Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism
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Governing the Galleys: Jurisdiction, Justice, and Trade in the Squadrons of the Hispanic Monarchy (Sixteenth– Seventeenth Centuries) Mediterranean Reconfigurations Intercultural Trade, Commercial Litigation, and Legal Pluralism Series Editors Wolfgang Kaiser (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) Guillaume Calafat (Université Paris I, Panthéon- Sorbonne) VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/cmed Governing the Galleys: Jurisdiction, Justice, and Trade in the Squadrons of the Hispanic Monarchy (Sixteenth– Seventeenth Centuries) By Manuel Lomas Translated by Consuelo López- Morillas LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover illustration: The Voyage of the Cardinal Infante Ferdinand of Spain from Barcelona to Genoa in April 1633, with Neptune Calming the Tempest by Peter Paul Rubens, 1635. Oil on panel, Harvard Art Museums/ Fogg Museum, Alpheus Hyatt Purchasing Fund. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lomas Cortés, Manuel, author. | López-Morillas, Consuelo, translator. Title: Governing the galleys : jurisdiction, justice, and trade in the squadrons of the hispanic monarchy (sixteenth–seventeenth centuries) / by Manuel Lomas ; translated by Consuelo López- Morillas. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Mediterranean reconfigurations; vol. 1 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “The study of galleys is no longer confined to the history of events, navigation, or tactics. The classic paradigm has gradually been transformed: essentially descriptive- of types of ships and their components, or of the number and composition of their crews- it also served nationalist ends. The affirmation of an epic, glorious past could legitimate a nation’s identity and its role in building the political, legal, and cultural reality of the modern- day Mediterranean”– Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2019034667 (print) | LCCN 2019034668 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004381469 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004413290 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Naval law–Spain–History–16th century. | Naval law–Spain– History–17th century. | Naval offenses–Law and legislation–Spain–History– 16th century. | Naval offenses–Law and legislation–Spain–History–17th century. | Spain–History, Naval–16th century. | Spain–History, Naval–17th century. Classification: LCC KKT3748.N38 L66 2020 (print) | LCC KKT3748.N38 (ebook) | DDC 387.5/44094609031–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019034667 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019034668 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill- typeface. issn 2494-8772 isbn 978- 90- 04- 38146- 9 (hardback) isbn 978- 90- 04- 41329- 0 (e- book) Copyright 2020 by Manuel Lomas. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid- free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Abbreviations, Coinage, Weights, and Measures vii Introduction 1 1 Galleys on the Coast! 12 1 The Jurisdiction of the Galleys 13 1.1 Continuity and Change under the Catholic Monarchs 13 1.2 Culmination of the Process: from Andrea Doria to Don John of Austria 18 1.3 The System in Its Maturity: from the Conquest of Portugal to the Thirty Years’ War 22 2 Galleys and Ports: Profiles of a Complex Relationship 25 2.1 The Galleys: a Vehicle for Concord 26 2.2 “That Is Spain’s Flagship, and This Is the Pope’s Fortress” 30 2.3 Soldiers, Sailors, and Townspeople 34 3 Between Naval Tradition and Military Innovation 39 3.1 Galley Ordinances and Corsair Customs 40 3.2 Convergence with the Tradition of Military Privileges 42 3.3 Roman Law and Experience: the Introduction of Auditores into the Galleys 45 3.4 The Galleys’ Jurisdictional Supremacy 49 2 Captures, Commerce, and Corruption 59 1 Prizes, Embargoes, and the Audiencia de las Galeras 60 1.1 Ship Capture and Its Benefits to Crews 60 1.2 Acquisition of Slaves 64 1.3 The Audiencia de las Galeras and Embargoes 69 2 Cross- Cultural Trade and Control of Smuggling 80 2.1 Between Religious War and Collaboration: the Action of Tunis, 1609 81 2.2 Profiles of a Cross- Cultural Trade: Ransoms 85 2.3 Purchase of North African Wheat and Control of Maritime Trade 91 vi Contents 3 Legitimate Trade and Fraud in the Galleys 95 3.1 Smuggling in the