DOCSLIB.ORG

Universal Energy Access in Myanmar, Challenges and Opportunities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Universal Energy Access in Myanmar, Challenges and Opportunities Universal energy access in Myanmar, challenges and opportunities Daniel del Barrio Álvarez; Numata, M.; Yamaguchi, K.; Yoshikawa, H. Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo Myanmar’s evolving political clude Chin, Kachin, Karenni, Karen, Mon, Alternatives for sustainable context Rakhine, Rohingya, and Shan. A long-time development in Myanmar Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, is armed conflict between central government At the Policy Alternatives Research Institu- the newest member of the club of world armed forces and minority groups have te, we “attempt to provide an alternate path democracies. Coming after long years of been continuing nearly since the independ- between academic research and the society a close military regime, the country and ence from the British Empire. Achieving the in which research is conducted”. The Universi- its steps towards consolidation of the new national reconciliation is currently one of the ty of Tokyo, as a whole, is actively committed regime are of interest internationally. With top priorities in the government’s agenda. to promote effective collaboration and to con- the size of France, the largest in continen- Adding to this one the humanitarian crisis in tribute to the future of humanity and the pla- tal Southeast Asia, and with a population of the Rakhine State. net, based on the University’s mission of ser- fifty million people; Myanmar is located at ving the global public as outlined in its Charter. the crossroads of China, India, and the rest Myanmar is experiencing a double trans- of Southeast Asia. Increasing its geostrategic formation politically from a military regime In particular, we have been focusing on the importance for regional and global affairs. to an open democracy and from a closed analysis of the synergies between energy economy to an open system. The change and sustainable development in Myanmar, The country counts with 135 different re- of government opened greater expecta- under the framework of the Sustainable De- cognized ethnic groups and it is adminis- tions for attracting international investment, velopment Goals (SDGs). We are also pro- tratively divided into 7 states, 7 regions, 1 particularly from Western countries. The tra- viding knowledge support in the develop- union territory, 5 self-administered zones, ditional support to Aung San Suu Kyi and ment of strategies to facilitate a traditional and 1 self-administrative division. Burme- the lifting of the economic sanctions by the vicious circle between energy and conflict se represents a 70% of the total popula- United States and the European Union were in Myanmar1,2,3, which has indeed attracted tion, whilst other large ethnic groups in- considered positive steps in that direction. the local interest4,5. 1 Yoshikawa, Anbimozhi (2018) Electricity Futures in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Towards Sustainability, Inclusive Development, and Conflict Resolution. http://www.eria.org/research/electricity-futures-in-the-greater-mekong-subregion-towards-sustainability-inclusive-development-and- conflict-resolution/ 2 Del Barrio-Alvarez, D.; Sugiyama, M. (2018) Toward a sustainable electricity policy in Myanmar: Recommendations for policy makers and development partners. Policy Alternatives Research Institute - PARI Policy Brief. http://pari.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ eng/publications/index_policy_briefs.html 3 See UTokyo Future Society Initiative https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/adm/fsi/en/sdgs_project067.html 4 Global New Light Volume V, Number 121, 17 Friday, August 2018. http://www.moi.gov.mm/npe/nlm/?q=content/17-aug-18 5 Myanmar Times, June 18. Article in press (in Burmese) Cuadernos de Energía 65 Universal energy access in Myanmar, challenges and opportunities The two main goals of the power sector in Figure 1. Electricity production in Myanmar (GWh) Myanmar, secure stable supply in connected areas and expand the electricity service to ru- ral areas, have traditionally been perceived 18.000 as mutually exclusive, due to a perverse cycle 16.000 explained in a next section. Contrary to that 14.000 belief, our analyses show that appropriate 12.000 energy policies and the national reconcilia- 10.000 tion process have positive spillovers to each 8.000 other. 