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Parliamentary Library Briefing Book Key Issues for the 43Rd Parliament Foreword

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Parliamentary Library Briefing Book Key Issues for the 43Rd Parliament Foreword Pa rliament of Australia Department of Pa rliamentary Services INFORMATION ANALYSIS ADVICE PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY BRIEFING BOOK KEY ISSUES FOR THE 43RD PARLIAMENT Foreword This Briefing Book has been written to assist senators and members to prepare for significant issues that are expected to arise in the early months of the 43rd Parliament. It presents a brief introduction to areas of key public policy concern, outlines the context for those concerns and discusses possible new policy and legislative directions. The issues are presented in summary form. Senators and members are encouraged to contact the Parliamentary Library researchers identified against each contribution for further assistance © Copyright 2010 Commonwealth of Australia with confidential oral or written briefing, analysis The federal election of 2010 produced the first or information. In addition, individual senators This work is copyright. Except to the extent of uses permitted by the Copyright hung parliament since 1940. The Gillard Labor and members can request research on any Act 1968, no person may reproduce or transmit any part of this work by any Government retained power by the smallest parliamentary and policy issue by contacting the process without the prior written consent of the Parliamentary Librarian. This possible majority with the support of three Parliamentary Library. Requests can be made requirement does not apply to members of the Parliament of Australia acting in independents and the Australian Greens. To through: the course of their official duties. secure a governing coalition, the Australian Labor Party committed to a series of wide-ranging • the Library’s Central Enquiry Point (extension This work has been prepared to support the work of the Australian Parliament parliamentary reforms with the Australian Greens 2500), or using information available at the time of production. The views expressed do and the Coalition including new procedures for • the contacts in the Parliamentary Library’s not reflect an official position of the Parliamentary Library, nor do they constitute Question Time in the House of Representatives, online Guide to Services at http://library. professional legal opinion. enhancing the authority of the Speaker, strengthening the role of committees, increasing The Briefing Book is available in hard copy to Feedback is welcome and may be provided to: [email protected]. Any the prominence of private members’ business and senators and members. It is also available online concerns or complaints should be directed to the Parliamentary Librarian. establishing a Parliamentary Budget Office and through the Senators’ and Members’ Services Parliamentary Integrity Commissioner. Portal, the Parliamentary Library’s intranet and the Parliamentary Library staff are available to discuss the contents of publications Parliament’s web site. For copyright reasons, some with senators and members and their staff. To access this service, clients may Key challenges before this unique parliament will of the linked sources in the electronic version of contact the author or the Library’s Central Entry Point (02) 6277 2500 for referral. include implementing those reforms, making them the document may not be accessible through the work and dealing with their likely consequences, Internet. Published by the Parliamentary Library, Department of Parliamentary Services, while continuing to address important national Parliament House, Canberra. legislative and policy issues. Such issues include I am confident that the Briefing Book will be a climate change, population pressures, regional valuable resource for all senators and members. Production: Publishing Section, Parliamentary Library. development, economic prosperity, reforming I and all my staff look forward to supporting the social services and meeting environmental and work of the 43rd Parliament throughout its term. Printed by Canprint Communications Pty Ltd, energy needs. At this stage it appears that the 16 Nyrang Street, Fyshwick ACT 2609 proposed procedures will enable backbenchers Roxanne Missingham and committees to play a greater role in shaping Parliamentary Librarian Coordinators and editors: Richard Webb and Mark Rodrigues. the agenda of the parliament. This might mean that an even greater variety of issues will be brought 16 September 2010 Cover image: Ben Warren. before the new parliament. Page | i Contents Parliament and public administration reform 2010 Federal election 2 Composition of the 43rd Parliament 4 Hung parliament 6 Parliamentary reform 8 Enabling the franchise 10 Australian Public Service reform 12 Reforming social services and institutions School reform 14 Meeting the need for higher level skills through tertiary education reform 16 A health care system for the 21st century 18 Improving the health of all Australians: the role of preventative health 20 Funding support for people with disability 22 The challenge of housing the nation 24 Addressing social disadvantage