JULY 1995 SPHECOS AFORUM FOR ACULEATE WASP RESEARCHERS

Bolivar Garcete Barrett (Secci6n In· U OUR FUNDS ARE TI ARNOLD S.IIENKE, Editor DEPLETED tERRY NUHN, Assistant Editor vertebrados, Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Para­ Systematic Enlomology Laboralory guay, Sucursal 19 Campus, Ciudad DONATIONS GLADLY Agricultural Research Service, USDA Univ., Central XI, San Lorenzo, Para· ACCEPTED! rio National Musellll ol Natural Hislory guay.) writes, •t am presently working Smllhsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 on systematics, biogeography and bioi· FAX: (202) 786-9422 Phone: (202) 382-1803 This issue of Sphecoa has depleted E-MAIL (Amold): mnhen0230slvm.si.edu ogy of polistine wasps In Paraguay. In our reproduction fund. It is now zero. (feny): UUinOasrr.arsusda.gov addition, with Massimo Olmi, I'm pre­ Thus more donations will be needed to paring a list of Dryinidae of Paraguay, keep this newsletter going. Your past and with the help of Jim Carpenter I'm support has been wonderful and very More Donators to the Sphecoa Fund: planning to study the long-overlooked gratifying, and I hope that some of you collection of A.W. Bertoni. I am also the will be able to help out again so that we Jorge M. Tadashi Tano curator of Hymenoptera at this museum." can continue. Duplication costs for a Gonzalez Hermann Dollfuss normal size issue are roughly $650 Peter Yeo B61ivar Garcete Arkady Lelej (lnst. Biology and Pe­ (700 copies). Tom Mason, Barrett dology, Vladivostok-22, 690022, Rus­ The meetings of the International So· (Metropolitan Ken Guichard sia) •1 am now finishing the third paper ciety of Hymenopterists will be in Da· Toronto Zoo) Jung-Tal Chao in the series on Smicromyrmini with a vis, California this summer (Aug. 12· Jeff Klahn Sulene Noriko review of six genera (four of them 17). Nancy and I hope to see many of JosepAsrs Shima new). I plan to continue my work and you there. It should be a great meeting. J. Tormos Edilberto study of another difficult group - Orien· Lynn Kimsey and her gang are going Frank Creutzburg Giannotti tal Trogaspidiini - and prepare a key to all out to make this meeting a success. Roberto Cambra Vera Machado the genera of this tribe. It will take at My retirement plans were announced Seiki Yamane Elias Cainadas least one year or more and I'll try to re­ in Sphecos 28. I am searching for a re­ ceive a grant (you know about the seri· placement editor so that the newsletter ous problems in Russia and my salary does not die. I will bring this up at the RESEARCH NEWS - less than US$ 100 per month, not meetings in Davis. It is imperative that even enough for food). someone come forward to take over. Dick Bohart (Dept. of Entomology, I now have my own e-mail address: Univ. California, Davis, CA 95616-8584) Peter van Ooljan (Prof v. Bemme­ [email protected]. You can reach reports, •1 am working on Bembecinus lenlaan 61, 3571 El Utrecht, Holland) me here for regular correspondence again. The two papers underway: says, •Not much research news, my and change of address notices. Sub­ Entomognathus and Bicyrtes are es· Pompllid collection has gone to the ITZ missions to Sphecos should still be sentially done.· Amsterdam, and after reorganising their sent to Terry. Dutch collection and halfway reorganis· Walter Borsato (Museo Civico di Stor· ing the Palearctic collection I quit pom­ ia Naturale (Sez. di Zoologia), Lung. pilids. My Sphecid collection, including Porta Vittoria, 9, 37129 Verona, Italy) the type specimen of Tachysphex picnic, writes: • At the present I am preparing a has joined the collection of the RMNH revision of some australian Eumenidae atleiden. of the genera lschnoceolia Perkins (Eu· •As for myself I am working on soft­ menidae Discoeliinae), Australodynerus ware, rearing tropical fish, trying to rear G. Soika and Stemdyneriellus G. Soika." aculeates in my garden and wondering July95 3

OBITUARY look at the possible uses of DDT in ag­ though his knowledge of them was vast, riculture, and he carried out laboratory the revisions unfortunately never saw the George R. Ferguson and field tests using some of the tech­ light of day. However, between 1981 (January 8, 1915· June 24, 1994) niques that he had developed for his and 1984 he published nine papers on doctoral research. At the end of World these genera In which he described George Ferguson passed away last War II, when many chemical firms went new species, keyed species of certain year at the age of 79. The following ac· into the production of DDT, Ferguson species groups, clarified the status of count of his life is taken largely from an recommended to Geigy Corporation that many names, established lectotypes, article that appeared in the September it should set up its own laboratory to etc. 1986 issue of the college newsletter, develop DDT and other products. He The Oregon Stater, but we have al~ then became chief entomologist and Ferguson's Wasp papers had access to his obituary published in technical director of the Agricultural the June 26, 1994 issue of the newspa­ Chemicals Division, Geigy Chemical Cor· 1976. The distribution and origins of per Corva/Hs Gazener-Times. -editor. poration, a position he held until 1953. northwest sphecid wasps. Bull. Ore­ At that time he was asked to regroup gon Ent. Soc. (61 ):492. George was born in Bolivar, Louisia· that division, and he became president. 1981. Synonymy and distribution records na. the son of Lloyd and Ethel Collins "It was my job to lead the company out in the genus Eucerceris (Hymenop­ Ferguson, but he grew up in southern of the red by developing new products,• tera: Philanthidae). J. NY Ent. Soc. California. He attended the University says Ferguson -we opened two addi­ 89:172-183. of California, Berkeley but received his tional large plants - In Alabama and 1982. Descriptions, synonymy and sex bachelor's and master's degrees from Louisiana - and produced other chemi­ associations In the genus Eucerceris Oregon State University. Ferguson left cals. I had the satisfaction of turning a (Hymenoptera: Philanthldae). J. NY OSU to continue his studies at Ohio business around and seeing the com­ Ent. Soc. 90:147·160. State University, where he earned a pany grow from five to 150 million dol· 1983a. Two new species in the genus doctoral degree In entomology in 1941. Iars a year." Philanthus and a key to the polltus •1 decided to specialize in the chemi· Ferguson became executive vice· group (Hymenoptera: Phllanthidae). cal control of insects,* he notes, "be­ president of Geigy in 1969 and vice­ Pan-Pac. Ent. 59:55-63. cause that's where the jobs were.• AI· president of CIBA-Geigy in 1970 follow­ 1983b. The types of cercerine wasps though he returned to the Oregon State ing the merger of the two firms. He re­ described by Nathan Banks (Hyme­ U. Agricultural Experiment Station as tired from the corporation In 1972. noptera: Philanthidae). J. NY Ent. assistant entomologist in 1941, he was After retiring from his productive ca­ Soc. 91 :223-234. to leave again In 1943. His major pro­ reer in the corporate world, George 1983c. Descriptions of two previously fessor had recommended him for a re­ moved back to Corvallis, Oregon In misidentffied species of North Ameri­ search position on a special project at 1973 from Scarsdale, New York, so can Cerceris and related synonymy the University of New Hampshire that that he could resume the systematic (Hymenoptera: Phllanthidae). J. NY was financed by Swiss-owned Geigy study of wasps at his old alma mater. Ent. Soc. 91:235-241. Corporation. "Being young and adven· He was given a courtesy appointment 19848. (with Colin Vardy). Vespa serrlpes turous,• says Ferguson, "I accepted the in the Department of Entomology at Ore­ F., a junior synonym of Cercerls offer at the University of New Hamp­ gon State University where he assisted arenarla (L.) (Hym., Philanthidae). shire - a one year postdoctoral appoint­ graduate students. George dedicated Ent. Monthly Mag. 120:55-57. ment - because it Involved a 'secret' his time to studying wasps, and orga­ 1984b. Revision of the Phllanthus compound and promised to be a chal· nizing and classifying a portion of the zebratus group (Hymenoptera: Phi­ lenging project.• large Insect collection at OSU. He do­ lanthidae). J. NY Ent. Soc. 91:289- The secret compound, which had been nated his substantial worldwide collec­ 303. smuggled out of Switzerland by Geigy tion of wasps (more than 80,000 speci­ 1984c. The types of some American Corporation during World War II, turned mens) to OSU. Cerceris with lectotype designations out to be DDT. That substance would George first became interested in (Hymenoptera: Philanthldae). J. NY have enormous Impact toward the end bees and wasps in the thirties when he Ent. Soc. 91:431-441. of the war, when It was still strictly con­ took a course on beekeeping at Ore­ 1984d. An annotated synonymic list of trolled by the military, and after the war, gon State University from entomology North American and Caribbean wasps when It was finally released for general professor Herman Scullen. While his of the genus Cerceris (Hymenoptera: use. During the war, DDT was used professional career was In the field of Philanthidae). J. NY Ent. Soc. 91: successfully for lice control to eliminate insect control, his keen curiosity about 466-502. typhus epidemics In Southern Europe wasps became a life-long avocation that and to control mosquitoes and malaria took up most of his spare time. In retire­ in the South Pacific. After the war, it ment George pursued studies of sphecld proved of great benefit in agriculture. wasps In the genera Cercsris, Eucerceris Ferguson's career and success from and PhHanthus, possibly influenced by the time he moved to the University of his early contact with Herman Scullen, New Hampshire were inextricably tied who worked on these wasps for many to the development, testing, and pro­ years. Apparently George hoped to pub­ duction of DDT. He was soon asked to lish revisions of these genera, and at- July95 5

