Chapter 7 Kerr-Lens and Additive Pulse Mode Locking
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Beam Profiling by Michael Scaggs
Beam Profiling by Michael Scaggs Haas Laser Technologies, Inc. Introduction Lasers are ubiquitous in industry today. Carbon Dioxide, Nd:YAG, Excimer and Fiber lasers are used in many industries and a myriad of applications. Each laser type has its own unique properties that make them more suitable than others. Nevertheless, at the end of the day, it comes down to what does the focused or imaged laser beam look like at the work piece? This is where beam profiling comes into play and is an important part of quality control to ensure that the laser is doing what it intended to. In a vast majority of cases the laser beam is simply focused to a small spot with a simple focusing lens to cut, scribe, etch, mark, anneal, or drill a material. If there is a problem with the beam delivery optics, the laser or the alignment of the system, this problem will show up quite markedly in the beam profile at the work piece. What is Beam Profiling? Beam profiling is a means to quantify the intensity profile of a laser beam at a particular point in space. In material processing, the "point in space" is at the work piece being treated or machined. Beam profiling is accomplished with a device referred to a beam profiler. A beam profiler can be based upon a CCD or CMOS camera, a scanning slit, pin hole or a knife edge. In all systems, the intensity profile of the beam is analyzed within a fixed or range of spatial Haas Laser Technologies, Inc. -
Magneto-Optical Metamaterials with Extraordinarily Strong Magneto-Optical Effect Xiaoguang Luo, Ming Zhou, Jingfeng Liu, Teng Qiu, and Zongfu Yu
Magneto-optical metamaterials with extraordinarily strong magneto-optical effect Xiaoguang Luo, Ming Zhou, Jingfeng Liu, Teng Qiu, and Zongfu Yu Citation: Applied Physics Letters 108, 131104 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4945051 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4945051 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/108/13?ver=pdfcov Published by the AIP Publishing Articles you may be interested in Enhanced Faraday rotation in hybrid magneto-optical metamaterial structure of bismuth-substituted-iron-garnet with embedded-gold-wires J. Appl. Phys. 119, 103105 (2016); 10.1063/1.4943651 Magneto-optic transmittance modulation observed in a hybrid graphene–split ring resonator terahertz metasurface Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 121104 (2015); 10.1063/1.4931704 Plasmon resonance enhancement of magneto-optic effects in garnets J. Appl. Phys. 107, 09A925 (2010); 10.1063/1.3367981 The magneto-optical Barnett effect in metals (invited) J. Appl. Phys. 103, 07B118 (2008); 10.1063/1.2837667 Anisotropy of quadratic magneto-optic effects in reflection J. Appl. Phys. 91, 7293 (2002); 10.1063/1.1449436 Reuse of AIP Publishing content is subject to the terms at: https://publishing.aip.org/authors/rights-and-permissions. Download to IP: 128.104.78.155 On: Fri, 03 Jun 2016 18:26:37 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 108, 131104 (2016) Magneto-optical metamaterials with extraordinarily strong magneto-optical effect Xiaoguang Luo,1,2 Ming Zhou,2 Jingfeng Liu,2,3 Teng Qiu,1 and Zongfu Yu 2,a) 1Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA 3College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (Received 24 February 2016; accepted 15 March 2016; published online 29 March 2016) In optical frequencies, natural materials exhibit very weak magneto-optical effect. -
UFS Lecture 13: Passive Modelocking
UFS Lecture 13: Passive Modelocking 6 Passive Mode Locking 6.2 Fast Saturable Absorber Mode Locking (cont.) (6.3 Soliton Mode Locking) 6.4 Dispersion Managed Soliton Formation 7 Mode-Locking using Artificial Fast Sat. Absorbers 7.1 Kerr-Lens Mode-Locking 7.1.1 Review of Paraxial Optics and Laser Resonator Design 7.1.2 Two-Mirror Resonators 7.1.3 Four-Mirror Resonators 7.1.4 The Kerr Lensing Effects (7.2 Additive Pulse Mode-Locking) 1 6.2.2 Fast SA mode locking with GDD and SPM Steady-state solution is chirped sech-shaped pulse with 4 free parameters: Pulse amplitude: A0 or Energy: W 2 = 2 A0 t Pulse width: t Chirp parameter : b Carrier-Envelope phase shift : y 2 Pulse width Chirp parameter Net gain after and Before pulse CE-phase shift Fig. 6.6: Modelocking 3 6.4 Dispersion Managed Soliton Formation in Fiber Lasers ~100 fold energy Fig. 6.12: Stretched pulse or dispersion managed soliton mode locking 4 Fig. 6.13: (a) Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. (b) Correspondence with dispersion-managed fiber transmission. 5 Today’s BroadBand, Prismless Ti:sapphire Lasers 1mm BaF2 Laser crystal: f = 10o OC 2mm Ti:Al2O3 DCM 2 PUMP DCM 2 DCM 1 DCM 1 DCM 2 DCM 1 BaF2 - wedges DCM 6 Fig. 6.14: Dispersion managed soliton including saturable absorption and gain filtering 7 Fig. 6.15: Steady state profile if only dispersion and GDD is involved: Dispersion Managed Soliton 8 Fig. 6.16: Pulse shortening due to dispersion managed soliton formation 9 7. -
