ARNOLDS. MENKE, Editor Terry Nulln, Editorial Assistant Sjlslomalic Entomology I.Bbratory Aaricultural Research Service, USDA c/o llational Musaum of Natural History Smnhonian Institution, Washi~ton. DC 20560 APRIL 1989 (202) 382·1803 A FORUM FOR ACULEATE WASP RESEARCHERS SPHECOS

EDITORIAL FRASS acknowledge the help of Britt Griswold. Back Issues of Sphecos He gave us initial training in the Not to be outdone by the spnly looks Macintosh and helped get us started We have stockpiles of most of the of our sister newsletter Melissa with Sphecos 18. past issues of Sphecos, and we edited by Ron McGinley and Charles Esthetics aside, there are two would like to reduce the quantities. Michener, we have accepted the serious reasons for adopting the new Several issues are completely gone (3, challenge and entered the world of three column format. The mailing list 7, 13) and several others are in short Macintosh with this issue of for Sphecos is becoming gargantuan supply (1, 2,11, 12, 14,17), but we have Sphecos. Could this be the (572 people - larger than some plenty of the remainder. If you Jack any beginning of Newsletter Wars? Using a journals!), and mailing costs for an back issues send us a Jetter listing Macintosh II, Ready Set Go! (a issue of nearly 50 pages in the old those you would like to have and we'll desktop publishing program) and a format were becoming horrendous. For mail them off to you. scanning system, we have embarked example it cost nearly 4 dollars to on an entirely new look for Sphecos. airmail a single copy of the last issue The scanning system, for those of overseas! Hyou mu~iply that by 250, you who may be unfamiliar with this the approximate number of foreign technology, involves a machine that recipients, the mailing cost ls scans (or reads) typed copy, or staggering without including all of the drawings, into the computer system, North American mailings that cost in allowing them to be inserted directly the neighborhood of 1 dollar each. RESEARCH NEWS into the document being produced. Because of the ever tightening US Kalle Previously we retyped your ms. into the government budgets, the Systematic Remm (Institute of Zoology computer, which was quite time Entomology Laboratory simply cannot and Botany, Vanemuise 21, Tartu, consuming. By scanning your material, afford this kind of expense any longer. Estonia, 202400 USSR) is interested in much typing time is saved, although By using a 3 column format and a the faunistics of Estonian wasps, and is the system isn't perfect and many smaller type font, Sphecos can be currently working on Sphecoidea. errors must be corrected. Figures reduced in size considerably. The scanned into the computer can be considerable weight saving due to Lloyd Elghme (Pacific Union cleaned up or modnied on screen. The fewer pages will reduce mailing costs. College, Angwin, Calif. 94508-9797) scanning system only works well on And an issue of fewer pages means reports: "The Diodontus revision is text material submitted in type written that it will be possible to have sufficient finally published. This has been a form. So if you would like your future copies reproduced to cover our mailing fascinating and frustrating experience. articles scanned into Sphecos, needs. Something, like writing a please use a typewriter for the copy, or Even so the cost of airmailing book. As one if computer generated, printed in letter Sphecos overseas may be deemed author so aptly stated, 'Writing a book is quality mode with words spaced well prohibitive by the leadership of SEL like having a baby, easy to start but apart. Some draft mode printing cannot and the day may come when the difficult to finish.' The same could be be scanned. newsletter will have to be sent surface said about doing a generic revision. Terry Nuhn is rapidly becoming an mail. That may resu~ in a delay of 6 or One of the great frustrations has been expert on the Macintosh and he is even 8 weeks between mailing and that of not having sufficient time to responsible for putting this entire issue receiving Sphecos by some readers. devote to research. My life as a in the computer. We must I hope that that day never comes. teaching professor in a small college 2 SPHECOS18

has been very rewarding but I have Chris Starr (Dept. of Horticulture, reference to the Western Himalayan never been able to devote the time to Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602) Region." research that I would like. Now, after 35 says: "My revision of Parischnogaster, years of classroom teaching, both my the largest and best studied of the six J_C. Felton (Karel Doormanlaan wife and I are going to retire in June of stenogastrine genera, is nearing 197, 2283AM Rijswick, The this year. We are moving to the State of completion. One effect of this will be to Netherlands) reports that his recent Washington, near where I spent my triple the number of valid species, not studies on Gorytes laticinctus, Nite/a childhood years, and as soon as we get terribly surprising when we consider and the Trypoxy/on figulus group are settled, I plan to do lot more collecting that the genus had never been revised now published (see RECENT and studying. I will be taking a good before and consists of inconspicuous LITERATURE). Available time is now sized collection w~h me and I expect to wasps in Southeast Asia. What is being applied to Mimumesa unicolor I add to tt considerably over the next few surprising is the large number of littoralis in collaboration with George years. The unsolved problems of Philippine endemics among the new Else of the BM(NH). Progress is slow Diodontus are still a challenge to me and species. It was very good luck that I and any suggestions on morphological I will continue to collect specimens and collected in so many parts of the or ecological differences between these gather data in hopes of finding Philippines, with special attention to two would be gratefully received. In the solutions.• stenogastrines. Seike Yamane and I future lies the possibiltty of returning to are planning to revise the second Nitela to look at the Iberian species in Eric Hammerstrom (Backgatan largest genus, Eustenogaster, but it will collaboration with Professor Gayubo at 12, S-614 oo SODERKOPING, Sweden) probably take us qutte a long time. Salamanca. wr~es: "I am an amateur entomologist, "Presently, I am working full-time on especially interested in social aculeate the behavior and chemical ecology of a Marc Tussac (Route du Clos du wasps. I was born in 1962 and live in weevil (that's right, one of those insects loup, Cidex 7521, France 31180- Siiderkoping, a little town on the east with the sharp parts at the opposite Castelmaurou) wr~es "Nous partons en coast of Sweden, 16km southeast from end), while struggling to wrap up the voiture avec mon frere Hubert pour the city of Norrkoping and 180km previous year's wasp taxonomy in an recolter des Hymenopteres durant trois southwest of Stockholm. My orderly way." semaines au Maroc du 28 avril au 21 mai profession is telephone operator. For 1989 (5000 a 6000 km aile-retour a several summers I have studied and Fernando Fernandez C. and partir de Toulouse). Nous allons photographed European Vespinae. In William A. Cublllos (Apartado Aereo explorer Ia zone littorale atlantique a particular, I have been looking for 77038, Bogata 2 D.E., Colombia) wrtte: partir de Kenttra jusqu'a Aqadir -reqion differences between the species of "We are undergraduates in Biology at qui nous a deja donne de nombreuses Dolichovespula in the construction and the National University of Colombia at nouvelles especes-, puis les oasis location of their nests. In that regard the Bogota, now preparing our senior pr9-sahariennes comma Tafraoute, ltterature could be better. Last summer I theses on the Hymenoptera of Colombia Ouarzazate, Zagora. Cette periode de also began looking at ants." Oriental, with special attention to social l'annee est particulierement wasps. Although there is a great interessante pour les Eumenidae. M.W.J. Crosland (School of diversity of species in this part of the Pourquoi pas un voyage dans deux ans, Biological Sciences, University of New country, the pauctty of keys and other 'sur les pas de De Beaumont', dans le South Wales, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, identification materials is causing us sud Algerien (Biskra, Montagnes des N.S.W. AUSTRALIA 2033) announces: considerable difficulty. We would be Aures, etc... ) avec d'autres "I just have received a Fellowship to very interested in communicating with hymenopteristes d'Europe ou d'autres work on the biology and control of the others who have interests similar to continents !! me contacter (voiture et wasp, Vespula germanica, in Australia.· ours and with specialists who might camping)." assist us in identffying Hymenoptera." Christian Schmid-Egger ( U. Kirschbaumlebuck 18, D-7840 S.K. Gupta (Zoological Survey of Mullheim, West Germany) and India, Northern Regional Station, 218, Reinhold Treiber (Eugen-Nagele­ Kaulagrh Road, DEHRA DUN- 248195, Str. 29, D-7290 Freudenstadt) are INDIA) reports "I have completed the working on the distribution and ecology systematic studies of the family of Po/istes bischoffi Weyr. in southern Scoliidae from India. At the present, I MISSING PERSONS Germany. Any information about this am engaged in the systematics of the wasp would be welcome. families Tiphiidae and Sphecidae from Tom Muir (of Reston. VA) the Indian Subcontinent with special Maury Walsh (of Columbus, Ohio) APRIL89 3