6.000 4.000 In this article, we first provide a quick over- 2.000 view of the energy system in Myanmar, 0 with a special focus on electricity. This is 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 followed by an explanation of the impor- Coal Oil Gas Hydro tance of energy as a pivotal instrument to contribute to the peace development in Source: International Energy Agency data the country. Energy is to play a pivotal role in the tran- Myanmar does have signed the Paris Agree- Energy to legitimize sition9, and the changes occurring need ment and has committed in its Intended the political transition to be understood as a part of an overall Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) The achievement of nation-wide peace bet- process. The country is facing a lack of to continue as a net GHG sink by 203010. ween the government of Myanmar and the enough and adequate electricity supply. The devastating effect of the cyclone Nargis multitude of ethnic armed groups is a key Less than half of the population have ac- in 2008, which followed an unusual path is priority for the consolidation, and a hope, of cess to electricity, with very low levels of representative of Myanmar’s vulnerability to the democratic transition. A national recon- electrification in the peripheral areas of the climate change. This killed 140,000 people ciliation process was initiated with the 21st country. Meanwhile, urban centers suffer in 2008, making of it one the deadliest in Century Panglong Conference, with a strong from a lack of enough stable power supply, Asia11. The large number of victims and cau- reference to the Panglong Conference held especially during the dry seasons, when salities was partly due to its path across the in 1947 under the leadership of Aung San dams are at their lower levels. lowest part of the Irrawaddy Delta, the most (father of Aung San Suu Kyi and a natio- populated area of the country. The country is nal hero in Myanmar)6. National Ceasefire The promotion of sustainable development regularly hit by floods during the monsoon Agreements have been signed with several, is also a key priority for the country. Myan- season. Last August, a breach in a spillover in but not all, the ethnic armed groups in the mar is highly vulnerable to climate change a dam created severed floods and inundated country7,8. The negotiations are still on and effects. The rapid deforestation, third-worst nearly 100 villages and forced evacuation of cover a broad number of aspects. in the world, reduces its natural protection. about 150,000 people12. 6 Weiss (2017) Did Aung San Lead at Panglong – or Follow? .The Diplomat https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/did-aung-san-lead-at-panglong-or-follow/ 7 Reuters (2018, January 24) Myanmar to sign ceasefire with two rebel groups amid decades of conflict. https://www.reuters.com/article/us- myanmar-military/myanmar-to-sign-ceasefire-with-two-rebel-groups-amid-decades-of-conflict-idUSKBN1FD0HH?il=0 8 See Myanmar Peace Monitor. http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org/peace-process/ceasefires 9 Posner Ross, R. (2015). Myanmar’s Path to Electrification: The Role of Distributed Energy Systems. Washington D.C. Retrieved from https://www. csis.org/analysis/myanmars-path-electrification 10 http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs24/Myanmars-INDC.pdf 11 Gottlieb (2018) 10 years after, Cyclone Nargis still holds lessons for Myanmar. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/10-years-afte¡ cyclone-nargis-still-holds-lessons-for-myanmar-95039 12 The Guardian (2018, August 29) Myanmar dam breach forces thousands to evacuate their homes. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/ aug/29/myanmar-dam-breach-people-evacuate-homes-officials-say 66 Cuadernos de Energía Universal energy access in Myanmar, challenges and opportunities ty consumption per capita (see Figure 2). Figure 2. Electricity consumption per capita in Myanmar (kWh/capita) Nevertheless, this remains the lowest level of electricity consumption per capita when compared with other Southeast Asian coun- tries (see Figure 3). 300 250 Access to electricity is at world-low levels. Although different figures exist about that, 200 there is a basic agreement that at least half of the population lack access to modern elec- 150 tricity. Furthermore, the majority of the rural population electrified relays either on diesel 100 generators, which are economically and en- 50 vironmentally costly or from solar home sys- tems, which do not provide enough power 0 for productive uses (Table 1). 