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Samarqand Davlat Universiteti Geografiya Va Ekologiya Fakulteti Gidrometeorologiya Kafedrasi Gidrometeorologiya Yo’Nalishi

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Samarqand Davlat Universiteti Geografiya Va Ekologiya Fakulteti Gidrometeorologiya Kafedrasi Gidrometeorologiya Yo’Nalishi SAMARQAND DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI GEOGRAFIYA VA EKOLOGIYA FAKULTETI GIDROMETEOROLOGIYA KAFEDRASI GIDROMETEOROLOGIYA YO’NALISHI Djuraboyeva Nodira Fazliddinova SANGARDAK DARYOSINING GIDROLOGIK TAVSIFI Malakaviy bitiruv ishi ilmiy raxbar: Sh.R. G’aniyev Kafedraning 2017 yil 7-iyundagi majlisida muhokama qilindi va himoyaga tavsiya etildi (Bayonnoma №10) Kafedra mudiri: prof. Sh.T. Xoliquliv YaDAK raisi: prof. F.H. Hikmatov. 2017-yil. Sangardak daryosining gidrologik tavsifi M U N D A R I J A KIRISH………………………………………………………………….……3 1-BOB. SANGARDAK DARYOSI HAVZASINING TABIIY GEOGRAFIK SHAROITI VA UNING O‘ZIGA XOS XUSUSIYATLARI………………………………………………………….…….5 1.1. Geografik o‘rni vauningtavsifi ...................................................................5 1.2. Geologik tuzilishi va relyefi ......................................................................6 1.3. Iqlim sharoitining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari ...............................................8 1.4. Tuproq va o‘simlik qoplami ....................................................................10 1.5. Gidrografik tarmoqlari ............................................................................12 2-BOB. SANGARDAK DARYOSI HAVZASINING GIDROMETEOROLOGIK O‘RGANILGANLIGI .........16 2.1. Sangardak daryosida amalga oshirilgan gidrologik kuzatishlar va ularning tahlili ........................................................................................................16 2.2. Havzada amalga oshirilgan meteorologik kuzatishlar haqida .................19 2.3. Sangardak daryosi havzasidagi hisob gidrologik postlarni tanlash ….....24 3-BOB. SANGARDAK DARYOSINING GIDROLOGIK REJIMI ......25 3.1. Sangardak daryosi oqimiga ta’sir etuvchi omillar haqida ......................25 3.2. Oqim me’yori va uni turli davrlar uchun hisoblash ...............................28 3.3. Daryo oqimining o‘zgaruvchanligi va uni statistik baholash ..................31 3.4. Daryo oqimining yil davomida taqsimlanishini o‘rganish.......................35 XULOSA.........................................................................................................48 FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO‘YXATI ................................50 ILOVA ...........................................................................................................52 1. BMIni bajarishga topshiriq 2. Kafedra yig‘ilishi bayonnomasidan ko‘chirma 3. Ilmiy rahbarning xulosasi 4. Taqriz 5. Taqdimot materiallari K I R I SH Arid iqlimli rayonlar, jumladan O‘zbekistonning tabiiy geografik va iqlim xususiyatlari qishloq xo‘jalik ekinlarini yetishtirishni sug‘orishsiz amalga oshirib bo‘lmasligini taqozo etadi. Bu esa suv resurslarining tabiiy yo‘qotilishiga qo‘shimcha holda, uning miqdorini yanada ko‘proq bo‘lishiga olib keladi. SHu sababli O‘zbekistonda bugungi kunda sug‘oriladigan yerlar maydonining keskin ortishi natijasida daryo suvlari yo‘qotilishini baholash va suv resurslari holatini nazorat qilish muammolari juda