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Proquest Dissertations Copyright © 2008 Gary Lee Shultz, Jr. All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. A BIBLICAL AND THEOLOGICAL DEFENSE OF A MULTI-INTENTIONED VIEW OF THE EXTENT OF THE ATONEMENT A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Gary Lee Shultz, Jr. December 2008 UMI Number: 3356774 Copyright 2009 by Shultz, Gary Lee, Jr. All rights reserved INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform 3356774 Copyright2009by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 APPROVAL SHEET A BIBLICAL AND THEOLOGICAL DEFENSE OF A MULTI-INTENTIONED VIEW OF THE EXTENT OF THE ATONEMENT Gary Lee Shultz, Jr. Read and Approved by: Bruce A. Ware (Chairperson) David L. Puckett To Kristin, my wife, my love, and my best friend TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii PREFACE x Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1 The Evangelical Debate over the Extent of the Atonement 1 Statement of the Problem 7 Thesis 12 Methodology of Research 13 2. A SURVEY OF THE MAJOR POSITIONS ON THE EXTENT OF THE ATONEMENT 19 Introduction 19 Augustine 20 The Ninth Century , 26 Medieval Scholasticism 29 John Calvin 36 Theodore Beza 45 Jacob Arminius and the Synod of Dort 50 Moi'se Amyraut 59 Richard Baxter 68 iv Chapter Page John Owen 73 John Wesley 79 Contemporary Evangelicalism 84 Conclusion 94 3. A BIBLICAL AND THEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF JESUS CHRIST'S PAYMENT FOR THE SINS OF ALL PEOPLE IN THE ATONEMENT 98 Introduction 98 Isaiah 53:4-6 101 The Johannine Literature 106 The Pauline Literature 121 The Catholic Epistles 141 A Universal Payment for Sin Does Not Result in Universalism 151 Conclusion 159 4. THE GENERAL INTENTIONS OF THE ATONEMENT 161 Introduction 161 A Genuine Universal Gospel Call 162 An Additional Basis for Condemnation 178 The Provision of Common Grace 183 The Supreme Revelation of God's Character 195 The Cosmic Triumph over All Sin 203 Conclusion 222 5. THE PARTICULAR INTENTIONS OF THE ATONEMENT 225 v Chapter Page Introduction 225 The Salvation of the Elect 226 Sending the Spirit to Save the Elect 250 Conclusion 273 6. CONCLUSION 276 The Theological Validity of the Multi-Intentioned View 276 The Practicality of the Multi-Intentioned View 282 Further Areas of Study 287 BIBLIOGRAPHY 290 VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ATT? Anglican Theological Review BECNT Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament BETS Bulletin of the Evangelical Theological Society BibSac Bibliotheca Sacra CTJ Calvin Theological Journal CTR Criswell Theological Review DBSJ Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal EBC Expositor's Bible Commentary EDT Evangelical Dictionary of Theology EQ Evangelical Quarterly ICC International Critical Commentary JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JBTM Journal of Baptist Theology and Ministry JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JTS Journal of Theological Studies LCC Library of Christian Classics MS J The Master's Seminary Journal NAC New American Commentary NICNT New International Commentary on the New Testament vn NICOT New International Commentary on the Old Testament NIGTC The New International Greek Testament Commentary PL Patrologiae cursus completus, Series Latina PNTC Pillar New Testament Commentary RTJ Reformed Theological Journal SBTJ The Southern Baptist Theological Journal SJT Scottish Journal of Theology TNTC Tyndale New Testament Commentary WBC Word Biblical Commentary WTJ Westminster Theological Journal vm PREFACE Many people have contributed to the completion of this dissertation. Those at Southern include my dissertation supervisor, Bruce Ware, who suggested near the beginning of my doctoral program that I work on the multiple intentions of the atonement. Since that time he has challenged me to develop thoroughly the multi- intentioned view of the extent of the atonement and to express it clearly and accurately. Professor Chad Brand, who served as the second reader of my dissertation, has offered valuable feedback as I worked to express my thoughts on the extent of the atonement. Professor David Puckett served as the third reader of my dissertation, and he has encouraged me in my work on this topic throughout my doctoral program. In addition to my doctoral committee, Professors Robert Vogel, Stephen Wellum, and Gregg Allison have all played an integral part in my doctoral education. To all of them