DOCSLIB.ORG

Blockchain Technology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY B.Mona, Shaik Yasmeen, Nada Faiz, Ms.PR .Anisha, Dr.BV Ramana Murthy, Mr.C.Kishor Kumar Reddy Stanley college of Engineering and Technology for Women Chapel road, bids, Hyderabad -500001 [email protected]@gmail.com,[email protected] [email protected] ,[email protected] Abstract Blochchain serves as an immutable edger which allows transactions take place in d - decentralize manner.Blockcahin based-applications are rapidly increasing, covering numerous fields. However there are challenges of blockchain technology .We provide an overview on the history of blockchain and its architechture.Technical challenges and recent advances are listed.Possible future of blockchain in is research is also discussed. We also lay various applications of blockchain. 1. Introduction Nowadays crytocurrency has become a buzzword in both industry and academia .As one of the most successful cryotocurrency ,Bitcoin has enjoyed a huge success with its capital market searching 10 billion dollars in 2016 with a specially designed data storage structure ,transactions in Bitcoin network could happen without any third party and the core technology to build bitcoin is blockchain ,which was first propose in 2008 and implemented in 2004.A blockchain is a decentralized ,disturbed database that is used to maintain a continuously growing list of records, called blocks. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to previous block.Blockchin is named that way because it is basically and endless chain of blocks.The order o this chain defines the order in which the transaction in the blocks took place. The blockchain is created with a very specific problem to solve the double spacing problem. 2. Blockchain A Specially Designed Data Storage Structure, Transactions in Bitcoin Network could happen without any third party and the Core Technology to Build Bitcoin is Blockchain.It is a decentralized, distributed database that is used to maintain a continuously growing list of records called blocks. It could be regarded as a public ledger and all committed transactions are stored in a list of blocks. This chain grows as new blocks are appended to it continuously. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to a previous block. As it is endless chain of blocks, it is called as blockchain.The order of this chain defines the order in which transaction in the blocks took place. 3. History of Blockchain Technology Blockchain seemingly came up out together nowhere together with Bitcoin in 2013.Importance of blockchain has been increasing day by day .Dubain is powered by government in the world by 2020.Blockchain and Bitcoin are created by “SATOSHI NAKHAMOTO”.He was born On 5th April 1975 as with most inventions he used and combined many already present techniques.Example Encryption Methods where already present .Blockchain solved a very specific problem in mind to solve :the double spending problem.Blockchain solves many problems because the database is very disturbed, very transparent Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019 Page No:526 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 4. Literature Survey I. Eyal and E. G. Sirer[10] describes the phase as the literature search. In this phase we explain the methodological framework for conducting the literature search. According to us the search can be conducted in different ways. We suggest starting the search for relevant literature in leading journals. However, the literature search in this paper was divided into four phases. First, we establish a common ground by searching generally for the concepts across various platforms to identify a knowledgebase as the foundation for the literature review. As established above, the primary focus has been on the keyword Blockchain, due to the fact that extensive literature exists on both ecosystems and platforms. Second, when the common ground has been established, we identify the primary drivers within the IS research field We take foundation in the senior scholars basket of journals, in which we identify the basket of eight, consisting of the essential journals within IS research. However, there exist various ways of identifying literature with high quality. Additionally, we also identify other relevant journals that are included. In our database search. In step three, we conduct a forward- and backwards each to ensure that we have exhausted the concepts within the area of interest. The literature found in step three is mapped into customized version of M. Sharples and J. Domingue[8] backward/forward matrix. After we conclude that we have reached an exhaustive point of our re-search, we add the literature found in the forward/backward search to our original concept matrix to ensure a full overview of the topic. How-ever, we note that due to the exclusion of technical papers, we cannot claim to be exhaustive, but note that we reach a point of theoretical saturation with the selected articles. Theoretical saturation is reached.When no new categories and properties emerge from the data .During our general search, we start out by searching for literature on Google Scholar to create a quick overview of the research topic. During this phase, we use a concept matrix approach where the concepts are identified and mapped in the matrix. This allows us to get a full overview of the research landscape within our topic of interest. 5. Analysis 5.1 Blockchain Architechtutre Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019 Page No:527 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 As ,we know that the blocks, holds a complete list of transaction records like conventional public Ledger. FIGURE 1 illustrates an example of blockchain which has continuous sequence Of block. The first block of a blockchain is called genes is block which has no parent block 5.2 Internals of Blockchain A. Block: A Block consists of the block header and the block body as shown in FIGURE 2. Block version: Indicates which set of block validation riles to follow. Merkle tree root hash: The hash value of all the transactions in the block. Timestamp: Current time as seconds in universal time since January 1st 1970. n Bits: Target threshold of a valid blockhash. Parent Blockhash: A 256 bit hash value that points to the previous block B. Digital Signature: The typical digital signature is involved with two phases: signing phase and verification phase. This digital signature algorithm used in blockchains is the elliptic digital signature algorithm (EDSA). C. Key characteristics of Blockchain: Decentralization: Here, third party is no longer needed in blockchain.It is used to maintain data consistency in distributed network. Persistency: Here, blocks that contain invalid transactions could be discovered immediately. Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019 Page No:528 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 Anonymility: Each user can interact with the blockchain with a generated address, which does not reveal the real identity of the user D.Taxonomy of Blockchain Systems: Current block chain systems are categorised roughly into three types: public block chain, private blockchain and consortium blockchain .A private blockchain is regarded as an untralized network since it is fully controlled by one organisation. In public blockchain all records are visible to the public and everyone could take part in the consensus process. In a consortium blockchain, only a group of pre-selected nodes would participate in the consensus process. 5.3 Changes and recent Advances Even though blockchain has great potential, it faces many challenges which limit the wide usage of blockchain.Some major challenges and recent advantages are ● Scalability: Because of the amount of transactions increasing day by day blockchain becomes bulky. The job of the node is to store all transactions to validate them on the block chain because they have to check if the source of the current transaction is unspent or not as the original restriction of the block size and the interval is used to generate a new block, the Bitcoin blockchain can only process nearly 7 transactions per second .Which cannot fulfil the requirement and needs of processing millions of transactions in real-time fashion. In order to address the scalability problem of blockchain, it is classified onto two types, here a database named account tree is used to hold the balance of all non –empty addresses .Light weight client could also help fix this problem. Where some, a novel scheme allowed light weight clients to outsource expensive computations. ● Redesigning Blockchain:Bitcoin next generated is proposed and it main idea is to decouple conventional block into two part .Key block for leader election and microblock to store trabsactions.Bitcoin-NG is the heaviest chain strategy in which microblock carries no weight. In the above way, blockchain is redesigned and the trade-off between block size and network security has been addressed. ● Privacy leakage: Blockchain preserve privacy through the public and private keys. Many methods have been proposed to develop anonymity of blockchain,which is divided into two types ● Mixing: Here, in blockchain users addresses are psuedoymous.But we can still link addresses to user identity as users make transactions with the same addresses frequently. Mixing is a service which provides anonymity by transferring funds from multiple input addresses to multiple outputs. ● Anonymous: In zero coin. Zero knowledge proof is used. Minors don’t have proper transaction with digital signature but to validate coins belong to a list of valid coins. It reveals payments destination and amounts.So; inorder to prevent this zero cash was proposed to addresses this problem. In that, zero knowledge sufficient non-interactive arguments of knowledge are leveraged. ● Selfish Minning: Blockchain gets easily attacked by colliding selfish minor’s .EYAL and SIRER proved that the network is vulnerable even if only a small portion of the Volume VI, Issue I, January/2019 Page No:529 JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations ISSN NO: 1076-5131 Hashing power is to cheat.
Recommended publications
  • Micronational Club Starter Packet