lific writer on insect natural history in Institute, 1942 to 1946. He was repatri­ He married Kazuko Toshima in 1948. his native language. He published a se­ ated after the war, but all of his data They had two sons, Kusuo (1949) and ries of volumes, 1943-1983, that he and records of those years were lost. Makio (1953), and there are five grand· called his own •souvenirs entomolo­ When Iwata returned to Japan he children, a boy and four girls. giques". He translated the titles as Mem­ taught first at Kagawa Agricultural Col­ Kunio died 29 November 1994, and oranda of a naturalist and Fifty years lege, and then at Hyogo University of a memorial service was held on 10 De­ observing insect life. The series con­ Agricultural. The latter institution later cember at Takigawa-Kinen Kaikan of sisted of vignettes of behavior of a va­ became the Agricultural Department of Kobe University. riety of insects but concentrated on sol· Kobe University. In 1961 he was in It seems appropriate to conclude itary wasps and bees. More than half of Thailand for five months searching for these reminiscences with a copy of the 150 titles were never published in natural enemies of agricuHural pests, a Iwata's personally drawn New Year's entomological journals. period during which he continued his card for 1988 showing him in a charac· He loved children, and published sev· behavioral studies of wasps and bees. teristic pose with his family. He was a eral books just for them. At the elemen· Kunio retired from Kobe University in genial, modest man, e cherished friend, tary level he designed a kindergarten 1970 because of the age limit. and a superb scientist. book on Polistes in 1971, entitled Ashin­ agabachi (long-legged wasps); the text and illustrations were by H. Kubota and N. Tomioka respectively. In 1974 he published a book for older children, Lives of wasps and bees, with photo­ graphs by H. Oda. This book was award­ ed the prestigious Malnichi Publications Culture Award for 1974 from the Maini­ chi Newspapers. In 1982 he published an elegant book, Japanese Wasp and Bee Life Illustrat­ ed Phylogenetlcally. The text is by Iwa­ ta, and the 84 color plates of numer­ ous, excellent photographs of adults and nests are by his co-authors, K. Kozima, M. Matsuura and K. Goukon. In my letter acknowledging receipt of this handsome book, I congratulated Kunio on the splendid contribution that would enable the layman to appreciate the beauty and complexity of the ani­ mals that we love so much. I comment· ed on the quality of the photographs that were so sharp, with color so true, and with a wonderful depth of focus. Regrettably, the book is out of print; there are no plans to republish it. I am grateful to Kazuko Iwata for fur­ nishing the following biographical data for Kunio. He was born 25 May 1906 in Osaka. The family moved in 1910 to a residential suburb, Ikeda. His father died in 1917, leaving his widow to raise Kunio and five sisters in needy circum­ stances. Iwata received his Master's degree from the Agricultural Department of Kyo­ to University in 1931, and remained for several years as an unpaid assistant in the laboratory. Between 1934 and 1941 he taught biology in several high schools. 198S He submitted his D.Sc. thesis to Kyoto University before his departure to Hal­ nan Island, China, and subsequently was awarded the degree. Kunio was a research member of Kihara Biological July95 7