muhim hisoblanadi. Mazkur muammolar, ayniqsa suv resurslari taqchilligi sharoitida, inson bilan atrof-muhit orasidagi uzviy munosabatlarning muhim jihatlarini belgilaydi. Bu muammoni O‘zbekistonning arid iqlimli rayonlaridan biri hisoblangan Surxondaryo havzasi daryolari misolida ko‘rib chiqish yanadadolzarbdir. Bitiruv malakaviy ishining asosiy maqsadi Sangardak daryosining gidrologik tavsifinio‘rganishdan iboratdir. Bitiruv malakaviy ishining maqsadidan kelib chiqib, ishda quyidagi vazifalar belgilandi va o‘z echimini topdi: - Sangardak daryosi havzasining tabiiy geografik sharoiti va uning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlarinio‘rganish; - Sangardak daryosihavzasininggidrometeorologik o‘rganilganligi yoritish; - Sangardak daryosining gidrologik rejimini o‘rganish. Ishda tadqiqot ob’ekti sifatida Sangardak daryosi tanlangan bo‘lib, uning tadqiqot predmeti esa daryoda shakllanadiganoqimning gidrometeoroligik omillar bilan bog‘liq holda o‘rganishdir. Bitiruv malakaviy ishining birinchi bobida mavzuga bevosita aloqador bo‘lgan ilmiy adabiyotlar asosida Sangardak daryosi havzasining tabiiy sharoiti va uning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlariyoritilgan. Ishning ikkinchi bobi Sangardak daryosihavzasininggidrometeorologik o‘rganilganligi, ya’ni havzada amalga oshirilgan gidrologik va meteorologik 4 kuzatishlar hamdadaryohavzasidagi hisob gidrologik postlarni tanlashga bag‘ishlangan. Ishning so‘nggi uchinchi bobida Sangardak daryosining gidrologik rejimi, ya’ni daryo oqimiga ta’sir etuvchi omillar, oqim me’yorlari, daryo oqimining o‘zgaruvchanligi va yil davomida taqsimlanishi o‘rganilgan. 5 1-BOB. SANGARDAK DARYOSI HAVZASINING TABIIY GEOGRAFIK SHAROITI VA UNING O‘ZIGA XOS XUSUSIYATLARI Ushbu bobda Sangardak daryosi havzasining geografik o‘rni, geologik tuzilishi, relefi, iqlim sharoitining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, tuproq va o‘simlik qoplami hamda gidrografik tarmoqlariga alohida tavsif beriladi. Yuqorida qayd etilgan omillar Sangardak daryosining oqim rejimiga bevosita ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. 1.1. Geografik o‘rni va uning tavsifi Ma’lumki, Hisor - mamlakatimizdagi eng baland, eng uzun tog‘ tizmalaridan hisoblanadi. YUrtimiz janubida joylashgan mazkur tog‘ tizmasi tabiatini muhofaza qilib, asl holicha saqlash maqsadida bir necha o‘rmon xo‘jaligi va qo‘riqxonalar tashkil etilgan. Ulardan biri «Uzun» o‘rmon xo‘jaligi bo‘lib, u Surxondaryo viloyatining Sariosiyo, Uzun va Denov tumani hududilarini o‘z ichiga qamrab oladi. Aytish mumkinki, Sangardak - Uzun o‘rmon xo‘jaligining eng yirik bo‘limlaridandir. Uning umumiy maydoni 65 ming 732 gektarga teng. Bu erlar mahobatli tog‘lardan iborat bo‘lib, dengiz sathidan 1 yarim ming metrdan 4 ming metrgacha balandlikda joylashgan. U sharqda Bobotog‘ va shimoli-sharqda Hisor tog‘lari orqali Tojikiston, janubda Amudaryo o‘zani orqali Afg‘oniston, janubi-g‘arbda Ko‘hitang tizmasi orqali Turkmaniston davlatlari bilan, g‘arbiy va shimoliy-g‘arbiy tomondan esa Hisor tog‘ tizmasining tarmoqlari orqali Respublikamizning Qashqadaryo viloyati hududi bilan chegaralanadi. Surxondaryo vodiysining shimolidagi Hisor tog‘ tizmasi Surxondaryo havzasiga qarashli tog‘li hududning asosiy qismini egallaydi. Hisor tog‘ tizmasi Surxondaryo havzasidagi eng baland tog‘ hisoblanib, tizmaning Surxondaryo havzasiga qarashli ayrim cho‘qqilari 4500 