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Development partners’ Source: International Energy Agency data re-engagement with Myanmar in the power sector Figure 3. Electricity consumption in selected ASEAN countries (kWh/capita, 2015) The democratic transition brought new opportunities from the lifting of economic 5.000 4.660 sanctions and a rapid and powerful re-en- 4.500 gagement of development partners. Table 4.000 2 summarizes some of the most relevant 3.500 programs being carried out by development 3.000 2.620 2.500 partners. The three major policy documents 2.000 prepared have been so far the Energy Master 1.530 1.500 Plan with support from the Asian Develop- 820 1.000 740 ment Bank (ADB)14, the National Electrifica- 250 330 500 tion Plan (NEP)15 by the World Bank, and the 0 National Electricity Master Plan (NEMP) by Myanmar Cambodia Philippines Indonesia Viet Nam Thailand Malaysia the Japan International Cooperation Agen- 16 Source: International Energy Agency data cy (JICA) . A brief overview of the three of them is provided below. (Table 2). Energy in Myanmar gas. Hydropower constitutes between 60 and 70%, whilst natural gas makes about The ADB initiated its re-engagement in Myanmar’s electricity production was near the remaining 30%.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Renewable Energy Developments and Potential In
    Renewable Energy Developments and Potential for the Greater Mekong Subregion This report was produced under the technical assistance project Promoting Renewable Energy, Clean Fuels, and Energy Efficiency in the Greater Mekong Subregion (TA 7679). It focused on renewable energy developments and potential in five countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam. It assessed the potential of solar, wind, biomass, and biogas as sources of renewable energy. Technical considerations include the degree and SUBREGION MEKONG IN THE GREATER AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS ENERGY RENEWABLE intensity of solar irradiation, average wind speeds, backup capacity of grid systems, availability and quality of agricultural land for biofuel crops, and animal manure concentrations for biogas digester systems. Most GMS governments have established plans for reaching these targets and have implemented policy, regulatory, and program measures to boost solar, wind, biomass, and biogas forms of renewable energy. Incentives for private sector investment in renewable energy are increasingly emphasized. About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to the majority of the world’s poor. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • Yin Min Cho Emdevs Thesis.Pdf
    YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME THE STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHINA AND MYANMAR YIN MIN CHO EMDevS-78 (14th Batch) AUGUST, 2019 Sample output to test PDF Combine only YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME THE STUDY ON THE ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHINA AND MYANMAR A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Development Studies (MDevS) Degree Supervised by Submitted by U Kyaw Myint Yin Min Cho Senior Economist/ Independent Director Roll No. 78 Myawaddy Bank EMDevS 14th Batch (2017-2019) August, 2019 Sample output to test PDF Combine only ABSTRACT This study economies relation between China and Myanmar and analyzes China’s support in Myanmar’s economy. The study uses descriptive method. The required data and information are obtained by the secondary sources from official data and publications such as government’s statements and official documents, research papers, journals, articles, newspapers and published books, and internet websites. The study found that China is one of major import partners as well as second major export partners of Myanmar. China is a major supplier of consumer goods, machineries, equipment and intermediate products for Myanmar. Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Myanmar has been increasing. The lack of competitors due to international sanctions over Myanmar also provides China an ease of access to Myanmar that made it to relay more on China. China development assistance has been closely related to Chinese business relations in Myanmar. Overall, Myanmar-China economic relationship results in positive impact on Myanmar’s economy.