species which, depending on their phy­ Nevertheless, ever since Linne's no­ subgroups in the form Larrlnae rather logenetic history, are members of dif­ menclatural system based on the as· than Larrldae, Independent on whether ferent taxa. These taxa are named, signment of the so-called Linnaean cat· they are traditionally ranked as a sub­ e.g., Scellphron, Sphecini and Priony­ egories like 1amllia" and "ordo" started family or a family, should be protected china. All together they form the actual the development of the present rules of as well-established names in the -inae taxon whose proper name is Spheci­ the ICZN any taxon name has to be form used by Bohart & Menke to gain nae. In the traditional classification each connected to such a category to ad· stability.) Anyway, the point is that the named taxon like Sphecinae has been here to the rules. One can say that cat­ discussion about the "best" category assigned a categorical rank to indicate egories lead to a classification of given does not lead to a better understanding its position In the categorical hierarchy. taxa, that is, taxa are ordered into sub­ of the groups studied. Furthermore, this Thus, the term ~subfamily" is a catego­ jective classes (Griffiths 1976). As has discussion appears as If it deals wHh a ry designating the rank of the taxon been shown above the assignement of scientific problem while it is just one of with the proper name Sphecinae In the a proper name to a certain taxon is formalism. traditional classification. principally sufficient to gain unambigui­ It should be stressed that many more As De Queiroz & Gauthier (1994: 27) ty in a nomenclatural system. What in­ difficulties appear when one attempts have shown, ~ current nomenclatu­ formation content does the additional to adapt the classification system of the ral system is clear1y non-evolutionary." category express to justify its existence Linnaean categories to a phylogenetic The most accepted method that accom­ and that could not be expressed by the system. The encaptlc hierarchy of sis­ plishes this goal is provided by the the­ proper name itseH? Is there any logical ter groups with their identical rank leads ory of phylogenetic systematics sensu reason why named monophyletic taxa to the demand for identical categories Hennig (I prefer to use the term 'phylo­ must be classified? The subjectivity of in a classification system. Due to the genetic systematics' rather than 'clad'IS· using categories is clear1y seen In the high number of sister groups the use of tics' to emphasize the methodological often discussed problem concerning the categories is very limited. For example, differences. For detailed explanations "best" categorial rank to assign to the . this is easily seen in Byron Alexander's of the theoretical basis of phylogenetic main bee subgroups. Some hymenop­ (1992) comprehensive analysis of the systematics see e.g. Wiley 1981 and terists prefer to say "subfamily ColletJ.. subgroups within the Apoldea that are Ax 1987). Given that the central princi­ nae•, while nowadays the majority ad­ traditionally ranked as tribes. If we rec­ ple of phylogenetic systematics is the vocates to use a "higher" rank, that is ognize, in accordance with common recognition and characterization of spe­ 1amily Colletidae• (e.g. Michener 1986, practice, the Apoidea as a superfamily cies and monophyletic taxa one may Michener et al. 1994). Unfortunately, and one of the most basic groups like ask what role a system of biological no­ there is no logical and scientific reason Laphyragogini as a tribe, Innumerable menclature can play in this scientific for how one could come to prefer one additional categories are necessary to process. As the existence and the rec­ possibility rather than the other. The classify each pair of sister groups be­ ognizability of natural entities are inde­ same is true for the "Sphecidae•. While tween these categorial ranks. Farris pendend of the way scientists name the vast majority agrees with the use of (1976) has attempted to solve this them, the naming of taxa has no influ­ subfamilies in Bohart & Menke (1976), problem proposing eight prefixes to in­ ence on any scientific process that is Albert Finnamore (In: Goulet & Huber crease the number of possible catego­ part of a phylogenetic analysis. Only 1993) "elevates" the sphecid subfami· ries.Nevertheless,venbalconsbuctions following the recognition and character­ lies to family level. Menke & Pulawski like "Gigapicotribe" even more show the ization of the natural entities one should (1993) wonder about Finnamore's ar­ subjectivity of assigning categories to ask which name is the best for each gument for doing so, that is to "••. make taxa: Who would be able to decide be­ entity. As scientists need to communi­ the classification comparable to that tween "Gigapicotnbe• and •Megapico­ cate with each other it is necessary to widely accepted in the Aplformes• (Fin­ tribe" depending on whet a scientist be­ give each of these entitles a proper namere), is never reversed: "Why not lieves to be the best for his purpose? name. The function of a taxon name is make bees comparable to sphecids and This problem is closely related to the to refer unambiguously to a certain tax­ recognize only Apidae" (Menke & Pu­ term "stabblity" with respect to nornencia· on. The set of rules and principles that lawski). Indeed, their question is justJ.. ture. Stability in the sense of the ICZN govern the selection and the use of tax· fled but one cannot expect a satisfying aims at the uniqueness and distinctness on names to exclude or at least mini­ answer to it (that is a scientific one). of the taxon name itself (in combination mize ambiguity, that is synonymy and The conflict clear1y shows the arbitrari­ with the category assigned to this name). homonymy, is called a nomenclatural ness in assigning categories. The wide­ As this is correct, taxon names are able system. ly accepted usage of subfamilies In Bo­ to change their meaning, that is a taxon In summary, species and monophylet· hart & Menke is simply a result of name is related to slightly different taxa ic taxa can be and have to recognized convention induced by the comprehen­ in different times, depending on the sci­ in nature. Any relationships between siveness of their monumental study. entific progress. This situation leads to the scientific process of analysing phy· Nevertheless, as Finnamore's family confusion and to the requirement to logenetic relationships and the naming category as well as Bohart & Menke's supplement old names with more infor­ of recognized taxa do not exist: the subfamily category lack any scientific mation to specify what a certain scien­ structure and the type of taxon names foundation or even requirement, it is tist means. E.g. using the name Vespi­ need not reflect any information about impossible to find any scientific reason dae makes it necessary to specify if the taxa they name to gain unambiguity to prefer one of them. (Nevertheless, one refers to the monophylum including but are only a question of conventions. one may ask if the names of the sphecid the Euparagiinae, Masarinae, Eumeni· July 95 9

HYMENOPTERA Group Species Subspecies Syn. Syn. Every species record is composed DATABASE spec. subspe. of: A 1067 94 1285 22 - Name of the genus I have created on the PC a program 8 660 25 283 3 - Valid name of the species in DBase IV for listing the species of c 6342 75 2839 0 -Author Hymenoptera. The program Includes D 1687 36 563 3 -Year of publication 13 groups of Hymenoptera (Table A) E 1061 305 340 23 - Name of nominate genus 4 and it is possible to expand it. For each F 330 95 82 -Corology genus there are 4 database files (Table G 2245 559 1219 106 - Further notes. 1424 163 B): the first for species, the second for H 2630 663 Some of these fields may be lacking. 891 115 subspecies, the third for synonymies of I 1440 268 The listed species are from all over the 1551 51 species and the fourth for synonymies L 3033 229 world but with a preference for the Ho- 3736 1141 89 of subspecies. Every file is used for M 467 larctic Region. In the list there may be 249 1271 printouts and searches (Table C). N 2338 88 some mistakes; it is a basis for subse· 180 At present the number of species in· 0 6914 895 2932 quentwork. eluded In the program is: If there are entomologists interested Total 33483 3960 15821 847 in having a copy of my program and database, they may send me a diskette ELENCO SPECIE HYMENOPTERA SCELTA DEL TAXON DA ELABORARE STAMP A Symphyta A - Tutte le famiglie A - Checklist specie Italian Apocrita Terebrantia B - lchneumonoidea+Evanioidea B - Elenco genera attuale • • c - Chalcidoidea C - Elenco generico Italiano • • D - Proctotrup.+Cynipoidea+Aitre D - Elenco specie Collezione • Aculeata E - Chrysidoidea E - Situazione spec. singola • . M - Scolioidea F - Elenco per gruppo specie . • F - Formicoidea G - Rlcerca nome nel Genera • • G - Vespoidea+Pompiloidea H - Rlcerca nome neii'Eienco • • 0 - Sphecoidea I - Elenco genera nominale • • H - Colletidae+Halictidae+Melittidae+Apidae L - Elenco alfabetlco Generi • • I - Andrenidae M - Elenco nomi per Autore • . N - Megachilidae . • L - Anthophoriaae U - Fine della elaborazione Scegli II taxon da elaborare (anche per terminare) Operare scelta prego >> << Table A TableC

-----·.:aa:. ·------\ lBKE I \ B I <\\\1------••••__BBB__••••------1111> \VO. 0. 0. O. BBB. O. O. 0. OVI \ VVV. VVJIVV. VVVI .A.l:.A• • I I 'Y \ \ • • I I IBI \ \. ::: I I : I \ ::: l:

Specie Subspecie Sin. specie Sin. subspecie

NQ in Archivio 6914 895 2932 180 NQ in Elaboraz. 4 1 1 1 Dim. file Arch. 1099326 142305 419276 29340 Dim. file Elab. 636 0 143 0 TAXON scelto: SPHECOIDEA Genere in elaborazione: Rhinocorynura

(I) lnserire- (M) Modlficare- (A) Annullare- (G) Aggiungere- (S) Stampare- (T) Togliere annullati (N) Scelta nuovo taxon - (C) Copiare archivio- (E) Ripristinare archivio - (Z) Finire