Galleys 96 3.2 The Visit of 1591 103 3.3 The Galleys of Spain and El Puerto de Santa María 107 3 Resistance, Consensus, and Solidarity 119 1 Escapes and Mutinies 120 1.1 Escapees 120 1.2 Mutineers 125 2 Internal Justice, Mercy, and Solidarity in the Galleys 133 2.1 The Captain General’s Mediation and Mercy 134 2.2 Auditores, Inspectors, and Other Officials 142 2.3 Solidarity among Soldiers, Sailors, and Rowers 146 3 Religious Belief 152 3.1 Catholic Belief 153 3.2 Vice among the Crews 157 3.3 Captains General and the Inquisition 160 Conclusion 168 Bibliography 173 Index 186 newgenprepdf Abbreviations, Coinage, Weights, and Measures adm Archivo Ducal de Medinaceli AH Archivo Histórico psm Puerto de Santa María adp Archivio Doria Pamphilj, Rome aeess Archivo de la Embajada Española ante la Santa Sede [Spanish embassy to the Holy See] ags Archivo General de Simancas Estado Section “Estado” [the state] GyM Section “Guerra y Marina” [army and navy] cmc Section “Contaduría Mayor de Cuentas” [accounts] ahcb Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Barcelona ahn Archivo Histórico Nacional asv Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City bne Biblioteca Nacional de España Mss. Section “Manuscritos” Equivalencies 1 ducado = 11 reales 1 ducado = 375 maravedís Weights in Castile 1 quintal = 4 arrobas 1 arroba = 25 libras 1 libra = 460 grams Introduction The study of galleys is no longer confined to the history of events, navigation, or tactics. The classic paradigm has gradually been transformed: essentially descriptive— of types of ships and their components, or of the number and composition of their crews— it also served nationalist ends. The affirmation of an epic, glorious past could legitimate a nation’s identity and its role in building the political, legal, and cultural reality of the modern- day Mediter- ranean.1 This change in emphasis has come about slowly and has involved different analytical approaches. One of the earliest innovations highlighted the techni- cal and logistical aspects of mobilizing the galleys. Fernand Braudel was the first to offer an overarching view of their costs, the challenges they presented, and their role in the decline of the great Mediterranean armadas, and his work formed the basis for later research.2 Maurice Aymard, following Braudel’s out- line, proposed that technical changes in galley construction in the sixteenth century were linked to the evolution of Spain’s foreign policy, principally, that an increase in the ships’ size required greater human resources for operating them.3 Shortly afterward, John F. Guilmartin built on Aymard’s observation that the trend toward longer galleys affected their logistical impact and ma- neuverability, adding that other technological changes, such as the introduc- tion of bronze artillery, contributed to the disappearance in the late sixteenth century of the large galley fleets that had previously dominated Mediterranean warfare.4 Guilmartin’s thesis that galleys grew increasing inoperable, however, was revisited in its turn. Philip Williams maintained that for the Hispanic Monar- chy, other pressures beside maintenance costs and technological changes (for example, an evolution in tactical priorities) must have affected the use of gal- leys in the seventeenth century. In recent years, this scholar has returned to a neglected but classic line of research: he proposes that the training of officers, access to intelligence, improved nautical technology, and strategies of naviga- tion and combat can explain how, though large fleets had disappeared, galleys were not in decline in the early- seventeenth- century Mediterranean. They had 1 Rivero Rodríguez, Batalla de Lepanto, 9– 17. Méditerranée 2 Braudel, , 2:578 ff. 3 Aymard, “Chiourmes.” 4 Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys, 253– 73. © Manuel Lomas, 2020 | DOI:10.1163/9789004413290_002 This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC 4.0 License. 2 INTRODUCTION simply adapted to a form of fighting that was different and better suited to their efficiency and manageability, while maximizing their financial costs.5 Reliance on galleys in war has been persistently linked to an increase in costs to those who maintained them; according to this view, their use was one of the major challenges that drove the bureaucratic and fiscal development of the new Mediterranean monarchies of the sixteenth century. This line of research,