    [Show full text]
  • National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 46389-001 2015 Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Institutional Strengthing of National Energy Management Committee in Energy Policy and Planning (Financed by the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction and the Technical Assistance Special Fund) FINAL REPORT Prepared by TA 8356-MYA, Felix Gooneratne, Consultant, International Institute for Energy Conservation For the Oil & Gas Planning Department of the Ministry of Electricity & Energy This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proprosed project’s design. Asian Development Bank Energy Efficiency & Conservation Policy, Strategy and Roadmap MYANMAR TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Report Structure ........................................................................................... 1 2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACTIVITIES IN MYANMAR ................................................. 2 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Current Energy Situation in Myanmar ............................................................. 2 2.2.1 Summary of Energy Situation ................................................................................................. 2 2.2.2 Energy
    [Show full text]
  • Decentralised Energy Market Assessment in Myanmar — MAY 2019 DISCLAIMER
    RESEARCH SERIES Decentralised Energy Market Assessment in Myanmar — MAY 2019 DISCLAIMER This study has been prepared for general guidance only. The reader should not act on any information provided in this study without receiving specific professional advice. Roland Berger GmbH shall not be liable for any damages resulting from the use of information contained in the study. © 2019 Smart Power Myanmar All rights reserved. Supported by: Managed by: Founding Members: Conducted by: Co-financed by: Contents 3.0 57 Assessment of the Financial Viability and Investibility Preface XII of Mini-Grids in Myanmar XIV Acknowledgments 3.1 Definition of viability for mini-grids 57 XVI Executive Summary 3.2 Investibility of mini-grids and de-risking of grid arrival 61 3.3 Simulation results for different mini-grid configurations and subsidy contributions 63 XVII Objectives 3.4 Cost per connection 79 1.0 1 4.0 83 Introduction Projections of the Potential Market for Mini-Grids in Myanmar Under Different Scenarios 2.0 9 4.1 Definitions and methodology 83 4.2 Potential market forecast to 2030 in base case scenario 88 Review of the Current Market and Key Drivers 4.3 Selection of scenario drivers and definition of scenarios 90 4.4 Estimate of potential market in 2020 by scenarios 92 for Off-Grid Solutions 4.5 Potential market forecast to 2030 under combined scenarios 103 4.6 Implications 104 2.1 Current market for off-grid solutions and mini-grids in Myanmar 9 4.7 Economic impact assessment by scenario 104 2.2 Business models and market drivers 15 2.3 Market
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4. SWOT Analysis of Utility-Scale Solar Energy in Myanmar
    Chapter 4 SWOT Analysis of Utility-Scale Solar Energy in Myanmar Endowed with one of the best solar resources in the region, Myanmar can profit from more intensive use of solar energy. Although solar energy is increasingly being advocated, little progress has been achieved. To provide insights into the strategic planning on energy currently being undertaken, the authors conducted a SWOT analysis of utility-scale solar energy in Myanmar. Its development data were collected from a variety of sources including academic and grey literature as well as informal conversations with relevant stakeholders. Although the main objective here is to diagnose the development of utility-scale solar power generation in Myanmar, this SWOT analysis also provides some important insights that can be used as takeoff points for further discussion amongst experts. First, utility-scale solar energy is proven to bring several strengths to the country’s power sector. The photovoltaic technical potential is located in the Central Dry Zone, which is relatively flat and close to the national grid, facilitating the installation of the solar panels and the interconnection to the grid. Second, the combination of utility-scale solar energy and increasing regional energy trade is an opportunity for Myanmar to export clean energy to neighbouring countries, given that the nation is part of several regional initiatives such as the Greater Mekong Subregion, ASEAN Power Grid, and South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation. Lao PDR has for long positioned itself as ‘the battery of Southeast Asia’; Myanmar can likewise position itself as a champion of solar energy in the region. Third, there is a need for a transparent policy framework to streamline investments.