TableB July95 11

submit for publication. In an attempt to Speed of transport depended upon the not inside of the cave?; (2) Why do find out whether or not Mr. Pape had differential sizes of the wasps and their they never relinquish their grasp of the published these observations, I searched prey, the directness of the route taken prey during transport?; (3) How do the through various biological, entomolog­ and the number of obstacles encoun· wasps navigate within the dark con­ ical and natural history journals from tered. One provisioning female took fines of the cave? Do they follow a the southwestern U. S. After striking eight minutes to walk and run 23 me­ chemical trail, air movements within the out I telephoned Howard Evans, Karl ters. During prey transport, the wasp cave or floor landmarks?; (4) How do Krombein and Arnold Menke, all avid "placed her mouthparts near the tip of they pre-select their nesting sites?; (5) aculeate Hymenoptera literature perus­ the abdomen of the spider just above What are the nests (cells) like and how ers, but none of these individuals had the apex (dorsal). She then approached are the immature stages protected from seen anything in print about a cave­ the spider from the right rear and parasitism and predation?; (6) Will fe­ inhabiting pompilid wasp. I have been grasped it in the (normal) fashion by a males accept artificial nesting tunnels? advised to repeat Mr. Pape's interest· chelicera (dorsally) and proceeded to In this correspondence Mr. Pape in­ ing and valuable observations in this haul it off. Several times she stopped to cluded diagrams of (A) routes of two journal before I misplace or forget rub her hind legs together or run her provisioning A. evansi: (B) random exit them. antennae through cleaners, never once paths of 12 females at cave entrance; Mr. Pape's notes on this species ex­ releasing the prey: In a photograph and, (C) artHicial nesting chamber de­ tend from October 7, 1990 to May 17, showing prey transport, the wasp's long, sign (with dimensions). 1992. Both males and females of A. thin antennae and hindlegs are angled evansi were active during the months forward and backward, respectively, Literature Cited of March, April, May, September, Octo­ possibly to obtain tactile information ber, November and December. In addi· about the unlit immediate environment Deyrup, M., J. T. Cronin, and F. E. tion there are two specimens of this At times, two wasps traversed the cave Kurczewski. 1988. A/locha/es BZUI8US: species in the University of Arizona In· floor "side by side" or in tandem. Mr. an unusual wasp exploits unusual prey sect Museum, both from high eleva­ Pape believed that this behavior was (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae; Arachni­ tions in mountains, collected in July "not ... totally random." As many as four da: Fllistatidae). Psyche 95:265-281. and October. The sum of these collec· wasps were simultaneously seen in one Evans, H. E. 1948. Biological notes on tion and observation dates indicates "room" of the cave. Some wasps be­ two species of Anoplius (Hymenopte­ that A. evansi is probably multivoltine in came agitated when near other females. ra: Pompilidae). Entomol. News 59: the region. When Mr. Pape revisited Ar­ Retrieval of one wasp's abandoned spi­ 180-184. kenstone Cave in June, July and Au­ der by another female was observed. Evans, H. E. 1949. The strange habits gust 1991 he saw no wasps, suggest­ Provisioning wasps quickly entered of AnopHus depressipes Banks: a ing a moderately lengthy period of "small holes" in the walls of the cave, mystery solved (Hymenoptera, Pom­ summer diapause at this locality. Ambi­ disappearing entirely from sight. One pilidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. ent (air) temperatures outside of the female entered the same hole twice 51: 206-208. cave during periods of observation av­ with successive prey and as many as Evans, H. E. 1959. Prey records for eraged 29"C and inside of the cave, two or three wasps disappeared into a some midwestern and southwestern 21 °C. Relative humidity in the cavity re­ single hole. Because the walls of the spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompil­ mains a constant 100%. cave mainly consisted of solid rock no idae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 32: Observations of wasps with and with­ provisioning cells could be located. 75-76. out prey were made rather continuous­ Twenty-seven spiders taken from pro­ Evans, H. E. and C. M. Yoshimoto. ly from late morning (1019-1100 hours) visioning wasps were all identified as 1962. The ecology and nesting be­ to mid-late afternoon (1430-1630 hours) Selenops sp. (see above). Color photo­ havior of the Pompftidae (Hymenop­ on certain days. A total of 17 wasps ex­ graphs sent to me by Mr. Pape show tera) of the northeastern United States. Ited the cave from 1019 to 1152 on that the spider's legs had been ampu­ Misc. Pub. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 3: April 4, 1992. Before exiting, females tated at the coxal-trochanteral joints 67-119. paused, cleaned their antennae, wing­ and sometimes the pedipalps had been Kurczewski, F. E. 1989a. Observations flicked, remained motionless for 30 sec­ partly or entirely removed, often une­ on the nesting behavior of Aup/opus onds or so and walked or flew away. venly so. The prey spiders were not caerolescens subcorticalis and other The first female with prey entered the "free-living" inside of the cave; rather, Auplopodini (Hymenoptera: Pompili· cave at 1206 of that day. Hunting fo­ they lived outside of the cave entrance dae). Great Lakes Entomol. 22: 71- rays occurred outside of the cave, most· where the wasps hunted for them in 74. ly between the hours of 1000 and "thick vegetation." Only a "few" males Kurczewski, F. E. 1989b. Ecology, mat­ 1200. Provisioning and nesting activi­ were encountered inside of the en­ ing and nesting of Tachypompilus ties took place within the cavern most· trance to the cave and never deep in ferrugineus nigrescens (Hymenopte-­ ly after these hours. Wasps with prey the cavern. A single male-female A. ra: Pompilidae). Great Lakes Ento­ spiders penetrated the cave into total evans/ interaction involved a four sec­ mol. 22: 75-78. darkness to distances of 30-60 meters ond-long antenna! "exchange" (= touch· Kurczewski, F. E. 1990. Additional obser­ from the cave entrance in order to reach ing?) on the floor of the entrance. vations on TachypompUus ferrugineus their nesting sites. Except for one flight, In Mr. Pape's last letter to me, he with emphasis on male behavior (Hy­ all provisioning wasps walked or ran on asked the following questions: (1) Why menoptera: Pompilldae). Great Lakes the cave floor, "seldom" on the walls. do the wasps wing-flick only outside, Entomol. 23: 159-163. July 95 13