    Micronational Club Starter Packet

    2019 Blount County Micronational Club Calendar Have you ever dreamed of ruling over your own country? Here’s your chance! What will the laws, customs, and history be? You decide. What will the flag, coins, and postage stamps look like? You will create them. With a different project each week, you’ll build an empire! On December 21, you can present your creations at the Micronational Fair. Recommended for ages 8 to 18. Thursday Topic Project Brainstorm at Home 09-05 @ 4:00 (in What is a country? / Real Micronations / Brainstorming Name / Vexillology (your flag) Sept.) What makes a good flag? Sheet 09-12 Name / Vexillology Flag Geography (your map) 09-19 Geography Map Theme / Declaration of Independence / Symbols / Motto 09-26 Theme / Declaration of Independence / Seal Constitution / Laws Symbols / Motto 10-03 @ 4:30 Constitution / Laws Coins Economics (Oct-Dec) 10-10 Economics Currency Fashion 10-17 Fashion Sash Crowns / Sports / Awards 10-24 Sports Crown / Trophy / Folklore Medals 10-31 Folklore Monster Stamps / Customs 11-07 Infrastructure Stamps / Passports Language 11-14 Language Language Monument 11-21 Monuments Model Music ThanksGive no no no 12-05 Music Song Holidays 12-12 Holidays Calendar Multinational Fair 12-19 no no no Sat. 12-21 / @ Multinational Fair Multinational Fair Diplomacy 1:00 Other ideas: Micronational Olympics? Some of the projects and themes may change. This is your club. I want to hear your ideas! Contact: Clay Kriese Youth Services Specialist 865-273-1414 [email protected] Make Your Own Micronation Worksheet 2019 Blount County Micronational Club Use this sheet (and a pencil) to help you brainstorm ideas for your new country.
  • Small States & Territories, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019, Pp. 183-194 Oecusse And