Johan BUlen (of Brussels, Belgium) behavioral data whose interpretation Larry French (of Davis, Cam.) HELP NEEDED could be enriched by precise Laurence Packer (of Sydney, information on relatedness. Our Australia) John F. MacDonald (Dept. of laboratory is set up to measure D.B. Jayaslngh (of Kingston, Entomology, Purdue Univ., West relatedness using the method of Queller Jamaica) Lafayette, Indiana 47907) writes: "I and Goodnight (Evolution, in press) Albert Glraldl (of Bethesda, MD) would like to ask a question pertaining on allozyme data. H there is enough Cristina Larsson (of Perstorp, to 'property owner's liability' relative to allozyme variation at scorable loci, we Sweden) the existence of a colony of social can get an estimate of relatedness wasps. Numerous home owners, who among nestmates (and a standard otherwise might enjoy observing a error) from as few as 10 colonies w~h 4 hornet or yellowjacket colony on their individuals per colony. An ideal would property have expressed concern over be 30 colonies with 10 individuals per their personal liabil~y in the event of a colony. We would like to hear from stinging episode. I have tended to colleagues who are interested in a NEW ADDRESSES discourage them from maintaining collaboration to measure relatedness colonies that were situated in sites among nestmates. The specifics will Steven Aim: Dept. of Plant Science, subject to human activity. Do any need to be worked out in each case, but University of Rhode Island, Sphecos readers know of a case in our general plan is to obtain wasps that Kingston, Rl 02881. which legal precedent has been are alive, or kept at • 70• C (in an Eric Eaton: 730 Riddle Rd., Apt. established relative to: ultracold freezer, or on ice, or liquid 102N, Cincinnati, OH 45220. 1) a 'hazard' stemming from a colony nitrogen), and nest identities and S.K. Gupta: Zoological Survey of that had been unknown to a property information from a collaborator. We will India, Northern Regional Station, 218, owner, and do the allozyme work, and calculate Kaulagarh Road, DEHRA DUN (U.P .) 2) a 'hazard' stemming from a colony relatedness, and then collaborate on 248195 India. that was known but then knowingly the publication of the results in Darryl Gwynne: Dept. of Zoology, not destroyed, either due to desire to whatever way is mutually agreeable. Erihdale Campus, Univ. of Toronto, enjoy it or to a reluctance to spend We have just finished the allozyme work Mississauga, Ont. Canada. money to have ~destroyed? from our first collaborative venture with Jeffrey A. Halstead: 4886 E. "I would very much appreciate hearing Stefano Turillazzi and R~a Cervo. We Jensen Ave., Fresno, Calif. 93725. about any legal experiences and went to Florence (we were in the area Ralmond V. Hensen: I. B. personal opinions of Spheco~s anyway) to pick up specimens of Bakkerlaan 69·111, 3582 VV Utrecht, readers, so that I might better deal w~h Polistes gal/icus, P. ninfa, P. biglumis, Holland. the questions that I receive pertaining P. dominulus and 2 social paras~es that Jacques Petit: rue des Combattants to this matter. Thanks!" Stefano and Rita had collected, and 2, 4492 Bassenge, 041 86 4429 brought them back to the US in a liquid Belgium. Joan E. Strassmann, David C. nitrogen container (mailing speciems in David C. Post and Holly Downing: Dueller, and Colin R. Hughes ice is another option). We plan to Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Wisconsin · (Department of Ecology and continue to collaborate with them, and Whitewater, Whitewater, WI 53190. Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, hope that Sphecos can generate (Congratulations! -ed~.) P. 0. Box 1892, Houston Texas 77251; interest in collaboration from others. Hal Reed: Biology Research (713) 527~4922; BITNET, Laboratory, USDAIARS, 1700 S.W. STRASSM@RICE) are interested in Till Osten (Staatl. Museum fUr 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32604. measuring relatedness among Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1, 7000 nestmates in social wasps. We already Stuttgart 1, West Germany) pleads have such measures for over 20 "Help needed! I am looking for the species in the following genera: translation of the Russian text in Polybia. Parachartergus, English, French or German of: A.M. Mischocyttarus, and Metapo/ybia. But Steinberg (1962) 'Scoliidae' in: Fauna we feel that a broad understanding of of the USSR 13, 185 p." the role of relatedness in sociality can only come from more measures of Eric Eaton (730 Riddle Rd., Apt. relatedness in many taxa. We are 102N, Cincinnati, OH 45220) writes: particularly interested in collaborating "We at the Cincinnati Zoo would be with individuals who have extensive interested in obtaining a bulldog ant 4 SPHECOS18 colony and/or some exotic large sol~ary revision of the pompilid wasp genus wasp species we can rear, or at least Pepsis in 1989 and would like to borrow NOMENCLATURE keep alive for a fairly long time. Scoliid all material not so far requested, please, wasps perhaps? We already have EXCEPT that collected in the U.S.A. More on the Grammar of Species excess scarab larvae, if we could You can regard "named" material as Names In ·fer (and -ger) persuade a female wasp to oviposit. I effectively unnamed, since by think ~would be nice to get some carton misidentWication is the norm. (This does George C. Steyskal nests (Chartergus, etc.) for our insect not apply to material named by Hurd for (Cooperating Scientist, Systematic architecture display, too. Can anybody his 1952 revision of nearctic species). Entomology Laboratory, USDA, c/o US out there help? The sketch herewith will enable National Museum of Natural History, immediate separation of the genus from Washington, DC 20560) James Carpenter and Jun-lchl all other Pompilidae, except for 2 large, Kojima are involved in an NFS aberrant species of Pepsis from the was somewhat amazed when supported project on the Polistinae. Peruvian Andes/coast ("if in doubt, reading Cameron 's notes on "·FER "We'd like to request nest specimens, send"). Many thanks. VERSUS -FERUS" (Sphecos 17: 8) to particularly of Polybioides and young find that the largest part of the article phragmocyttarus-nesting species. was concerned with the meaning of We're also going to include larval 'latinize,' inasmuch as I always characters in the study (to be analyzed thought, and as Cameron abundantly of the by Jun-ichi Kojima), hence we'd also like makes clear, that the problem title subject has nothing to do with to request larvae, particularly of tropical TRANSLATION 'latinize,' although there are problems species. It'd be preferable if they were enough properly concerned with the fixed in Dietrich's first, but pickling in Origin and evolution of meaning of that verb. alcohol will also do. Finally, we don't hymenopterous insects, by A.P. I would disagree with Cameron's have males of Nectarinel/a, Asteloeca, Rasnitsyn, 1980, has been translated statement that "there are 179 genuine Synoecoides or Occipitalia, so if into English. It is not yet available, but I Latin adjectives in -fer." I find anyone has any we'd be grateful for have seen the first draft. When agaricifer, annulifera, and auricu/iferus their loan." available, I will put a notice in in the first few pages of the index Sphecos. - ed~. (Proiskhozhdenie i volume of the Catalog of Colin Vardy (Dept. of Entomology, evoliutsiia pereponchatokrylykh Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico as species names, but I British Museum (Natural History), nasekomykh. Trudy Paleonto­ do not find them in Harper's Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD logicheskogo lnstituta. Vol. 174. Unabridged Latin Dictionary, England) intends to complete his Moskva: Nauka, 1980, 191 p.) where they would occur w~h -fer. I do not think that makes them less "genuine Latin." although they are In Pepsis, "A" is less than 1/2 "B"; in others, more. Modern Scientific Latin and one is incorrect. It should also be noted that words in -ger, -a, -um, another quite sizable category, are gramatically equal to those in -fer, -a, -um. There has also been some trouble with the part of speech of these names, vis., it has been held that they may be Pepsis nouns (substantives). This somehow got into the latest edition of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature in the Example to Art. 31.(b).(i). All adjectives in Latin and many other languages may other Pompilids upon occasion be treated as nouns (as genus names they are always nouns); in fact, Latin grammars treat both nouns and adjectives as "names" (nomina). viz., nomina substantiva (names in substance) and nomina adjectiva (names applied to another name). Words derived from other APRIL89 5 words wHh the formants -fer and -ger They may ridicule taxonomists for from Day (1979) are as follows: (as well as many others with such making too many changes, something Po/islas gallicus of authors • P. formants as -anus, -ensis, -ivus) are that systematists do not need when it dominulus (Christ) adjectives by virtue of their formation, is hard to gain support for our sort of Polistes foederatus Kohl • P. even though in some cases, as in work. But a certain number of name gallicus (l.) armiger, they were used more often, at changes are necessary because of Thus the much-used Linnean name least in classical Latin, as nouns than advances in the biological knowledge gallicus is transferred from one species as adjectives. But they still remain and there is nothing to do about H. The to another. There are dozens of basically adjectives by formation. nomenclature reflects the status of the important papers on dominance I suggest that the only plain, simple, science. The number of changes, interactions, physiology, etc., of the P. and time-saving solution to the however, would be moderated by gallicus of authors, not to mention problems wHh -fer and-ger names is to recognizing fewer, larger genera. secondary references in texts on consider all nomenclatural species­ "Simple" Name Changes: There behavior, etc. Hthe change advocated group names in this category as is a large class of name changes that by Day is accepted, it will be decades adjectives agreeing with the most of us accept even though they before anyone can easily tell what is genus-name to which they are attached are regrettable. These are the changes meant by the name Polistes gal/icus in the way such words are declined in resulting from restudy of type because different people will accept all Latin grammars, viz., -fer, masc.; specimens and other activities of the change at different times. The -fera, fern.; and -Ierum, neut.; -ger, persons revising groups. One often confusion has already started, with a masc.; -gera, fern.; -gerum, neut. This discovers that a widely used name is a few authors following Day, others not. makes it unnecessary to find out junior synonym of an older name. One could say that all authors should whether or not the author was mistaken Unless the species involved is preserve voucher specimens to ver~y in his spelling, used the name as a extremely well known, like Drosophila the species on which they worked, and noun, or was mistaken concerning the melanogaster, most systematists that such specimens would clarify the gender of the genus wHh which he used make such changes with little confusion resulting from changing it. See also the Code, Art. 32.(d),(ii), complaint. If thy name alpha (1940) names. Of course for various reasons and Example. represents the same species as the it is desirable to preserve voucher lncidentaly -icola, -icola and incola, name beta (1910), the law of priority specimens. But most readers cannot sometimes also used incorrectly with says that we use beta. This is part of be expected to examine vouchers. The -us ending, present a similar problem, the bookkeeping needed to keep track reason we use names is to substitute but a different one inasmuch as such of the nomenclature. No confusion tor showing actual specimens In words are nouns of masculine gender results if tor years after discovery of describing a study. and to be used as such in apposition the synonymy, some people continue As noted by Macfarlane (1988), and therefore invariable. to use the name alpha; we know the similar problems exist in Bombus. species that is intended. If a very Bombus terrestris of authors = B. important name like D. melanogaster, is audax (Harris) Names Changes to be Avoided: found to be a junior synonym, one can Bombus lucorum L. = B. terrestris L. Examples in Pol/ales and (and should) record the problem but In this case Day does suggest Bombus request the International Commission recourse to the ICZN. Physiological by on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to and behavioral papers on terrestris ot Charles D. Michener set aside the law of priority for the sake authors are numerous, and both (Snow Entomological Museum, Snow of stability. species are well known to Hall, University of Kansas, Anhough it is nomenclature and not systematists. As Macfarlane notes, Lawrence, KS 66045) biology, I appreciate and encourage similar problems involve the name work like that of Day (1979) designed Bombus muscorum L., which is The principal function of scientific to determine the identity of old type transferred by Day to another species, nomenclature is to make npossible for specimens. Until such work is done, B. humilis of authors. each of us to know what organisms the old names are always a threat to Transfer of a name from one species others are talking or writing about. commonly used names that might turn to another in cases such as these Changes of names are therefore out to be junior synonyms. serves no scientific purpose, and is a unfortunate. Sometimes they are "Double-barrelled" Name disservice to the field of systematics. necessary, as when two "species" are Changes: There is one kind of Many biologists already regard found to be conspec~ic (one of the two nomenclatural change that must be taxonomy with skepticism, and there is names loses out), or when with avoided, preferably always, but at least no point in ver~ying their impression. improved knowledge a species is when it involves species that are well We need to show that we are moved from one genus to another. known in the biological literature scientists, who, as a minor part of our Taxonomists can always keep track outside of systematics. This is the work, devise, use, and if necessary of almost any name change. shift of a name from one species to change names for the purpose of Nontaxonomists can learn about and another. Such changes result from making it possible tor everyone to know accept necessary name changes. ancient misidentifications. Examples what others are talking about. Transfer 6 SPHECOS18 of a name confounds these objectives. Sphecoidea - see Michener, 1986, J. One should never promptly accept Kansas Ent. Soc. 59: 219-234 - transfer of a name from one entity to FORUM edit.) another and it is presumptuous to insist upon such a change. Instead, one Brothers' Aculeate Phylogeny should follow current usage, while by The Subspecies Debate noting the possibility of a change. No Tom Piek by confusion resuns from such a course. (Farmacologisch laboratorium, Univ. of Robin Edwards Those concerned with maintenance of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 11 05 AZ (Rentokil ltd, Felcourt, East Grinstead, current usage should request ICZN to Amsterdam Zuidoost, Netherlands) West Sussex RH19 2JY) conserve that usage in the interest of stabil~y. ICZN should then balance Good question in Sphecos 17, Oh dear, here we go again I Not content arguments for stability against those Justin! Brothers (1976) has provided w~h giving us TWO names for many for inflexable application of the law of impressive morphological arguments vespine subgenera (ie. a •subgenus" prior~y. Day's paper appeared ten for the close relationship of vespid and name and a "species-group" name) we years ago and has not led to scoliid wasps, and an additional now have two names for some appropriate action by the community of toxinological argument (kinins in the subspecies. Is it worth all the trouble, I biologists. Macfarlane indicates that venom) has been presented recently ask myseff - in the past, Vespa tropica action is imminent on the Bombus (see Sphecos 16:28). deusta was simply: cases. Is it not time that persons For Justin Schmidt and me it was a "Vespa tropica deusta", interested in Polistes take similar surprise to find kin ins in ant venoms too but in the future we will have to refer to: action in the case of Polistes gallicus? (Comp. Blochem. Physlol., in "Vespa tropica, north Philippine press), and recently we found kinins in colour-form (= V. t. deusta)". References tiphiid and myzine venoms. No kinins Ah well, at least there is comparatively Day, M. C. 1979. The species of are known in other aculeate groups, but little written about these hornets, so it Hymenoptera described by Linnaeus the Chrysidoidea have not been will not become too much of a chore. in the genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, investigated. Having said that, I do appreciate the Apis and Mutilla. Bioi. Jour. Although Brothers (1976) and value of getting rid of some of the Llnnean Soc: [London), Konigsmann (1978) said that the subspecies names • there are far too 12:45-84. Tiphiidae and Scoliidae and not closely many as my 1980 Check List made Macfarlane, R. P. 1988. Bombus related, both groups share a few clear (in fact I produced it for this very terrestris (l.)--Does a change in its important non-morphological purpose). Therefore I am in agreement useage (sic) really serve science? characters: behaviour, egg deposition, with most of Michael Archer's Melissa, no. 3: 7-9. and venom composition in particular. proposals, but I do hate the idea of Finally, many tiphiids look like scoliids. having TWO names for some hornets. Based on Brother's classification: I [but Robin, if deusta has been wouid like to propose a modffication in relegated to simple synonymy with the place of tiphiid wasps as shown in tropics, then you only have one name­ the accompanying diagram. Justin and edit.) Surely it is not ESSENTIAL for I look forward to the reactions of others EVERY subspecies name to be interested in this subject. [Tom, the T-Shlrts Available diligently eradicated like cockroaches name Apoidea has priority over in a kitchen. Why not keep just a FEW have about 10 Aculeate Wasp ...... of the old subspecies names, like Research Team T-shirts left, all size • VESPIDAE • anthracina and unicolor, for the large, all in silver gray (see Sphecos .:SCOUID.U FOAMICIDAE .: "difficult to resolve" forms? [this 17:20). The wasp is done in two colors . smacks of sentamentalism, a Ira~ that (abdomen red) and it looks greatl If has no place in science- edit.] you want one, send me $11. More shirts can be printed if there are More on Vespa tropics sufficient orders. The Ashmead subspecies Club/Club Ashmead shirt was also by printed, but the orders were so few that Christopher K. Starr there are no extras (see Sphecos SPHECOIDEA (Dep1 of Horticulture, Univ. of Georgia, 17:21 ). However if I get an order for 12 Athens, GA 30602) we can run that one off again. The Ashmead shirt is truly unique and can CHRYSIDOIDEA Discussions by Mike Archer be worn with pride, apprehension, and a (Sphecos 17: 9-11) and Bob devilish smile. Let me (Arnold Jacobson (17: 11-12) of subspecies Menke) know if you are interested in problems in Vespa with special either shirt. attention to V tropica prompt me to add APRIL89 7 three comments of my own. Mike's Snelling on Subspecies happen if a subsequent author in 1915 physical characters for separating V. by decides the thing is merely a variety (in tropica and V. philippinensis are Roy Snelling other words returns it to it's original interesting but even w~hout them there (Dept. of Entomology, Natural History status) is unclear; presumably the can be little doubt that the latter is a Museum of Los Angeles Co. 191 0 action is binding. There is some good species. The ranges of the two 900 Expos~ion Blvd. confusion, too, as to what consmutes overlap broadly in Luzon and the Los Angeles CA 90007) a "valid" elevation to subspecific from Visayas islands and tropica is present infrasubspecific status. All in all, I at all of the localities where I have The fine art of naming subspecies is think we were better off before the collected philippinensis. Anyone who gradually dying out, a distinct blessing. "improvements" were made in the Code. maintains that they are conspecific Someone once noticed that (to A pox on tinkersI must plausibly say how their striking paraphrase) the subspecies is the color differences are maintained refuge of those of little faith. Yes, I w~hout genetic isolation. In add~ion, have, in the past, named a few; all are On Starr and Tribal Names the only V. philippinensis colony now, I think, in synonymy or recognized by examined to date (Ins act e s as distinct species. Roy Snelling Soclaux 34: 1-9, 1987), was several The "incipient species" concept was times as big, I believe, as any V. ok, but generally couldn, be validated; I agree with ASM (editor's insert in tropica colony reported from Southeast most "subspecies" appear to be little Starr, Sphecos 17:13). Enough. As Asia. more than geographical segregates ASM notes, it's time for others to get Setting aside V. philippinensis, I too that represent selected points of clinal off it and develop and express their have long doubted that all forms of V. variation. However, we should not be views rather than live vicariously off "tropica" are conspecific. It is hard to too harsh on those who named those of us who are rapidly acquiring a accept that a single species of social subspecies in the past; Ws always reputation (possibly deserved) for wasp extends over such a range, easy to assume much of significance being contentious and tendentious. especially the latitudinal range from when one knows little (i.e., hasn't Honshu to New Guinea. I am also enough material). Those who would struck by the apparent variation in describe subspecies now, I think Yet more on Tribes In colony and nest size w~hin this range. should be prepared to offer some Pollstlnae The largest mature colony collected by reasonable proof that their decision is by Makoto Matsuura in Japan had just 40 sound. James Carpenter adults (Bull. Fac. Agrlc. Mle Fortunately, the infrasubspecific (Museum of Comparitive Zoology, Unlv. 69:1-131, 1984), smaller than form is now a dead issue, one that has Harvard Univ., most temperate Polistes. On the other not been much of a problem for bee and Cambridge, Mass. 02138) hand, of the several immature colonies wasp taxonomists; it has been ? which Justin Schmidt and I dug up on nightmare for myrmecologists, Hey, hey, hey. Those who would use Luzon, the largest had 450 cells and however, and the lepidopterists are tribal names in the group must use roughly 200 adults. Two others also really "out to lunch". This doesn, mean "Epiponini" for the group Richards had well over 40 adults. V. "tropica" that I approve of the way the new ICZN termed "Polybiini". Epiponinae seem to be rather generalized Rules are written. As a matter of fact - Bequaert, 1918, has priority over ground-nesting vespines, which may I DON'T. In my view, the new Rules Polybiinae Bequaert, 1922. The latter tend to obscure specific differences have created a whole new set of changed the name, evidently at the between some forms. problems that will only generate new behest of some colleagues, saying in a The subspecies V. tropica cebuana, confusion and wrangling. Hthe Rules footnote that he regarded this an described from two females by Kojima had simply stated that infrasubspecific unimportant. The Code rules and Reyes (KontyQ 52:260-261, taxa proposed after a certain date otherwise. Hey, hey, hey. 1984), is an artifact. I have seen the would have absolutely no nomen­ paratype, which does indeed have the clatural status and let ~ go at that, then described color anomaly, but I also I wouldn't have any quarrel. But, Chrysldoldea I Bethyloldea took the trouble to borrow the series of people (especially petty bureaucrats) by Cebu females from the University of must meddle. So, an infrasubspecific Arnold S. Menke San Carlos collection at Cebu city. name proposed in 1898 is available for They all match V. tropica anthracina purposes of homonymy but not for Carpenter's comment on Epiponini Bequaert, the form found throughout priority. That's silly and contradictory. reminded me of a similar issue. There Luzon and the Visayas (N E W [I agree! - edit.] If that name was are many workers out there in "wasp SYNONYMY). raised to subspecies rank in 1910, it landia" (borrowed from Lube Masner?) becomes available for purposes of who still cling to the supertamily name priority as of that date and, Bethyloidea in spite of the fact that additionally, is ascribed to the author Chrysidoidea is the oldest name and who did so. That is silly. What would under the Code must be used. 8 SPHECOS18