Tackling ‘corrosive’ welfare 26 Welfare to work: a reform agenda in progress 28 Indigenous affairs: shared goals, elusive outcomes 30 Population and infrastructure Australia’s future population 32 Population growth: what role does immigration play? 34 Challenges of an ageing population 36 Building sustainable cities 38 Regional population trends in Australia 40 Population and the natural environment 42 Broadband telecommunications 44 Parliamentary Library Briefing Book: Key Issues for the 43rd Parliament Page | iii Environment and energy Parliamentary Library Briefing Book: The politics and science of climate change 46 rd Emissions control policies 48 Key issues for the 43 Parliament Renewable energy targets 50 Powering Australia from renewable sources 52 Climate change action: a multi-faceted approach 54 Strengthening the Environment Protection Biodiversity and Conservation Act 56 Murray-Darling Basin water issues 58 Marine oil pollution 60 Tasmanian forests: future agreement? 62 International whaling 64 The minerals sector 66 Law, justice and human rights Public sector accountability and transparency 68 Indigenous people, local government and other constitutional issues 70 Same-sex marriage 72 Parliament and the protection of human rights 74 ‘Property’ and acquisition on just terms 76 Plain packaging of tobacco products 78 The nation’s economy Domestic economy overview 80 Australia, China and the Global Financial Crisis 82 Australia’s future tax system 84 International comparisons of national debt 86 Emissions taxes 88 Australia in the world Australia’s regional engagements in East Asia and the Asia Pacific 90 Australian Defence Force in Afghanistan 92 The Defence Strategic Reform Program (SRP) 94 Refugees: Australia’s humanitarian response 96 The Iranian nuclear program 98 Australia’s engagement with the United Nations 100 Free Trade Agreement negotiations with North Asia 102 Copenhagen: a stepping stone 104 Parliamentary Library Briefing Book: Key Issues for the 43rd Parliament Page | 1 The result The three ‘country independents’ (and former 2010 Federal Election Nationals) worked together in their dealings Opinion polls throughout the campaign revealed with the parties but came to their own separate Rob Lundie, Politics and Public Administration Section that a hung parliament was a real possibility, and decisions as to who they would support. Bob so it turned out to be. Labor won 72 seats, the Katter (independent, Kennedy, Qld) chose Coalition 73, the Greens one and there were four to support the Coalition while Tony Windsor independents. (independent, New England, NSW) and Rob Oakeshott (independent, Lyne, NSW) went with The 2010 Federal Election was held on Saturday important state where Labor’s proposed mining There was a swing against Labor of 2.6 per cent the ALP. So, the Gillard Government was granted 21 August and resulted in a hung parliament – tax was a significant issue. but it won the two party preferred vote 50.1 a second term, securing the smallest possible the first federally since 1940. The election was per cent to the Coalition’s 49.9 per cent. The majority of 76 to 74 to pass the Budget and survive called by Prime Minister Julia Gillard on 17 July. Gillard began her campaign revealing that she was seats won by the parties and the change from no confidence motions. The independents and She had successfully challenged Kevin Rudd ‘moving forward’ although she was often forced the 2007 election are shown in the table below. the Greens member reserved the right to vote for the leadership of the Australian Labor Party to look back when answering questions about her These figures are based on votes counted to 15 differently on other matters. (ALP) on 24 June following a marked decline in ‘removal’ of Kevin Rudd. Disquiet over the way he September and could change. support for the ALP in the polls. Her opponent was removed, even amongst those who supported Voter turnout nationally was 93.2 per cent down was Liberal Party leader Tony Abbott who had Gillard, and particularly amongst Queensland Both major parties began negotiations with the 1.5 per cent from the last election. The informal defeated Malcolm Turnbull for the leadership on voters in Rudd’s home state, threatened to Greens and independent members in an attempt vote nationally was 5.55 per cent in the House of 1 December 2009. The House was dissolved and interfere with her desire to portray a new beginning to gain their support in the House to form stable Representatives, an increase of 1.6 per cent. In the Senate prorogued on 19 July when the writs for Labor. government: in effect ensuring they would have the Senate, the informal vote was 3.75 per cent, an were also issued. the numbers to pass supply and to defeat any no increase of 1.2 per cent. Her campaign also received a setback when it was confidence motions. In return for their support, The 14 088 260 people enrolled to vote included leaked that she had questioned pension increases the major parties responded to lists of demands Senate 57 732 who were added to the roll following the and aspects of a parental leave scheme when they which, among other things, sought a greater High Court’s decision on 6 August to extend were discussed in Cabinet.
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