    Small States & Territories, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019, Pp. 183-194 Oecusse And

    Small States & Territories, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019, pp. 183-194 Oecusse and the Sultanate of Occussi-Ambeno: Pranksterism, misrepresentation and micronationality Philip Hayward School of Communications University of Technology Sydney Australia [email protected] Abstract: Occussi-Ambeno, a fictional sultanate initially conceived by Aotearoan/New Zealander anarchist artist Bruce Grenville in 1968 and represented and developed by him and others over the last fifty years, is notable as both an early example of a virtual micronation (i.e. a type that does not attempt to enact itself within the physical territory it claims) and as an entity affixed to an entire pre-existent territory (in the case of the Sultanate of Occussi- Ambeno, that of Oecusse on the north-west coast of the island of Timor). The latter aspect is pertinent in that however imaginary the micronation is, its association with a region of a small state raises questions concerning the ethics of (mis)representation. This is particularly pertinent in the case of Oecusse, which was occupied by Indonesian forces in 1975 and had its distinct identity subsumed within the Indonesian state until Timor-Leste (and Oecusse as its exclave) successfully gained independence in 2002. Discussions in the article compare the anarcho- pranksterist impulse behind the creation of the Sultanate of Occussi-Ambeno and its manifestation in visual media – primarily through the design and production of ‘artistamps’ (faux postage stamps) – to related economic and socio-political contexts. Keywords: artistamps, Indonesia, micronation, misrepresentation, Occussi-Ambeno, Oecusse, Portugal, Timor, Timor Leste © 2019 – Islands and Small States Institute, University of Malta, Malta.
  • What Is a Nation: the Micronationalist Challenge to Traditional Concepts of the Nation-State

    What Is a Nation: the Micronationalist Challenge to Traditional Concepts of the Nation-State

    WHAT IS A NATION: THE MICRONATIONALIST CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF THE NATION-STATE A Thesis by Bennie Lee Ferguson Master of Arts, Wichita State University, 2009 Submitted to the Department of History and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 2009 © Copyright 2009 by Bennie Lee Ferguson All Rights Reserved WHAT IS A NATION: THE MICRONATIONALIST CHALLENGE TO TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF THE NATION-STATE The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in History. _____________________________________ George Dehner, Committee Chair _____________________________________ Jay Price, Committee Member _____________________________________ Deborah Gordon, Committee Member iii DEDICATION To my son, David Lee Ferguson, my father, Basil Lee Ferguson, my mother, Alberta Zongker, my good friend Michael Cummans, and His Excellency President Kevin Baugh of the Republic of Molossia iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitude to several members of the faculty of Wichita State University, including Dr. John Dreifort, Dr. Anthony Gythiel, and Dr. Craig Miner. I would also like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Jay Price, Dr. Deborah Gordon, and especially my thesis chair, Dr. George Dehner, for their guidance and counsel, not only in regard to this project, but
  • Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberlandâ•Žs Claim of Statehood

    Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberlandâ•Žs Claim of Statehood