Vesplda vs. Hymenoptera The system is repeated in the second diversity is tied directly to the by volume, though with the names tremendus diverstty of bees and wasps Alex Rasnltsyn changed: Scarabei, Grylli, Cimices, found at BFL. These 28 species are (Paleontological Institute, USSR etc. listed below, along with their active Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Rohdendorf (1977) was the first person periods as obtained from collection str. 113,117868 Moscow, USSR) to propose adopting Vespida as the dates. Abbreviated active periods are ordinal name for what has always been due to a pauctty of specimens for Johann Nepomuk von Laicharting, called Hymenoptera. Rohdendorf's several species. This list includes a Professor of natural history at paper was reprinted in English in my new Texas state record, lnnsbruck, Austria, published his proposal to the International Pseudomethoca nudula Mickel. "Verzeichniss und Beschreibung der Commission on Zoological Previously it was known only from Now Tyroler lnsecten" in 1781-84 (2 Nomenclature (Rasnitsyn, 1982, Bull. Mexico. I have also picked up this volumes in one). h was published by Zool. Nomcl. 39: 200-207) on species at Pedernales Falls State Fuessly in Zurich. Vol. 1, dated 1781, regulating the names of taxa above Park, which is about 30 miles west of contains i·xii + 248 pages. Vol. 2, family group names. Austin. dated 1784, contains i-xiv + 176 pages. Basically Rohdendorl's thesis is that As far as I am aware, this work since familial and tribal names are MUTILUD (ACTIVE PERIOD) contains the first classification of based on generic names, it is only I. Timul/a leona (Blake) arthopodan orders using typified logical to extend this typological (May-August) ordinal names (those derived from or approach to names above the rank of 2. Timul/a oajaca (Blake) based on generic names). I haven't family. We adopted Laicharting's (Febuary.June) read the book because my German is ordinal names in our book 3. Ephuta sudatrix (Melander) not good enough, but the ordinal names "Development History of the Class (July) can be qu~e easily repeated here; they Insecta"' (Rohdendorl and Rasn~syn, 4. Ephuta sp. (August) are from volume 1, p. ii-v: 1980, Trudy Paleon. lnst. 175). In my 5. Sphaeroptha/ma a. auripilis (Blake) opinion the typffied (and thus codified) (April-October) I. Scaraboides. Kaferartige lnsecten approach to forming ordinal names 6. Sphaeropthalminae (August) (Coleoptera Linn., Geoff, Eleuterata avoids or reduces the arb~rariness in 7. Pseudcmethoca brazoria (Blake) Fabr.) name formation that the Code (May-October) II. Grylloides. Gryllenartige lnsecten expressly promotes for lower taxa. 8. Pseudomethoca frigida (Smtth) (Coleoptera Linn., gen. 218, Why shouldn't ordinal names conform (June.July) Hemiptera Linn., gen. 219-220, to the same regulations as family 9. Pseudomethoca gila (Blake) Coleoptera Geoffr. , Ulonata Fabr.) names? (May) Ill. Cimicoides. Wanzenartige lnsecten 10. Pseudomethoca i/ione (Fox) (Hemiptera Linn. gen. 222-230, (May-October) Aptera Linn. gen, 265, Hemiptera 11. Pseudomethoca nudula Mickel Geoff., Ryngota Fab.) New Texes Record IV. Papilionoides. Schmetterlingartige 12. Pseudomethoca oceola (Blake) lnsecten (Lepidoptera Linn., (April-November) Tetraptera alis farinaceis Geoffr., 13. Pseudomethoca propinqua Glossata Fabr.) (Cresson) (July) V. Libelluloides. Wasserjungferartige SCIENTIFIC NOTES 14. Pseudomethoca simi/lima (Smtth) lnsecten (Neuroptera Linn. gen. (March-September) 234-240, Tetraptera alis nudis Mutlllld Wasps of Brackenridge 15. Myrmilloidesgrandiceps (Blake) Geoffr., Synistrata Fab.) Field Station, Travis Co., Texas (April-November) VI. Vespoides. Wespenartige 16. Dasymutil/a arcana (Mickel) lnsecten (Hymenoptera Linn .. Compiled by (July-August) Tetraptera alis nudis Geoffr., Allan W. Hook 17. Dasymutil/a birkmani (Melander) Synistrata Fabr.) (Dept. of Biology (Aprii-Auqust) VII. Musdoides. Fliegen-artigen St. Edward's University) 18. Dasymutilla bollii (Fox) lnsecten (Diptera Linn., Geoffr., (May-October) Antliata Fabr.) Determinations by 19. Dasymutil/a creon (Blake) VIII. Cancroides. Krebsartige Donald G. Manley (June) lnsecten. (Dept. of Entomology 20. Dasymutil/a electra (Blake) IX. Aranoides. Spinnenartigen Clemson University) (May.June) lnsecten. 21. Dasymutilla klugii (Gray) X. Oniscoides. Asselartigen Brackenridge Field Laboratory (BFL), (January-October) lnsecten. 5 miles west of downtown Austin, 22. Dasymutifla meracu/a Mickle supports a rich mutillid fauna with 28 (May) species recorded thus far. Mutillid APRIL89 9

23. Dasymutil/a perilla Mickel contenninus posterus is rare in Cuba. all. (Throughout her tenure, she (June) The variation in color traits of this displayed almost no notice of me, even 24. Dasymutil/a quadriguttata (Say) species (Evans, 1950, A taxonomic during close-up examination of the nest (May-October) study of the nearctic spider wasps and photography.) For live 25. Dasymutilla scaevo/a (Blake) belonging to the tribe Pompilini consecutive nights, however, I did not (April-November) Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part I. see her on her nest and I thought it had 26. Dasymutilla texanella Mickel Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 75: 133- been orphaned, The night of 26 May (April-September) 270. and Wasbauer and Kimsey, 1985). found her coiled about the petiole on 27. Dasymutil/a vesta (Cresson) Also, the male and the female are not top of the comb and she assumed this (April-September) different from those collected posture nearly every night, until being 28. Photopsis sp. (June) throughout its range. The front wing is usurped by a V. maculifrons queen on 3 nearly hyaline with a darker apical June. band. In the female, the anterior and I first noticed the maculifrons queen First Record of tha Spider Wasp middle legs are rufous but the posterior the evening of 3 June, and immediately Ganus Eplsyron In Cuba ones are bright rufous ferruginous, checked the area lor the orange (Hymenoptera: Pompltldaa) except the coxae and trochanters. In germanica; I looud no evidence of her by the male, the posterior pair are more and could detect no damage to the Julio Antonio Genaro reddish than others which are rufous, nest. My early effort to mark the (Apartado 6099, Habana 1 0600 Cuba) but less bright than in the female. usurping maculifrons queen were futile. and Of particular interest is a pale yellow She became very agitated, running Coralla S. Sanchez A. band on the third tergum in both wasps across the comb, shaking the nest (Ins!. Ecologia y Sistematica, ACC) as in some Texas and Florida strongly, disappearing behind the specimens (H. E. Evans, pers. envelope, and even making brief flights Episyron is a cosmopolitan genus, comm.). off the nest. I eventually got a spot of occurring in all major zoogeographic The wasps have been deposited in blue on her right wing as she ran regions. The subspecies conterminus the Institute de Ecologfa y Sistematica, exposed across the comb. (She posterus (Fox) is encountered from Ciudad Habana. remained very agitated in my presence Costa Rica to central California, We gratefully acknowledge Prof. H. throughout her tenure, preventing eastward through southern Arizona, E. Evans (Colorado State Univ.) who close observations since she ran southern New Mexico and southern confirmed the wasp identifications and "wildly" across the comb and took brief Texas to southern New York kindly provided literature. flights off the nest when I ventured too (Wasbauer and Kimsey, 1985, California close) spider wasps of the subfamily By the morning of 4 June, blue wing Pompilinae (Hymenoptera: An Exposed V. germanlca maculifrons had added her tan paper to Pompilidae). Bull. California Colony Usurped by maculifron~> the periphery of the envelope around Insect Surv. 26: 1-130). Elliott at by the opening, reducing it to the extent a/, 1979, (Preliminary annotated list of John F. MacDonald that she barely could pass. From 11-16 the wasps of San Salvador Island, the (Entomology, Purdue Univ., West June, blue wing maculifrons made daily Bahamas, with a new species of Lafayette, Indiana 47907) envelope modifications that included Cerceris (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae, nearly complete closure during the day Scoliidae, Vespidae, Pompilidae, On 20 May 1983, I discovered an followed by nightly removal of paper Sphecidae). Proc. Entomol. incipient Vespula germanica colony, resuning in a nearly fully exposed comb Soc. Washington, 81: 352 - 365) suspended from my front porch ceiling. by about 6 AM. (Such activity was in collected a male (June, 1978) on I was unable to do more than make contrast to the original foundress) Salvador Island. Below we present the casual observations, due to existing (Could this daily "closure" be first record of this genus from Cuba. commitments, but I was able to associated with defense against A male and a female were collected in observe a few interesting events. usurpations?) GOines, Havana, on November of 1987 Unfortunately, I had to remove the The first (still teneral) germanica and December of 1988 respectively. colony the night before a trip to Europe worker was present at 5:30 PM on 21 Both pompilids were found while we on 30 June. The nest had grown June, "peacefully" in contact with blue were doing a study on resource enough to hinder opening the door and wing maculifrons on the comb lace. (I parUioning in a community of sphecid potential house-sitters left no doubt tried to mark her, but gave up when wasps in a quarry. In this quarry there that they "wanted it gone!" blue maculifrons became very are many areas of bare ground where The queen had conveniently started agitated.) On 22 June, a dead (still many species of bees and wasps were the nest just above and exactly soft, undamaged) germanica worker nesting. between the two ends of an up-turned was beneath the nest and another During two years of collecting in the horse shoe that was nailed to the porch germanica worker peacefully with blue area, no other specimens were seen, wall. I applied a spot of orange paint to maculifrons on the comb face. On 23 nor were any found in cuban an abdominal tergum, without June, 3 germanica workers were collections. This suggests that E. disturbing the germanica foundress at observed, making occasional flights, 10 SPHECOS18 and peacefully interacting with blue Megachilidae) into a circular pattern couplet 6. The first two have the gaster maculfrons (She still became very and packed into the "capped" cells. A yellow and black, but w~h strong scutal ag~ated when I got too close). short trip up the ladder to the eaves of stripes. They may be separated from I collected the entire colony at 9 PM my home quickly verified that this each other by the long prestigma in on 30 June and placed ~ in a freezer observation was not unusual (nests cajennensis. Apoica pal/ens has a until my return in late July, when lfinaly were collected on 27 September 1988). wh~e gaster. got to examine the nest. Tearing open The bee was identHied as Megachile the envelope exposed the resident centuncularis (l.) by Steve Krauth. Polybia flavitincta Fox will fall at adu~s. two germanica workers and an Of six old nests, three showed signs couplet 9; nis larger than rejecta (i.e. unmarked macu/ifrons queen, but no of occupation by leafcutting bee brood. forewing length > 8 mm ), its wings are evidence of the blue wing maculifrons The largest nest collected had 217 mostly yellowish, and its covered w~h that I observed the night of 29 June. cells of a possible 368 cells (59%) dense golden pubescence. Polybia The events at this (unusually packed w~h leaves and bee brood. The raui Bequaert will also fall at the situated, but naturally occurring) second nest had 189 of a possible 250 couplet; its forewing is slightly colony provide further example of cells (64%) occupied by leafcutting bee infuscate, not yellowish. intraspecifiic and interspecific brood. And an examination of the third usurpations of incipient Vespula nest revealed that 115 of 148 cells It should also be noted that some colonies, and may represent the first (77%) housed leafcutting bees. specimens of Polybia diguetana have evidence of maculifrons taking over a Obviously, the shape and size of paper yellow on the metanotum. The only germanica colony. I found it wasp nest cells look like good homes to reliable way of separating this species interesting, but frustrating, that the adult leafcutting bees for the housing from ocidentalis is the shape of the usurping maculifrons queen remained of their own young. Unfortunately for petiole oust under one ha~ as broad as so agitated in my presence. Perhaps the brood, only about 6% of them ~s length posterior to the suspensory such a response to an external apparently emerged as adults ligament in diguetana; broader in stimulus and near closure of the (indicated by the number of exit holes occidentalis). envelope opening during the day are made by emerging adults), whereas the attributes of usurping queens, in rest of the bee cells were occupied by contrast to a founding queen. dermestid larvae and psocids. ~ is not Vespldae List clear to what extent this latter finding Guanacaste National Park, was cause or effect. The nest brought Costa Rica A Much Overlooked Use of Old to me by John Gorman was not so records from identrtications by Paper Wasp Nests afflicted and each of the 44 wasp nest J.M. Carpenter by cells housed a single viable megachilid (for Ian Gauld, Frank Joyce Gregg Henderson larva. A parasite, Monodontomerus and personal) (Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of obscurus Westwood (Torymidae), Wisconsin -Madison, emerged from some cells. EUMENINAE Madison Wl53706) The incidental utilization of old Euodynerus crypticus (Say) Po/istes nests by megachilid bees has Leptochi/us tropicanus Parker For several years now part of my not to my knowledge been reported Minixi mexicanum (Saussure) graduate research has required me to before. Leaving old nests hanging from Monobia angulosa Saussure go to stranger's homes to ask for buildings may turn out to be an efficient M. nigripennis Saussure permission to collect any paper wasp way of increasing wild bee populations Montezumia azurescens (Spinola) (Polistes fuscatus) nests that I might for the purpose of crop pollination. Omicron agressor Soika ? find around. After a chuckle of two the Pachodynerus nasidens (Latreille) homeowner usually grants permission P. praecox ( Saussure) for this intrusion and I busily go Additions to Social Wasps Pachymenes aztecus (Saussure) ? collecting. Old nests (of a previous of Costa Rica P. near ghilianii olivaceus (Saussure) year) are not collected but occasional by Parancistrocerus fulvipes observations of them are made. They James M. Carpenter (Saussure) or near~ sometimes are covered with spider Parazumia n. sp. webs, and the exposed cells, many of I recently did some identifications for Pseudodynerus quadrisectus which are still capped, often appear to various people working in Guancaste aztecus (Saussure) contain aged remnants of National Park, nee Santa Rosa, in Stenodynerus n. sp. near farias unsuccessful wasp brood. However, Costa Rica. This added some species (Saussure) recently John Gorman, a beekeeper, to the list recorded by Chris Starr in S. temoris Bohart brought an old paper nest to me and Sphecos 15:13-20. The following S. undiformis Bohart pointed out that the capped cells I notes will key them out using his key: Zethus aztecus Saussure believed to be the work of paper wasps Z. dreisbachi Bohart & Stange were actually leaves freshly cut by Age/aia cajennensis (F.), areata (Say) Z. fuscus (Perty) leafcutting bees (Hymenoptera: and Apoica pal/ens (F.) will fall at Z. near gracilis Smith APRIL89 11