seems much less likely In view of the exposed surfaces 44:2 for more than an hour. From 14 found­ persistent failure to find genitalic or oth· behind gratings 3:11. ing-stage (i.e. before emergence of the er structural difference. The result seems plain enough, but first workers} and growth-stage (i.e. We thank Colin Vardy for advice on anyone should feel free to run a chi­ with workers present but no reproduc­ Pepsis taxonomy. square test. tive offspring yet emerged), each with a Bram tells me that he has often seen maximum of 13 adults, he collected a Reference wrens about the buildings, although he total of 45 adults initially and 16 that re­ has not noted them attacking Trypoxy­ turned later. In other words, only about Alayo o., P. 1954. El genero Pepsis /on nests. The house wren, Troglodytes 1/4 of adult females were absent from Fabr. en Cuba (Hymenoptera - Porn· aedon, would seem to be the best can­ the nest at once. Furthermore, almost pilidae). Publ. Univ. Oriente, Santia· didate. half of the colonies had no wasps re­ go de Cuba (37):1-25. I am unaware of other observations tuming during the waiting period, so suggesting that birds systematically open that the entire colony was probably mud nests of any solitary wasp. present in the initial collection. Apparent Bird Predation on This raises the possibility that the Trypoxylon Brood highest figure from a series of daytime by Daytime Censuses as an censuses of a colony could be treated Christopher K. Starr Estimator of Colony Size as an acceptable estimate of the true St Augustine, Trinidad In Small-colony Wasps number of adults resident on the nest. by How many censuses should It take to The following observations are from Christophar K. Starr reach such ari estimate? My purpose Abraham •eram• Willink's argentine StAugustlne,Trin~ad here is to report a very small data-set country house at Taff del Valle, Tucuman from one species, which nonetheless (1985m), mid-December 1993. On the From the researcher's point of view, seems quite suggestive. outside walls of the house and out­ an important virtue of most small-colony During 3-4 July 1994 in the Domini· building I found numerous disused mud wasps (stenogastrines and independent­ can Republic's Parque Nacional del nests of an unidentified Trypoxylon sp., founding polistlnes) is the ease with Este, I did seven daytime and three each with up to about 30 cells. The which the entire colony can be observed nighttime censuses of each of 11 cells lay parallel to the wall, forming a inion Its open nest comb. It is custo­ founding-stage colonies of Polistes narrow comb up to three cells broad, mary to census colonies at night, under crinitus on nests with up to 27 cells. All i.e. no cell was separated from the wall the reasonable assumption that then brood was quite young, apparently con­ by more than two cells. I saw no adult and only then are all adults likely to be sisting of eggs and 1st-3rd instar lar­ wasps or nesting activity at that time, present. However, nighttime censuses vae. early summer. A nest of apparently the are not always practical, which raises A surprising result is the inconstancy same species in the lnstituto Miguel Ul­ the question of the reliability of daytime between nighttime censuses of a single lo collection is associated with wasps censuses. Are there circumstances in colony. Although the numbers did not identified as T. fabricator. A quick look which counts taken during daylight hours vary greatly, in only three of the 11 col· at It suggests that it is indeed a mem­ can serve as acceptable estimators of onies were all three censuses identical, ber of the fabricstol'-group, but the wasp the true number of adults in the colony? even though no colony had more than seems too small and the nest unlike Despite the popular view of social­ six adults. that of T. fabricator. insect colonies as scenes of Intense ac­ Only one colony (with a single adult) A peculiar feature of most nests was tivity, with foragers leaving and return­ was constant across all seven daytime considerable, fairly systematic damage, ing at a great rate and much of the censuses. However, even here the such that cells were opened along most workforce away from the nest at any variation between one census and the of their length, exposing the cells interi­ moment, experienced bug-watcheiS have next was not very great. In fact, H one ors. It did not have the appearance of long noticed that even during the active looks only at the first three and the last haphazard damage from weather or period, much of the colony much of the three daytime censuses, the numbers house-cleaning. Suspecting that birds time is doing nothing in particular (e.g. of colonies constant for all the three had opened the cells in search of wasp Wheeler 1957). This tendency is quite censuses are four and three, respec­ brood, I looked for nests in relatively pronounced in small-colony wasps, so tively, virtually the same as at night. bird-protected situations and found some that It is probably fair to say that at any Nonetheless, the average number of behind window gratings. These were not given moment most adults are probably wasps present at night Is somewhat completely enclosing, so that a small, at home. higher than in the active period, as ex­ agile bird could be expected to reach As an example, in order to collect pected. the nests, but It would have required complete colonies of Polistes olivaceus, If numbers are inconstant even at some maneuvering and would have P. stigma and Ropa/idia marginata dur­ night, should the lowest or the highest placed the bird in a situation from which ing daytime in the Mariana Islands, Miy­ number be taken as reflecting the true it could not quickly escape. ano (1994) first collected all wasps number of resident adults? I will evade Censusing on the two buildings, I · present at each nest and then waited at this question by noting that I am not found the following ratios of dam­ least one hour to net any retuming concemed here with what it means to aged:undamaged nests: adults, on the reasonable assumption be •residenr on a nest but with the de· that a forager was unlikely to be away gree of similarity between daytime and July95 15