    Chicago Journal of International Law Volume 17 Number 1 Article 10 7-1-2016 Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberland’s Claim of Statehood Gabriel Rossman Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil Recommended Citation Rossman, Gabriel (2016) "Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberland’s Claim of Statehood," Chicago Journal of International Law: Vol. 17: No. 1, Article 10. Available at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol17/iss1/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (But Still So Far): Assessing Liberland’s Claim of Statehood Gabriel Rossman Abstract This Comment analyzes the statehood aspirations of Liberland, a self-proclaimed microstate nestled on a tract of disputed territory between Serbia and Croatia. Customary international law, the Montevideo Criteria, and alternative modalities of recognition are discussed as potential avenues for Liberland to gain recognition. The theoretical and practical merits of these theories are explored. Ultimately, Liberland has two potential avenues for obtaining recognition. First, Liberland could convince the international community that the land it claims is terra nullius and satisfies the Montevideo Criteria. Second, Liberland could obtain constitutive recognition by the international community. It is unlikely that Liberland will be able to obtain recognition through either of these avenues. Table of Contents I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 308 II. A Brief History of Liberland ..............................................................................
  • What Will Happen to Sealand, the World's Smallest Micronation, After Brexit? 10/10/19, 12(16

    What Will Happen to Sealand, the World's Smallest Micronation, After Brexit? 10/10/19, 12(16

    What will happen to Sealand, the world's smallest micronation, after Brexit? 10/10/19, 12(16 My Feed News Politics Sport Business Money Opinion Tech Life & Style Travel Culture See all News Premium ! › News What will happen to Sealand, the world's smallest micronation, after Brexit? Sealand, a self-claimed principality in the North Sea approximately 12 km from the coast of Suffolk CREDIT: GEOFF PUGH By Charlotte Lytton Follow 8 OCTOBER 2019 • 9:47AM https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/08/will-happen-sealand-worlds-smallest-micronation-brexit/ Page 1 of 9 What will happen to Sealand, the world's smallest micronation, after Brexit? 10/10/19, 12(16 As Brexit beckons, Charlotte Lytton visits the North Sea island taking citizenship into its own hands Seven miles off the Suffolk coast, it is officially the smallest micronation in the world. For more than half a century, Sealand – a wind-lashed (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1538866/For-65m-your-very-own-nation.html), Second World War naval fort whose main platform, some 60ft above the North Sea, can only be reached by being winched up by crane – has seen off not only German advances but also those from the British government. Now, with increasing uncertainty about Brexit on the UK mainland, the sovereign state is receiving hundreds of applications for citizenship each week. According to Michael Bates, the principality’s 67-year-old prince, would-be Sealanders are inspired by the ruling family’s “desire for freedom from authority” – as well as its black passport, embossed with two crowned sea creatures.
  • The Mustang a Few Words from the President in a Word, Microcon

    The Mustang a Few Words from the President in a Word, Microcon

    News from the Republic of Molossia 1 July 2017 XL Volume 5, Issue 7 The Mustang A Few Words From The President In a word, MicroCon. The meeting of many micronational leaders and citizens in Atlanta, Georgia, 23-25 June 2017 XL was amazing to say the least. Speaking personally, I truly and deeply enjoyed Inside this issue: interacting with my peers in the micronational world, exchanging ideas with them, networking and fellowshipping. Meeting with MicroCon, continued 2 others that share similar ideas and goals is only half of the experi- ence, enjoying their unique views on what makes a nation is the Ourania State Visit and 3 other half. Both halves come together to create an epiphanal event, Other News one that will not be forgotten soon - nor do we want it to. Meeting with like-minded people forged new friendships and strengthened Last Word With The First 4 old ones. It set the stage for a new era of intermicronational en- Lady gagement and interaction. I look forward to a more positive future for the micronational world, and to future MicroCon meetups! MicroCon 2017 28 June 2017 XL On 23, 24 and 25 June 2017 XL the Republic of Molossia was honored to participate in the second major intermicronational get-together and conference, MicroCon 2017. Hosted this year by the Kingdom of Ruritania, MicroCon is a meet-up of micronationalists from around the world. The evening before the event began many micronationalists gathered at the Embassy of the Kingdom of Ruritania for a diplomatic reception. This allowed the leaders of the assembled nations to gather so- cially, exchange ideas and generally get to know each other.
  • Warwick.Ac.Uk/Lib-Publications

    Warwick.Ac.Uk/Lib-Publications

    A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/153079 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications COMPLEX GOVERNANCE AND SEAZONES: THE FLOATING ISLAND PROJECT IN FRENCH POLYNESIA 2020 Ph.D. Thesis by Nathalie Mezza-Garcia A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of. Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Warwick Complex Governance and SeaZones: The Floating Island Project Nathalie Mezza-Garcia Supervised by Emma Uprichard & Nathaniel Tkacz A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Interdisciplinary Studies University of Warwick Centre for Interdisciplinary Methodologies January 2020 Esta tesis está dedicada a mi mamá y a mi papá. Por toda una vida de apoyo incondicional. This thesis is dedicated to my mum and dad, for a lifetime of love and unconditional support. II I think the next century will be the century of complexity Stephen W. Hawking III Table of Contents LIST OF APPENDIXES ......................................................................................... VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................
  • Ár Päts the Classic History of the Kingdom of Talossa 1979-2008

