotany to pharmacology. Iran J Pharm References Res, 4: 63-79. Amin Gh. 1992. Popular Medicinal Plants of Rajaei P, Mohamadi N, Motamed M. 2012. Iran. Vol. 1, Research Deputy, Ministry of Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Health, Treatment and Medical Education, of Hezar Mountain Allocated in South East Tehran. of Iran. Iran J Pharm Res, 11: 1153-1167. Amiri MS, Jabbarzadeh P, Akhondi M. 2012. Rechinger KH. 1963-2009. Flora Iranica, An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt, plants used by indigenous people in Graz, pp. 1-176.

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 270 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the markets of Mashhad

Safa O, Soltanipoor MA, Rastegar S, Kazemi Yirga G. 2010. Assessment of traditional M, Dehkordi Kh, Ghannadi A. 2013. An medicinal plants in Endrta District, South- ethnobotanical survey on hormozgan eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J Med province, Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed, 3: Plants Res, 4: 255-260. 64-81. Zargari A. 1989-1992. Medicinal Plants. The Plant List, 2011. Published on the Tehran University Publication, Tehran, 1-5: Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ 4678. (accessed September 26,2011).

AJP, Vol. 3, No. 3, Summer 2013 271