LLAW,AW, LLIBERTYIBERTY& VVIRTUEIRTUE “Effects of Good Government on the City Life.” “Effects by Ambrogio Lorenzetti, 1338-40, by “The Allegory of Good Government” “The A Public Conference Cosponsored by the Association for the Study of Free Institutions at the University of Nebraska at Omaha H The Bouton Law Lecture Fund May 2011 16-17 Lewis120 Library

LAW, LIBERTY VIRTUE

hat is the proper relationship among law, liberty, and virtue? !is question if of vital importance for the free societies of the modern world.& For while those societies have clearly W dedicated themselves to these lofty principles, it is not at all clear what, precisely, it means to be dedicated to them. !e ambiguity arises in part from the very plurality of the principles. Free societies embrace all of them, but which one is understood to be controlling or fundamental? Are all three equally ends to be sought for their own sake, or are some merely instrumental to another, which is then the ultimate good to which the free society is committed? !e di"culty is one not only of the plurality of the principles, but of the ambiguity of the terms. Is law to be understood only as the positive law, enacted by recognized human authorities, or does it also involve a conception of a natural law that is authoritative everywhere and always, irrespective of human legislation? Is liberty to be understood as a freedom to do whatever one wants provided it does not harm another, or as a freedom to do only what is consistent with sound morals? Is virtue to be understood as a complete excellence of character that is choiceworthy for its own sake, or as a sociable conduct that respects the rights of others so that one’s own rights may be respected?

Seeking to foster the careful re#ection that these issues deserve, the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions, the Association for the Study of Free Institutions, and the Bouton Law Lecture Fund are pleased to announce a conference on Law, Liberty, and Virtue. !e program for this conference includes distinguished scholars in the humanities and social sciences participating on panels covering such topics as Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue; John Locke and the meaning of modern individualism; virtue, statesmanship, and political culture in American history; the philosophical and theological foundations of new natural law theory; and the contribution to moral and legal philosophy made by Hadley Arkes’s book First !ings. !ese discussions will aim to clarify a number of questions: What are the role of reason and tradition in guiding our thinking about law, liberty, and virtue? What is the role of the statesman in fostering virtue? What constraints are placed on virtuous statesmanship by American political culture, and to what extent can virtuous statesmanship shape culture? Must the natural law rest upon some fundamental theological foundations, or can it rest on philosophical reasoning that brackets the question of God as the ultimate lawgiver? Can law $nally be intelligible as a product of human choice alone, or must it be understood as rooted in moral principles that are themselves grounded in the nature of reason and reality? Conference Schedule Monday, May 16, 2011

10:30 a.m. – Noon Presentation of Award of the Association for the Study of Free Institutions to Hadley P. Arkes

Keynote Address Hadley P. Arkes, Edward N. Ney Professor of American Institutions, Department of Political Science, Amherst College

1:30 – 3:15 p.m. Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue on its 30th Anniversary

Panelists: !omas D. D’Andrea, University of Cambridge Timothy Fuller, Colorado College Matthew O’Brien, University of Texas at Austin Peter Wicks, Princeton University

Chair: Paul Carrese, U.S. Air Force Academy

3:45 – 5:30 p.m. Locke’s Liberty and Virtue and the Meaning of Modern Individualism

Panelists: Peter A. Lawler, Berry College John Tomasi, Brown University Lee Ward, University of Regina Micah J. Watson, Princeton University and Union University

Chair: James R. Stoner, Jr., Louisiana State University Tuesday, May 17, 2011

9:15 – 11:00 a.m. Virtue, Statesmanship, and Political Culture in American History

Panelists: Peter S. Field, University of Canterbury Ted McAllister, Pepperdine University Richard A. Samuelson, California State University, San Bernardino

Chair: Darren Stalo%, City College of New York

11:15 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Philosophical and !eological Foundations of the New Natural Law: Some Di"ering Perspectives