I am thankful. I am also grateful for my fellow students in the Ph.D. department, many of whom spent time helping me think about the atonement, and all of whom encouraged me throughout my doctoral studies. Finally, I must thank my co-workers of the last two years in Ministry Referral and Student Services, who prayed for me and encouraged throughout my dissertation. Others who deserve credit include my professors at the Baptist Bible Graduate School of Theology, who helped provide the biblical and theological background necessary for me to complete a Ph.D. in systematic theology. I am grateful for the IX prayers and support from the members of Pleasant View Baptist Church, whom I had the privilege to pastor for the first two years of my doctoral work. I am thankful for the prayers and support from the members of Highland Park First Baptist Church, where my wife and I have been members for the last year. My pastor during this time, Jeff Pennington, consistently encouraged me and prayed for me as I wrote, as did my Sunday School class. I am also thankful to Kris Drees, not only for his friendship during this time, but also for the countless hours we have spent talking about the atonement and other theological matters (Prov 27:17). Without the support of my family, I never would have been able to finish my doctoral work, let alone my dissertation. My parents, Gary and Susan Shultz, provided financial support. My in-laws, Tim and Joy Gray, supported me in many different ways. My wife, Kristin, has always supported and encouraged my educational pursuits. She has sacrificed and worked to support me throughout my doctoral work. Her love and understanding have been indispensable to me. She is truly the personification of God's grace in my life (Prov 18:22), and this dissertation is dedicated to her. Finally, all praise, glory, and honor to my God and Savior, Jesus Christ. It has truly been a privilege to spend the last three years of my life studying and reflecting upon the atonement, and what God has done for humanity through the sacrifice of his Son. God has given me the strength and grace to write this dissertation. I therefore offer it to him as a sacrifice of worship, and I pray that he would use it for his glory. Gary Lee Shultz, Jr. Louisville, Kentucky December 2008 x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The Evangelical Debate over the Extent of the Atonement The extent of the atoning work of Christ is disputed among evangelical Christians.1 At issue in the doctrine of the extent of the atonement is the question: for whom did Jesus Christ die? Traditionally there have been two primary evangelical answers to this question. The first is that he only died for those who will be saved, or This dispute can be seen from the many works that evangelicals have penned about the subject. A recent spate of books published since the turn of the century and describing the merits of either the Calvinist or the Arminian theological system and the demerits of the other, including discussions of die corresponding positions on the extent of the atonement, also illustrates this point. These books include James Montgomery Boice and Philip Graham Ryken, The Doctrines of Grace: Rediscovering the Essentials of Evangelicalism (Wheaton, DL: Crossway, 2002); Dave Hunt, What Love is This? Calvinism's Misrepresentation of God (Bend, OR: Berean Call, 2004); Dave Hunt and James White, Debating Calvinism: Five Points, Two Views (Sisters, OR: Multnomah, 2004); James White, The Potter's Freedom: A Defense of the Reformation and a Rebuttal of Norman Geisler's Chosen But Free (Amityville, NY: Calvary, 2000); Roger E. Olson, Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2006); Robert A. Peterson and Michael D. Williams, Why I Am Not an Arminian (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2004); David S. Steele, Curtis C. Thomas, and S. Lance Quinn, The Five Points of Calvinism: Defined, Defended, Documented, 2" ed. (Philadelphia: P&R, 2004); and Jerry L. Walls and Joseph R. Dongell, Why I Am Not a Calvinist (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2004). 2Walter A. Elwell, "Atonement, Extent of," in EDT, ed. Walter A. Elwell (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2001), 115. Another possible answer to this question, but one that has until recentiy been considered outside the realm of evangelicalism, is universalism. Universalism holds that Christ died for all
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