Z. hlstrionicus Zavattari long. There were two lepidopterous at Cochabamba are a Cuyodynerus Z. spinosus Saussure larvae at the end of the shaft. sp.; a Pachodynerus sp.; Montezumia Z. strigosus Saussure 2) A male was seen standing at the ignobiloides Willink and M. Zeta argil/aceum (L) edge of another burrow. A female was koenigsmanniWillink. just inside the burrow; several times The only other biological record for POUSTINAE she poked her head out as Hto leave: the hilarianus group is for hilarianus Age/aia areata (Say) • when she did so the male palped the Saussure which also nests in the A. cajennensis (F.) • female's antennae with ~s own. The ground, pre-empting nests of bees A. myrmecophi/a (Ducke) female responded by retreating several (Bohart and Stange 1965, p. 16). Apoica pal/ens (F.) • times. Sometimes, as the female Brachygastra mellifica (Say) retreated, the male would poke most of References 8. smithii (Saussure) ~s body into the burrow. Once the male Bohart, R.M. and LA. Stange 1965. Metapolybia aztecoides Richards chased off another male that A revision of the genus Zethus Mischocyttarus angulatus Richards approached too close. At last, the Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere. M. immarginatus Richards female emerged from the burrow; the Univ. Calif. Publ. Ent. 40: 1-208. M. melanarius (Cameron) male immediately mounted her and Stange, L.A. 1975. Los Zethus de Parachartergus fratemus(Gribodo) copulated briefly; the female then flew Bolivia. Acta Zool. Lilloana 31: 77-98. Polistes canadensis (L.) off. The male then entered the burrow P. earnifex (F.) but soon emerged again and began to P. dorsalis (F.) fly around the nest s~e. A smaller male Sphecold Wasps of Kerala, P. instabilis Saussure approached the burrow but was chased India P. major Beauvais off by the larger male. The smaller male by P. pacificus F. persisted and several times arrived at V.V. Sudheendrakumar Po/ybia diguetana Buysson the edge of the burrow but was always (Division of Entomology, P. flavitincta Fox • chased off. Eventually, the larger male Kerala Forest Res. Ins!., P. occidentalis (Olivier) moved further away; the smaller male Peechi - 680653 Kerala, India) P. raui Bequaert • managed to approach the burrow and and P. rejecta (F.) enter a couple of times without being T.C. Narendran Synoeca septentrionalis Richards chased away. Soon after, both males (Dept. of Zoology, Univ. of Calicut, began to leave the vicinity of the Kerala, India) • indicates a species not listed in C. K. burrow, returning at longer and longer Starr's key to the Polistinae of the intervals until they both disappeared In a survey conducted in Kerala, park (1987, Sphecoa 15). Polistes completely. India, 46 species of sphecoid wasps erythrocephalus Latreille was also Unfortunately, these observations were collected and identified. This reported from the park in that key. could not be continued. After riots in collection included the 8 species the city the nervous military would not previously reported from this region allow anyone on the hillside which (Fabricius, 1781; Bingham, 1897; Van Note on the Biology overlooked the army barracks. der Vecht, et a/., 1968; and of Zethus porter/ Stange Sudheendrakumar and Narendran, (Vespldae: Eumenlnae) Remarks 1985). In the collection there were by This species belongs to the representatives from 30 genera and 7 Martin Cooper hilarianus group of Zethus, not the subfamilies. Among the species, Uris ("Hillcrest", Ware Lane, Lyme Regis, smithii group in which Stange placed it subtessellata and Bembecinus Dorset, England DT7 3EL) (Stange 1975), since the labial and pusillus, and among the genera, maxillary palpi are reduced in both Ammop/anel/us and Piyuma are new The following brief observations were sexes. The labial palpi are records from India. The status of 13 made on a hillside covered with 4-segmented in both sexes, the species are kept in abeyance as they scrubby, xenophytic vegetation on the maxillary 3-segmented in the females have been determined only up to the outskirts of the city of Cochabamba in and 4-segmented in the males. (The generic level for want of additional Bolivia on the 24th-25th February 1982. maxillary palpi of the males appear specimens. 1) A female of this species was seen 3-segmented at first glance as the The details of the species recorded in to enter a burrow in the ground. This fourth segment is small and stub-like.) this study are presented in the female was captured as it emerged. Dr. Willink confirmed this placement by following list. Soon afterwards a male arrived and kindly scanning the type series at alighted at the edge of the burrow, then Tucuman for me. Unlike other species SUBFAMILY AMPUUCINAE left and flew around a nearby burrow. in the hilarianus group which have a 1. Ampulex compressa (Fabr.)(OR') The nest of the captured female was reddish ground-color, porteri is 2. Ampulex sp. A excavated. It was a simple curved exceptional by being black except for 3. Trirogma caerula Westwood (NR') shaft going straight down into the some reduced pale yellow markings. ground 0.4 em in diameter and 8 em Other similarly dark Andean Eumeninae 12 SPHECOS18

SUBFAMILY SPHECINAE 39. Psenulus sp. a wasp fly at him (evidently out of the 4. Ammophila stripes F. Sm~h (NR) broken end) and sting him on the wrist. 5. A. /aevigata F. Sm~h (NR) SUBFAMILY NYSSONINAE This intrigued me, so I went over to his 6. Cha/ybion benga/ense (Dahlbom) 40. Ammatomus a/bipes (Bingham) place to investigate. Once there, the (NR) (OR) limb was located; the exposed end (5 7. Ch/orion lobatum (Fabr.)(NR) 41. Bembecinus pusillus (Handlirsch) em in dia.) had a single pre-existing 8. Parapsammophila erythrocepha/a (NR) burrow penetrating longitudinally a (Fabr.)(OR) 42. Bembix borrei Handlirsch (NR) short distance. Inside was a nest of 9. Sce/iphron coromandelicum (Lep.) 43. B. g/auca Fabr. (NR) Trypoxylon that contained three (NR) 44. Bembix sp. nr. ovans Bingham cocoons, of a size that suggested a 10. S. madraspatanam madraspatanam 45. Bembix sp. nr. latftarsis Handlirsch moderately large species. (Fabr.)(OR) 46. Stizus rufescens (F. Sm~h)(NR) The sting caused Gutzke's wrist to 11. S. javanum nalandicum Strand (OR) swell noticeably and evidently the pain 12. Sphex argentatus Fabr. (NR) • NR ~ new record; OR • old record. was impressive and long lasting. 13. S. sericeus fabriciiDahlbom (NR) Okey, so ~ sounds like a vespid sting. 14. S. praedator luteipennis Mo"csary References But Gutzke has had many a~ercations (NR) Bingham, C.T. 1897. The fauna of with Polistes over the years. When British India. Hymenoptera vol. 1, stung he proceeds to grab and SUBFAMILY ASTATINE 579 pp. dismember every wasp remaining on 15. Astata boops (Schrank)(NR) Fabricius, J.C. 1781. Mantissa lnsec­ the nest; evidently he has bui~ up an toram I. Hamb. et Kilonii 552 pp. immun~y to their venom. SUBFAMILY CRABRONINAE Sudheendrakumar, V. V., and T.C. I can relate that moderately sized 16. Dasyproctus buddha (Cameron) Narendran 1985. Alpha taxonomy of Trypoxy/on have a very impressive (NR) three new species of Sphecidae sting. could it have been that a 17. Oxybe/us sp. nr. agilis Sm~h (Hymenoptera) from the Malabar guarding female occupied that burrow? 18. Piyuma sp. (genus new to India) region (India). J. En!. Res. 9: 50-53. is it just chance that both Sceliphron Van der Vecht, J., and F.M.A. Van and Trypoxylon nest above ground, SUBFAMILY LARRINAE Breugal 1968. Revision of the aggregate their cells, and prey on 19. Gastrosericus menoni nominate subgenus Sce/iphron spiders? Sudheendrakumar & Latreille. Tijdschr. En!. 1 1 1: 185-255. If anyone asks, I state that sphecids Narendran (OR) do not sting, But when discussing the 20. Gastrosericus sp. nr. wroughtoni role of the sting in social evolution, I Cameron Comments on Sphecld Wasp would have to qualify that statement. I 21. Larra vechti Sudheendrakumar Stinging Behavior expect no one has ever tested this & Narendran (OR) by question in sphecids. I also find it 22. Liris aurulentus (Fabr.)(NR) Allen W. Hook interesting that Gerling, Velthuis and 23. Liris subtessellatus (F. Smith)(NR) (Dept. of Biology Hefetz (Ann. Rev. En!. 34: 1 63-90) 24. Liris sp. nr. aequalis (W. Fox) St. Edward's Univ., Austin, TX 78704) list ten vertebrate predators of large 25. Lyroda formosa (F. Smith)(NR) Xylocopa. [Species of Ammophila 26. Pison punctifrons Schuckard (NR) Given the recent interest in sting can, sting a person. You can safely 27. Prosopigastra sp. nr. creon (Nurse) evolution, I would like to relate two grab them with your fingers and remove 28. Solierel/a tumeri Dutt (NR) "stories" of supposed sphecid stinging them from a net. Apparently their 29. Tachysphex bengalensis Cameron behavior. The first incident took place stinger is too blunt to pierce human (NR) around 1977 on St. catherine's Island, skin. - edit.] 30. Tachysphex sp. nr. pompiliformis Georgia. Simply, a ornithology (Panzer) graduate student got stung on his neck 31. Tachysphex sp. nr. tinctipennis as he walked out a cabin door. New Distribution Records for (Cameron) Evidently he swatted the wasp, PIson 32. Tachytes modestus F. Smith (NR) causing it to briefly hit the ground (Sphecidae) 33. T. nftidulus (Fabr.)(NR) before flying off. He swore it was by 34. Trypoxylon errans Saussure (NR) Sce/iphron, but of course I did not Arnold S. Menke 35. Trypoxylon sp. believe him. I should mention that Sce/iphron nested all over this building SUBFAMILY PEMPHREDONINAE and so this student was familiar with Since the publication of my revision 36. Ammoplanellus sp. (Genus new to this wasp. of the New World species of Pison India) The second incident occurred last (1988, Contrib. Amer. En!. lnst. 37. Carinostigmus congruus (Walker) summer in Austin; my notes are 24:1-171 ), I have received additional (NR) recorded under Bio. Note No. 49·88. A material for study from several 38. Po/emistus raoi Sudheendrakumar good friend, Mad-Dog Gutzke, while sources: Universidad Central, & Narendran (OR) sawing off a dead and broken limb had Maracay, Venezuela; Provincia! APRIL 89 13

Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, they are present only on V-VI, and in Canada; California Academy of the last specimen they are present on TECHNIQUES Sciences, San Francisco; Henry V-VIII Oust a tiny tylus on VIII). The Hespenheide, Dept. of Biology, Univ. of length of the tylus on flagellomere V Mounting Wasps from Alcohol California (UCLA), Los Angeles; and varies from nearly as long as the article by Allan Hook, St. Edwards Univers~y. to only a short tylus near apex. When I Michael Sharkey Austin, Texas. Some of the material described the species only two males (Biosystematics Res. Centre, Agric. represents new country or state were available and tyli were present on Canada, Ottawa, Canada KIA OC6) records and these are tabulated below. flagellomeres VI-VII in specimen from If specimens are collected into El Limon, Venezuela. The other male alcohol, which is usual for Malaise Pison agile from Colombia had linear polished traps, care must be taken when they TEXAS, Travis Co.: Austin, BFL, areas on VI-VII instead of tyli. are prepared for mounting. If they are Aug. 9, 1988, A. Hook (USNM). air-dried directly from alcohol, setae This is a new state record and Pison longicorne often adhere to the cuticle, obscuring extends the known range of agile in the COSTA RICA. Heredia Prov.: La Selva many morphological structures. US considerably southwestward. Biological Station, 3 km S Pto. Viejo, Air-drying also causes the soft tissues April2-4, 1984, March 25-31, 1988, of the abdominal sternum to collapse Pison cameronii H. Hespenheide (UCLA, USNM). and interesting characters are thereby GUATEMALA: lzabal Las Escobas, VENEZUELA, Bolivar. Rio Surukum, lost. Cr~ical-point drying avoids these problems and usually produces May 1987, M. Sharkey (Alberta Mus.) Carretera Sta., Elena lcabaru, 850m, high-quality specimens, but this This is the first Guatemala record for Jan.19-31, 1985 (Maracay). method is expensive and rather time cameronii. This is first record of /ongicorne from consuming for large specimens. A VENEZUELA, Aragua: El Limon, 450 m, Venezuela. simple method that achieves better or June 18, 1972 (Maracay). equal results is to immerse the This is the first Venezuela record Pison pi/osum specimens in 95% ETOH and 100% forcameronii. VENEZUELA, Aragua: El Limon, 450 m, ETOH each for 24 hours, then in June 18-26, 1972, May 21, 1973, chloroform for two hours, after which Pison conforme Nov. 16, 1973, Jan. 28, 1979, Nov. time they are air-dried. This procedure COLOMBIA, Valle: linea sn. Luis cr. 19, 1985, males and females stops the shrinking of soft membranes Candelaria, Feb. 25, 1976 (Maracay). (Maracay). and all pilos~y stands erect, away from the body. If sets of small cages or COLOMBIA, Valle: linea sn. Luis cr. perforated polyester bags are used, Pison cressoni Candelaria, Mar. 6, 1976, female the method is very rapid and great COSTA RICA, Heredia Prov.: La Selva (Maracay) quantities of wasps may be processed Biological Station, 3 km S Pto. Viejo, in one run. July 16, 1982, March 29, 1988, H. Pison pistil/urn Others (e.g. Vockeroth 1966) have Hespenheide (UCLA, USNM). PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Sigi Camp used xylene or amyl acetate instead of (between 3 & 4os and 139 & 1400E), chloroform but the results are not as Pison de/icatum Feb. 21, 1939, one female, L. J. good. COLOMBIA, linea Samaritano cr. Cali, Toxopeus (Leiden Museum) Oct. 6, 1975 (Maracay). Woj Pulawski sent me this record. This is the second known specimen. An Improved Indicator Paper for the Detection of Pison eu Hymenopteran Stings VENEZUELA, Aragua: El Limon, Pison woji by June 17-27, 1972, May 31, 1972, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Madang Prov.: Gregg Henderson Feb. 20-22, 1981, two females, five Baiteta (12 km NW Alexishafen), (Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of males (Maracay) Dec. 9, 1987, two females, M Wisconsin - Madison, Madison WI) The clypeal lobe of one female is Wasbauer (CAS). atypical. It is not indented at the The clypeus is more strongly sinuate Most wasp and bee researchers have middle and thus resembles euryops, laterally than in type. had the misfortune to discover that an but the facial measurements are agitated colony will attack dark colors correct for the species. The males are preferentially to lighter colors. In of particular interest because there is studying wasp/bee behavior it is sometimes important to know which variation in the development of the individuals in a colony will attempt to flagellar tyli. In 2 males tyli are present sting an object (often times losing their on flagellomeres V-VII, in two others life in the process), and if the initial 14 SPHECOS18