Panelists: Joseph Boyle, Princeton University and University of Toronto Robert Jenson, St. Olaf College, emeritus David Novak, University of Toronto

Chair: Michael P. Moreland, Princeton University and Villanova University

2:45 – 4:30 p.m. Revisiting Hadley Arkes’s First !ings on its 25th Anniversary

Panelists: Hadley P. Arkes, Amherst College Francis J. Beckwith, Baylor University Diana J. Schaub, Loyola University Maryland Michael M. Uhlmann, Claremont Graduate University

Chair: Robert P. George, Princeton University

4:45 – 5:15 p.m. Natural Law, Natural Rights, and American Constitutionalism: A Presentation and Orientation to the Online Resource Center About the James Madison Program Founded in the summer of 2000, the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions in the Department of Politics at Princeton University is dedicated to exploring enduring questions of American constitutional law and Western political thought. !e Program is also devoted to examining the application of basic legal and ethical principles to contemporary problems. To realize its mission, the James Madison Program implements a number of initiatives. !e Program awards visiting fellowships and postdoctoral appointments each year to support scholars conducting research in the $elds of constitutional law and political thought. !e Program supports the James Madison Society, an international community of scholars, and promotes civic education by its sponsorship of conferences, lectures, seminars, and colloquia. !e Program’s Undergraduate Fellows Forum provides opportunities for Princeton undergraduates to interact with Madison Program Fellows and speakers. !e success of the James Madison Program depends on the support of foundations and private individuals who share its commitment in advancing the understanding and appreciation of American ideals and institutions.

About ASFI !e Association for the Study of Free Institutions is a scholarly organization seeking to promote multi-disciplinary inquiry into the free society – its philosophic, cultural, and institutional conditions, its character, its strengths and limitations, and the challenges it faces. ASFI works to unite scholars from a variety of disciplines in the social sciences and humanities – political science, history, law, economics, sociology, psychology, anthropology, theology, classics, education – in order to revive the study of freedom as a major concern of American higher education. Mindful that the questions to which freedom gives rise are often controversial, that freedom carries certain costs, and that we have things to learn even from its most determined critics, ASFI welcomes intellectual diversity. It seeks the participation of scholars representing not only a variety of intellectual disciplines, but also a diversity of moral and philosophical positions. Ultimately, ASFI aims to revitalize higher education and our public discourse by encouraging scholarship and teaching that will contribute to the preservation and improvement of our free civilization.

Carson Holloway is Executive Director of the Association for the Study of Free Institutions and is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. He is the author of !e Way of Life: John Paul II and the Challenge of Liberal Modernity (Baylor University Press); !e Right Darwin? Evolution, Religion, and the Future of Democracy (Spence Publishing); and the editor of a collection of essays, Magnanimity and Statesmanship (Lexington Books). Holloway’s articles have appeared in the Review of Politics; Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy; Perspectives on Political Science; and First !ings. He was the 2005-06 William E. Simon Fellow in Religion and Public Life in the James Madison Program at Princeton University. He received his Ph.D. in Political Science from Northern University in 1998. PARTICIPANTS

Hadley P. Arkes has been a member of the Amherst College faculty since 1966. He was the William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Jurisprudence and was appointed in 1987 as the Edward Ney Professor of American Institutions. He has written $ve books with Princeton University Press: Bureaucracy, the Marshall Plan, and National Interest; !e Philosopher in the City; First !ings; Beyond the Constitution; and !e Return of George Sutherland. Cambridge University Press published Natural Rights and the Right to Choose in 2002 and Constitutional Illusions & Anchoring Truths: !e Touchstone of the Natural Law in 2010. Arkes is the founder, at Amherst, of the Committee for the American Founding, a group of alumni and students seeking to preserve at Amherst the doctrines of natural rights taught by the American Founders and Lincoln. In 2002-03, Arkes served as Visiting Professor of Public and International A%airs in the Woodrow Wilson School, and the Ann & Herbert W. Vaughan Visiting Fellow in the James Madison Program at Princeton University. He received a B.A. from the University of Illinois and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago.