was found. •Miakha St. Pk., Fla., Feb. Belomicrus apache, Trans. Amer. Ent. Enoplolindenius (Enoplolindenius) 18, 1937, o; TyPe Motes miakha." Soc. 66:15, 1940 [H). chibcha, Rev. de Ent. 13:416, 1942 Since this infonnation is identical with Belomicrus bridwe/11, Trans. Amer. Ent. [H]. that accredited to the type, the speci­ Soc. 66:93, 1940 [H). Enoplolindenius (Enoplolindenius) paria, men is presumed to be the type of Belomicrus cahuilla, Trans. Amer. Ent. Rev. de Ent. 13:419, 1942 [H). muspa. Soc. 66:39, 1940 [H, A). Enoplolindenius (lskutana) georgia, Rev. The species of Sphecidae in which Belomicrus cladothricis eriogonl, Trans. de Ent. 13:393, 1942 [H). Pate stated that the type was depos­ Amer. Ent. Soc. 66:70, 1940 [H, A]. EnoploHndenius (lskutana) jaragua, Rev. ited in the Academy collection, but Belomictus cladothricis prosopidis. Trans. de Ent. 13:401, 1942 [H). have not been found there, are as fol­ Amer. Ent. Soc. 66:72, 1940 [H, A]. Enoplolindenius (lskutana) orotina, Rev. lows: Ectemnius (Hypocrabro) alpheus, Be/om/crus cucumonga, Trans. Amer. de Ent. 13:397, 1942 [H). E. (Hypocrabro) texanus ais, E. Ent. Soc. 66:76, 1940 [H, A]. Enoplolindenius (lskutana) ponca, Rev. (Hypocrabro) satan, Psammaecius Be/om/crus forbesi penuti, Trans. de Ent. 13:395, 1942 [H). (Hopllsoides) alaya. Amer. Ent. Soc. 66:27, 1940 [H). Euplilus (Euplilus) calvert/, Notulae Nat. Be/om/crus istam, Trans. Amer. Ent. 190:1, 1947 [H]. SPHECIDAE Soc. 66:81, 1940 [H]. EupHius (Eup/1/us) diopura, Notulae Nat. Be/om/crus jurumpa, Trans. Amer. Ent. 190:4, 1947 [H). Ammoplanops ashmeadl, Trans. Amer. Soc. 66:53, 1940 [Hj. Euplilus (Euplilus) trlstani, Notulae Nat. Ent. Soc. 64:397, 1939 [H, A]. Belomlcrus mescalero, Trans. Amer. 190:3, 1947 [H). Ammoplanops cresson/, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 66:87, 1940 [H). Foxia navajo, Trans. Arner. Ent. Soc. 64: Ent. Soc. 64:395, 1939 [H). Be/om/crus pachappa, Trans. Amer. 146, 1938 [H). Ammoplanops foxi, Trans. Amer. Ent. Ent. Soc. 66:73, 1940 [H]. Foxlta atorai, Rev. de Ent. 13:380, 1942 Soc. 64:409, 1939 [H). Be/om/crus quemaya, Trans. Amer. [H). Ammoplanops moenkopi, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 66:47, 1940 [H]. Harpactostlgma (Arr::esilas) rutilum, Ent. Soc. 64:402, 1939 [H). Belomicrus sechi, Trans. Amer. Ent. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 64:69, 1938 Ammoplanops timberlakei, Trans. Amer. Soc. 66:60, 1940 [H]. [H]. Ent. Soc. 64:404, 1939 [H). Belomicrus serrano mono, Trans. Hoplisoides umboniada, Notulae Nat. Ammoplanops 'Viereck/, Trans. Amer. Arner. Ent Soc. 66:46, 1940 [H]. 91:1, 1941 [H). Ent. Soc. 64:406, 1939 [H, A]. Belomicrus seaano serrano, Trans. Losada paria, Notulae Nat. 55:4, 1940 Ammoplanus (Ammoplanus) chemehuevi, Amer. Ent. Soc. 66:42, 1940 [H, A]. [H). So. Calif. Acad. Sci. Bul. 41:151, 1943 Be/om/crus timberlake/, Trans. Amer. Metanysson (Huachuca) arivaipa, Trans. [H, A). Ent. Soc. 66:91, 1940 [H]. Amer. Ent. Soc. 64:186, 1938 [H]. Ammoplanus (Ammoplanus) loti, So. Belomicrus tuktum, Trans. Arner. Ent Metanysson (Metanysson) coahuila, Calif. Acad. Sci. Bul. 41:146,1943 [H). Soc. 66:84, 1940 [H). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 64:183, 1938 Ammoplanus (Ammoplanus) quabajai, Be/om/crus vanyuma, Trans. Amer. Ent. [H). So. Calif. Acad. Sci. Bul. 41:156, Soc. 66:17, 1940 [H). Metanysson (Metanysson) yavapai, 1943 [H). Belomicrus vierecki, Trans. Amer. Ent Trans. Arner. Ent. Soc. 64:178, 1938 Ammoplanus (Ammoplanus) sechi, So. Soc. 66:56, 1940 [H, A]. [H,A]. Calif. Acad. Sci. Bul. 41:149, 1943 [H). Bicyttes oribates, Rev. de Ent 6:220, Moniaecera (Monlsecere) evans/, Ent. Ammoplanus ~mmoplanus) ~~ So. 1935[H, A]. News 57:239, 1947 [HJ. Calif. Acad. Sci. Bul. 41:147, 1943 [H). Crossocerus (Biepharipus) callani, Moniaecera (Moniaecere) fox/ana, Trans. Ammoplanus (Ammoplanus) unami, Notulae Nat. 91 :5, 1941 [H). Amer. Ent. Soc. 74:49, 1948 [H]. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 63:101, 1937, Crossocerus (Biepharipus) stictochilos, Monisecera (Monfaecera) pinal, Notulae [H). Uoydia 6:304, 1944 [H). Nat. 185:10, 1947 [HJ. Ammoplanus (Ammoplanus) vanyumi, Crossocerus (Biepharipus) stricldandi, Motes (Notogonius) mescalero, Canad. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. Bul. 41:154, Uoydia 6:301, 1944 [H). Ent. 75:200, 1943 [H). · 1943 [H). Crossocerus (Yuchiha) phaeochilos, Motes (Notogonius) muspa, Canad. Ent. Ammoplanus (Parammoplanus) apache, Uoydla 6:276, 1944 (H). 75:201, 1943 [H). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 63:106, 1937 Diploplectron kantsi, Ent. News 52:6, Nltela cerasico/a, Brooklyn Ent. Soc. [H). 1941 (H]. Bul. 32:5, 1937 [H). Ammoplanus (Paremmoplanus) lenape Diploplectron vierecki, Ent. News 52:4, Nysson (Epinysson) maiae, Trans. Arner. lenape, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1941 (H]. Ent. Soc. 64:137, 1938 [H]. 63:104, 1937 [H). Ectemnius (Ciytochrysus) yosemite, Nysson (Nysson) chumash, Notulae Nat. Ammoplanus (Paremmoplanus) lenape Notulae Nat. 171 :3, 1946 [H]. 63:1, 1940 (H]. olamentke, So. Calif. Acad. Sci. Bul. Ectemnius (Hypocrabro) dizoster, Nysson (Nysson) coyotero, Notulae Nat. 41:160, 1943 (H, A). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 73:17, 1947 63:3, 1940 [H, A]. Aphllanthops (C/ypeadon) phoenix, Pan. [H]. Nysson (Nysson) psrtamona, Trans. Pacific Ent. 23:66, 1947 [H). Ectemnius (Hypocrabro) 1D-maculatus Amer. Ent. Soc. 64:139, 1938 [H]. Arigorytes anaetis, Canad. Ent. 79:55, ~uesta, Notulae Nat. 171:9,1946 (H). Ochleroptera jamaica, Ent. Nerrs 58: 1947 [H). Ectemnius (Hypocrabro) taino, Trans. 94, 1947 [H). Astata dominica, Ent. News 58:230, Amer. Ent. Soc. 73:22, 1947 [H). Oxybelus philippinense, Philip. Jour. Sci. 1947 [H). 64:383, 1938 [H). July95 17