Lab 10: Spatial Profile of a Laser Beam
Lab 10: Spatial Pro¯le of a Laser Beam 2 Background We will deal with a special class of Gaussian beams for which the transverse electric ¯eld can be written as, r2 1 Introduction ¡ 2 E(r) = Eoe w (1) Equation 1 is expressed in plane polar coordinates Refer to Appendix D for photos of the appara- where r is the radial distance from the center of the 2 2 2 tus beam (recall r = x +y ) and w is a parameter which is called the spot size of the Gaussian beam (it is also A laser beam can be characterized by measuring its referred to as the Gaussian beam radius). It is as- spatial intensity pro¯le at points perpendicular to sumed that the transverse direction is the x-y plane, its direction of propagation. The spatial intensity pro- perpendicular to the direction of propagation (z) of ¯le is the variation of intensity as a function of dis- the beam. tance from the center of the beam, in a plane per- pendicular to its direction of propagation. It is often Since we typically measure the intensity of a beam convenient to think of a light wave as being an in¯nite rather than the electric ¯eld, it is more useful to recast plane electromagnetic wave. Such a wave propagating equation 1. The intensity I of the beam is related to along (say) the z-axis will have its electric ¯eld uni- E by the following equation, formly distributed in the x-y plane. This implies that " cE2 I = o (2) the spatial intensity pro¯le of such a light source will 2 be uniform as well. -
Performance Evaluation of a Thz Pulsed Imaging System: Point Spread Function, Broadband Thz Beam Visualization and Image Reconstruction
applied sciences Article Performance Evaluation of a THz Pulsed Imaging System: Point Spread Function, Broadband THz Beam Visualization and Image Reconstruction Marta Di Fabrizio 1,* , Annalisa D’Arco 2,* , Sen Mou 2, Luigi Palumbo 3, Massimo Petrarca 2,3 and Stefano Lupi 1,4 1 Physics Department, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 2 INFN-Section of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (M.P.) 3 SBAI-Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Physics, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Via Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 INFN-LNF, Via E. Fermi 40, 00044 Frascati, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.D.F.); [email protected] (A.D.) Abstract: Terahertz (THz) technology is a promising research field for various applications in basic science and technology. In particular, THz imaging is a new field in imaging science, where theories, mathematical models and techniques for describing and assessing THz images have not completely matured yet. In this work, we investigate the performances of a broadband pulsed THz imaging system (0.2–2.5 THz). We characterize our broadband THz beam, emitted from a photoconductive antenna (PCA), and estimate its point spread function (PSF) and the corresponding spatial resolution. We provide the first, to our knowledge, 3D beam profile of THz radiation emitted from a PCA, along its propagation axis, without the using of THz cameras or profilers, showing the beam spatial Citation: Di Fabrizio, M.; D’Arco, A.; intensity distribution. -
Gaussian Beams • Diffraction at Cavity Mirrors Creates Gaussian Spherical
Gaussian Beams • Diffraction at cavity mirrors creates Gaussian Spherical Waves • Recall E field for Gaussian U ⎛ ⎡ x2 + y2 ⎤⎞ 0 ⎜ ( ) ⎟ u( x,y,R,t ) = exp⎜i⎢ω t − Kr − ⎥⎟ R ⎝ ⎣ 2R ⎦⎠ • R becomes the radius of curvature of the wave front • These are really TEM00 mode emissions from laser • Creates a Gaussian shaped beam intensity ⎛ − 2r 2 ⎞ 2P ⎛ − 2r 2 ⎞ I( r ) I exp⎜ ⎟ exp⎜ ⎟ = 0 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝ w ⎠ π w ⎝ w ⎠ Where P = total power in the beam w = 1/e2 beam radius • w changes with distance z along the beam ie. w(z) Measurements of Spotsize • For Gaussian beam important factor is the “spotsize” • Beam spotsize is measured in 3 possible ways • 1/e radius of beam • 1/e2 radius = w(z) of the radiance (light intensity) most common laser specification value 13% of peak power point point where emag field down by 1/e • Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) point where the laser power falls to half its initial value good for many interactions with materials • useful relationship FWHM = 1.665r1 e FWHM = 1.177w = 1.177r 1 e2 w = r 1 = 0.849 FWHM e2 Gaussian Beam Changes with Distance • The Gaussian beam radius of curvature with distance 2 ⎡ ⎛π w2 ⎞ ⎤ R( z ) = z⎢1 + ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ λz ⎟ ⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥ • Gaussian spot size with distance 1 2 2 ⎡ ⎛ λ z ⎞ ⎤ w( z ) = w ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 0 ⎜π w2 ⎟ ⎣⎢ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦⎥ • Note: for lens systems lens diameter must be 3w0.= 99% of power • Note: some books define w0 as the full width rather than half width • As z becomes large relative to the beam asymptotically approaches ⎛ λ z ⎞ λ z w(z) ≈ w ⎜ ⎟ = 0 ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝π w0 ⎠ π w0 • Asymptotically light -