Francis J. Beckwith is Professor of Philosophy & Church-State Studies at Baylor University, where he is also Resident Scholar in Baylor’s Institute for Studies of Religion. He is the author of over a dozen books, including Politics for Christians: Statecraft As Soulcraft (InterVarsity Press, 2010); Defending Life: A Moral and Legal Case Against Abortion Choice (Cambridge University Press, 2007); and Return to Rome: Confessions of An Evangelical Catholic (Brazos Press, 2009). He has published scores of articles that have appeared in a variety of journals including Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy; Synthese; International Philosophical Quarterly; Public A"airs Quarterly; Journal of Law & Religion; American Journal of Jurisprudence; Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly; Journal of Medicine & Philosophy; Social !eory & Practice; University of St. !omas Journal of Law & Public Policy; Journal of Social Philosophy; Logos: A Journal of Catholic !ought and Culture; and Journal of the Evangelical !eological Society. He served as the 2008-2009 Mary Ann Remick Senior Visiting Fellow at the University of Notre Dame as well as a 2002-03 Visiting Fellow in the James Madison Program at Princeton University. He holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Fordham University, and a M.J.S. from the Washington University School of Law, St. Louis.

Joseph Boyle is the 2010-11 William E. Simon Visiting Fellow in Religion and Public Life in the James Madison Program at Princeton University, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto, Fellow and Former Principal at St. Michael’s College, and a member of the Joint Centre for Bioethics. In 1975-76 he was a college teacher in residence at Brown University, where he worked with Professor Roderick Chisholm. He does research in the area of moral philosophy, particularly in the Roman Catholic moral tradition. He has collaborated with Germain Grisez and John Finnis in developing and applying a distinctive version of natural law theory. His current work is on practical reason, intention, free will, and value incommensurability. His focus at the James Madison Program is on the public relevance of the doctrine of double e%ect. He received his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Georgetown University.

Paul Carrese is Professor of Political Science at the Air Force Academy, where he co- founded and formerly was director of its Great Books Honors Program. He held a postdoctoral fellowship in the Government Department at Harvard University and a Fulbright teaching fellowship at the University of Delhi in India. Carrese is the author of !e Cloaking of Power: Montesquieu, Blackstone, and the Rise of Judicial Activism (2003), and is co-editor with Robert Faulkner of John Marshall’s !e Life of George Washington: Special Edition (2001). He has published articles and book chapters on Montesquieu, Tocqueville, the common law tradition, the American founding, George Washington, American grand strategy, republicanism, and civic virtue. He is currently completing a manuscript on the political philosophy of moderation. Carrese graduated from Middlebury College and holds an M.Stud. in !eology and M.A. in Politics and Philosophy from Oxford University, where he studied on a Rhodes scholarship. He received his Ph.D. in Political Science from Boston College.

!omas D. D’Andrea is a Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge and the author of Tradition, Rationality, and Virtue: the !ought of Alasdair MacIntyre (Ashgate, 2006). He has published articles and reviews in ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, ethics, and the philosophy of religion. His current research interest is in the area of natural law and historicity. In 2001-02, he was a Visiting Fellow in the James Madison Program at Princeton University. He also serves as a Consulting Scholar for the NEH-sponsored website, “Natural Law, Natural Rights, and American Constitutionalism.” He received a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Notre Dame.

Peter S. Field is Chair of the Department of History at the University of Canterbury, where he holds the position of Senior Lecturer in American History. He has written extensively on early American culture and is the author of !e Crisis of the Standing Order: Clerical Intellectuals and Cultural Authority and Ralph Waldo Emerson: !e Making of a Democratic Intellectual. His most recent work is a study of Abraham Lincoln’s language of leadership. He was a James Madison Program Visiting Fellow in 2009-10 and has previously held fellowships at Princeton, Yale, and the New York Public Library. He is currently completing a history, with Ted McAllister, of the United States through the Civil War, entitled !e Promise and Paradox of Freedom. He earned his Ph.D. from Columbia University.