sting acts as an attractant. However. directed to an event recorder (Evans N. sciopteryx (Hawaii) indicator papers that I am aware of are 1975, Ann. Ent. Soc. 68: 398-400). Eucerceris ruficeps (California) white, turning purple in response to the Even if it cannot be excluded that a Phi/anthus nasalis (Cal~ornia) acid of the venom. Through some few records are caused by casual experimentation I have come up w~h an intruders, the method gives a clear Vespidae indicator paper that starts out purple picture of the beginning and the end of Odynerus niihauensis (Hawaii) and stains yellow once stung. This activity and of periods of maximal 0. sorer (Hawaii) paper is an improvement over other activity. papers that I am aware of since the Comments on these species should wasps (or bees) will zero in on the be addressed to: Regional Director. paper "seH and not the researcher. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWE-SE). Lloyd 500 Building, Suite PREPARATION 1692, 500 NE Multnomah Street, 1. Dip fitter paper in 0.1% Bromophenol Portland, OR 97232. Copies of the blue solution (in H20) notice may also be obtained at that 2. While still damp, dip treated paper in ENDANGERED SPHECIDAE, address. Comments on species from MUTILLIDAE AND . other regions should be addressed to Alconox detergenVH2o sol. VESPIDAE Director (FWE-SE). U.S. Fish and 3. Air dry Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. by 20240. Recording Activity of Nest Paul Opler Building Solitary Aculeates (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, by Fort Collins. Colorado 80524) Erik Tetens Nielsen (Sherwood Hammock Bioi. Lab. On January 6, 1989. the U.S. Fish 4598 South 25th St., Fort Pierce. and Wildlife Service published an Florida 34981) extensive 'notice of review· on United SOCIAL WASP PREYING States animal species and subspecies It has for a very long time been the ON MOSQUITOES believed to be candidates for custom of observers to "put a cross" of protection under provisions of the U.S. straws over the entrance to a nest, so Ron Ward of the Smithsonian Endangered Species Act, to be extinct. one could see whether the owner had Institution brought the following paper or to be previously considered names been passing the entrance during the to our attention and we share it with that are now known to be taxonomically absence of the observer. It was readers of Sphecos - edil. invalid or to represent taxa now thought mostly used in cases of nests in sand H. H. Stage reported in the June, to be in no danger of extinction (se.e with a more or less horizontal surface. 1948 issue of Mosquito News (8(2): Drewry in Recent Literature). The If the cross is undisturbed, we know 73) that he observed two adult Services is seeking further information that the wasp has not crossed il, but if anopheline mosquitoes being caught on these candidates or about other il is disturbed, il does not tell how many and devoured by Polybia occidentafis species that might be considered. times the wasp has been there. With parvufa (F.) inside a stable trap at the Twelve species of Sphecidae, one wasps living in hollow tubes such as edge of the jungle near Moengo, Mutillidae and two Vespidae are bamboos. the method is virtually Surinam. This was the only mentioned for the Uniled States. All worthless. During a recent observation of such predation during are listed as Category 2 candidates - investigation of Trypargilum striatum two weeks of collecting. species requiring more information nesting in bamboo tubes. I developed a Ron (heh, heh) suggests that this before a decision can be made. These method which may be useful also in may be a new biocontrol procedure for species are as follows: other cases. It is a burglar alarm malaria vectors. based on the principle that a pulsed Mutillidae beam of invisible infrared light is Myrmosu/a (Myrmosa) pacifica directed towards a reflector from which (California) it is bounced back to a sensor. As Sphecidae long as the sensor receives the beam. Deinomimesa hawaiiensis (Hawaii) nothing happens; but if the beam is D. punae (Hawaii) interrupted. an alarm is started. The Ectemnius giffardi (Hawaii) type I used (Radio Shack 49-551, E. curtipes (Hawaii) $34.95) has a transmitter and sensor E. fufvicrus (Hawaii) built into one unit. tt is placed above E. ha/eaka/ae (Hawaii) the entrance to the tube. and the E. bidecoratus (Hawaii) reflector-plate is placed 8-10 inches Nesomimesa kauaiensis (Hawaii) below II. The impulse to the alarm is N. perkinsi (Hawaii) APRIL 89 15

saw colonies of Polybia sericea, the area we found Parachartergus COLLECTING REPORTS Brachygastra lecheguana, and Polybia spica/is, Polybia rejecta, and one large occidenta/is, though not in great colony in a hollow limb of Stelopo/ybia Collecting Eusoclal Wasps In abundance. In the mango trees on the [now Age/aia- edh.) areata. (We thank Maracay, Venezuela gounds of the hotel we found a number Jim Carpenter for identifying these by of colonies of Po/ybia emaciata. specimens.) Parachartergus spica/is Joan E. Straaamann Several of these were collected for us nests could be seen along the highway & David C. Queller by a garage attendant who climbed high from Chichan ltza to Valladolid every (Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary into the trees, covered the entrance of few kilometers. The owner of the Biology, Rice UniversHy, tha mud nest with his thumb, plucked restaurant, El Bocadito, at CobS P.O.Box 1892 Houston Tx 77251) the nasi and brought Hdown. assured us that there were a number of A perm~ from the national park other social wasp species in the area Maracay is a lovely city 455 meters service, INPARQUES, is required for that could be collected by visiting high about an hour and a hall (by collecting in any national park. private ranches, but we did not have tollway) west of Caracas. It is the Duplicates of any insects collected in the time to do so. location of Universidad Central de Venezuela must be deposited in the Venezuela. Facultad de Agronomia, university collection at Maracay. We Southeast Asia and like any other agricultural have deposited vouchers of the by university, has many hectares species we collected there, and in the Ralmond Hensen dedicated to crops, livestock, and Museum of Comparative Zoology, (1.8. Bakkerlaan 69-111, 3582 VV wasps. The edge of campus is Harvard University. Utrecht, Holland) especially good for collecting because Venezuela is a delightful country for ~ follows uncut jungle of the Parque entomologcal research since its The Australasian region, with all its Nacional Henri Pittier where mountain tropical hab~ats are highly varied and fascinating islands, its bewildering ridges snake onto the Valencia plain. often accessible, prices are low to variety of flora and fauna, its cultural We spent about 10 days in August, North Americans at current exchange richness, its culinary delights, and its · 1988 collecting social wasps on the rates, roads are good, and there are charming people, is certainly one of the campus and near the Hotel Maracay many possibilities for collaborative most appealing areas of the world. The which also backs on the park. Our research with the scholars at famous 19th century collector A. R. research was facilitated in every way Venezuelan universities. In fact we Wallace had to spend several years in by Jorge Gonzalez, a graduate student plan to return in December, and as what used to be the Dutch East Indies, at the uinversity, and we are very soon as possible after that. in order to visit the more important gateful to him. We were also made to areas of endemism, enduring all the feel welcome by several professors on hardships of lengthy traveling by ship. campus including Dr. Juan Jose Collecting Social Wasps In . In present day Indonesia four or five Castillo, and Dr. Alberto Fernandez, Yucatan, Mexico airlines compete, and even quite who is also director of the biological by remote places have their own airfield station at Rancho Grande in the cloud David C. Queller with scheduled flights. A great forest of Henri Pittier. On campus we & Joan S. Strassmann innovation for modern Wallaces is the found an abundance of Parachartergus (Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary "visit Indonesia Airpass" of Garuda, co/obopterus, Polybia occidentalis, Biology, Rice Univers~y. which allows you to fly to and fro on Polistes versicolor, and Po/istes P.O.Box 1892 Houston Tx 77251) Garuda's flights, during 3, 6 or 9 erythrocepha/us, and a few colonies of weeks. Polybia emaciata, Polybia ignobilis, In December, 1987, we visited the A certain disadvantage of Indonesia Synoeca surinamensis, Brachygastra Mayan sites of Chichen ltza, Coba, and is its wealth of bureaucracy and lecheguana, and unidentified species Uzmal and found them to be excellent corruption. In principle, everybody who of Michocyttarus and Metapolybia. All for social wasps because of the wants to do anything scientific in the colonies we examined were rearing combination of thatch, protected country needs a licence from the brood at this time of year. vegetation, and water sources at the government, which is not easily The Hotel Maracay is a grand old hotels. In thatch we found colonies of obtainable. You must arrange it in hotel right against the mountains. This Mischocyttarus immarginatus, advance, you need local support from a hotel is perfect for research since it is Mischocyttarus basimacu/a, Polybia university or institution, etc. It is much quiet and each room has a long formica occidentalis, and Polistes stabilinus. easier to go as a tourist. This however counter with a florescent light over its We also found a number of Polistes limits your stay in the country to a length · perfect for sorting specimens instabi/is females motionless deep in maximum of two months. You still need and the price was under $15/night. the thatch. Their abandoned nests a tourist licence to visit any of the Behind the hotel were several mountain hung over a small pool a few meters national parks; this one is more readily bowls with savannah on the sides and away. Mischocyttarus immarginatus available but it may still mean hanging ridges, and jungle in the small valleys. was not associated with Polybia around in a forestry office for many We hiked up through the savannah and occidentalis. In trees and bushes in hours. Also, you need a licence to visit 16 SPHECOS18

