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Institutional Determinants of the Brazilian Congress

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WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS FOR THE PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESS IN THE LEGISLATIVE ARENA? The Brazilian Electoral Connection by Carlos Pereira April 2000 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science of the New School University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dissertation Committee: Adam Przeworski David Plotke Aristide Zolberg ii iii For my Family and Letícia iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I will be forever grateful to Adam Przeworski, my advisor. Not only did he lead me through the labyrinthine process of writing a dissertation, but he also enlightened me as to the intrinsic link between political theory and methods. For my benefit – as always – he gives his blood to the dry exercise of studying politics, humanizing both the methods and the theory. I will never forget his availability to help me, even at the beginning when he still did not know me so well. Advising a new student is almost like an adoption process – a cause Adam really embraces, and not only with me. In addition to being my advisor, Adam quickly became a very good friend and tutor. I would also like to thank David Plotke for the enormous with which he treats his students. The warm way in which David receives the new students is certainly one of the reasons for his success at the New School. I was so nervous attending my first class in the U.S., that when he asked where I came from I answered giving my name rather than saying Brazil. Still, he did not lose hope in my progress. David is also responsible for introducing me to American politics. v Ari Zolberg was a very pleasant surprise during my qualification. When he was called almost at the last moment to take part in my dissertation committee, he did not hesitate but rather faced the challenge. From that moment until now, Ari has seriously alerted me as to the importance of describing with precision the rules of the Brazilian political system. I might confess that Chapter 3 is for you, Ari, and I had a lot of fun writing it. It is important to say that this is a “double-nationality” dissertation. In the USA I studied theories, methods, and techniques that would help me to understand those particular to Brazil. I lived and studied in New York for 3 and half years, and I took one and a half years in Brasília writing the thesis. It is hard to be far away from your advisor when you are doing this kind of task. In compensation, however, I had the chance to discuss and share ideas on my dissertation with people I would have never known had I stayed in just one country. Among these special things I found in Brazil, I sincerely express my gratitude to Bernardo Mueller and Fernando Limongi. More than fellow interlocutors in academia, they became my dear friends. Bernardo taught me, with unlimited patience, how to deal with the little tricks in the statistic and econometric stuff, always spendthrift with his time and knowledge. We had such a great affinity of ideas that we are now co-authors. Fernando definitely played the role of my advisor in Brazil, always testing me, getting involved with my dilemmas and impasses, and pushing me ahead. In several instances Fernando was able to foresee obstacles I would face, giving me answers and thus enabling me to avoid them. vi I do believe Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira was my most important stakeholder, certainly the central figure in my field research. He gave me important information, but more than this, he systematized information for me, expressing his opinions and even advising me about the general theory. As a political scientist, aside from his position in the Cardoso’s government at that time, he was able to understand, like no one else in the executive branch, the importance of my research (at least for me). He opened the doors for me, without any self-interest, and at the same time, set up important interviews with executive members, who would have never received me without his hand. To count on Adam, David, Ari, Bernardo, Limongi and Bresser as true interlocutors was a great honor and privilege. Moreover, to be considered on par with them I felt a great sense of responsibility. I hoped I would not let them down and this thought was a great encouragement in finishing my dissertation. Other fellow professors also gave me important and insightful ideas, among them Robert Kaufman, David Epstein, John Ferejohn, José Casanova, Andrew Arato, Anthony Pereira, Scott Mainwaring, Barry Ames. Actually, Scott and Barry gave me careful comments about papers and parts of the dissertation. I should also thank the numerous people who gave me precious information and data at any given moment during this process, but I would be unfair if I wrote their names. Nevertheless, I would like to recognize Eduardo Graeff, Eduardo Jorge, Luiz Carlos Santos, Floriano Pesaro, all important men occupying top positions in the executive and legislative branches and who opened their full agendas to talk to me. Some people of the Congress staff helped very much: thanks to Mozart Vianna Paiva, Cláudia, Beto, and Léo. I also thank Lúcio Vaz for the data he allowed me access to. vii I must especially thank my master advisor, Marcus André Melo, who showed me the first steps in research and shared with me concerns about scientifically tested approaches. He is also responsible for leading me to another country, for opening windows for ideas of studying overseas. He followed my steps even without being my formal advisor. Nilson Rosário Costa is also one of the friends on whom I can count unconditionally, always giving tips, bolstering me and relieving my anxiety. In New York some friends shared with me all the angst and happiness of living in a foreign country, helping me and being sympathetic. First of all, I am eternally thankful to my ex wife, Bethânia Assy, who jumped ahead without fearing the challenges of living in New York and who shared with me both dreams and realities. I am also grateful to Adalmir Marquetti, Frederico Gonzaga, Vera Chueiri, Cristiane Carneiro, André Regis, Leone Sousa, and Paulo Moscou. In Brasília, also, friends and students shared with me the angst of being far from your academic references. I thank Eduardo Leoni, Tatiana Ribeiral and, especially, Lúcio Renno, who shared with me valuable data and ideas. It was a great luck to have friends like these by my side during such an exceptional and unique period of life. The members of the GT “Political Institutions” of Anpocs – the Brazilian Social Science Association - also had a noteworthy participation in my dissertation. In three consecutive meetings of this group I had the chance to submit my papers, which were parts of my dissertation drafts, to their comments. Today they represent consistent political scientists in Brazil and each of their keen comments influenced me somehow while I was organizing my data and writing the dissertation. Thank you Argelina Figueiredo, Maria Hermínia Tavares de Almeida, Fabiano Santos, Renato Lessa, Renato viii Boschi, Wanderley Guilherme dos Santos, Jairo Nicolau, Charles Pessanha, José Antônio Cheibub, Eli Diniz, among others. Without the financial support of CNPq – The Brazilian Agency for financing science and researches - I would have never even embarked on this journey. As an institutionalist I should say thank you for the set of rules that form the CNPq. In particular, some of the staff pay special attention to their “final clients.” Thanks go to Alcina Taitson, Cristina Reis, and Maristela Bianca Braga. Some of the staff of the New School University also demonstrated a very broad sense of how hard taking a degree is. Thank you Gary St. Fleur, Cindy Mueller, Nancy Shealy, Shelley Hurt, and Eliza Nichols for your care and efficiency. I should say that I am a very lucky man, because no one has more proud parents than I. The way they support me, always stimulating me and encouraging my will to go ahead. To all my family, especially my sisters, who invariably showed me the funny side of every hard work, thanks a lot. I would also like to give thanks to my in-laws, who gave me care and support. Finally, but not least important, I might say that this dissertation is also a consequence of being married to Letícia Schwarz. In uncountable moments, she was not just my wife, but my closest partner, giving me suggestions and gentle critiques of how I should approach concepts and theories. Her ability to deal with “life things,” and especially, with people has taught me to believe, once again, in things that I did not believe any more. For you, Letícia, I dedicate this dissertation for being always in love with me. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS, AND CHARTS .......................................................... XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... XIV CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 1 I - Organization of the Dissertation................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. THE PRESIDENTIAL-CONGRESSIONAL RELATION APPROACHES IN REVIEW.......................................................................................... 9 I - Presidency-Centered Approach.................................................................................. 9 II - Congress-Centered Approach ................................................................................
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