Timothy Fuller has been Professor of Political Science at Colorado College since 1981. From 1999- 2009 he was Lloyd E. Worner Distinguished Service Professor at Colorado College. He has previously held academic positions at the University of Tulsa and the London School of Economics. He writes and teaches on the Western political tradition, British political thought from Hobbes to Oakeshott, American political thought, modern political philosophy, and philosophy of history. Fuller’s recent publications include !e Intellectual Legacy of Michael Oakeshott, co-edited with Corey Abel (Imprint Academic, 2005). He has published essays in such journals as !e Review of Politics; Perspectives on Political Science; and Standpoint. He holds an M.A. and Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University. Robert P. George holds Princeton’s McCormick Chair in Jurisprudence and is the founding director of the James Madison Program. He has served on the President’s Council on Bioethics and as a presidential appointee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. He has also served on UNESCO’s World Commission on the Ethics of Science and Technology, of which he continues to be a corresponding member. He is a former Judicial Fellow at the Supreme Court of the United States, where he received the Justice Tom C. Clark Award. He is the author of In Defense of Natural Law; Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public Morality; and !e Clash of Orthodoxies: Law, Religion and Morality in Crisis; and co-author of Embryo: A Defense of Human Life and Body-Self Dualism in Contemporary Ethics and Politics. Professor George is a recipient of many honors and awards, including the Presidential Citizens Medal, the Honori$c Medal for the Defense of Human Rights of the Republic of Poland, the Canterbury Medal of the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, the Sidney Hook Memorial Award of the National Association of Scholars, the Philip Merrill Award of the American Council of Trustees and Alumni, the Bradley Prize for Intellectual and Civic Achievement and the Stanley Kelley, Jr. Teaching Award from Princeton’s Department of Politics. He was the 2007 John Dewey Lecturer in the Philosophy of Law at Harvard, the 2008 Judge Guido Calabresi Lecturer in Law and Religion at Yale, the 2008 Sir Malcolm Knox Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of St. Andrews, and the 2010 Frank Irvine Lecturer in Law at Cornell University. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and holds honorary doctorates of law, ethics, science, letters, civil law, humane letters, and juridical science. A graduate of Swarthmore College and Harvard Law School, he also received a master’s degree in theology from Harvard and a doctorate in philosophy of law from Oxford University.

Robert Jenson is Professor Emeritus of Religion at St. Olaf College, where he taught for ten years. !roughout his career, he has taught at liberal arts colleges and universities, including Oxford, Princeton, and at the Princeton !eological Seminary. He is an ordained Lutheran minister. His last permanent appointment before o"cially retiring was as Senior Scholar of the Center of !eological Inquiry in Princeton. At present, he is co-director of the Institute for !eological Inquiry, which sponsors Jewish/Christian theological working groups and is based in Princeton and Israel. He is co- founder of the Center for Catholic and Evangelical !eology, and co-founder and long-time editor or co-editor of the journals Dialog and Pro Ecclesia. He is the author of 18 books, including the two- volume Systematic !eology; Conversations with Poppi about God, co-authored with his then eight year- old granddaughter, and most recently a commentary on the book of Ezekiel and a monograph on the Christian Canon and Creed (2010). He studied classics at Luther College in , for ordination at Luther Seminary in St. Paul, philosophy at the University of Minnesota, and theology at the Universities of Heidelberg and Basel. He received his D.!eol. from the University of Heidelberg in 1960.

Peter Augustine Lawler is Dana Professor of Government at Berry College. He is executive editor of the scholarly quarterly Perspectives on Political Science and served on President Bush’s Council on Bioethics. He was the 2007 recipient of the Weaver Prize in Scholarly Letters. He is the author or editor of 15 books including Postmodernism Rightly Understood (1999); Aliens in America (2002); Stuck with Virtue (2005); Homeless and at Home in America (2007); and the recently released Modern and American Dignity (2010). He received his Ph.D. in government from the University of Virginia.