any places in Irian Jaya and East forest on rather dry volcanic soil. The Australia and the Outback Timor. trees are enormous, but because of by A grant from the Uyttenboogaart­ periodic fires, the forest is not dense Roy Snelling Eiiasen Stichting enabled me to make a and rather light. Plenty of (Dept. of Entomology, Natural History collecting trip to Indonesia. The main Hymenoptera, including many Sphex, Museum of Los Angeles Co. aim was to collect Liris and other Sceliphron rufopictum, and a lot of 900 Expos~ion Blvd. Larrines. Liris. Los Angeles CA 90007) Starting in the capital Jakarta, the Last island was Sumatra. This huge first stop on my Airpass was Ambon in island is now largely deforested, and Australia! Wonderful place I I had the the South Moluccas. This tiny island is even what is left in the reserves is pleasure of spending two months (Nov. completely deforested, but neighboring severely threatened (corrupt forestry & Dec.! ) there and I'm ready to go Ceram is qu~e nice. I stayed in the officials boost their meager income by back! Started in Canberra, ACT small v~lage ol Hatumete, where I was allowing poaching and illegal logging). k (Thanks to Bob & Wendy Taylor for the guest of the local radja. The virgin is not a very pleasant island e~her, as being such splendid host & hostess!) forest was not easy to reach: an entire the people are the most annoying and and drove around the entire country - a day walking uphill, they told me, so I cheating in the country and the roads bit over 32,000 kilometers! Qu~e a trip, collected in the remnant forest and and buses are qune bad. k is heavily but with so much driving (in 58 days), secondary vegetation around the Muslim, and when you go there in not a whole lot of time for collecting! village for a few days, which yielded Ramadan, as I did, you get nothing to That was just as well, because in the many interesting things as well. eat during day time. I stayed in south, weather was unseasonably cool Next island on the list was New Bukittinggi for a week, but it was too & rainy, a definite damper on Guinea, the western half of which, Irian rainy and cold to collect much. Fort de collecting. Even so, I did collect a lot Jaya, has opened up to tourists only Cock, type locality of many sphecids of material in all groups of aculeates. recently. Still, you have to spend described by Maidl is now a tourist All the larger stuff was field pinned and several hours at the police station in attraction devoid of wasps. Further now I'm processing the l~tle stuff (sure Jayapura to get your "sure! jalan", north in Aceh province, is the large got a bunch of Perdita-size bees!). traveling permission: they want to know reserve Gunung Leuser, with most of More importantly, I saw the country and exactly where you wish to go, when, the remaining Sumatran rhino's, and found areas I hope most fervently to how long, and why. When you fly over much other wildlife, particularly get back to for extended periods of Irian Jaya, you can see that ~ is still mosquitos and leeches. The forest is intensive collecting . largely covered with rain forests and beautiful, but very dark and wet. There's nothing to equal the thrill of even in the immediate vicinity of Sphecids were not abundant, only seeing - and collecting your first Jayapura, there is still a lot left. Apart some crabronins and Carinostigmus. Diamma or Abispa or Thyreus or -----, I from Jayapura, I visited Merauke, Vespids were more numerous, in heartily recommend it. I was startled to Sorong and Biak. Sorong, on the tip of particular stenogastrines an_d discover that the dreaded bull-dog ants the Birds Head is a b~ spoiled, a large Polybioides. (Myrmecia spp.) are pussy-cats! The oil terminal and lots of transmigration By then, the two months visa for sting (I got a few) is no worse than that projects nearby, but Merauke, in the Indonesia was running out, so I hopped of Pogonomyrmex and doesn, last as extreme south, was the best place of over the Stran of Malacca to Penang in long. my entire trip. k is much drier than the Malaysia and traveled further to Some notes on travel there: north and the forest is much more Thailand. I went to the reserve Khao (I) Driving on the wrong side of the open. Near the town are old dunes, Chong in the South for a few days. I road isn, so terrifying and becomes which yielded lots of aculeates, notably had visited this park two years ago in "normal" in a couple of weeks (but, Ammophila, Bembix and Bembecinus. August, and collected many interesting watch out for right-turns in Melbourne. For forest, you have to go about 200 things then. Apparently the aculeates Most peculiar, that). The road km N along the newly built Translrian are seasonal here, for I found a fairly conditions vary from good to poor; Highway (~ is going to run all the way to different array of them this time in May. there is no such thing as an Jayapura, but some bridges had The spectacular large green Ch/orion all-weather highway there and flooding disappeared already in the part I saw, /obatum absent the first time, was is a normal hazard (those "floodway" and many were on the verge of rather common now. Two weeks of signs mean business!). collapsing). The forest is really beauti­ escapism on Ko Samui (beaches, (2) Gasoline (petrol) is expensive - ful, with casuaries and kangaroos coconut palms, blue sky) and a few well over $2.00 US/gal. in many areas. among the wildlife. Aculeates were days Bangkok (interesting night scene (3) Motels are about the same in plentiful, including many Uris, Pison, and marvelous temples) completed my price as here - $35.00-65.00 /sodontia and Dicranorhina. journey. per night. Sometimes you can get Next area of endemism to be visited Apart from the sphecids, which are in rooms in the local pubs for a better was Sulawesi. The national park my collection for the time being, the rate. Best bet, though, are the caravan Tangkoko, not far from Man ado in the collected material has been deposited parks. They often have on-srte units North, was the best place I saw on the in the Rjjksmuseum van Natuurlijke available for $20.00-30.00/nite. Of island. It consists of unspoiled rain Historie at Leiden. course, you share bath/shower APRIL89 17 facil~ies, but they do have laundries. exception. Up there, they are very Edith at the northeast corner of town (4) Food tends to be expensive - as sensitive, so be careful. Export near our cabin) and a couple of general well as monotonous in the permits are required in order stores. Hotel Cahuita (and restaurant) roadhouses and varies from inedible to to-legally-get your material out; the at the south end of town was the place fair. Better to buy groceries in a market folks at Canberra were very helpful. frequented by most of the gringos that and snack while driving. (12) I'm ready to go back. Right now. we met, but we didn, care much for (5) If you're addicted to tobacco, as I their service or atmosphere. am, be warned - Ws expensive! After setting out my two malaise cigarettes up to $2.50/pack. For pipe Costa Rica traps in the backyard of the owner of smokers (me) it's even more grim. by our cabin, we set out for a dirt road that There may be a true tobacco shop Arnold Menke led into hilly rain forest country about 5 somewhere in Australia bull didn, lind miles south of town. This was the dry ~- The commercial stuff is in 1 oz December 21 I left the frigid DC season and collecting was on the slow packets (when you can lind it) and climate and headed for Costa Rica side. Orchid bees came in to cineole barely palatable. And expensive. You where I joined Frank Parker for two and and eugenol and as usual were fun to are allowed to bring into the country 1 a haH weeks of R&R. After induring two collect until they became old hat. The carton of cigarettes or 3 lbs. of pipe hours in the usual horrendous long next day we tried a different road only tobacco. (As an aside, I would note lines at LACSA's counter in Miami, I two miles south of town and had much that Australian Customs did not finally was on a plane headed for San better luck: lots of "bycids" and other examine my incoming luggage). Jose. As it turned out, the flight was beetles on some logs, more variety of (6) In Western Australia and oversold, and LACSA added a second orchid bees, Ampu/ex, "airplane bugs" Northern Territory, watch out for road plane; as a consequence, I arrived in (Derbidae - those crazy fulgoroids that trains. These terrors of the road San Jose about an hour late. Frank, line up on plant stems like a formation (driven by Rambo clones) have 52 who works out of the American of tiny jet fighters and spl~ the second wheels, are up to 50 meters long, and Embassy, flashed his embassy card, they are disturbed), and other fun take up two thirds of a road that is often said a few words in Spanish to the creatures. As you can tell, I was only one and a half vehicles wide, aduana, and got me out of Costa Rican simply collecting fun stuff - I didn, care travel at 11 0 kmlhr and give way for customs in a hurry. We then retired to H I got any wasps or not - after all this nothing I It's quite a thrill to meet one on Frank's hacienda in Escazu, a small was my vacation and I paid for ~- a narrow road, at sundown, in a driving town a few kilometers west of San The Ampufex were males and they rain. Not to worry. The road shoulders Jose. His house is situated on a were attracted to one particular tree of are wide and secure. Usually. hillside that affords fine evening views small trunk diameter (circa 2"). (7) Kangaroos are common. They of the lights of San Jose and all the Collecting them with a net was not are a very real driving hazard at late other towns in the valley. By Costa practical mainly because the tree was afternoon and early evening! Best not Rican standards, his home is palacial. on a steep downslope from the road to drive any later than you must. No, I Frank has a live in housekeeper, that precluded easy access without didn't hit any 'roos, but came close a Susana, who is one heck of a fine breaking my neck. So ... ft was time to couple of times. cook. He also has a fine pool table on try out Colin Vardy's Chloroform Gun (8) A good general rule: roads that the veranda where we continually (see Sphecos 17:17). I loaded up my are indicated for 4-wheel drive only are challenged each other to see who could syringe w~h the magic fluid and poised generally properly marked. scratch the most. at the road edge, ready for the next (9) Carry extra petrol and water (5 The next morning we got our gear Ampufex. I discovered that some light gals. each). You may need them, together, picked some tangerines and reading material would have been nice especially if you travel much off the oranges from the trees in Frank's to have had while waiting for another main road. The water is a good idea, backyard, and headed for the Atlantic "greenie" to make an appearance! Oh too, because in some areas the local coast over the new superhighway to well. Time passed and finally in flew stuff is not the most palatable. Puerto Limon. After reaching Limon we another Ampu/ex. Zap! A direct hit, he (1 0) Aussie beer is much made of. H headed south along the coast till we was stunned, I hit him again and he fell you enjoy the junk brewed in the U.S., reached the sleepy little town of into my net. What a thrill! Time passed you'll love the Aussie stuff (which has Cahuita, famous for its huge offshore and number two came in, zap, another higher aicohol content). Best of the lot, coral reefs and sparkling clear water. direct hit and into the waiting net. in my opinion, was Victoria B~ter (VB), We stayed at the Surf Side Cabins right However, as others came by my followed by XXXX. Fosters is the on the beach in a secluded area at the accuracy fell off and I discovered that downunder Coors; best to save a step north end of town. At slightly more than only direct hits resu~ed in capture. A in the process and pour it directly into $10 per day for two it is to be highly near miss did nothing to the Ampufex the toilet. recommended by anyone venturing into except arouse suspicion that (1 1) The best collecting is in the this part of the country. something sinister was about to National Parks. Permits are legally Cahuita consists of several dirt happen and cause him to split. required, but in many parks the rangers roads, three restaurants of varying Obviously, my syringe had too fine a don't care. Queensland is the big quality (we much preferred Restaurant needle. On this point Colin is certainly 18 SPHECOS18 correct..Use a LARGE needle, maybe like the genus Megathymis or a variety of small wasps and bees something like a vet might use on an something near ~- Every plant had one (Solitu91/a, a micro- Tachytes, elephant. Then perhaps the ensuing or more of them and they just sat there Bembecinus, Uris, etc.), the kind of spray would be wide enough to dampen while I netted them. collecting that Frank loves. I preferred the spirns of the quarry sufficiently to Our second trip was to the Pacific forest habnat - it was cooler, more retard departure. coast. We took the road to San Mateo interesting, and more exotic creatures. We had Christmas eve and Christmas and then south to Tarcoles right on the So the second day Frank went to the dinners at Restaurant Ednh, a small coast. Collecting in the forest back river, I went to the forest. In the latter open air place with about 6 or 8 from the coast at Tarcoles proved area I collected helicopters (those crowded tables. Memorable to say the disappointing, as did efforts elsewhere large damselflies that breed in least. along the Pacific coast as we drove bromeliads - Pseudostigmatidae, After 4 days we left for San Jose, south to Quepos. Near Esterillos is a Mecistogaster sp.), Podium, Sphex, stopping enroute in Puerto Limon to get great looking beach hotel named Hotel some neat weevils, assorted a brief look at the railroad (narrow Delphin. It was full so we didn, get to butterflies, and the like. Under the bark gauge, diesel), and also to do some stay there, but nlooked great. During of dead trees one often finds a giant collecting in a recently cut forest area the holiday season the Ticos head for earwig with orange spots on the just west of Guapiles (Rio Dantas). The the beaches and generally hemilytra that can draw blood with ~s latter area was fun. Pulling bark from accomodations are hard to come by on pincers - just ask Frank. We got them dead logs looking for giant Passalidae, the spur of the moment as we found out here and at other places in our travels. scorpions and other creatures, and on this particular trip. We had intended January 2 we headed back to San later collecting those large fulgorids to spend time at the national park just Jose. Our route was north along the that have long waxy tails hanging down south of Ouepos, but the place was Pan American Highway. This road from the end of the abdomen. At the jammed with Ticos and we decided to climbs steadily from San Isidro passing base of the tree upon which those head for more sparsely populated through different life zones until you fulgorids were feeding was snuated the terrain. Between Ouepos and reach the Cerro de Ia Muerte at over nest entrance of Paraponera clavate Dominica! the former banana 10,000 feet. It is hard to believe you are (F.), the largest New World ant, and one plantations have given way to oil palm in the tropics. In some places the of the worst stingers known to man. plantations. We attempted collecting terrain has an alpine qual~y to it. It was Fortunately, Frank spotted them here and there but got little for our cloudy (or foggy) much of the time and pouring out of the hole before they efforts. The best collecting was at the cool, and I imagine that collecting here spotted him. We had fun picking them end of the day along the river at would be difficult at any time, but I also up w~h my foot long tweezers - boy are Dominica!. Here we got large fulgorids suppose that whatever you got would those ants strong! ·on tree trunks, some sphecids on the be different. We collected at several We spent two days at Frank's sand bars in the river bottom places on the way up to the Muerte hacienda before leaving on another (Bembecinus, Oxybelus, (5000-7000') and at one spot we took adventure. One of those two days we Microbembex), but in general it was quite a few females of Podalonia simply hiked up the mountain behind slow. We decided to head inland to the communis "ssp. atriceps". No males his house collecting whatever (lots of town of San Isidro del General for the were seen unfortunately. The females nifty butterflies). The second day we night. were flying slowly close to the ground explored another mountain area just About 3 miles south of San Isidro on right at the edge of the road -the cool south of the town of Santa Ana (a few the Pan American Highway you come to weather seemingly slowing them down. kilometers west of Escazu). Here, on a the Hotel del Sur, a motel really, that is We also collected several different pile of sand left by a developer, we superb. For I 0 dollars a night, Frank bumblebees, representing, I suppose, collected gorytines flying in w~h their and I had ourselves a very nice room several new subgenera. homopterous prey and a few w~h bath and shower. There was a pool After we got back to the hacienda, associated mutillids nosing about table in the lobby and Frank and I spent Frank had to go back to his screw looking for holes. I captured a some hours testing each others skills worms. He generously allowed me use specimen of Astata centra/is Parker, w~h a que stick. The hotel's restaurant of his Toyota truck and off I went to the which, according to Frank, is the fourth served good food at reasonable prices. Santa Ana area discussed earlier. known example! Ta, ta, Frank. The New year's eve the hotel put on a big Frank chided me, saying that all I most fun things taken that day were party and Frank and I attended, wanted to do was to clean out the rest some very large acrocerid flies (Lasia apparently the only gringos. Live of the acrocerids. Nothing I could say colei Aldrich, del. Norm Woodley) music, singing, dancing, noise makers, would dissuade him. Well I showed hovering in front of flowers. Because hats, confetti - what a blast! A trail of him, I only collected 12 more. The of their coppery green color, these flies confetti lead to our room, and then as I Smithsonian Collection previously only looked like giant chrysidids. Frank got sat on the bed, Frank showered me w~h had the type of this species, now ~ has two, I got 10. Ta ta, Frank. Previously more confetti! I'll get you yet Frank! 22. Actually I was really after Astata this creature was known only by the We spent three days at the hotel. centra/is, but I apparently had holotype! I also captured a number of The first day we drove south about 6 collected the last one known to skipper butterflies on agave that look miles to a stream bottom where we got mankind earlier on. I did get more APRIL89 19 gorytins at the sand pile. placed is Palarus on page 290). The next day Frank took me to his SPHECOS 17 ERRATA p. 213, LC, insert after L 34: stangei screw worm lab near Tres Rios in Courtesy of Parker, 1964; Mexico. Cartago Province (east of San Jose). James "YoYo" Carpenter p. 213, LC, insert after L 42: westcothi There he showed me how, after a few Parker, 1964, Mexico to Venezuela. days aging, a little old cow liver would Nomenclature is blnomlnal, not p. 266, RC, L 33: Mali is correct, not really attract screw worm adults. No "binomial" (p. 7·8). Niger. accounting for a fly's tastes! Then I Who the hell is J. F. Carpenter (p. p. 266, RC, L 5 from bottom: Mali is got into Frank's truck and drove off to 34)? My evil twin? Perhaps he's correct, not Senegal. Volcan lrazu, one of the volcanoes that responsible for the diatribes that have p. 273, LC, L 30: tadzhikus is correct. ring the north side of the valley in which led to the FFUCC, a~hough n there's p. 275, LC, L 2: delete entry (correctly San Jose is located. The drive to the money in said group, I demand a piece placed on page 273). top is like going through parts of of the action. My paper is not on p. 275, LC, L 16from bottom: delete Switzerland • many neat little farms, a "Stenogasterinae" (p. 34). entire entry (tt is properly listed in few small towns, all very picturesque. Stenogastrlnae is correct. (Sorry Tachytes on page 266.) As I ascended it got cloudier and Jimbo • edtt.) p. 291, LC, L 20 from bottom: Pakistan clouder, and by the time I reached the is correct. summit at 3400m I couldn't see p. 319, LC, L 27: transfer squat due to the fog and rain. I brunnescens to mochii (p. 318, peered down into the crater and RC) as a synonym. vaguely saw a green lake at the p. 335, RC, L 4 from bottom: bottom. The weather prompted me fraterculus is correct (noun). to return to Frank's lab pronto. p. 336, LC, L 25 from bottom: There I collected along a railroad minicum is correct. right-of-way with minimal success · p. 336, RC, L 14 from bottom: it was rainy there too. Got another suspicax is a synonym of new subgenus of Bombus, one fasciatum on p. 335. wheelbug, and assorted other p. 352, LC, L 8: 1967; Paraguay is Insecta. The next day from Frank's correct for duchei. house I could see that the volcano p. 368, LC, L 9 from bottom: correct was cloud !reel I had simply chosen entry is: the wrong day to vistt tt. I collected ssp. banksi (Ashmead), 1905 in weed lots near Frank's home that (Notog/oossa); Philippines. day, taking various aculeates p. 369, LC, L 7 from bottom: including Ammophila centra/is, pyrurus is correct. Jsodontia, Cerceris, Omicron, etc. p. 370, LC, L 6 from bottom: The next day I was on my way home. zavattarii is correct. Like most Latin American In his old age, Carpenter abandoned p. 382: Entomognathus is feminine. countries, Costa Rica is losing its linear thought and developed the new Change -us endings to -a for all forests at an alarming rate. Costa and more flexible method of Cursive species. Rica is a small country, but it has Cladistics. p. 368, RC, L 3 from bottom: established many national parks bistillatus was proposed as an that will fortunately preserve some aberration (infrasubspec~ic) and big hunks of forest · but will they be ERRATA IN SPHECID is not available under the Code enough? Although there is lots of WASPS OF THE WORLD (Art. 1 (b)5 & 16). Delete entry. unprotected forest left in Costa Rica, p. 364, RC, L11 from bottom: change "India" to Pakistan. farms and pasture dominate the p. 179, RC, L 1 S.. 19: transfer punicus p. 439, RC, L 4 from bottom: 1956 is landscape, and it is only a matter of Gribodo to synonymy with oraniensis correct, not 1955. time before most of what is left is cut (l 14) and delete dagger symbol. p. 469, RC, L 5 from bottom: after down. p. 179, RC, L 25 & 35: change "India" to Rohwer, 1921, add: nee Turner, Pakistan. p. 185, RC, L 36: exu/Turner, 1907; 1915. not Australia is correct. p. 469, LC, L 12: 1877 is correct, p. 212, RC, insert after L 4: centra/is 1879. p. 470, RC, L 13: freyigessneri is Parker, 1964; Honduras, Costa Rica. p. 212, RC, L 15 from bottom: change correct. p. 473, LC, L 8 from bottom: .. w. India" to Pakistan. p. 212, RC, insert after L 19: evansi aurantiacus is correct. is Parker, 1964; Mexico. p. 474, RC, L 7: Australia: Victoria p. 212, RC, L 25: delete entry (properly correct. 20 SPHECOS18

p. 624, RC, l27 from bottom: 1956 is correct, not 1955. Williams paper was mailed Feb. 15, 1956.

Publication Announcement Ill

ANNOUNCEMENTS

SPHECOS 10th Anniversary

The next issue of this rag should appear in October, and ~ will mark 10 years of Sphecosl lets make number 19 a memorable one. Send in something special. Maybe we will go through all the past issues and pick out a few funny items and stick them into #19-Ed~.

Entomology Resource Guide The Social Wasps of India and the Adjacent Publication for Sale: 75 page Y.E.S. International Entomology Countries (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Resource Guide (Second Editon); 450 businesses and organizations offering entomology equipment, supplies, services, preserved specimens, live arthropods, books and publications, (An illustrated account of the vespid fauna of the Indian Subregion) audio-visuals, educational materials, gift and noveny items, insect zoos and butterfly houses, and entomological By Bina Pani Das & Virendra K. Gupta organizations. Send US $7.50 to the Young Entomologists' Society, Dept. of ORIENTAL INSECTS MONOGRAPH, No. 11, 1989. Entomology, Michigan State Univ., Pages i-x + 1-292 + 45 plates of figures and East lansing, Ml 48824-1115 USA. numerous maps and tables. XXXII INTERNATIONAL Price US $55.00 APICUlTURE CONGRESS OF APIMONDIA Place orders with: Business Manager, Oriental Insects Rio de Janeiro - Brazil October 22 to 28, 1989 P. 0. Box 13148 Riocentro Convention Center Gainesville, FL. 32604-1148, U.S.A.