m dan oshadi. Bunday balandliklarda haroratning pastligi sabab bir qancha muzliklar ham mavjud. Surxondaryoning eng asosiy irmoqlari ham aynan mana shu muzliklardan boshlanadi. Hisor tog‘ tizmasi 6 Surxondaryo oqimining shakllanishida katta ahamiyatga ega. Sababi tizmaning yon bag‘ridan hosil bo‘lgan oqim Surxondaryo havzasining butun tog‘li qismida hosil bo‘ladigan oqim miqdorining kamida 70% ini tashkil etadi. Hisor tizmasining janubiy-g‘arbiy tarmoqlari Boysun tog‘lari deb atalib, Boysun tog‘larining balandligi faqat shimolda 4000 m dan oshadi. Boysun tog‘lari janubga borgan sari juda tez va keskin ravishda balandligi kamayib boradi. SHuning uchun ham Surxondaryo havzasining o‘ng qirg‘oq janubida kichik bo‘lsada doimiy suv oqadigan daryolar yo‘q. Surxondaryoning sharqiy qismini egallagan Bobotog‘ uncha baland bo‘lmasada Surxondaryo havzasi va Kofirnihon havzalarini bir-biridan ajratib turadi. Bobotog‘ ko‘rinishdan uzun cho‘zilgan ko‘rinishga ega. Bobotog‘ning eng baland cho‘qqisi 2286 m ni tashkil qiladi. Bu cho‘qqidan har ikki tarafga ham balandlik kamayib boradi. Tog‘ning tugash qismlarida tog‘ning balandliga atigi 500-600 m ni tashkil etadi. Tog‘ning uncha baland bo‘lmaganligi sabab, bu tog‘ yonbag‘rlaridan suvi Surxondaryoga etmasdan tugab qoladigan vaqtli soylargina oqib tushadi. Bunday soylarning suvlari faqat toshqin va sel davrlarida Surxondaryoga etib keladi. SHuning uchun ham bu soylar havzaning umumiy suv resurslarida deyarli hech qanday rol o‘ynamaydi. 1.2. Geologik tuzilishi va relefi Sangardak havzasining geologik tuzilishida proterazoy, kembriy, ordovik, siluriy, devon, tosh, perm, trias, yura, bo‘r, poleogen, neogen, to‘rtlamchi davrlari qatlamlari uchraydi. Proterazoy qatlamlari har-xil ko‘rinishdagi kristalli slans, kvars, ambifolitam va marmarlar mavjud bo‘lgan Boysuntog‘ va tizmalari o‘sishida uchraydi. Ayrim joylarda ularning qalinligi 4000 m ga etadi. Kembriy qatlami qalin kristalli qatlamlardan iborat bo‘lib, ularning umumiy qalinligi 1000- 1200 m ni tashkil qiladi. Ular, asosan, Obizarang daryosi havzasi hududi atrofidagi erlarning geologik tuzilishida uchraydi. Kembriy qatlami Surxondaryo havzasining boshqa hududlarida deyarli uchrmaydi. Ordovik qatlami qum-tosh, amfolitam, slyudisto-kremnistim, argillitovim slans, va ohaktosh jinslaridan tashkil topgan 7 bo‘lib, ular hozirgi CHilliksu, Irgaylik, Olmalisoy daryolari suv ayrig‘ichlarida namoyon bo‘ladi. Ordovik qatlamining umumiy qalinligi 300 m ni tashkil qiladi. Siluriy qatlamlarini Olmalisoy, CHarmogol suv ayrig‘ichlarida va SHilxazor, Kishtut, SHatrut daryolarida uchratish mumkin. Ular alevrolet, alerolit slans, qum- tosh va kam uchraydigan ohaktosh, bazalnim konglomerat jinslari qo‘shilishidan tashkil topgan. Ularning umumiy qalinligi 1000-1700m gacha etadi. Devon qatlamlari Magetli tog‘larida va Olmalisoy, CHarsha daryolari havzasida uchraydi. Devon qatlami asosan qum-tosh, ohaktosh, rasslansov alivrolitiv jinslaridan tashkil topgan bo‘lib, Surxondaryoning yuqorida sanab o‘tilagan qismlarida uning qalinligi 115-500 m ni tashkil qiladi. Perm qatlamlari Kayraka chap irmoqlarida va Tamshush daryosining o‘ng qirg‘oqlari yotqiziqlarida uchraydi. Qatlam porfiram, tufam, qum-tosh, gravelitam jinslaridan iborat. Perm qatlamining umumiy qalinligi 3200-3000 m ni tashkil qiladi. Trias qatlamlari Magetli tog‘ining janubida,
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