Ted McAllister holds the Edward L. Gaylord Chair of Public Policy at Pepperdine University. He is a recipient of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation’s Charlotte W. Newcombe Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship and the Leland Sage Fellowship. He is the author of Revolt Against Modernity: Leo Strauss, Eric Voegelin, and the Search for a Post-Liberal Order (University Press of Kansas, 1997). McAllister has written widely on the history of American conservatism and on conservative political philosophy. At present, he is completing a United States History textbook with co-author Peter S. Field, and is writing a book on Walter Lippman and the problem of freedom and authority in modern America. McAllister serves (with Jean Bethke Elshtain and Wilfred McClay) as an editor of Rowman & Little$eld’s book series, American Intellectual Culture. A graduate of Oklahoma Christian College, he earned his master’s degree from Claremont Graduate School and his Ph.D. in American intellectual and cultural history at .

Michael P. Moreland is the 2010-11 Forbes Visiting Fellow in the James Madison Program at Princeton University and Associate Professor of Law at Villanova University. He writes in the areas of torts, bioethics, and law and religion. Following law school, he clerked for the Honorable Paul J. Kelly, Jr., of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit and was an associate at Williams & Connolly in Washington, D.C. He also served as Associate Director for Domestic Policy at the White House, where he worked on a range of legal policy issues, including criminal justice, immigration, civil rights, and liability reform. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. in theological ethics from Boston College, and his J.D. from the University of Michigan.

David Novak is the J. Richard and Dorothy Shi% Chair of Jewish Studies, Professor of the Study of Religion, and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto. He is a member of University College, the Centre for Ethics, of the Joint Centre for Bioethics there. He is a founder, vice- president, and coordinator of the Jewish Law Panel of the Union for Traditional Judaism, and a founder and faculty member of the Institute of Traditional Judaism in Teaneck, New Jersey. Novak serves as secretary-treasurer of the Institute on Religion and Public Life in New York City and is on the editorial board of its journal First !ings. He is a Fellow of the American Academy for Jewish Research and the Academy for Jewish Philosophy, and a member of the Board of Consulting Scholars of the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton University. He was the James Madison Program’s Charles E. Test, M.D., Distinguished Lecturer in 2004, as well as their William E. Simon Visit Fellow in Religion and Public Life in 2005-06. Novak is the author of thirteen books, the last two being !e Sanctity of Human Life (Georgetown University Press, 2007) and In Defense of Religious Liberty (ISI Books, 2009). His book, Covenantal Rights: A Study in Jewish Political !eory (Princeton University Press, 2000) won the award of the American Academy of Religion for best book in constructive religious thought in 2000. He received his A.B. from the University of Chicago in 1961, his M.H.L. (Master of Hebrew Literature) in 1964, and his rabbinical diploma in 1966 from the Jewish !eological Seminary of America. He received his Ph.D. in philosophy from Georgetown University in 1971. Matthew B. O’Brien graduated from Princeton University with an A.B. in philosophy, and received a post-baccalaureate certi$cate in classics from the University of Pennsylvania and an M.A. in philosophy from the University of Texas at Austin. He has taught as a lecturer in philosophy at Rutgers University and is the co-founder of the sixth annual “!omistic Seminar,” an intensive summer graduate seminar devoted to the !omistic and analytic philosophical traditions. He will receive his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Texas at Austin, where he defended his dissertation, “Practical Necessity: A Study in Ethics, Law, and Human Action,” earlier this month.