tions are very difficult, particularly in the site sex can describe it. But it is im­ very clear here (see Art. 32(c)(ii) and Dryinidae, and that males are far more proper to identify one specimen as the examples). Unless there is explicit evi­ conservative structurally. This fact prob­ "allotype". Type material (holotype and dence in the original description of the ably makes males more valuable for paratypes (and allotype) can only be intended spelling, the name must stand generic analyses than females. Howev­ designated in the original description. as printed. Since Rohwer did not say er, the author bases his phylogenetic Subsequent descriptions of an unknown ·that he was naming the species after statements on females. Females are so sex are simply that. Grinnell, the species must forever be highly specialized for parasitic behavior Arnold Menke called gennelli that deriving a phylogeny for the Dryini­ These two examples clearly demon­ dae based on female characteristics may strate the desirability of providing the der­ show little useful resolution. Additional­ ivation of any new species name. This ly, it makes no sensa to do a phyloge­ is especially true for species named af­ netic analysis of species found in such ter people. If you think highly enough of a small, biogeographically unremarka­ DERIVATION OF someone to name a species after them, ble region. The species found here un­ SCIENTIFIC NAMES you should tell the world that you are doubtedly have sister species in other, naming the species in honor of •John" not necessarily adjacent regions, not Providing the derivation of the names or •Jane Doe". Otherwise the honor is just in the area of Denmark and Fen­ of new species is something that au­ lost, and you have no recourse if some­ noscandia. The cladogram on page 32 thors occasionally omit in their original how the name is misspelled when pub­ is a classic of its kind. descriptions. The consequences of this lished. However, overall this book is a thor­ can sometimes be disconcerting, and Arnold Menke ough, and valuable work. It is clearly in the case of patronyms, downright and concisely written, and contains one dishonorable. Occasionally a species Menke, A. S., 1966. New species of of the most detailed treatments of the name is published with a spelling differ­ North American Ammophila, Part II biology and morphology of these fami­ ent from that intended by the author. (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Proc. Bioi. lies ever published. It certainly contains This happens because an author may Soc. Wash. 79:25-40. the most beautiful Illustrations of these miss a typesetting error during reading Rohwer, S. A., 1910. Descriptions of wasps I've ever seen. of proofs, or he or she may, in some new psenid wasps from the United cases, not even see proofs. Under the States (Hymenoptera; Psenidae). Lynn S. Kimsey provisions of the Code of the Interna­ Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 12:99·104. Department of Entomology tional Commission on Zoological No­ University of California menclature, specifically Article 32, the Davis, CA 95616 original spelling of a name cannot be en.ended unless there is clear evidence in the original description of the intend­ ed spelling. I offer two examples that il­ ABE MAKES lustrate this point COMMERCIAL NEWS I described a new species of ALLOTYPES Ammophlla from Utah (Menke 1966) [Abstracted by Robin Edwards from an and called it uinta, after the Uinta lndi· article in The Nikkei Weekly, Tokyo: For some years now, I have been ans of that region. The printer spelled Vol 32, No.1644, October 31, 1994, serving as a review editor. This has ex­ the name unlta throughout the descrip­ page 5.] posed me to the writings of authors tion, and I did not see the error during from all over the world. I have been proof reading. Unfortunately, I did not A Nikkei staff writer reports on Take­ amazed by the fact that some taxono­ give the derivation of the name, so shi Abe's creation of a sports drink con­ mists have no real appreciation of the there was no evidence in the original taining some of the compounds found term allotype. For example, some writ­ description itseH that would permit me in the saliva of homat larvae. Abe, of ers will describe and designate the allo­ to emend the name to uinta, my intend­ the Institute of Physical and Clinical type of a previously described species! ed spelling. Thus the species will forev­ Research in Japan, figured that this sa­ Such action is simply Improper. Why? er be unlta. liva must be responsible for the amaz· The explanation is simple. When an au­ The North American hymenopterist, ing power that enables adult hornets to thor describes a new species, a holo· S. A. Rohwer, described (1910) a new beat their wings more than a thousand type is designated, and any other type species of Pemphredon (he actually used times a minute, and to fly over 100km a specimens cited in the original descrip­ the generic name Ceratophorus), and the day. His analysis of the saliva showed tion are paratypes. Some authors des­ published spelling was gennelli. Roh­ it contained large quantities of the ami­ ignate one paratype as an •allotype" to wer did not state in his description that no acids, glycine and proline. indicate that It is the opposite sex of the he was dedicating the species to the Abe's concoction has been tried by holotype. But that does not change the American lepidopterist, Fordyce Grinnell, marathon runners, rugby and ice hock­ fact that it is still a paratype. If an au­ · Jr., although the specimen on which ey players, and all have reported im­ thor describes a new species from only the description was based was collect· proved results if they drink the •potion" one sex, then anyone that subsequent­ ed by him and apparently •gnnnelli" before play begins. The actual contents ly finds the previously unknown oppo- was the intended spelling. The Code is of the drink are not reported! July 95 19

• IVth INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON SOCIAL INSECTS First Announcement The Russian Language Section of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects announces its IVth International Colloquium which will be held in St. Petersburg (Russia) from Friday 16 till Thursday 22 August 1996. The Colloquium will cover all aspects of behaviour, ecology and physiology of social and presocial arthropods and will be international with a broad participation of colleagues from other IUSSI sections and other scientists from abroad. The official languages of the Colloquium will be English and Russian. The scientific meetings are scheduled for four full days, the other two days being devoted to excursions all over St. Petersburg, its beautiful palaces, museums and environs. An additional excursion tour could be organized for two days after the Colloquium closure. Papers presented to Colloquium (up to 25 typewritten pages in English or in Russian) will be published in the IV volume of the Proceedings of the Colloquia on Social Insects. The authors will receive 50 reprints of each article without charge. We would be happy to see all our foreign colleagues among the participants of the IVth International Colloquium on Social Insects in St. Petersburg. If you intend to participate, please, send us a short application (see below). We will send out the second announcement at the beginning of1996. Communication: Dr. Vladilen E. Kipyatkov, President of the IUSSI Russian Language Section, Department ofEntomology, Faculty ofBiology, St. Petersburg State University, 719 Universitetskaya naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199084, RUSSIA Tel.: (+7) 812 218-96-79; Fax: (+7) 812 218-08-52, 218-18-46; E-mail: [email protected] cut here--.------

Name...... Address ...... ···························································· Fax: E-mail: I wish to submit: a paper a poster Prelimina:r;y title ofa talk/poster...... July 95 21

