Coleoptera) in Naturnahen Und Anthropogen Beeinflussten Donau-Auwäldern

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Coleoptera) in Naturnahen Und Anthropogen Beeinflussten Donau-Auwäldern Arborikole Lebensgemeinschaften xylobionter und phyllophager Käfer (Coleoptera) in naturnahen und anthropogen beeinflussten Donau-Auwäldern Den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades vorgelegt von Johannes Georg Bail aus Forchheim (Oberfranken) Als Dissertation genehmigt von den Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Universität Erlangen Nürnberg Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.02.2007 Vorsitzender der Promotionskomission: Prof. Dr. E. Bänsch Erstberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. L. T. Wasserthal Zweitberichterstatter: Prof. Dr. V. Zahner Wo warest du, da ich die Erde gründete? Sage an, bist du so klug… Wer setzte ihre Maße? Du weißt es ja… Worauf stehen ihre Füße versenkt, oder wer hat ihr einen Eckstein gelegt, da mich die Morgensterne miteinander lobten und jauchzten alle Kinder Gottes? Das Buch Hiob 38,4-7 Doch es bleibt ein Herantasten durch die sichtbare Ordnung der Dinge an ihre unsichtbare Harmonie, aus dem Stückwerk des Wissens an das, was nur geahnt werden kann. Ernst Jünger, Subtile Jagden Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 0 Vorwort……………………………………………………………… 1 1 Zusammenfassung / Abstract………………………………………. 2 2 Einleitung………………………………………………………….… 6 2.1 Hintergrund……………………………………………………………… 6 2.2 Fragestellung…….………………………………………………………. 9 3 Untersuchungsflächen………………………………………………. 11 3.1 In den mitteleuropäischen Donauniederungen………………………... 11 3.2 Am Unterlauf der Donau in Rumänien………………………………... 22 4 Bearbeitungsgrundlagen……………………………………………. 25 4.1 Tiergruppenauswahl…………………………………………………….. 25 4.1.1 Xylobionte Käfer………………………………………………….. 25 4.1.2 Phyllophage Käfer………………………………………………… 27 4.2 Material und Methoden……………………………………………….... 29 4.2.1 Zugangstechniken………………………………………………… 29 4.2.1.1 Kronenbenebelung............................................................... 29 4.2.1.2 Flugfensterfallen………………………………………….. 31 4.2.1.3 Handfang………………………………………………….. 33 4.2.2 Dokumentation und Konservierung des Materials………………... 33 4.3 Gefährdungseinstufungen………………………………………………. 35 4.4 Aufnahme von Umweltparametern…………………………………….. 37 4.5 Statistische Auswertungen……………………………………………… 41 4.5.1 Rarefaction-Methoden und jackknife Estimation………………… 41 4.5.2 Abschätzung des Artenreichtums………………………………… 43 4.5.3 Vergleich mehrerer verbundener Stichproben …………………… 43 4.5.4 Korrespondenzanalyse……………………………………………. 44 4.5.5 Kanonische Korrespondenzanalyse………………………………. 45 4.5.6 Rekursives Partitionieren…………………………………………. 47 4.5.7 Indikatorspezies-Analyse…………………………………………. 49 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 5 Ergebnisse…………………………………………………………… 50 5.1 Zusammenfassung der Kennzahlen……………………………………. 50 5.2 Gemeinschaftsstrukturen xylobionter Käfer………………………….. 53 5.2.1 Ökologische Ansprüche der Käfer mitteleuropäischer Flächen….. 53 5.2.1.1 Monotopien der xylobionten Käfer……………………….. 53 5.2.1.2 Bindungen und Habitatpräferenzen xylobionter Käfer…… 54 5.2.2 Ökologische Ansprüche der Käfer rumänischer Flächen……..….. 57 5.2.3 Gildenstrukturen der Lebensgemeinschaften xylobionter Käfer…. 