Richard A. Samuelson is Assistant Professor of History at California State University, San Bernardino. He was the Garwood Visiting Fellow at the James Madison Program at Princeton University in 2009-10. He writes about constitutionalism, the rule of law, religion, politics, and empire in America’s founding era. He has held fellowships or teaching appointments at Claremont McKenna College, the University of Paris VIII, the National University of Ireland, Galway, the University of Glasgow, Liberty Fund, the Massachusetts Historical Society, and the International Center for Je%erson Studies. Recent publications include: “Je%erson, Natural Aristocracy, and the Problem of Knowledge,” to be published in a volume on Light and Liberty; and “!e Politics of Scienti$c History,” which will appear in A Political Companion to Henry Adams. He is currently completing a book on John Adams’s political thought, John Adams and the Republic of Laws, in addition to a collection of the Writings of James Otis, and an edition of John Adams’s Defense of the Constitutions and Discourses on Davila. He received his Ph.D. in American History from the University of Virginia.

Diana J. Schaub is Professor and Chairman of the Department of Political Science at Loyola University Maryland. In 2011-12, she will be the Garwood Visiting Fellow in the James Madison Program and the Garwood Visiting Professor in the Department of Politics at Princeton University. In 1994-95, she was the postdoctoral fellow of the Program on Constitutional Government at Harvard University, and, in 2001, she was the recipient of the Richard M. Weaver Prize for Scholarly Letters. She was appointed in 2004 to the President’s Council on Bioethics. Schaub is the author of Erotic Liberalism: Women and Revolution in Montesquieu’s “Persian Letters” (Rowman & Little$eld, 1995), along with a number of book chapters and articles in the $elds of political philosophy and American political thought. She is also a frequent contributor to opinion journals such as !e Public Interest; !e Claremont Review of Books; !e Weekly Standard; and !e New Atlantis. Schaub is a summa cum laude graduate of Kenyon College, with a Ph.D. from !e University of Chicago.

Darren Stalo" is Professor of History at the City College of New York and the City University of New York. He served as a postdoctoral fellow and National Endowment of the Humanities Scholar at the Omohundro Institute for Early American History and Culture. He was the James Madison Program’s 2006-07 Garwood Visiting Fellow and the Spring 2010 Garwood Visiting Fellow and Visiting Professor in Politics. His primary interests are early American intellectual and political history. He is the author of two books, !e Making of an American !inking Class: Intellectuals and Intelligentsia in Puritan Massachusetts (Oxford University Press, 1998) and Hamilton, Adams, Je"erson: !e Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding (Hill and Wang, 2005). He has also designed and performed in several taped lecture series with Teaching Company on American History and the History of Philosophy. He received his B.A. from Columbia College and his M.A., M.Phil., and Ph.D. from Columbia University.

James R. Stoner, Jr. has taught at Louisiana State University since 1988 and has chaired the Department of Political Science since 2007. In 2002-03 he was a Visiting Fellow in the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton University. He served from 2002- 06 on the National Council on the Humanities. He has teaching and research interests in political theory, English common law, and American constitutionalism. He is the author of Common-Law Liberty: Rethinking American Constitutionalism (Kansas, 2003) and Common Law and Liberal !eory: Coke, Hobbes, and the Origins of American Constitutionalism (Kansas, 1992), as well as a number of articles and essays. In 2009 he was named a Senior Fellow of the Witherspoon Institute of Princeton, New Jersey; he has co-edited two books published by Witherspoon, !e Social Costs of Pornography: A Collection of Papers (with Donna M. Hughes, 2010), and Rethinking Business Management: Examining the Foundations of Business Education (with Samuel Gregg, 2007). He was the 2010 recipient of the Honors College Sternberg Professorship at LSU. He is currently researching and writing on American political thought and political development. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1987.

John Tomasi is Associate Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at Brown University. He is the founding director of the Political !eory Project, a research center at Brown University. He has had previous appointments at Princeton, Stanford, and Harvard Universities. A specialist in political thought, he has twice been awarded University prizes for excellence in undergraduate teaching. Tomasi is author of Liberalism Beyond Justice: Citizens, Society and the Boundaries of Political !eory (Princeton University Press, 2001), and numerous scholarly articles. Tomasi is currently completing Free Market Fairness (forthcoming, Princeton University Press). He received his B.A. from Colby College in 1987, his M.A. from the University of Arizona in 1990, and a B.Phil., and D.Phil. from Oxford University.

