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RE 13.2 Full-Face Masks for Use in Contaminated Water

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RE 13.2 Full-Face Masks for Use in Contaminated Water E E FIGURE 13.2 Full-Face Masks for Use in Contaminated Water 13.3.3 Diving Helmets For exposure to chemical or biological hazards that can produce severe illness or death, divers should be equipped with a full coverage helmet, a dry suit with a mating yoke FIGURE 13.3 for the helmet, and mating dry gloves. The advantage of a Schematic of Reclaim System with Topside Supply diving helmet over a full-face mask is that the diver's entire head is encapsulated in a dry environrnent. Diving helmets are also less likely to be accidentally pulled-off a diver's head and they are less prone to leak. (see Figure 13.4). The SEV helps prevent a back-flow of The tvpical mode for supplying breathing gas to a full- water into the helmet. Both the regulator exhaust and the coverage helmet is frorr a sur face-supplied source. Such main helmet exhaust are linked together with a special rube, sources consist of either a low-pressure air compressor or a and a third external exhaust valve is added to the system. high-pressure gas storage system that is reduced to low pres- Any water that manages to sneak past this outer exhaust sure. Another, more sophisticated mode of supplving gas to valve is unlikely to make it past either of the two other a diving helmet is a "reclaim" gas svstem. A reclaim svstem, valves. Testing bv NOAA using dye tracers revealed the pres- also referred to as a "push-pull" system, routes the helmet's ence of occasional droplets of water behind the outer-most exhaust to the surface, by raeans of a separate hose, where rt valve, however, none were detected inside the second valve. is either recycled or exhausted to the surrounding atmos- phere (see Figure 13.3). The advantage ofthis type ofsystem 13.3.4 Umbilicals is that it reduces the possibiliw ofcontaminants entering the One of the big problems with umbilicals for surface- helmet via a back-flow through the exhaust valve (see Figure supplied diving in the past has been that they have tradi, 13.4), and protects the tender from volatile contaminants tionally been assembled with duct tape, which can absorb being released from the sediment and transported to the sur- contaminants or even disintegrate when used in contami- face with exhaust bubbles. The disadvantage is that they are nated water. New umbilicals are available today made more expensive and not easily deployed on a small boat. from chemically resistant hoses that are manufactured in Special reclaim systerns have been deveLoped specifically for a spiral and require no tape to hold the components polluted-water diving (Divex 1997). together (see Figure 13.5). These are preferred for many Diving helmets that are equipped with demand regula- polluted-water diving scenarios. tors, without reclaim systems, are subject to the same exhausr "splash.back"problems experienced with open-crr- 13.3.5 Dry Suits cuit scuba regulators. To reduce the possibility of this hap- If a dry suit is to be used with a full-face mask, the dry pening, NO.dA developed the "series exhaust valve" (SEV) suit must be equipped with a latex or vulcanized rubber t3-6 NOAA Diving Manual L-r*"r---. @) 6"r, >^ \vl FIGUBE 13.4 Double Exhaust System dry hood which is attached directly to the suit (see Figure NOAA and the EPA conducted tests in the 1970s with 13.6). The full-face mask must seal on the hood without different types of dry suits in several biologically contami- leakage. If the diver is using a full-coverage helmet (see nated dvers. After decontamination, it was determined that Figure 13.7), the inteface between the diving helmet and suits with a nylon fabric exterior showed signs of bacteria the dry suit is extremely critical. Ideally, the helmet should for several days after the dive. In contrast, vulcanized rub- mate directly to the suit, quickly and easily. yet, the ber dry suits displayed almost no evidence oFbacteria after connectron must be positive and secure. The system should proper wash down. Based upon these tests, vulcanized rub- be designed so that few, if any, contaminants are trapped ber dry suits have become the most widely used type of suits for diving polluted between the helmet and the suit when the two are seDarat- in water. While vulcanized rubber ed after rhe d:r e. dry suits help protect the diver from most biological conta- mination, they do not protect him from all types Dry suits for contaminated water diving should be of chemi- cals or radiation. made from a material that has a smooth, non-porous outer surface. The material must not absorb