General Theme: The honeybees and Booksellers get 10% discount. the ecosystems Technical Theme: Beekeeping wilh Africanized bees For more infromation contact: National Committee of the XXXII Apimondia International Apiculture Congress, C/0 GONGREX· DO BRASIL l TDA. Rua do Ouvidor, 601705 20040-Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil APRIL89 21

TAXONOMIA EHISTORIA NATURAL DE DE MEXICO*

ternas *se excluven I . • T<_~xonomfa • Ap~amiento Apis ,;ellif:;: razas de : H~storia de vida • Amdaci6n B1ogeograf' • Forrajeo curso en ingles • M ouologfa-" Ia • Polinizaci6n 22 SPHECOS18

TROISIEME CONFERENCE INTERNATIONALE DES ENTOMOLOGISTES D'EXPRESSION FRANCAISE

Gembloux, 9 • 14 juliet 1990

Cette conference - ouverte i tous les entomologistes, arachnologues, acarologues, profcssionnels ou amateurs de toutes dlsclpllnes fondamentales ou appliqures - se tiendra a Gcmbloux (Belgique) i Ia Faculte des Sciences agronomlques de I'Etat. Elle donnera lieu A des conferences pl~nil!res, communications, tableaux de demonstrations ("posters"), ateliers. Ellc comprendra aussi des sessions speciales dans d'autres villes de Belgique et sera suivlc d'cxcursions.

Les conferences, les differentes communications et ateliers dcvront s'lnsplrer du tMme general de Ia conference: Methodes et responsabilitis des entomologistes d'aujourd'hui

Les communications s'inscriront dans le cadre de sections qui ont !!ttl dllfinies par le Comite organisateur. Elles ne sont pas encore definitivcs. En voici Ia lisle provisoire: 1. Entomologie culturelle 2. Entomologie medicalc, vcterinalrc ct medico-l~gale 3. lnscctes. amateurs et grand public 4. Entomologle agricolc 5. Entomologie agricole dansles pays en vole de developpement 6. Role des arthropodes dans Ia qua lite et Ia fcrtilite des sols 7. lnsectcs sociaux 8. M~dlateurs chlmlques 9. Entomologledes milieux foresliers 10. Tendances actuelles de Ia systematique 11. Zoogeographic 12. Systemes tegumentaires (cuticule, mue et metamorphoses, ...)

La langue officielle de Ia conference (exposes themaliques, communications et tableaux de demonstrations) sera le fran~ais. Ccpendant lcs participants auront l'entil!re liberte de s'exprimer dans Ia langue de leur choix au cours des discussions qui suivront les expo~s ex-cathedra et lors des presentations et discussions des affiches.

Si vous souhailez participer ou assister aux travaux de l'une ou !'autre des sessions de celle conference, veuillez rapldemcnt prendre contact avec le Secretaire general: Monsieur Charles VERSTRAETEN Zoologle generale et appliquee Faculte des Sciences agronomiques de I'Etat B- 5800 Gembloux (Belgique).

Nous vous demandons de signaler vos intentions ou votre pre-inscription avant le 1er mai 1989.

Dans ce cas, Ia prochaine circulairc d'informa!ions comprenant le formulaire d'inscrip!ion vous sera envoyre en juillet 1989. APRIL89 23

Bourke, A. F. G. RECENT LITERATURE 1988. Worker reproduction in the higher eusocial Hymenoptera. Quart. Rev. Bioi. 63:291-31 1. (Notable nems: Argaman, 1988; Danforth & Michener, 1988; Brown, T. M. and B. C. Ratcliffe Day, 1988; Johnsen, 1988; Kukuk, eta/., 1989; Michener & 1988. The origin of Chubutolithes ihering, ichnofossils from Grimaldi, 1988) the Eocene and Oligocene of Chubut Province, Argentina. J. Paleont. 62:163-167. (fossil sphecid Alcock, J. and M. Carey nests) 1988. Hi~opping behaviour and mating success of the Budrys, E. R. tarantua hawk wasp, Hemipepsis ustulata (Hymen­ 1987. [Sphecid wasps of the genera Stigmus Panzer and optera: Pompilidae), at a high elevation peak. J. Nat. Garinostigmus Tsuneki (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) of the Hist. 22:1173-1178. Soviet Far East], p. 49-56 in: P. A. Lehr and N. A. Andersen, M. and P. Nielsen Storoshev (edit.), [New data on insect systematics of the 1988. Gonatopus brooksi Olmi, 1984 found in Greenland Far East]. Biological Pedological Ins!., Far East Section, (Hymenoptera. Dryinidae). Ent. Meddr. 55:21-22. Acad. Sci. (in Russian) Antropov, A.V. 1988. [New and little-known species of digging wasps of 1987. [On the fauna of the sphecid wasp genus Trypoxylon the tribe Psenini (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae).] Horae Latreille (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) of the eastern Soc. Ent. Unionis Sov. 70:101-116. (in Russian) Palearctic], p. 57-61 in: P. A. Lehr and N. A. Storoshev Bunn, D. S. (edn.), [New data on insect systematics of the Far East]. 1988. Observations on the foraging habns of the hornet Biological Pedological Ins!., Far East Section, Acad. Sci. Vespa crabro L (Hym., Vespidae). Ent. Mon. Mag. (in Russian) 124:187-193. Archer, M. E. Carpenter, J. M., and J. W. Wenzel 1982. The mason wasps (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) of 1988. A new species and nest type of Mischocyttarus from Yorkshire. Naturalist 107:5-13. Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae), with 1985. The wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) of descriptions of nests of three related species. Psyche Pompocali near Leeds: the first 27 visits. Naturalist 95:89-99. 110:49-51. Cervo, R. and S. Turillazzi 1988. The Aculeate wasps and bees (Hymenoptera: 1987. Experiments on recognnion of the nest and young in Aculeata) of my local patch: Strensall Common, the first Polistes ga/licus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Ecol. Persp. 70 visns. Naturalist 11 0:49-51. Soc. Presoc. Arth. (36):33-34. 1988. The aculeate wasp and bee assemblage (Hymen­ Chakrabarti, S. optera: Aculeata) of a woodland: Bernwood Forest in the 1987. Comportement de nidification de Chalybion (Ch.) English Midlands. Entomologist 107:24-33. benga/ense (Dahi)(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), p. 115-122 Argaman, Q. in: Act. Cong. Jean-Henri Fabre, Ann. Jubile (1910- 1988. A new subfamily of Bethylidae allied to 1985). Paris: Pristocerinae. Boll. Soc. Ent. ltal., Genova, Cooper, M. 120:139-152. 1988. New county records of aculeate wasps (Hym: 1988. Generic synopsis of Sclerogibbidae (Hymenoptera). Sphecidae and Chrysididae). En!. Mon. Mag. 124:206. Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung. 80:177-187. Colome de Correa, M. V. Asis, J. D., S. F. Gayubo and J. Tormos 1988. Revision de las avis pas Argentinas del genero 1988. Notes on the pre imaginal states of Iberian Sphecidae Tachypompilus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Ill. Description of larvae of Stizus perrisii ibericus Rev. Soc. Ent. Arg. 44:201-237. Beaumont, 1962 (Hymenoptera). Ann. Soc. Ent. France Danforth, B. N. and C. D. Michener (N.S.) 24:289-293. 1988. Wing folding in the Hymenoptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Beani, L and S. Turillazzi Amer. 81:342-349. 1988. Alternative mating tactics in males of Polistes Day, M. C. dominulus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Behav. Ecol. 1988. Spider wasps, Hymenoptera: Pompilidae. Handbook Sociobiol. 22:257-264. for the Identification of Brnish Insects, 6(4):1 -60. 1988. An experiment on the relationship between spatial De~ino, G., C. Calloni and S. Turillazzi behaviour and mating success in the male Polistes 1987. Sternal glands in males of Polistes dominulus gallicus (L)(Hymenoptera Vespidae). Monnore Zool. ltal. (Christ): light and electron microscope findings. Ecol. (N.S.) 22:323-330. Persp. Soc. Presoc. Arth. (36):55-57. Bitsch, J. De~ino, G., S. Turillazzi and C. Calloni 1988. Captures de Chalybion femoratum dans le Midi de Ia 1988. A light and electron microscope study on the France et observation d'un nid. Bull. Soc. Ent. France Dufour's gland in Parischnogaster (Hymenoptera: 93:43-51. Stenogasterinae). Z. Mikrosk.-Anat. Forsch. Bohart, R. M. and A. Willink 102:627-644. 1989. The genus Microbembex in Argentina (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 114:295-310. 24 SPHECOS18

Drewry, G. (ecln.) boscidae). Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina44:441. 1989. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Gess, F. W. and S. K. Gess animal notice of review. Department of the Interior, Fish 1988. A contribution to the knowledge of the taxonomy and and Wildlife Service. 50 CFR Part 17. Fed. Reg. the ethology of the genus Masarina Richards (Hymen­ 54:554-579. optera: Masaridae). Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Dode, M. 16:351-362. 1988. Nota sabre el Dolichurus laevis Sm~h en el Museo 1988. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Br~anico. Rev. Soc. Ent. Argentina 44:442. ethology of the genus Ceramius Latreille (Hymenoptera: Dorow, W. Masaridae) in the southern and western Cape Province of 1988. Die grOBte mitteleuropaische Eumenidae, Delta South Africa. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. His!.) 18:1-31. unguiculatus (Viii. 1789), neu fOr Hassen. (Hymenoptera: 1988. A contribution to the knowledge of the ethology of Eumenidae). Mitt. Int. Ent. Ver. 13:25-27. the genera Parachi/us Giordani Soika and Paravespa Eighme, L. E. Radoszkowski (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) in southern 1989. Revision of Diodontus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in Africa. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.) 18:57-81. America north of Mexico. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. Gordh, G. 82:14-28. 1988. A new species of Goniozus Foerster from India (Hy­ Erlandsson, S. menoptera: Bethylidae) used in biological control of 1988. The distribution ofthe hornet (Vespa c. crabro L.) in Diaphania indica (Sanders) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). northwestern Europe. Ent. Tidskr. 109:155-159. Pan-Pac. Ent. 64:173-182. Etcheverry C., M. Gusenle~ner, J. 1985. Los Indices dela Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. 1988. Neue und bemerkenswerte Faltenwespen aus der Rev. Chil. His!. Nat. 58:187-237. Tiirkei (Hymenoptera, Vespoidea). Linzer bioi. Beitr. 1988. Carlos E. Porter, Ia Academia Chilena de Ciencias 20:713-737. Naturales y los Anales de Ia Academia Chilena de 1988. Bemerkenswertes iiber Faltenwespen IX (Hymen­ Ciencias Naturales. Rev. Chil. His!. Nat. 61:89-112. optera, Vespoidea). Nach. Bayer. Ent. 37:107-113. Evans, H. E. Heath, R. R. and P. J. Landolt 1988. Further studies on the systematics and nesting 1988. The isolation, identification and synthesis of the behavior of eastern Australian Cercaris wasps (Hymen­ alarm pheromone of Vespula squamosa (Drury)(Hymen­ optera: Sphecidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 114:1-13. optera: Vespidae) and associated behavior. Experientia FeUon, J. C. 44:82-83. 1987. A new prey record for the solitary wasp Gorytas Henderson, M. laticinctus (Lepeletier)(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Ent. 1988. The insect man: J. H. Fabre's good influence. Brit. J. Bar. 47:89-90. Ent. Nat. His!. I :65-68. 1987. The genus Nita/a Latreille (Hym., Sphecidae) in Hudson, W. G., J. H. Frank and J. L. Castner southern England. Ent. Mon. Mag. 123:235-238. 1988. Biological control of Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets 1988. The genus Trypoxylon Latreille (Hym., Sphecidae) in (Orthoptera:' Gryllotalpidae) in Florida. Bull. Ent. Soc. Kent, w~h a first British record for T. minus de Beaumont. Amer. 34:192-197. Ent. Mon. Mag. 124:221-224. Hue, B. and T. Piek Field, J. P. and W. A. Foster 1988. Effects of THR6 Bradykinin on synaptic transmission 1988. The bees and wasps of Scolt Head Island National in the insect CNS. Pestic. Sci. 23:368-369. (Megasco/ia) Nature Reserve, Norfolk. Brit. J. Ent. Nat. Hist. 1:79-83. 1988. Chapter 2. Effects of kinins and related peptides on Finnamore, A. T. synthetic transmission in the insect CNS, p. 27-33 in: 1988. A new species of Crabro from arctic Yukon (Hymen- Lunt, G. G., (edit.), Neurotox '88: Molecular basis of drug optera: Sphecoidea: Crabronidae). Can. Ent. and pesticide action. Elsevier Sci. Publ. BV. 120:859-865. (Megascolia) Fontaine, M. and Y. Delange Hughes, C. R. and J. E. Strassmann 1987. Jean-Henri Fabre, precurseur de l'ecophysiologiee), 1988. Age is more important than size in determining p. 123-132 in: Act. Cong. Jean-Henri Fabre, Ann. Jubile dominance among workers in the primitively eusocial (1910-1985). Paris. wasp, Po/istes instabilis. Behaviour I 07:1-14. Frohlich, D. R., W. H. Clark, F. D. Parker and T. L. Griswold Johnson, N. F. 1988. The xylophilous bees and wasps of a high, cold 1988. Midcoxal articulations and the phylogeny of the order desert: Leslie Gulch, Oregon (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Hymenoptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 81:870-881. Vespoidea). Pan-Pac. Ent. 64:266-269. Jones, R. A. Gambino, P. and G. M. Thomas 1988. Mass emergence and apparent 'perching' behaviour 1988. Fungi associated wnh two Vespula (Hymenoptera: of Notozus panzeri (F.)(Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). Brit. Vespidae) species in the eastern San Francisco Bay J. Ent. Nat. His!. 1:189-190. area. Pan-Pac. Ent. 64:107-113. Karst, H., A. Lind, eta/. Genise, J. F. 1988. Block of transmission and glutamate re-uptake 1988. Algunas observaciones sobre el comportamiento de inhibition in insect muscle by synthetic Anthosila arithropyga (Burm.) (Hymenoptera. Anthro- delta-philanthotoxin. Pestic. Sci. 23:364-365. APRIL89 25