    [Show full text]
  • Myanmar: Energy Sector Initial Assessment
    Myanmar Energy Sector Initial Assessment Myanmar Energy Sector Initial Assessment October 2012 © 2012 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published 2012. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9092-902-4 (Print), 978-92-9092-903-1 (PDF) Publication Stock No. RPS125206-3 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Myanmar: Energy sector initial assessment. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012. 1. Energy. 2. Power. 3. Myanmar. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, please contact: Department of External Relations Fax +63 2 636 2648 [email protected] Printed on recycled paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12. Myanmar Country Report
    CHAPTER 12 Myanmar Country Report Tin Zaw Myint March 2021 This chapter should be cited as: Mynt, T.Z. (2021), ‘Myanmar Country Report’, in Han, P. and S. Kimura (eds.), Energy Outlook and Energy Saving Potential in East Asia 2020, Jakarta: ERIA, pp.191-212. CHAPTER 12 Myanmar Country Report Tin Zaw Myint 1. Background 1.1 Country Profile Myanmar is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia, with a land area of 676,577 square kilometres (km) and a border 5,858 km long, which it shares with Bangladesh and India to the northwest, China to the northeast, and Thailand to the southeast. Approximately 48% of the total land area is covered with forest, and most of the land is utilised for agriculture. Myanmar had a population of 56 million in 2019 with an average annual population growth rate of 1.0% from 1990 to 2015. Myanmar is located in the western part of the Indochina Peninsula and has three distinct seasons. It enjoys 3–4 months of heavy monsoon and abundant sunshine year-round, making it ideal for accumulating water resources for hydropower and agriculture. Its topographic features include numerous rivers, mountain ranges, and sedimentary basins where mineral deposits and energy resources have abundantly accumulated. The delta regions where the country’s two major river systems enter the Bay of Bengal as well the 2,832 km coastal strip in the south are good areas for the development of marine ecosystems and an abundant source of marine products and chemicals. Myanmar is endowed with rich natural resources for producing commercial energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Domestic and International Determinants of a Weak State's
    2017 Myanmar’s Attractiveness for Investment in the Energy Sector A Comparative International Perspective Roman Vakulchuk, Kyaw Kyaw Hlaing, Edward Ziwa Naing, Indra Overland, Beni Suryadi, Sanjayan Velautham Table of Contents About this report………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..2 Executive summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7 2. Overview of Myanmar’s energy sector………………………………………………………………………….8 2.1. Oil and gas……………………………………………………………………………………………………………....8 2.2. Renewable energy……………………………………………………………………………………………………8 2.3. FDI in the energy sector……………………………………………………………………………………………9 2.4. Main foreign players……………………………………………………………………………………………….11 3. Myanmar in the rankings…………………………………………………………………………………………….12 3.1. Investment climate formation in emerging markets……………………………………………….12 3.2. Analysis of existing international rankings and indices……………………………………………13 3.3. Myanmar’s position in international investment climate rankings………………………….13 4. Further assessment of the investment climate in Myanmar………………………………………..18 4.1. Market knowledge and information sources used by foreign companies…………..……18 4.2. Obstacles and opportunities for foreign energy investors………………………….……………19 4.3. Public procurement and taxation in the energy sector…………………………………………...25 4.4. Assessing the role of public agencies responsible for attracting FDI…………………….….27 4.5. Communication channels between the government and business……………………...….30 4.6. Comparing the petroleum and renewable
    [Show full text]
  • Decentralised Energy Market Assessment in Myanmar Summary — MAY 2019 DISCLAIMER
    RESEARCH SERIES Decentralised Energy Market Assessment in Myanmar Summary — MAY 2019 DISCLAIMER This study has been prepared for general guidance only. The reader should not act on any information provided in this study without receiving specific professional advice. Roland Berger GmbH shall not be liable for any damages resulting from the use of information contained in the study. © 2019 Smart Power Myanmar All rights reserved. Supported by: Managed by: Founding Members: Conducted by: Co-financed by: Contents 3.0 29 Assessment of financial viability and investibility of Preface XII mini-grids in Myanmar Acknowledgments XIV 3.1 Definition of viability for mini-grids 29 3.2 Investibility of mini-grids and de-risking of grid arrival 32 Executive Summary XVI 3.3 Simulation results for different mini-grid configurations and subsidy contributions 33 3.4 Cost per connection 43 Objectives XXI 4.0 45 1.0 1 Projections of potential market for mini-grids in Electrification in Myanmar Myanmar under different scenarios 1.1 Current status of electrification in Myanmar 1 4.1 Definitions and methodology 45 1.2 The National Electrification Plan 1 4.2 Potential market forecast to 2030 in base case scenario 51 1.3 Evolution of electrification — assessment through benchmarks 5 4.3 Selection of scenario drivers and definition of scenarios 53 1.4 Power demand from off-grid areas 7 4.4 Estimate of potential market in 2020 by scenarios 55 4.5 Potential market forecast to 2030 under combined scenarios 59 4.6 Implications 59 4.7 Economic impact assessment by