    Ár Päts the Classic History of the Kingdom of Talossa 1979-2008

    http://www.talossa1979.com Ár Päts The Classic History of the Kingdom of Talossa 1979-2008 É É É R. BEN MADISON, M.A. É É É Published by Preßeu Støtanneu Abbavilla, Atatürk, RT Ár Päts, 2008 Edition Copyright © 1997-2008 by R. Ben Madison É É É All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, quoted or paraphrased, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, internet, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the author. “Talossa” is a registered trademark and any unauthorized use of the word is a violation of US and international law. http://www.talossa1979.com -1- PREFACE: What is the Kingdom of Talossa? Ár Päts means “Our Country.” And I founded our country – the Kingdom of Talossa – on December 26, 1979, when I was fourteen years old, in a public ceremony in my father’s living room in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The micronation of Talossa has been an amazing ride for 28 years. It all started when I was a high school sophomore learning German and dreaming of worlds beyond my boring home. The day after Christmas in 1979, I declared my bedroom to be its own “independent, sovereign country,” the Kingdom of Talossa, with me as its monarch, as well as its only citizen. This gave me the opportunity to draw maps and flags, and even to design my own Talossan language. Instead of dying out right away like it should have, the political adventure called Talossa has grown into a worldwide community of members from the US, Canada, Italy, France, Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.
  • Under the Mermaid Flag: Achzivland and the Performance of Micronationality on Ancestral Palestinian Land

    Under the Mermaid Flag: Achzivland and the Performance of Micronationality on Ancestral Palestinian Land

    Coolabah, Nr 27, 2019, ISSN 1988-5946, Observatori: Centre d’Estudis Australians i Transnacionals / Observatory: Australian and Transnational Studies Centre, Universitat de Barcelona Under the Mermaid Flag: Achzivland and the performance of micronationality on ancestral Palestinian land Philip Hayward University of Technology Sydney [email protected] Copyright©2019 Philip Hayward. This text may be archived and redistributed both in electronic form and in hard copy, provided that the author and journal are properly cited and no fee is charged, in accordance with our Creative Commons Licence. Abstract: This article considers the relationship between symbolism, interpretation and grounded reality with regard to “Achzivland,” a small area on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean that was declared an independent micronation in 1972. The article commences by identifying the principal geo-political and military factors that created the terrain for the enactment of fantasy utopianism, namely the forced removal of the area’s Palestinian population in 1948 and the nature of Israeli occupation and management of the region since. Following this, the article shifts to address related symbolic/allusive elements, including the manner in which a flag featuring a mermaid has served as the symbol for a quasi-national territory whose founder — Eli Avivi — has been compared to the fictional character Peter Pan, and his fiefdom to J.M. Barrie’s fictional “Never Never Land”. Consideration of the interconnection of these (forceful and figurative) elements allows the discourse and rhetoric of Achzivland’s micronationality to be contextualised in terms of more concrete political struggles in the region. 72 KEYWORDS: Achzivland, Micronationality, Palestine, Israel, Mermaids, Peter Pan Introduction Over the last 50 years, the term “micronation” has been applied to usually (but not exclusively) small territories that have been declared independent by their inhabitants.
  • The Legal Position of Inhabited Islands Submerging Due to Sea Level Rise

    The Legal Position of Inhabited Islands Submerging Due to Sea Level Rise

    Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2013-2014 The legal position of inhabited islands submerging due to sea level rise Masterproef van de opleiding ‗Master in de rechten‘ Ingediend door Anemoon Soete 00903062 Promotor: Prof. dr. Frank Maes Commissaris: Hendrik Schoukens Acknowledgment I suppose this is the place to squeeze blood, tears and sweat from words to bring across just how daunting the task was I have been burdened with. I still relive the countless times friends and family asked me the same polite, yet also caringly sincere, question. With faces contorted slightly, in precisely the appropriate amount of agony, they uttered the words ―how I was doing or if I would rather not talk about it?‖. I always knew ‗it‘ was not to be confused with anything else but thesis writing. I even grew accustomed to this social necessity directed towards so many students in their twenties. Each time, I could tell I was never fully able to answer that question in a satisfactory sullen manner when I gladly elaborated on what I had just, literally just, found out. I will have to let those same people down once more. I have to be honest, I have loved being able to do research on the topic of this paper. For this, I am grateful towards my thesis advisor, Prof. Frank Maes, for allowing me and trusting me to put forth my own take on this legal topic, something which is not always easily appreciated. I have felt welcome with thesis-related, as well as off-topic questions at all times, and what is more, I have felt welcome as a person and not as thesis student number six.
  • Soundtracking a Micronation