1988. Effects of spider toxins on glutamate transmission Lando~. P. J. and R. R. Heath and uptake. Pestle. Sci. 23:367-368. 1987. Alarm pheromone behavior of Vespula squamosa Kartsev, V. M., G. A. Mazokhin-Porshinyakov & S. A. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Fla. En!. 70:222-225. Semenova Lane, M.A., F. E. Kurczewski and R. B. Hanna 1988. [Asymmetry of trajectories in honey bees and paper 1988. Antenna! sensilla and setae of Evagetes parvus (Hy- wasps when foraging in experiments.] Zool. Zh. menoptera: Pompilidae). Proc. En!. Soc. Wash. 67:1180-1185. (in Russian w~h English summary) 90:428-439. Khalifman, J. and E. Vassilieva Lavies, B. 1987. La lumiilre qui dura. Cent ans aprils. p. 179-184 1988. Peering into the world of wasps. Nat. Wildlne 26 in: Act. Cong. Jean-Henri Fabre, Ann. Jubile (1910- (3):18-23. (color photographs) 1985). Paris. Leclercq, J. Kimsey, S. L. 1987. Jean-Henri Fabre note alors et actuellement hors de 1988. Hedychridium of the Afrotropical region (Hymen­ l'espace francophone, p. 133-150 in: Act. Cong. optera: Chrysididae). J. en!. Soc. south. Africa Jean-Henri Fabre, Ann. Jubile (1910-1985). Paris. 51:193-205. Lee, T.-S. 1988. Loboscelidiinae, new species and a new genus from 1981. Remarks on some Vespoidea (Hymenoptera) from Malaysia (Chrysididae, Hymenoptera) Psyche 95:67-79. Fujian, with description of a new species. Wuyi Sci. J. K~amura, K. 1:197-199. 1988. Comparative studies on the biology of dryinid wasps Lelej, A. S. in Japan. 5) Development and reproductive capacity of 1988. [Spider wasps of the genus Priocnemis Schiodte hosts attacked by Hap/ogonatopus apicalis (Hymen­ (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae) of the Far Eastern USSR]. optera, Dryinidae) and the development of progenies of Horae Soc. Ent. Unionis Sov. 70:74-87. (in Russian) the paras~es in their hosts. KontyO 56:659-666. Manley, D. G. and M. A. Deyrup Kojima, J. 1989. Notes on the biology of Dasymutil/a pyrrhus (Fox) 1988. A new species of Ropa/idia from Madagascar, with (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). J. Ent. Sci. 24:53-56. descriptions of mature larvae of eight Ropalidia species Martin, S. J. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 1988. Thermoregulation in Vespa simi/lima xanthoptera 61:292-302. (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). KontyO 56:674-677. 1988. Description of mature larvae of Belonogaster dubia Matsuura, M. Kohl (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), with notes on the larval 1988. Ecological study on vespine wasps (Hymenoptera: characters of the Polistinae. KontyO 56:817-823. Vespidae) attacking honeybee colonies. I. Seasonal Kolarov, Ya., Yo. Stancheva and I. Sredkov changes in the frequency of visit to apiaries by vespine 1988. A new pest - Pemphredon inornatus Say (Hymen­ wasps and damage inflicted, especially in the absence of optera; Sphecidae) infesting cherry-trees in Bulgaria. artificial protection. Appl. Ent. Zool. 23:428-440. Soil Sci., Agrochem. & Plant Prot. 22:95-98. (in Bulgarian McCorquodale, D. B. and I. D. Naumann with Russian and English summaries) 1988. A new- Australian species of communal ground Krivokhatskiy, V. A. nesting wasp, in the genus Spilomena Shuckard (Hymen­ 1985. [Insects of Repetek. A cadaster of species.] Ylym, optera: Sphecidae: Pemphredoninae). J. Aust. ant. Soc. Askhabad 71 p. (in Russian; w~h aculeate checklist) 27:221-231. Krombein, K. V. and P. M. Marsh Michener, C. D. and D. A. Grimaldi 1988. Carl Frederick William Muesebeck 1894-1987, 1988. The oldest fossil bee: Apoid history, evolutionary Honorary President, Entomological Society of stasis, and antiquity of social behavior. Proc. Natl. Washington, 1971-1987. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6424-6426. 90:513-523. (obituary with plates and publications) M6czlu, L. Kukuk, P. F., G. C. Eickwort, eta/. 1987. RovarbOicsCik. Gondola! Kiad6, Budapest. 187 p. 1989. Importance of the sting in the evolution of social~y in (on the stages of insect sociality; in Hungarian w~h many the Hymenoptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 82:1-5. photographs) Kurczewski, F. E. and M. F. O'Brien Nakajima, T., T. Piek, T. Yasuhara and P. Mantel 1988. A review of the nesting behavior and observations on 1988. Kinins isolated from the venom of the solitary wasp Tachysphex pompiliformis in North America (Hymen­ Megascolia flavifrons. Pestic. Sci. 23:366-367. optera: Sphecidae). Ent. News 99:173-180. Ooman, P. Kurczewski, F. E., E. J. Kurczewski and M. G. Spofford 1989. Ooit een tangwesp gezien? Ent. Ber. 49:18. (Dryi­ 1988. Nesting behavior of Aporine/lus wheeleri Bequaert nidae) and A. taeniolatus (Dalla Torre) (Hymenoptera: Orlov, B. N., N. V. Korneva and N. F. Vasilyev Pompilidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 90:294-306. 1988. Catching technique for social aculeate insects. Kurzenko, N. V. Zool. Zh. 67:1714-1716. (in Russian with English 1988. [Contribution to the taxonomic status and summary and illus.) classification of Onychopterochei/us Bluthg. (Hymen­ Pagliano, G. optera, Vespidae, Eumeninae).] Horae Soc. Ent. Union is 1988. Philanthinae italiani (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Sov. 70:87-100. (in Russian) Boll. Mus. reg. Sci. nat. Torino 6:133-174. 26 SPHECOS18

Pauly, A. and M. Olmi uptake in rat hippocampus by De/ta-philanthotoxin. 1988. Las Dryinidae de Belgique. Notes faun. Gembloux Pestic. Sci. 24:273-274. 17:15-27. Schmidt, J. Petersen, B. 1988. The warrior wasps of Lomas Barbuda!. Bee Line 1988. The Palaearctic Mutillidae of I. C. Fabricius and some (Friends of Lomas Barbuda!) 2(3):12-13. related material (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Sorg, M. and A. W. Walker Steenstrupia 14:129-224. 1988. A new species of bethylid wasp (Hymenoptera) from Piek, T., J. 0. Schmidt, J. M. de Jong and P. Mantel New Zealand, w~h comments on its lffe history and host. 1989. Kinins in ant venoms - a comparison w~h venoms of J. Nat. Hist. 22:1483-1488. related Hymenoptera. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Starr, C. K. 92C:117-124. 1987. Jean-Henri Fabre en face de Ia biosystematique, p. Piek, T., B. Hue, et a/. 75-114 in: Act. Cong. Jean-Henri Fabre, Ann. Jubil (1910- 1988. Effects of the venom of Colpa interrupts (F.) on 1985). Paris. vertebrate smooth muscle and synaptic transmission in 1988. Jean-Henri Fabre and his entomological emothions. insect CNS. Pestic. Sci. 24:266-267. ArsenaVSurrealist Subversion (6):118-119. Piek, T., B. Hue, el a/. 1988.The ins and outs of a tropical social wasp nest. Proc. 1988. The wasp Ampulex compressa changes the Ent. Soc. Wash. 91 :26-28. behaviour of the cockroach. Pestic. Sci. 24:268-270. 1989. In reply, is the sting the thing? Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. Piek, T., R. H. Fokkens, eta/. 82:6-8. 1988. Chapter 5. Polyamine like toxins - a new class of Steiner, A. L. pesticides?, p. 61-76 in: Lunt, G. G., (edit.), Neurotox 1987. Fabre et les guepes solitaires, p. 71-74 in: Act. '88: Molecular basis of drug and pesticide action. Cong. Jean-Henri Fabre, Ann. Jubihl (1910-1985). Paris. Elsevier Sci. Publ. BV. (based on the toxin of Philanthus) Steyskal, G. C. Ponomarenko, N. G. 1988. Languages of Entomology. Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 1988. [New species and genus of Prioranteon Olmi (Hy­ 34:53-54. menoptera, Dryinidae from Central Asia)]. Horae Soc. Strassmann, J. E., D. C. Queller and C. R. Hughes Ent. Unionis Sov. 70:73-74. (in Russian) 1988. Predation and the evolution of sociality in the paper 1988. [First find of a male dryinid (Insecta) from Baltic wasp Polistes bellicosus. Ecology 69:1497-1505. Amber.] Paleon. Zh. 4:107-108. (in Russian) Suzuki, T. Queller, D. C., J. E. Strassmann and C. R. Hughes 1987. Egg-producers in the colonies of a polistine wasp, 1988. Genetic relatedness in colonies of tropical wasps Polistes snelleni (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), in central w~h multiple queens. Science 242:1155-1157. Japan. Ecol. Res. 2:185-189. Raw, A. True, C. 1988. Social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) and insect 1987. Le cycle nidificateur de I'Ammophile herissee, pests of crops of the Suruf and Cinta Larga indians in Podalonia hirsuta Scopoli, film d'une duree de 25 mn Rondonia, Brazil. Entomologist 107:104-109. envirn, p. 151 in: Act. Cong. Jean-Henri Fabre, Ann. Reyes, S. G. Jubile (1910-1985). Paris. 1988. A review of philippine Stenogastrinae (Hymenoptera: Tsuneki, K. Vespidae). Philipp. Ent. 7:387-434. 1988. Pompilidae recently collected in the Philippines (Hy­ Roig Alsina, A. menoptera). Special Pub. Japan Hymen. Assoc. (34): 1988. Contribucion al conocimiento de los Pepsinae 1-55,61 Sudamericanos IV. El genera Sphictostethus Kohl (Hy­ 1988. Some spider wasps from Thailand and Borneo (Hy­ men., Pompilidae). Rev. Soc. Ent. Arg. 44:277-315. menoptera). Special Pub. Japan Hymen. Assoc. (34): Rosenheim, J. A. 56-61. 1988. Parasrte presence acts as a proximate cue in the Turillazzi, S. nest-site selection process of the solrtary digger wasp, 1987. Brood rearing and the ongm of sociality in Ammophi/a dysmica (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). J. Ins. stenogastrine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Ecol. Behav. 1:333-342. Persp. Soc. Presoc. Arth. (36):27-28. Santiago-Slay, J. A. and H. V. Daly 1988. Social biology of Parischnogaster jacobsoni (Du 1988. The Apoidea collection of the California Insect Buysson) (Hymenoptera Stenogastrinae) Ins. Soc. Survey (C.I.S.) at the Essig Museum of Entomology, 35:133-143. University of California, Berkeley. Pan-Pac. Ent. Venkataraman, A. B.. V. B. Swarnalatha, P. Nair & R. 64:281-284. Gadagkar Scaramozzino, P. L. and I. Currado 1988. The mechanism of nestmate discrimination in the 1988. Prime notizie sull'approvvigionamento dei nidi tropical social wasp Ropalidia marginata and its pedotrofici di /sodontia mexicana (Saussure) in ltalia implications for the evolution of sociality. Behav. Ecol. (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Atti XV Congr. naz. ita!. Sociobiol. 23:271-279. Ent., L'Aquila, 1988:871-878. Wcislo, W. T., M. J. West-Eberhard and W. G. Eberhard Schluter, N. C. M., A. Lind, eta/. 1988. Natural history and behavior of a primatively social 1988. lnhibrtion of transmission and reduction of glutamate wasp, Auplopus semialatus, and its parasite, APRIL89 27

lr9nangslus sbsrhardi (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). J. Brill, Inc. 551 pp. Ins. Behav. I :247-260. Woij, H. Weaving, A. J. S. 1988. Zur Kenntnis dar Gattung Tachyagetes Haupt1930 I 988. Prey selection in several sympatric species of (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae). IV. Linzer bioi. Beitr. Ammophila W. Kirby (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in 20:779-828. southern Africa. Ann. Cape Prov. Mus. (nat. His!) 1988. Bewohner von Schilfgallen in den 16:327-349. Naturschutzgebieten .Am Berger Hang" und .Enkheimer 1988. Nesting strategies in some southern African species Ried" in Frankfurt am Main (Insecta: Diptera, of Ammophila (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae ). J. Nat. Hist. Hymenoptera). Hessische Faun. Briefe 8:16-18. 23:1-16. Yamane, S. Wheeler, G. C. 1988. A preliminary note of the thermal property in two 1988. Chapter 2. The compleat taxonomist, p. 11-15 in: different types of Ropalidia combs (Hymenoptera, Trager, J. C., (edit.), Advances in Myrmecology. E. J. Vespidae). KontyO 56:896-900.

THE FOURTH JN'T£1lNATIONAL CONGRESS 01' SYSTEMATIC AND IIVOUTriOI'IARY BIOLOGY

THE UNITY OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY July 1•?, 11110

CO.HOSTED ftY THE SMmt50NIAN INSTI1UTION

I POTENTIAL TOPICS {~ J REQUEST FOR SECOND I ANNOUNCEMENT Congressional Symposia .Y Con..vltion In evolutionary perspective: Madagascar, a,._ arena The emerging pictLQ ol (lveratty and evoiUUon In tlolancl archipelagos The H~aii111 lllarw:ts Return by April t, 1989, lor further The West lndiM iflform.a.tiOn., to: The Juen Fwrillndaz Islands lnle!1a•ng wolullonary 1he-ory with arNironmeot&l plaming and management tle global pro'PIIClua for mlintllil'ling diversity C..,..... S=eoa..,.. ICSE&·IV lhe role of ay.-.~~ct; and wolullon In bloltoehnology Department ol Mkrohiobgy The 1f111ortanc;c~ of apt.m~Uer. In fle release ol genellcalty engineerlld orgarisms UNw.rstty M Maryl.\nd Edn~n ltld wolution ~c Park. Maryland 20742 The contWnAng arigna of apee~aUon: g8!'1etier. 1o palvontology U.S.A.. HOIIr 1'111 biotic exchange influenced tl.bM~ evolution? The role or Antarctica In I'I'IOdern evolution anc1 biogeography SyltemUcs and blog80~phy of hyO'OIMrmal vents aod fleir eYolulionary ligllftcance: The .merging global pieiUr. I wt!.h la r.ce1.v1 the second a.nnotJncement for ICSEB-rY: Eeos)'$\8ml1htou~ ~:Are procns" llmilar In ancient and reeem environ!TlWils? How Important are m~~cro-evoiiJiiOOflry procti'SSH In determiring the course ol evolution? Name ______Pattern. ol d!Nelopmerrt: How are !hey evollllionarily detamined and c:1o they constram ·~""""' .volutlon? A~------Genetic cons•alnttln ewlutiorl: Do t'ley ocax and how do lhey work? Biorn.ehVIcs and 1\.onctlonal morphology: Wtwlt is tl911' avolu1tonary sig'lincane&? n. wolution ol behavior: ,._approaches, rniW •~1 Rates ol evollJiian: n. ir'agrftan of morphology .-.d molecules Urumry ______Molecular phylogenellcs: Whch gene, wwNeto Mep.»l"'ee, which method? A erflcll Nlppl'aiul of Uwories of eharac:W wolutton in pl1y!og-1ic tnlerence The phylogeny lnd IIYOiullan ol prollaryOies T•Jephoo,______fAX ------Toward 1 phylogeny o1 I'll protistar. The origlln lnd ~tleltlon of Homo Slpiens

• I pl&n to ~ay on c.unpuJo ____ oft ~JHIJ. ____ Special Interest Symposia • Th• number of indivkJuals wh.o will nquint ho&Wng vtiU lw AMOI.Kft, lrllring .-.d job piiC.mllnt olsysttwnatists lnd lllloiUtiorl$15 on 1 wor1d 'ofll'lde sCile: their signi•c.,..;:e In .,. globll erMronmental cnc.s I 2 3 4 5 6 ____ (~K Cirdc c»rnt:t nu~ or in- 21 II: cenllxy data bl-: h s10r1ge, rr'llnipul11ion 1nd use ol Ll•onomc knowledge dica.te number in blank). The~ tools lor systematic lnd evol~onary •~lysos. hlrlds-on workshops • I wil need day car~r or b.lbys:trii'.R. Joti"Vices fDr ____ Keynote Speakers Will Include: dtildren. Douglas Futuyma Peter Raven • I pk\o to P"~nt a poster ____ Dnll pcper ____ Stephen J. Gould John Maynard Smith • I wrsh to or;anize a !.J)eo.al 1n1eresr sympoSIUm or round-4able Richard Leakey Geerat Vermeij Of\ thw- followm14 ~OPtC: ------Robert May Edward Q_ Wilson