Michener, Char1es D . Shimizu. Akira • 1995. Some genus-group names of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoldea). J. Kan­ 1994. Phylogeny and classlflcaton of the family Pompllldae (Hymenoptera). sas Ent. Soc. 67(4):373-377. (Volume erroneously dated 1994) TMU Bull. Nat. Hist. (2):1-142. Machi, Allessandro and Damiano Luchetti Smissen, J. v.d. 1993. Note faunistiche su alcuni sfecidi italiani (Hymenoptera). Boll. Ass. Ro­ 1994. Zur Kenntnis dar Weibchen von Arachnosp/18 vitpi/Bbnormls Wolf, mana Ent. 47:103-107. 1976 und Arachnosp/la alvsrabnormis (Wolf, 1965)(Hymenoptera: Pornpil­ Mornoi, Setsuya idae). Drosera '94(112):63-70. 1995. Requiem for Dr. Kunio Iwata. lnsectarium 32(5):7-9. (in Japanese) Soika, A. Giordani Nesterov, M.A. 1990. I Katsmenes deii'Africa del Nord. Lavori- Soc. Van. Sc. Nat. 15:97- 1994. A new species of a wasp of the genus Gorytes (Hymenoptera, Spheci­ 100. dae). Tr. Z&povednika ·oaurskiy" (3):91-93. 1992. Di alcuni eumenldi nuovl o poco noll. Lavori - Soc. Van. Sc. Nat. Nonvelller, Guido • 117:41-68. 1994. Description du nouveau genra afrotropical Spinulomuti/18 et de onze 1993. Noons Dan Expedition 1961-1962: Hymenoptera, Eumenidae. Lavori­ espilces nouvelles (Hymenoptera: Mutlllldae) (Deuxi8me partie) {1). Ann. Soc. Van. Sc. Nat. 18:19-24. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (N.S.) 30(4):367-389. 1993. Eumenldi dl Sulawesi e Borneo raccolti da C. van Achterberg. Lavori­ O'Donnell, Sean Soc. Van. Sc. Nat. 18:25-31. 1995. Necrophagy by neotropical swarm-founding wasps (Hymenoptera: 1994. Nota sulle specie orientali del genera Rhynch/um Spinola {Hymenop­ Vespldae, Epiponinl). Biotropica 27(1):133-136. tera, Eurnenldae). Lavor1- Soc. Van. Sc. Nat. 19:37-52. 1995. Division of labor In post-emerganca colonies of the primitively eusocial Sorg, Martin and Klaus COlin wasp Pol/stu lnstsb/1/s de Saussura (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ins. Soc. 1994. Zu den Bathylldae und Chrysldidae von GOMersdorf (Kr. Daun) (Hy­ 42:17-29. menoptera Aculeate: Chrysldoldea). Dendrocopos 21:179-189. O'Donnell, Sean and R.L Jeanne Stange, Uonel A. 1995. The roles of body size and dominance in division of labor among work­ 1994. The tlphiid wasps of Florida (Hymenoptera: Tlphlidae). Fla. Dept; Ag­ ers of the eusoclal wasp Polybia occidentalls (OIIvier)(Hymenoptera: Ves­ ric. Consum. Serv., Ent. Circular No. 364. 2 p. pldae). J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 68(1 ):43-50. Strumia, Franco Olml, Massimo 1995. Hedychl1d/um mochil new species from Burma and H. monochroum 1994. Descrtzione di Gonatopus vidanoi, nouva specie del Cile, e del mes­ Buysson asp /ampunense Tsuneki new synonymy (Hymenoptera Chrysld­ chio di Gonatopus/Bcuans Olmi. Mem. Soc. ant. ital., Genova 72:327-330. ldae). Boll Soc. ent.ltal., Genova 126(2):155-159. 1994. The Drylnldae and Embolemldae (Hymenoptera: Chrysldoldea) of 1995. Two new species of Adelopyga from Africa. Boll Soc. ant. ltal., Geno­ Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Ent. Scand. 30. 100 p. va 126(3):255-259. 1994. New species of Drylnldae from Madageacar (Hymenoptera: Chrysi­ Tano, Tadashi doldea). Frustula Ent. N.S. 17(30):1-12. 1994. The type specimens preserved In the Tsuneki Collecllon. (I) Superfam­ Olmi, Massimo and Eduardo G. Vir1a Ily Sphecoldea {Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Japan. Ent. J. Fukui (14):3-8. 1993. Contribution to the knowledge of the Drylnidae of Argentina (Hyme­ (in Japanese) noptera: Chrysldoldea). Phytophaga 4:57-67. 1994. The type specimens preserved In the Tsuneki Collecllon. {II) (Insecta: Osten, Till Aculeeta). Ent. J. Fukui {15):43-48. (In Japanese) 1994. Baobachlungen zum Paarungsverhaiten von ScoliB cypda Saussura Tano, Tadashl and Tadao Murota 1855 (Hym. Scollldae). Unzer bioi. Baitr. 26(1):335-341. 1993. On the new recorded Pompllldae from Fukui Prefecture, Central Ja­ 1994. Zwalter Beitrag zur Kenntinis dar Scolildenlauna von Zypem (Hyme­ pan, with a species new to Japan (Hymenoptera). Ent. J. Fukui (13):51- noptera: Scolildae). Entomolauna 15(43):501-508. 52. {In Japanese) Petersen, Barge Tano, Tadashl, C. Nozaka, H. Kurokawa and Tadao Murota 1994. A bibliography of the Palaearctlc Mutlllldae, 1753-1993 (Insecta, Hy­ 1994. Studies on the Philippine Sphecoldea (Hymenoptera). Ent. J. Fukui menoptera). Steenstrupia 20(8):185-207. (13):51-52. (In Japanese) Quinn, Mark A., D.O. Walgenbach, R. Nelson Foster, K.C. Reuter and J.P. Toro, Haroldo and Elizabeth Chlappa McCaffrey 1995. Hipotesls sabre lactores determinantes de cllmorflsmo sexual an Sphex 1995. Trltrophic associations between spider wasps {Hymenoptera: Pomplll­ /atre/1/s/L.ap. (Hymenoptera: Sphecldae). Acta Ent. Chilena 19:13-19. dae), wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosldae), and grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Taro, Haroldo and Sergio Elortegul Acridldae) on mlxedgrass prairie. J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 68(1):7-19. 1994. Ajuste genital an Ia copula de Thynnlnae (Hymenoptera: Tlphlldae). Radchlnko, V. and Yu. A. Pesanko Parte II: E/aphroptera nfgtipenn/s(Smllh). Rev. Chilena Ent. 21:125-134. 1994. "Protobee" and Its nest: a new hypothesis on ear1y evolution of the Valentine, Barry D. Apoldea (Hymenoptera). Ent. Obozr. 73(4):913-933. (in Russian with Eng­ 1995. Identity of the Philippine anlhrtbld weevil prey of the wasp, Cercer/s lish summary) /uzonens/sCrewlord. Coleop. Bull. 49{1):52. Raveret Richter, Monica A., and Cynthia L. Colvin van Zuljlen, J.W.A. 1995. Vespu/8 vldua wasps scavenge caterpillar baits. J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 1994. The amazonlca species group of the genus Nlte/a Latreille (Hymenop­ 67(4):426-428. (Volume erroneously dated 1994) tera: Sphecldae: Crabroninae). Zool. Mad. Leldan 68(23):249-269. Roig-Aisina, Arturo Vardy, Colin R. 1994. A new genus of Plumarildae, with notes on the relationships among 1994. Unusual predation by a British SOCial wasp (Hym., Vespldae) on a spi­ the genera of the family (Hymenoptera: Chrysldoldea, Plumerlldae). Mitt. der. Ent. Mon. Mag. 130:188. Munch. Ent. Ges. 84:91-96. Vir1a, Eduardo G. and Massimo Olml Sakagaml, ShOichl F. 1994. Descr1ption of Gonatopus vir/a/ Olml, a new species from Argentina, 1995. Dr. Kunia Iwata's works on wasps. lnsectar1um 32(5):4-6. (in Japa­ and Initial data on Its development stages {Hymenoptera, Drylnldae). nese) Fregmanta ant. 26(1 ):85-94. Sarmiento M., car1os E. Welsco, William T. 1994. Llsta de las avispas soclales (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) de Colombia. 1995. Book Review: Queen number and SOCiality In Insects. J. Keller, ed. Rev. Bioi. Trop. 42{112):357-363. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 88(1):105. Schneider, Laura C. and Fernando Fell"lllndez C. Williams, Paul H. 1994. Hymenopteros con aguljOn {Hymenoptera: Aculeate) del Parque Re­ 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees (Sombus Latr.): a re­ gional Natural Ucumari, p. 277-289 In: Ucumari, un caso liplco de Ia diver­ appraisal of morphological evidence. Syst. Ent. 19:327-344. sided blotlca andina, J.O. Rangel Ch. (ed.). CARDER and Universidad Yamane, Saiki and Josef Gusanleltner Nacional de Colombia, Pereira. 1993.Two new species of the genus Ancistrocerus (Hymenoptera, Eumeni­ Silvera, Orlando Tobias dae) from Taiwan. Linzer bioi. Baltr. 25{2):987-991. 1994. Polistes (Epicnemius) occultus, a new neotropical social wasp (Vespi­ Yamane, Saiki and Tadaski Tano dae, Polistlnae). Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ. 29(4):189-196. 1995. The RyOkyll species of the genus Cerceris (Hymenoptera, Sphecoid­ Silvera, Orlando Tobias and Antonio Tobias Silvera ea, Philanthidae). Jpn. J. syst. Ent. 1(1):11-21. 1994 (1995?). Comparative morphology of skeletal parts of the sting appara­ Yanega, Douglas tus in neotropical polistine social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polisti­ 1994. Arboreal, ant-mimicking mutlllld wasps, Pappognatha; parasites of ne­ nae). Sociobiology 25:295-327. otropical Eug/ossa (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae and Apidae). Biotropica 26 Shima, Sulene Noriko, SOichi Yamane and Ronalda Zucchi (4):465-468. 1994. Morphological caste differences In some neotropical swarm-founding Ylldirim, E. & Ozbek, H. 1993. Polistlnae (Hymenoptera: Vespldae) of Turkey. polistine wasps. I. Apoica ftavisslma (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Jpn. J. Turk. ant. derg. 17:141-156. Ent. 62(4):811-622.