Optics of Gaussian Beams 16
CHAPTER SIXTEEN Optics of Gaussian Beams 16 Optics of Gaussian Beams 16.1 Introduction In this chapter we shall look from a wave standpoint at how narrow beams of light travel through optical systems. We shall see that special solutions to the electromagnetic wave equation exist that take the form of narrow beams – called Gaussian beams. These beams of light have a characteristic radial intensity profile whose width varies along the beam. Because these Gaussian beams behave somewhat like spherical waves, we can match them to the curvature of the mirror of an optical resonator to find exactly what form of beam will result from a particular resonator geometry. 16.2 Beam-Like Solutions of the Wave Equation We expect intuitively that the transverse modes of a laser system will take the form of narrow beams of light which propagate between the mirrors of the laser resonator and maintain a field distribution which remains distributed around and near the axis of the system. We shall therefore need to find solutions of the wave equation which take the form of narrow beams and then see how we can make these solutions compatible with a given laser cavity. Now, the wave equation is, for any field or potential component U0 of Beam-Like Solutions of the Wave Equation 517 an electromagnetic wave ∂2U ∇2U − µ 0 =0 (16.1) 0 r 0 ∂t2 where r is the dielectric constant, which may be a function of position. The non-plane wave solutions that we are looking for are of the form i(ωt−k(r)·r) U0 = U(x, y, z)e (16.2) We allow the wave vector k(r) to be a function of r to include situations where the medium has a non-uniform refractive index. -
Lecture 11: Introduction to Nonlinear Optics I
Lecture 11: Introduction to nonlinear optics I. Petr Kužel Formulation of the nonlinear optics: nonlinear polarization Classification of the nonlinear phenomena • Propagation of weak optic signals in strong quasi-static fields (description using renormalized linear parameters) ! Linear electro-optic (Pockels) effect ! Quadratic electro-optic (Kerr) effect ! Linear magneto-optic (Faraday) effect ! Quadratic magneto-optic (Cotton-Mouton) effect • Propagation of strong optic signals (proper nonlinear effects) — next lecture Nonlinear optics Experimental effects like • Wavelength transformation • Induced birefringence in strong fields • Dependence of the refractive index on the field intensity etc. lead to the concept of the nonlinear optics The principle of superposition is no more valid The spectral components of the electromagnetic field interact with each other through the nonlinear interaction with the matter Nonlinear polarization Taylor expansion of the polarization in strong fields: = ε χ + χ(2) + χ(3) + Pi 0 ij E j ijk E j Ek ijkl E j Ek El ! ()= ε χ~ (− ′ ) (′ ) ′ + Pi t 0 ∫ ij t t E j t dt + χ(2) ()()()− ′ − ′′ ′ ′′ ′ ′′ + ∫∫ ijk t t ,t t E j t Ek t dt dt + χ(3) ()()()()− ′ − ′′ − ′′′ ′ ′′ ′′′ ′ ′′ + ∫∫∫ ijkl t t ,t t ,t t E j t Ek t El t dt dt + ! ()ω = ε χ ()ω ()ω + ω χ(2) (ω ω ω ) (ω ) (ω )+ Pi 0 ij E j ∫ d 1 ijk ; 1, 2 E j 1 Ek 2 %"$"""ω"=ω +"#ω """" 1 2 + ω ω χ(3) ()()()()ω ω ω ω ω ω ω + ∫∫d 1d 2 ijkl ; 1, 2 , 3 E j 1 Ek 2 El 3 ! %"$""""ω"="ω +ω"#+ω"""""" 1 2 3 Linear electro-optic effect (Pockels effect) Strong low-frequency -
Arxiv:1510.07708V2
1 Abstract We study the fidelity of single qubit quantum gates performed with two-frequency laser fields that have a Gaussian or super Gaussian spatial mode. Numerical simulations are used to account for imperfections arising from atomic motion in an optical trap, spatially varying Stark shifts of the trapping and control beams, and transverse and axial misalignment of the control beams. Numerical results that account for the three dimensional distribution of control light show that a super Gaussian mode with intensity − n I ∼ e 2(r/w0) provides reduced sensitivity to atomic motion and beam misalignment. Choosing a super Gaussian with n = 6 the decay time of finite temperature Rabi oscillations can be increased by a factor of 60 compared to an n = 2 Gaussian beam, while reducing crosstalk to neighboring qubit sites. arXiv:1510.07708v2 [quant-ph] 31 Mar 2016 Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Comparison of Gaussian and super Gaussian laser beams for addressing atomic qubits Katharina Gillen-Christandl1, Glen D. Gillen1, M. J. Piotrowicz2,3, M. Saffman2 1 Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, 1 Grand Avenue, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA 2 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Av- enue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA 3 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA April 4, 2016 1 Introduction Atomic qubits encoded in hyperfine ground states are one of several ap- proaches being developed for quantum computing experiments[1]. Single qubit rotations can be performed with microwave radiation or two-frequency laser light driving stimulated Raman transitions. -