58 5.2.3.1 Auf Basis der Erfassungen in Mitteleuropa und Rumänien. 58 5.2.3.2 Innerhalb der einzelnen Untersuchungsflächen…………... 59 5.2.3.3 Getrennt nach Erfassungsmethode………………………... 61 5.2.4 Gefährdete Arten xylobionter Käfer……………………………… 63 5.2.5 Abundanzverhältnisse für die xylobionten Käfer………………… 64 5.2.5.1 Auf Basis der Benebelungen in Mitteleuropa……………... 64 5.2.5.2 Auf Basis der Flugfensterfallen in Mitteleuropa………….. 67 5.2.5.3 Auf den rumänischen Flächen…………………………….. 70 5.3 Gemeinschaftsstrukturen phyllophager Käfer………………………... 72 5.3.1 Ökologische Ansprüche phyllophager Käfer……….…………….. 72 5.3.2 Fraßgilden-Struktur phyllophager Käfer………………………….. 74 5.3.2.1 Auf Basis der Erfassungen in Mitteleuropa und Rumänien. 74 5.3.2.2 Fraßgilden der genebelten Gemeinschaften……………… 75 5.3.2.3 Fraßgilden der flugaktiven Gemeinschaften……………... 77 5.3.3 Seltene und gefährdete Arten phyllophager Käfer………………... 78 5.3.4 Abundanzverhältnisse für die phyllophagen Käfer……………….. 80 5.3.4.1 Auf Basis der Benebelungen in Mitteleuropa.................................. 80 5.3.4.2 Auf Basis der Flugfensterfallen in Mitteleuropa…………………. 82 5.3.4.3 Auf den rumänischen Flächen……………………………………. 85 5.4 Phänologische Aspekte der arborikolen Lebensgemeinschaften……... 88 5.4.1 Phänologie flugaktiver xylobionter Käfer……………….………... 88 5.4.2 Phänologie flugaktiver phyllophager Käfer…………………….… 90 5.4.3 Vergleich von Sommer- und Herbst-Benebelungen……………… 93 5.4.3.1 Xylobionte Gemeinschaften im Sommer und Herbst……… 93 5.4.3.2 Phyllophage Gemeinschaften im Sommer und Herbst….… 94 5.5 Diversität der Lebensgemeinschaften………………………………..… 96 5.5.1 Die Artenzahl in Abhängigkeit der Individuenzahl ……………... 96 5.5.1.1 α-Diversität der xylobionten Käfer……………………….. 96 5.5.1.2 α-Diversität der phyllophagen Käfer…………………...… 99 5.5.2 Die Artenzahl in Abhängigkeit des Stichprobenumfanges……….. 103 5.5.2.1 Bei gleichem Stichprobeumfang und jackknife-Schätzung in Mitteleuropa……………………....…………………… 104 5.5.2.2 Bei gleichem Stichprobenumfang und jackknife-Schätzung in Rumänien…………………..…………………………… 107 5.5.2.3 Vergleich der Erfassungseinheiten und Methoden………... 108 5.5.2.4 β-Diversität der xylobionten Substratgilden……………… 110 II Inhaltsverzeichnis 5.6 Indirekte Gradientenanalyse anhand der Artengemeinschaften…….. 112 5.6.1 Korrespondenzanalysen xylobionter Lebensgemeinschaften…….. 112 5.6.1.1 Für die benebelten Eichenkronen Mitteleuropas……..…... 112 5.6.1.2 Für die benebelten Eichenkronen Rumäniens………...…... 114 5.6.1.3 Für die flugaktiven Käfer in Mitteleuropa………………... 116 5.6.1.4 Auf Basis der Einzelflächen-Gemeinschaften…………..… 116 5.6.2 Korrespondenzanalysen phyllophager Lebensgemeinschaften…… 117 5.6.2.1 Für die benebelten Eichenkronen Mitteleuropas…………. 117 5.6.2.2 Für die benebelten Eichenkronen Rumäniens…………….. 119 5.6.2.3 Für die flugaktiven Käfer in Mitteleuropa…………...…… 121 5.6.2.4 Auf Basis der Einzelflächen-Gemeinschaften...................... 122 5.7 Direkte Gradientenanalyse anhand der Artengemeinschaften………. 124 5.7.1 Kanonische Korrespondenzanalysen xylobionter Artengemeinschaften………………………………………...…… 124 5.7.1.1 Für die benebelten Eichenkronen Mitteleuropas……….… 124 5.7.1.2 Für die benebelten Eichenkronen Rumäniens………….… 126 5.7.1.3 Für die flugaktiven Käfer in Mitteleuropa…………...