Michael M. Uhlmann has been teaching in the Department of Politics and Policy/SPE at Claremont Graduate University since 2002. His courses concentrate on the American Presidency, executive- congressional relations, and the federal judiciary, including the federal administrative process and national security decision-making. Immediately prior to joining the Claremont Graduate University faculty, Professor Uhlmann was a senior vice-president of the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He has also been a senior fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center in Washington, D.C., and was for many years a partner in the Washington o"ce of Pepper, Hamilton, & Scheetz, a large international law $rm, where he specialized in federal antitrust and administrative law. Professor Uhlmann has served as sta% and committee counsel in the U.C. Senate and as Assistant General Counsel of the Federal Trade Commission. In 1974, following Senate con$rmation, he was appointed by President Gerald Ford to be Assistant Attorney General for Legislative A%airs in the Department of Justice. From 1981-84, he served as Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan and associate director of the White House O"ce of Policy Development. He directed legal and administrative policy for the Reagan presidential transition in 1980-81 and chaired the Department of Justice transition team for President-Elect George H.W. Bush in 1988-89. He is a member of the Advisory Council for the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton University. A graduate of Yale University and the University of Virginia Law School, he received his Ph.D. in Government from the Claremont Graduate School in 1978.

Lee Ward is Alpha Sigma Nu Distinguished Associate Professor in Campion College at the University of Regina, and teaches in the Department of Political Science at the University of Regina. He previously taught in the Department of Political Science at Kenyon College, and was the Bradley Post-doctoral Fellow in the Program in Constitutional Government at Harvard University. His research and teaching interests are the history of political philosophy, early-modern and American political thought, and liberal constitutional theory. He is the author of John Locke and Modern Life (Cambridge, 2010) and !e Politics of Liberty in England and Revolutionary America (Cambridge, 2004), and co-edited with Dr. Ann Ward !e Ashgate Research Companion to Federalism (Ashgate Publishing, 2009). He has also written articles on John Locke, Aristotle, Montesquieu, Algernon Sidney, and Plato, that have appeared in the American Political Science Review; the Canadian Journal of Political Science; Publius: A Journal of Federalism; !e Journal of Moral Philosophy; the American Journal of Political Science; Ratio Juris: An International Journal of Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law; Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy; and the International Philosophical Quarterly. He received his B.A. from the University of Toronto, an M.A. from Brock University, and a Ph.D. in Political Science from Fordham University.

Micah J. Watson is a 2010-11 William E. Simon Visiting Fellow in Religion and Public Life in the James Madison Program at Princeton University and is Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for Politics & Religion at Union University in Jackson, Tennessee. His interests include the intersection of politics and religion, the prospects for a tradition of evangelical political thought, and the thought of John Locke. Before teaching at Union University, he taught for a year for Villanova University’s Augustine and Culture Seminar. He writes frequently for Public Discourse and is currently working on a project on Locke and co-editing a book on evangelical approaches to natural law. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University where he was an Alpheus T. Mason Fellow, a Harvey Fellow, and an Earhart Graduate Fellow.

Peter Wicks is a 2010-11 Postdoctoral Research Associate in the James Madison Program at Princeton University. Specializing in ethics and political philosophy, he is currently working on a book about Peter Singer and the sources of the appeal of consequentialist approaches to ethics. In addition to his philosophical work, he is writing a book for students entitled Learning For Life: !e Uses of a Liberal Education. He received his B.A. from Oxford University, his M.Phil. from Cambridge University, and, in 2010, his Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Notre Dame. Notes

James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions Princeton University 83 Prospect Avenue Princeton, NJ 08540 609-258-5107 http://princeton.edu/sites/jmadison