Measurement of the Resonant Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect Using a Free Electron Laser
applied sciences Review Measurement of the Resonant Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect Using a Free Electron Laser Shingo Yamamoto and Iwao Matsuda * Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-(0)4-7136-3402 Academic Editor: Kiyoshi Ueda Received: 1 June 2017; Accepted: 21 June 2017; Published: 27 June 2017 Abstract: We present a new experimental magneto-optical system that uses soft X-rays and describe its extension to time-resolved measurements using a free electron laser (FEL). In measurements of the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), we tune the photon energy to the material absorption edge and thus induce the resonance effect required for the resonant MOKE (RMOKE). The method has the characteristics of element specificity, large Kerr rotation angle values when compared with the conventional MOKE using visible light, feasibility for M-edge, as well as L-edge measurements for 3d transition metals, the use of the linearly-polarized light and the capability for tracing magnetization dynamics in the subpicosecond timescale by the use of the FEL. The time-resolved (TR)-RMOKE with polarization analysis using FEL is compared with various experimental techniques for tracing magnetization dynamics. The method described here is promising for use in femtomagnetism research and for the development of ultrafast spintronics. Keywords: magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE); free electron laser; ultrafast spin dynamics 1. Introduction Femtomagnetism, which refers to magnetization dynamics on a femtosecond timescale, has been attracting research attention for more than two decades because of its fundamental physics and its potential for use in the development of novel spintronic devices [1]. -
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Kerr Effect and Cotton-Mouton Effect
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Kerr Effect and Cotton-Mouton Effect BY ANGELA LOUISE JANSE VAN RENSBURG B Sc Hons (UKZN) Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal PIETERMARITZBURG AUGUST 2008 I Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to all those people who have assisted and supported me throughout this work. I would like to make special mention of the following people: My supervisor, Dr V. W. Couling, for his constant assistance and encourage ment. For all the extra time and effort he took in helping and guiding me during this work. The staff of the Electronics Centre, in particular Mr G. Dewar, Mr A. Cullis and Mr J. Woodley for their endless assistance in maintaining, repairing and building the electronic apparatus used in this work. The staff of the Mechanical Instrument Workshop for repairing and con structing components used in the experimental part of this work. Mr K. Penzhorn and Mr R. Sivraman of the Physics Technical Staff for their help in accessing tools from the Physics Workshop. Also from the Physics Technical Staff, Mr A. Zulu for helping me move dewars of liquid nitrogen from the School of Chemistry to the School of Physics. The National Laser Centre for providing a new laser for the experimental aspect of this work and for their interest in my work. Mr N. Chetty, a fellow postgraduate student, for assisting in my learning of HP-Basic and Latex. Finally, my family, my parents for financing all of my studies and for their constant support and encouragement. -
Development of an Ultrasensitive Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer in the 2.10-2.35 Μm Region : Application to Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide Semen Vasilchenko
Development of an ultrasensitive cavity ring down spectrometer in the 2.10-2.35 µm region : application to water vapor and carbon dioxide Semen Vasilchenko To cite this version: Semen Vasilchenko. Development of an ultrasensitive cavity ring down spectrometer in the 2.10- 2.35 µm region : application to water vapor and carbon dioxide. Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det]. Université Grenoble Alpes, 2017. English. NNT : 2017GREAY037. tel-01704680 HAL Id: tel-01704680 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01704680 Submitted on 8 Feb 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTE UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : Physique de la Matière Condensée et du Rayonnement Arrêté ministériel : 25 mai 2016 Présentée par Semen VASILCHENKO Thèse dirigée par Didier MONDELAIN codirigée par Alain CAMPARGUE préparée au sein du Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique dans l'École Doctorale Physique Development of an ultrasensitive cavity ring down spectrometer in the 2.10-2.35 µm region.