    [Show full text]
  • OECD Investment Policy Reviews MYANMAR
    OECD Investment Policy Reviews MYANMAR Contents OECD Investment Policy Reviews Executive summary Assessment and recommendations Chapter 1. Trends in foreign investment in Myanmar MYANMAR Chapter 2. Responsible business conduct in Myanmar Chapter 3. Regulation and protection of investment in Myanmar Chapter 4. Investment promotion and facilitation in Myanmar Chapter 5. Myanmar’s tax policy Chapter 6. Developing Myanmar’s financial sector Chapter 7. Developing Myanmar’s infrastructure Chapter 8. Other aspects of the Policy Framework for Investment in Myanmar Chapter 9. Promoting sustainable investment in Myanmar’s agriculture Also available in this series: OECD Investment Policy Reviews Tanzania (2013), Jordan (2013), Mozambique (2013), Malaysia (2013), Costa Rica (2013), Tunisia (2012), Colombia (2012), Kazakhstan (2012), Zambia (2012), Ukraine (2011), Indonesia (2010), Morocco (2010), Viet Nam (2009), India (2009), China (2008), Peru (2008), Russian Federation (2008), Egypt (2007) http://oecd.org/daf/inv/investment-policy/countryreviews.htm M RM MYANMAR Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264206441-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. ISBN 978-92-64-20643-4 20 2014 02 1 P 9HSTCQE*cagede+ OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Myanmar 2014 This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Barrier Analysis for the Deployment of Renewable-Based Mini-Grids in Myanmar Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
    energies Article Barrier Analysis for the Deployment of Renewable-Based Mini-Grids in Myanmar Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Masako Numata 1,* , Masahiro Sugiyama 1 and Gento Mogi 2 1 Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; masahiro@ifi.u-tokyo.ac.jp 2 Department of Technology Management for Innovation (TMI), School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 January 2020; Accepted: 8 March 2020; Published: 17 March 2020 Abstract: Energy access remains a challenge for many countries, as recognized by sustainable development goal 7 of the United Nations Development Programme. Although the Myanmar government has set a target of 100% electrification by 2030, less than half of the households are currently connected to the national grid. To expedite electrification, decentralized approaches should be considered. Mini-grids are an effective alternative that can fill the gap between a solar home system and the national grid; however, many of the existing mini-grids in Myanmar are powered by diesel generators. Diesel fuel is significantly more expensive in rural areas than in urban areas due to high transportation costs. Although mini-grids powered by solar photovoltaics and batteries are cost-competitive with diesel generators, the deployment of renewable energy-based mini-grids is slow. In this study, we analyzed the barriers to mini-grid deployment and prioritized the barriers. We conducted a questionnaire survey with stakeholders using the analytic hierarchy process to identify the prioritization of each barrier factor.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 4 of 16 – Chapter C: Energy Resources Inventory
    Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report Project Number: 46389-001 December 2015 Republic of the Union of Myanmar: Institutional Strengthening of National Energy Management Committee in Energy Policy and Planning (Financed by the Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction and the Technical Assistance Special Fund) Part 4 of 16 – Chapter C: Energy Resources Inventory Prepared by TA 8356-MYA, Intelligent Energy Systems (IES), Consulting Firm For the Oil & Gas Planning Department of the Ministry of Electricity & Energy This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proprosed project’s design. Asian Development Bank The Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar National Energy Management Committee Myanmar Energy Master Plan December 2015 Project Number: TA No. 8356-MYA FINAL REPORT MYANMAR ENERGY MASTER PLAN Prepared for The Asian Development Bank and The Myanmar Ministry of Energy Prepared by in association with December 2015 ADB TA 8356 Myanmar Energy Master Plan Final Report AUTHORS Michael Emmerton Stuart Thorncraft Sakari Oksanen U Myint Soe Kyi Kyi Hlaing Yi Yi Thein U Myat Khin Project Number: TA No. 8356-MYA FINAL REPORT ENERGY RESOURCE INVENTORY Prepared for The Asian Development Bank and The Myanmar Ministry of Energy Prepared by in association with ADB TA 8356-MYA Myanmar Energy Master Plan Final Report ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank AFOC
    [Show full text]