    Soundtracking a Micronation

    SOUNDTRACKING A MICRONATION Neurobash’s engagement with Ladonia [ReceiveD January 28th 2019; accepteD March 11th 2019 – DOI: 10.21463/shima.13.1.11] Sheila Hallerton <[email protected]> Matt Hill Southern Cross University, Lismore <[email protected]> ABSTRACT: LaDonia, conceived anD helmed by artist Lars Vilks since its inception in 1996, operates as a physical anD online micronation that is particularly concerned with freedom of artistic expression. While much of the creative activity unDertaken in – anD in association with – LaDonia has involveD sculptural work, the micronation also appointed the electronic music ensemble Neurobash as its official banD in 2006-2008. This article explores the ensemble’s motivation for engaging with Vilks anD his LaDonia project, the musical work created by them in association with the micronation anD their subsequent Distancing from Vilks’s activities. In approaching these topics, the article produces a characterisation of one of the few sustained associations between a creative ensemble anD a micronation anD the opportunities and issues involved in this. KEYWORDS: LaDonia, Neurobash, Lars Vilks, micronationalism, micronational cultures IntroDuction – LaDonia As DiscusseD in Detail by De Castro anD Kober (2019) elsewhere in this issue of Shima, the micronation of LaDonia was establisheD by SweDish artist Lars Vilks in 1996 following a sustaineD Dispute with local authorities about the artist’s unauthorised construction of large- scale sculptural works on the coast of the Kullaberg peninsula in south-eastern SweDen. Vilks’s protracteD Disputes with local authorities anD his iDentification of the micronation as dedicated to “free expression and art” (Ladonia website, nD) maDe him something of a cause célèbre amongst artists anD various anti-establishment raDicals in the late 1990s anD early 2000s, anD also attracted tourists to the remote area, stimulating the local economy in the process (de Castro anD Kober, 2019).
  • Do You Know? All EU Passports Are in Burgundy Color. Croatia Is the Only

    Do You Know? All EU Passports Are in Burgundy Color. Croatia Is the Only

    BLOG Tweets by @passportmuseum World Passport Museum @passportmuseum Do you know? All EU passports are in Burgundy color. Croatia is the only passport that has odd looking blue color amongst EU passport, since the country refused to adopt common passport adopt common passport standards since EU accession.#passportcover Apr 11, 2020 World Passport Museum @passportmuseum Worst Pandemics 1. Black Plague death - 200M deaths (1347-1351) 2. Small Pox - 56M (1520) 3. Spanish Flu - 50M (1919) 4. Justinian Plague - 30-50M (541 AD)visualcapitalist.com/histo ry-of-pan… Visualizing the History of Pandemics The history of pandemics, from the Antonine Plague to the ongoing COVID-19 event, ranked by their impact on human vlifiseu. alcapitalist.com Mar 20, 2020 World Passport Museum @passportmuseum Photo identification first appeared in 1876. It was not become widely used until the early 20th century to strengthen the security of passports and ID docs Australia and Great Britain introduced requirement for a photographic passport in 1915 after Lody spy scandal 1853 photo Mar 9, 2020 World Passport Museum @passportmuseum The Earliest identity document inscribed into law was introduced by King Henry V of England with the Safe Conducts Act 1414 It was not for the next 500 years until World War I, most people did not have or need for an identity document. Mar 9, 2020 World Passport Museum @passportmuseum USCIS History 1891 - US Gov created Office of Immigration under Treasury 1895 - Upgraded to Bureau of Immigration 1906 - Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization 1933 - Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) 2003 - INS dismantled becoming USCIS, ICE and CBP under DHS Feb 29, 2020 World Passport Museum @passportmuseum Royal Messengers carried sensitive royal messages sensitive royal messages since the 15th century.