…… 129 5.7.1.4 Auf Basis der Einzelflächen-Gemeinschaften………..…… 131 5.7.2 Kanonische Korrespondenzanalysen phyllophager Artengemeinschaften……………………………………………... 134 5.7.2.1 Für die benebelten Eichenkronen Mitteleuropas……….… 134 5.7.2.2 Für die benebelten Eichenkronen Rumäniens……..……… 136 5.7.2.3 Für die flugaktiven Käfer in Mitteleuropa………………... 138 5.7.2.4 Auf Basis der Einzelflächen-Gemeinschaften…………….. 140 5.8 Schlüsselstrukturen für die Kronen-Lebensgemeinschaften……….… 142 5.8.1 Schlüsselstrukturen der xylobionten Käfer der Eichenkronen….… 142 5.8.1.1 Auf Basis der Benebelungen…………………………….… 142 5.8.1.2 Auf Basis der Flugfensterfallen…………………………… 148 5.8.2 Für die phyllophagen Käfer des Auwaldes……………………….. 153 5.8.2.1 Auf Basis der Benebelungen…………………………….… 153 5.8.2.2 Auf Basis der Flugfensterfallen…………………………… 159 5.9 Indikatorspezies für die mitteleuropäischen Donauauwälder……...… 163 6 Diskussion…………………………………………………………… 167 6.1 Methodendiskussion………………………………………………..…… 167 6.1.1 Fehlerquellen………………………………………………...……. 167 6.1.2 Vergleich Kronenbenebelung mit Flugfensterfallen……………… 170 6.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse…………………………………………….… 173 6.2.1 Lebensgemeinschaften xylobionter Käfer der Donauauwäldern…. 173 6.2.1.1 Ökologische Ansprüche der xylobionten Käfer……………...…… 173 6.2.1.2 Gildenstrukturen der xylobionten Käfergemeinschaften…............. 174 6.2.1.3 Auftreten seltener und gefährdeter xylobionter Käfer…….……… 176 6.2.1.4 Abundanzen xylobionter Käfer in den Hartholzauwäldern………. 185 6.2.1.5 Phänologien xylobionter Käfer…………………………………… 186 6.2.1.6 Gemeinschaftsanalysen xylobionter Käfer…………….…………. 188 III Inhaltsverzeichnis 6.2.1.7 Ähnlichkeiten der xylobionten Käfergemeinschaften……………... 189 6.2.1.8 Einfluss von Umweltfaktoren auf xylobionte Gemeinschaften…… 190 6.2.1.9 Schlüsselstrukuren xylobionter Käfer in den Hartholzauwäldern... 193 6.2.1.10 Xylobionte Indikatorarten................................................................ 194 6.2.2 Lebensgemeinschaften phyllophager Käfer in den Donauauwäldern….… 199 6.2.2.1 Ökologische Ansprüche der phyllophagen Käfer………………… 199 6.2.2.2 Fraßgilden-Strukturen phyllophager Käfergemeinschaften……... 200 6.2.2.3 Auftreten seltener und gefährdeter phyllophager Käfer………..… 201 6.2.2.4 Abundanzen phyllophager Käfer in den Hartholzauwäldern…….. 204 6.2.2.5 Phänologien phyllophager Käfer………………………………… 205 6.2.2.6 Gemeinschaftsanalysen phyllophager Käfer……………….…….. 207 6.2.2.7 Ähnlichkeiten der phyllophagen Käfergemeinschaften…………… 207 6.2.2.8 Einfluss von Umweltfaktoren auf phyllophage Gemeinschaften… 208 6.2.2.9 Schlüsselstrukuren phyllophager Käfer in den Auwäldern……..... 209 6.2.2.10 Phyllophage Indikatorarten………………………………….…… 210 6.2.3 Vergleich der Erfassung und Auswertbarkeit xylobionter und phyllophagerKäfergemeinschaften……………………………………….. 212 6.3 Résumé…………………………………………………………………… 214 7 Literaturverzeichnis………………………………………………… 218 8 Anhang………………………………………………………………. I IV Vorwort 0 Vorwort Das Zustandekommen einer freilandökologischen Arbeit diesen Umfanges in solch kurzer Zeit ist keine Selbstverständlichkeit. Es ist vielen Menschen zu verdanken, welche mich ideell, materiell, fachlich und nicht zuletzt menschlich unterstützt haben. Zunächst
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