or trap contaminants. NOIE For diving in biologically polluted water, vulcanized rub, No type of diving helmevmask or suit can guarantee ber dry suits are the most popular choice. complete protection from exposure to contaminants under Water. Dry suits used in a contaminated environment must also be equipped with attached boots. Suits with thin latex socks are unacceptable, due to the ease with which the material can be punctured, especialiy when walking on the bottom ofa garbage littered harbor. Dry glove systems consisting of a set of cuff rings and gloves (or mittens) should also be used for polluted-warer diving operations. Cuff rings come in pairs of inner and outer dngs. The inner ring, which is machined from hard plastic, goes inside the sieeve of the drv suit where the slee|e attaches to the rvrisr seal. The outer ring. $'hich is made lrom rubber'. sljps or'er the sleer.e.ind colnpresses ti.te Etn || atr r a E iu:: o|e r lhe :nte: : ilt,{. Ta<e ;are tr-): :O ::st:et-t i:e a.a:n.l Twisted Umbilicals ::-' :li:a.-: ::,'.:.. ::-: ::: :_-.... l:::.:--: : :c -:a: t.:: D^ll"r-J \I--- -- T-l:-:-- FIGURE 13.6 Full-Face Mask with Dry Suit fhe clamp to pre\ cnt it fronr snagging, ol tape ma_v be used aLone to hold the llloves in position. The dr1 gloves or mir' tcr.ls snap into position ovef the outer ling (see Figule 1 3.8). It is essential to remembcr that anv individual piece oI cliving gear ivill not be compatible rvith all chemical FIGURE 13.7 e rlvironments. In 1983, thc U.S. Navy's Sulface Weapons Cente r commissione d a studv on the eff'ects of a variety of Full-Coverage Helmet with Dry Suit hazardous chemicals on diving equipment (Glowe 19E3). The tests. which were pe llbr ne d by thc TRI Environmen- tal, Inc., coverecl a wide Yaric't! of mjlitar\' and commer- cial diving equipm€nt. The rcsults of immelsion tests of I3.4 POLLUTED-WATER DIVING sclected suit ancj helmet components and Gates C3 diving TECHNIQUES hose to chemical cxposule are available frrrm the NOAA Diving in contaminated water is not much different Diving Ccnter (NDC), Seattle. Washington. In 199E. than diving undcr ordinarl conditions. The procedurcs and Trelleborg Viking conductecl permeabilitl and resistance techniqucs used under water are basicall_"- the same as thcy lusl5 on theif \ul!,tr'r.z(d rutheI drr suit:. zippers l.rrcr are lor any surface supplied dive. The real differences in seals. and glovcs for various chemical ex1'rosures. These diving in contaminated water are thc procedures and tech- lesults are also available from NDC. niques that takc place before and aftcl the dive. Gcar set- In addition to protectillll the djver. tl'r!' diver's ten- up, dress-in procedures. air supply systems, and dcrs. rvho aid hirrr in dressing and handie thc divir.rg hose, decontamination are quite dilferent wheu diving in conta- must also be properly protected. The tenders u'ill be in minated water as compared to diving in less hostile envi- the "hot zonc" whtle the), tend the divcr at the watef's IOnmenIS. edgc (see Figurc 13.9). They must also accompany and The preparation fbr a contaminated water dive actual- assist the diver thlough thc dccontanlinatir:rn procedure. ly starts rvith team training. Even though the divcr may be Tenders must wear the appropr iate protectioll according very experienccd. the extra equipment lequired fol conta to the hazar.d ler,el (Balskv 1999). Besidcs dressing thc minated rvater diving usuallv requires cxtra training for clivcr, they must keep a firm grip on the diver's umbilical personnel. The diver must become thoroughly familiar at all times. Since they cannot leavc the diver's hose unat- with the c1ry' suit. full-face mask or hclmet, and any other rcrde.l. tl^cv rru5l he pr,'viJr'J u ith a sullicrelt air 'ul gear to bc utilized. Both the diver and tenders must be ply. if the situation warrants it. The au. supply must last familiar u'ith the decontamination procedures. A difflcult lbr rhe anticiparcd duration of the drve, as u'ell as includ- and important part ol contaminated water diving is dress- ing a reserve. Tenders mLLSI also be prorected from heat ing the divcr quickly ancl efficiently so that he docs not stfess. become overheat€d. 13-8 NOAA Divine Manual .&, ,qfl Diuer and Diving Support Equipment 5.0 GENERAL .r TLe -e nf rlir ino -n,,inrp-r rhe diver \,\eals has a tremendous impact on the diver's ability to work comfort- ably, safely, and efficiently (Bachrach and Egstrom 1986). Although equipment is a big factor in diver performance, equipment alone cannot make up for a diver's lack of abili' ty in the water. A good diver must have a high level of fit- ness and must be comfortable in the water.
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